1133quater 2382 Nomination Text en

Nomination Dossier
Nomination Dossier
‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and
Other Regions of Europe’ as extension to the existing Natural
World Heritage Site ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of
the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe’ (1133ter)
Nomination Dossier to the UNESCO for the Inscription on the World Heritage List
NOMINATION DOSSIER
to the UNESCO
for the Inscription on the World Heritage List
‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe’
as extension to the existing Natural World Heritage Site
‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and
Other Regions of Europe’ (1133ter)
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
IMPRINT
Applicant body
Bearer of the nomination: Switzerland
10 State Parties participating (in alphabetical order): Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Czech Republic, France, Italy,
Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Switzerland
Coordination
E.C.O. Institute of Ecology
Lakesidepark B07b
9020 Klagenfurt/Austria
Funding
The coordination and preparation of the Nomination Dossier was funded by
Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft – Bundesamt für Umwelt BAFU
The Swiss Federal Council – Federal Office for the Environment FOEN
3003 Bern
Editors
Hanns Kirchmeir & Anna Kovarovics
Authors
In alphabetical order per State Party
Bosnia and Herzegovina Montenegro Slovakia Text parts from German

Jugoslav Brujić Til Dieterich Zuzana Argalášová Nomination Dossier:
Slobodan Stijepovic Marián Gič Heike Britz
Czech Republic
Ana Pavićević Simona Gusejnov Olaf Dieckmann
Jan Plesnik
Aleksandar Mijović Gabriela Lauková Barbara Engels
France North Macedonia Michaela Mrázová Achim Frede
Wolfgang Borst Makedonka Stojanovska Juraj Platko Tilo Geisel
Laurent Domergue Switzerland Manfred Großmann
Nicolas Drapier Poland
Davide Bettelini Michael Jungmeier
Joseph Garrigue Stanisław Kucharzyk Karin Kaiser
Przemysław Wasiak Christian Ferrari
Geri Kaufmann Hanns Kirchmeir
Italy Tomasz Winnicki
Carlo Ossola Hans Dieter Knapp
Alfredo Di Filippo
Serbia Raffaele Sartori Anna Kovarovics
Gianluca Piovesan
Ivana Jovanović Thomas Schiesser Michael E. Luthardt
Antonino Siclari
Jutta Seuring
Carmela Strizzi
Kris Vandekerkhove
Cinzia Sulli
Giuseppe De Vivo
IMPRINT
Specialised editing, layout, graphic design

Anna Kovarovics & Anneliese Fuchs
E.C.O. Institute for Ecology
Lakesidepark B07b
9020 Klagenfurt/Austria
Web-GIS and Web-Text-Editing-Tool

