Lecture 1.1

TOPIC 1 :
PIPE FLOW ANALYSES
WEEK 1-3
By: Madam SITI HAWA BINTI ROSLI
TOPIC 1 : PIPE FLOW ANALYSES
WEEK 1-3
At the end of the TOPIC, students should be able to:-
CO1 :
Apply hydraulics knowledge in civil engineering field (C3).
Align with
PO1 – Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science,
engineering fundamentals and an engineering specialization
to wide practical procedures and practices.
TOPIC 1 : PIPE FLOW ANALYSES
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. To determine the laminar and turbulent flow in
circular pipes
2. To apply Hagen Poisseuille equation on laminar flows
in bounded system (circular pipes)
TOPIC 1 :
PIPE FLOW ANALYSES
1. Laminar Flow through CircularPipes

2. Turbulent Flow in BoundedConditions
3. Determining Friction Factor, f
using Moody Chart
4. Different forms of the Darcy Equation
5. Pipe Problems
6. Separation losses in pipe flow
7. Equivalent Length
LECTURE 1.1
Laminarflow throughCircular Pipes

under Steady andUniformconditions
INTRODUCTION
 Deals with analysis of pipe flow running under

STEADYand UNIFORM condition.
 Pipes are analysed for both laminar and turbulent
flow.
 Head loss due to friction - results from shear stresses
derived by both laminar and turbulent flow.
 Head loss also results in flow separation.
UNIFORM FLOW
Fluid flow in which all the conditions at any one point are constant with respect
to space
STEADY FLOW
Fluid flow in which all the conditions at any one point are constant with respect
to time
Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes under Steady
and Uniform Conditions
 Can be analysed theoretically by applying

momentum equation to the element of flow within the
pipe
 The relationship between the shear stress and
velocity gradient is utilised to obtain the velocity
distribution within the crosssection
7
 No slip condition → used for a given fluid where the

velocity of the fluid in contact with solid boundary =
velocity of the solid boundary
 Stationary pipe case → the velocity will equal to
zero = the velocity of the fluid at the location where
it is in contact also equals to zero
Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes
p+p
• Annulus of radius r with elemental

thickness, δr
• Annulus → part of the fluid flowing in
the pipe with radius R
p+p
 Velocity distribution in pipe due to laminar flow

Fluid density, ρ
Momentum equation applied to the annular element
and summing the forces and equating them to the
rate of change of momentum
Laminar Flow in Circular
Pipes
 Force in the direction of motion due to :
Pressure, p
Shear stress, 
Weight of element, W
 Force in opposite direction due to :
p +P
 + 
p+p
6/10/2013
Pipes
PRESSURE
 Force due to the static pressure, p(in the direction of
flow) = pressure multiplied by the cross sectional

area of the annulus.
p= F/A
F=p. A
→ EQN 1
 Similarly force due to p+ δp, (in the opposite

direction)
= (p+ (p/x). x) 2 r r 6/10/2013 → EQN 2
Pipes
SHEAR FORCE
• Shear force acting along the inner surface
of the annulus
Shear Force = A
→ EQN 3
Pipes
• Similarly the shear force acting on the
outer surface (in the opposite direction)
Shear Force = (+ ) A
= ( + (/r). r) . 2rx → EQN 4

*Ignoring higher order terms
Pipes
WEIGHT
• Weight of the element is equal to the
Weight = density x volume x g
where g is the gravitational acceleration
W= mg = g
W sin
Where W = .2r. r x. g
sin = - (z/x)
W sin = -2r rx. g(z/x) → EQN 5
p+p
6/10/2013
Pipes
MOMENTUM EQUATION
• Applying momentum equation, sum of the forces in
the direction of flow, must be equal to zero since there
is no acceleration of steady flow
Sum up all the forces, F = 0
(EQN 1) - (EQN 2) + (EQN 3) – (EQN 4) + (EQN 5) = 0
Pipes
• Substituting W = .2r. r x. g and sin = - (z/x) and
cancelling out terms, will yield,
−
 P − 1  (r ) −  g  z = 0
x r r x
 P + 1  (r ) +  g  z = 0
x r r x
1  
( r  ) + (  g z + P )   = 0

r r  x 
Piezometric Pressure
Pipes
PIEZOMETRIC PRESSURE
• It is independent of r, thus expression can be integrated

with respect to r
• Integrating the equation,
where C is the constant of integration