R3 GIS G.m.b.H.
Johann-Kravoglstr., 2
I-39012 Meran (BZ)
Proof reading
RED PEN e.U. (FN477326a & FN477332i)
Lektorats- & Übersetzungsbüro Lang
Geschäftsführung: Mag. Heike Lang, BEd.
Title photo
Kirchmeir H. (E.C.O. 2015)
Photo credits
Alain Laurent, Alfredo Di Filippo, Carmela Strizzi, Christelle Gernigon, Christian Ferrari, Daniele Oberti, Demetrio
Emanuele Rosace, Dmitry Sharomov, Dragana Ostojić, Dragiša Savić, drone imagery, Geri Kaufmann, Gianluca
Piovesan, Giovanni Spampinato, Giuseppe De Vivo, Goran Nikolić, INCS, INCVP, Ivana Jovanović, Jana Lábusová, Jordan
Palli, Jugoslav Brujić, Jürg Froelicher, L. Domergue, Maneula Schmutz, Manuela Schmutz, Marijana Josipovic, Martin
Dušátko, Michaela Mrázová, Michele Baliva, Milan Piroš, Pavol Gič, “PE “”NP Kopaonik”””, PLA administration Vihorlat,
prof. dr Slavco Hristov, RNN Forêt de la Massane, Shabo Bela, Slobodan Stijepovic, Stanisław Kucharzyk, Štefan Pčola,
Thomas Wöhrstein, Til Dieterich, Vesna Mijailović, Vladimir Mijailović, Zuzana Argalášová
Recommended citation:
Kirchmeir, H. & Kovarovics, A. (eds.) 2020: Nomination Dossier ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians
and Other Regions of Europe’ as extension to the existing Natural World Heritage Site (1133ter). Klagenfurt, 357p
Date
January 2020
PREAMBLE
PREAMBLE
The World Heritage Site ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other
Regions of Europe’ was inscribed into the World Heritage List in the summer of 2017. It was
submitted as an extension to the already existing ‘Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians
and the Ancient Beech Forests of Germany’. With the present last phase of extension, the States
Parties of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Italy, Montenegro, North Macedonia,
Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Switzerland submit 30 additional component parts and propose
a modification of the boundaries of 7 existing component parts/5 component clusters to
strengthen the Outstanding Universal Value and to improve the integrity as well as protection
and management of the existing property:
• The already existing component part of Foresta Umbra (Italy) shall be modified by adding
more forest area to the already existing component part (Falascone) and adding a new
component part (Pavari-Sfilzi). In addition, the buffer zone is proposed to be expanded.
• To the already existing component part Cozzo Ferriero in Italy, another component part
shall be added (Polinello) and their buffer zone is proposed to be expanded.
• The two Slovakian component clusters Poloniny and Vihorlat as well as their buffer zones
have been redesigned according to the requests of IUCN and UNESCO and are proposed
to be rezonated.
European beech forests are a unique natural heritage and a purely European phenomenon.
Europe’s natural beech forests have been pushed back and today are limited to a few regions. We
take great pride in the nomination, for it reflects the decades-long efforts undertaken across all of
Europe to protect and preserve these outstanding old-growth beech stands. After the inscription
of the World Heritage Site ‘Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians’ in 2007 and its extension
‘Ancient Beech Forests of Germany’ in 2011, the World Heritage Committee recommended
starting a process in order to include further European beech forests in the existing property.
With the present extension nomination, nearly all Beech Forest Regions in Europe are displayed
with diverse forests displaying the evolution of beech in a comprehensive way.
The nomination is a product of the cooperation activities between the States Parties of the
existing property Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Italy, Romania, Slovenia,
Slovakia, Spain and Ukraine and the States Parties which are part of the present nomination.
The path to success was paved, on the one hand, by the political resolve that the governments
involved have demonstrated and, on the other hand, by the acceptance of residents and all
protagonists on location. Implementing an extension nomination of this kind required plenty
of coordination with all involved parties at the local, regional, national and transnational level.
The present nomination is based on the nomination dossier of the last extension, which was
based on the German extension and made kindly available to us from the German Federal
Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN). All participants in the present extension would like to
express their deep gratitude to the States Parties of the existing property for their involvement
in the preparation process and for the provision of information and experience.
If the Natural Heritage property ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and other
Regions of Europe’, which has already been included in the World Heritage List, is extended by
the nominated component parts, the efforts put up by all involved experts and the governments
at the state and federal level to preserve these territories for present and future generations will
have been acknowledged and supported.
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
Glossary 1
Executive Summary 3
1 Identification of the Property 10

1.a Country 10
1.b State, Province or Region 10
1.c Name of Property 11
1.d Geographical coordinates to the nearest second 11
1.e Maps and plans, showing the boundaries of the nominated property and buffer zone 13
1.f Area of nominated property and proposed buffer zone 15
2 Description 54
2.a Description of Property 55
2.b History and Development 130
3 Justification for Inscription 158
3.2 Comparative analysis 179
3.3 Proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal Value 186
4 State of conservation and factors affecting the Component part 190
4.a Present state of conservation 190
4.b Factors affecting the component part 220
5 Protection and Management of the Property 226
5.a Ownership 226
5.b Protective designation 229
5.c Means of implementing protective measures 235
5.d Existing plans related to municipality and region in which the proposed property is located 247
5.e Property management plan or other management system 251
5.f Sources and levels of finance 259
5.g Sources of expertise and training in conservation and management techniques 261
5.h Visitor facilities and infrastructure 286
5.i Policies and programs related to the presentation and promotion of the property 298
5.j Staffing levels and expertise (professional, technical, maintenance) 299
6 Monitoring 306
6.a Key indicators for measuring the state of conservation 314
6.b Administrative arrangements for monitoring property 317
6.c Results of previous reporting exercises 317
7 Documentation 318
7.a Photographs and audiovisual image inventory and authorization form 318
7.b Texts relating to protective designation, copies of property management plans or documented
management systems and extracts of other plans relevant to the property 318
7.c Form and date of most recent records or inventory of property 318
7.d Address where inventory, records and archives are held 319
7.e Bibliography 320
8 Contact information of responsible authorities 350
8.a Preparer 350
8.b Official Local Institution/Agency 352
8.c Other Local Institutions 354
8.d Official Web address 354
9 Signature on behalf of the State Party 357
GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY
Ancient (beech) forests/old-growth (beech) forest

In the context of this nomination dossier, the term ‘ancient (beech) forest’ is synonymously used with ‘old-
growth (beech) forest’. Both terms describe forest stands which have been directly influenced by human
activities in the past, but the last significant impact is dated back several decades (or even centuries).
Throughout the period of missing impact (mainly absence of logging) natural processes have taken place
and structures similar to untouched virgin forests have developed. For beech forests, this includes trees
that are significantly older than the usual period of logging rotation (100–120 years) and deadwood
amounts of over 20 m³/ha are already in place.
Component part
Each part of a serial World Heritage property which is delineated by its own borders forms a component
part of the property. The component part should be surrounded by a buffer zone, which is not part of the
property, but is essential for the protection of the property.
Component cluster
If two or more component parts are located in one protected area and if they are not connected, they
are defined as a component cluster. There will be one main description for each component cluster in the
nomination dossier, except for the maps and the tables indicating the geographical position of the areas,
where the single parts of the cluster are shown.
Natural (beech) forest

A forest composed of indigenous trees regardless of their age. Natural development and processes are
ongoing, and the intact ecosystem includes rare species and shows high biodiversity. The term ‘natural
(beech) forest’ includes ancient, old growth as well as primeval or virgin forests.
Primeval/virgin (beech) forest

In this document, the term ‘primeval’ comprises also ‘virgin’. Primeval or virgin forests means natural forests
which have not been influenced directly by human activities in their development and ‘natural forest’
means forests composed of tree species indigenous to the area with most of the principal characteristics
and key elements of native ecosystems, such as complexity, structure and diversity. This definition is based
on the definition of virgin forest in the Carpathian Convention.
*
Component parts marked with an * are already inscribed component parts which have undergone
boundary modifications. They are described according to the structure of the nomination dossier.
1
2
SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
State Parties
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France, Italy, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Serbia,
Slovakia, Switzerland
State, Province or Region

The State, Province or Region of each component part is given in the table below.
Name of Property
‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe’ as extension to the
existing Natural World Heritage Site ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other
Regions of Europe’ (1133ter).
Geographical coordinates to the nearest second

The position of the component parts of this extension nomination is defined based on the center of the
respective territory.
Coordinates Area of the Area of Overview names,

ID Component Part State Party of the Central Component the Buffer geographical
Point Part (ha) Zone (ha) position and
BH-JANJ-01 Prašuma Janj Bosnia and N 44° 8' 48'' 295.04 380.74 area size of the
Herzegovina E 17° 16’ 52’’ nominated com-
CH-BETT-01 Forêt de la Bettlachstock Switzerland N 47° 13' 22'' 195.43 1,094.16 ponents (coordi-
E 7° 24’ 43’’
nates to nearest
Valli di Lodano, Busai and N 46° 15’ 49’’ second)
CH-LODA-01 Soladino Forest Reserves Switzerland E 8° 39’ 11’’ 806.78 2,330.74
N 50° 51’ 30’’

CZ-JIZE-01 Jizera Mountains Czech Republic E 15° 9’ 20’’ 444.81 2,279.40
N 44° 8’ 3’’
FR-AIGO-01 Aigoual France E 3° 32’ 47’’ 75.03 90.11
N 44° 38’ 4’’