• Substituting values at the centreline where r = 0, C = 0
Pipes
SHEAR STRESS & VELOCITY GRADIENT RELATIONSHIP
• Circular pipes distances are measured from the centre (r),

modify the expression
→ EQN 6
Pipes
• Substitute equation 6 into
• Result in the following

Pipes
• Hence velocity gradient, du
• Velocity obtained by integrating the

expression
Where D is the constant of integration

Pipes
 Applying the boundary condition at the pipe wall,
where r = R,velocity, u = 0 due to no slip condition
Pipes
Substituting into
results in the velocity distribution across the cross
section in circular pipe of radius R
Where,
u = velocity at a specific point in any cross section
R = internal radius of the pipe
r = distance of the point measured from the centre of
the pipe x- section
μ = dynamic viscosity
p = pressure
 = density of the fluid flowing
g = gravitational acceleration
z = elevation
dx = incremental distance along the pipe
Pipes
MAXIMUM VELOCITY
 Previous equation describes the variation of the
velocity across the pipe cross section
 Velocity variation is parabolic in nature
 The maximum velocity occur in the centre of the pipe
where r = 0
 Hence, maximumvelocity
Velocity profile in a circular pipe for laminar flow

Pipes
FLOW RATE
 Flow rate can be determined by integrating the

incremental flow, δQ through
– Annulus of radius, r
– Thickness δr across the flow from r = 0 or r = R
Pipes
Q=v. A
Flow Rate in a Circular Pipes
for Laminar Flow
→ EQN 7
Average velocity for Laminar Flow
in Circular Pipes
 Average velocity, v can be computed by
v = Q/A
where A = cross sectional area
A = πR2or πd2/4, d = diameter of pipe
 Therefore, substitute
Q = Av in the equation 7
where A = πR2
Average velocity for Laminar Flow
in Circular Pipes
Relationship between
Average velocity and
Maximum velocity for
 Comparing
 &
 yields,
 Average velocity in the pipe is equal to half of the

maximum velocity (occurs in thecentre)
Finding Pressure drop for
 Substituting with
(the pressure drop per length of thepipe)
into equation 7. Thus,

Hagen Poisseuille equation
for
 Rearranging the equation to obtain Δp,
 Thus,
 also known as the HagenPoisseuilleequation

Head Loss due to friction for
 Head loss due to friction,
 Substitute the head loss due to friction in the Hagen

Poisseuille equation
EXAMPLE1.1
Solution for example 1.1
Solution for example
37 1.1
38 Pipes
EXAMPLE1.2
L= dx = incremental distance along the pipe

p = p
z if not given, assume 0
EXAMPLE1.3
EXAMPLE1.4

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TOPIC 1 :

PIPE FLOW ANALYSES

1. Laminar Flow through CircularPipes

Laminarflow throughCircular Pipes

 Deals with analysis of pipe flow running under

 Can be analysed theoretically by applying

 No slip condition → used for a given fluid where the

• Annulus of radius r with elemental

 Velocity distribution in pipe due to laminar flow

flow) = pressure multiplied by the cross sectional

 Similarly force due to p+ δp, (in the opposite

Shear Force = (+ ) A

= ( + (/r). r) . 2rx → EQN 4

W sin = -2r rx. g(z/x) → EQN 5

• It is independent of r, thus expression can be integrated

where C is the constant of integration

• Circular pipes distances are measured from the centre (r),

• Result in the following

• Velocity obtained by integrating the

Where D is the constant of integration

Velocity profile in a circular pipe for laminar flow

 Flow rate can be determined by integrating the

 Average velocity in the pipe is equal to half of the

into equation 7. Thus,

 also known as the HagenPoisseuilleequation

 Substitute the head loss due to friction in the Hagen

L= dx = incremental distance along the pipe

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