FR-CHAP-01 Chapitre France E 5° 59’ 55’’ 371.30 41.65
Chizé Component 1 North- N 46° 7’ 26’’

FR-CHIZ-01 West France E 0° -27’ -16’’ 93.69
571.92
N 46° 5’ 39’’
FR-CHIZ-02 Chizé Component 2 South France E 0° -25’ -31’’ 62.43
N 48° 25’ 29’’

FR-FONT-01 Fontainebleau France E 2° 40’ 55’’ 248.48 152.20
N 47° 58’ 20’’

FR-GRAN-01 Grand Ventron France E 6° 56’ 23’’ 257.09 1,397.58
N 42° 28’ 58’’

FR-MASS-01 Massane France E 3° 1’ 45’’ 121.49 1,551.33
N 42° 28’ 5’’

FR-PYPA-01 Py-Pas de Rotja France E 2° 21’ 30’’ 246.03 4,049.87
N 43° 19’ 45’’

FR-SABA-01 Sainte-Baume France E 5° 45’ 40’’ 128.63 215.11
N 43° 4’ 16’’
FR-SAPE-01 Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre France E 0° -9’ -22’’ 924.71 296.87
3
Coordinates Area of the Area of

ID Component Part State Party of the Central Component the Buffer
Point Part (ha) Zone (ha)
N 41° 48’ 21’’
IT-FUMB-01* Falascone* Italy* E 15° 58’ 41’’ 254.30
3,486.29
N 41° 50’ 20’’
IT-FUMB-02 Pavari-Sfilzi Italy E 16° 1’ 25’’ 667.13
N 39° 54’ 19’’

IT-POLL-01* Cozzo Ferriero* Italy* E 16° 6’ 4’’ 95.75
2,851.83
N 39° 53’ 43’’
IT-POLL-02 Pollinello Italy E 16° 11’ 54’’ 477.94
N 38° 7’ 55’’
IT-VALL-01 Valle Infernale Italy E 15° 57’ 41’’ 320.79 2,191.36
N 42° 54’ 35’’

ME-BIOG-01 Biogradska Gora 1 Montenegro E 19° 35’ 25’’ 390.81
3,632.82
N 42° 53’ 2’’
ME-BIOG-02 Biogradska Gora 2 Montenegro E 19° 37’ 5’’ 1,913.48
North N 41° 45’ 47’’

MN-DLAB-01 Dlaboka Reka Macedonia E 20° 35’ 16’’ 193.27 234.70
Border Ridge and Gorna N 49° 5’ 58’’

PL-BIES-01 Solinka valley Poland E 22° 33’ 24’’ 1,506.05
Polonina Wetlinska and N 49° 10’ 51’’

PL-BIES-02 Smerek Poland E 22° 30’ 12’’ 1,178.03
24,330.52
N 49° 5’ 37’’
PL-BIES-03 Terebowiec stream valley Poland E 22° 43’ 29’’ 201.00
N 49° 4’ 1’’
PL-BIES-04 Wolosatka stream valley Poland E 22° 44’ 41’’ 586.66
N 45° 8’ 21’’
RS-FRUS-01 Fruška gora – Papratski do Serbia E 19° 38’ 20’’ 65.36
847.86
N 45° 8’ 26’’
RS-FRUS-02 Fruška gora – Ravne Serbia E 19° 37’ 5’’ 93.43
N 43° 20’ 19’’

RS-KOPA-01 Kopaonik – Kozje stene Serbia E 20° 44’ 27’’ 451.47 959.89
N 43° 55’ 3’’

RS-TARA-01 Tara – Rača Serbia E 19° 31’ 0’’ 215.94
4,091.99
N 43° 59’ 15’’
RS-TARA-02 Tara – Zvezda Serbia E 19° 17’ 4’’ 1,873.67
N 49° 0’ 35’’
SK-POLO-01* Havešová Primeval Forest* Slovakia* E 22° 20’ 14’’ 167.88 6,474.84
N 48° 58’ 40’’

SK-POLO-02* Rožok* Slovakia* E 22° 27’ 52’’ 74.37 1,138.89
N 49° 5’ 3’’
SK-POLO-03* Stužica - Bukovské Vrchy* Slovakia* E 22° 29’ 42’’ 1,742.47 5,694.84
N 49° 10’ 31’’

SK-POLO-04* Udava* Slovakia* E 22° 13’ 39’’ 455.82 814.69
N 48° 51’ 5’’

SK-VIHO-01 Kyjovský prales Slovakia E 22° 0’ 59’’ 289.41 104.47
N 48° 54’ 56’’

SK-VIHO-02* Vihorlat* Slovakia* E 22° 11’ 13’’ 1,553.06 854.08
TOTAL 19,039.10 72,160.80
4
SUMMARY
Textual description of the boundaries of the nominated property

Within the selected 37 component parts, the beech forests with the highest integrity, i.e. 24 protected
areas, were included in the nomination as new component parts of the serial property. Additionally, 7
already existing component parts are proposed for modification of boundaries. Italy proposes new
component parts (Pavari-Sfilzi and Pollinello) to existing component clusters (Foresta Umbra and Pollino
National Park, former Cozzo Ferriero) and enlarges one existing component part (Falascone, former
Foresta Umbra). Slovakia redesigned their existing component parts and buffer zones and proposes one
more component part (Kyjovský prales). The individual demarcations of the component parts have been
chosen so as to guarantee and improve the Outstanding Universal Value; maximum integrity; coherent,
sufficiently sized forests and protection and management.
The zonation reflects the ecological situation (location of primeval and/or ancient beech forest without
human forest management), the spatial responsibility of the management organisation in place
(e.g. national park, strict forest reserve), local and regional stakeholders (landowners, neighbouring
communities, responsible authorities and ministries etc.) and legal constraints (status of strict protection
is guaranteed by law or equivalent regulations).
This extension will enhance significantly the integrity of the property, adding substantially all the attributes Overview of the
that express the Outstanding Universal Value. existing and
new nominated
World Heritage
Map of the nominated property, showing boundaries and buffer zones component
Please find detailed maps of all component parts and their buffer zones in chapter 2 and in annex 1.e. parts
5
Criteria under which property is nominated

Inscription on the World Heritage List is proposed under criterion ix:
‘Outstanding examples representing significant ongoing ecological and biological processes in the evolution
and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants
and animals.’ The serial nomination ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathian and Other
Regions of Europe’ comprises outstanding examples of the evolutionary and developmental processes
of beech forests since the last glacial period, giving rise to a terrestrial ecosystem that has shaped an
entire continent in a globally unique manner. In addition to the inscribed component parts of the ‘Ancient
and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathian and Other Regions of Europe’, the newly nominated beech
forests in 30 component parts and 10 countries (7 component parts show only boundary modification)
will enhance the existing World Heritage property to give an overall and comprehensive picture of the
European postglacial development process of beech forest. With this extension, all glacial refuge areas
and genotypes of beech are covered, enhancing significantly the integrity of the existing property.
Draft Statement of Outstanding Universal Value

Brief synthesis
The ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe’ are a
transnational serial property comprising 108 component parts across 20 countries and 61 protected
areas. They represent an outstanding example of relatively undisturbed, complex temperate forests and
exhibit a wide spectrum of comprehensive ecological patterns and processes of pure and mixed stands
of European beech across a variety of environmental conditions. During each glacial phase (ice ages) of
the last 1 million years, European beech (Fagus sylvatica) survived the unfavourable climatic conditions in
refuge areas in the southern parts of the European continent. These refuge areas have been documented
by scientists through palaeoecological analysis and using the latest techniques in genetic coding. After
the last ice age, around 11,000 years ago, beech started expanding its range from these southern refuge
areas to eventually cover large parts of the European continent. During this expansion process, which
is still ongoing, beech formed different types of plant communities while occupying largely different
environments. The interplay between a diversity of environments, climatic gradients and different species
gene pools has and continues to shape this high diversity of beech forest communities. These forests
contain an invaluable genetic reservoir of beech and many other species, which are associated with and
dependent on these forest habitats.
Justification for Criteria
Criterion (ix): The property is indispensable for the understanding of the history and evolution of the
genus Fagus which, given its wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere and its ecological importance,
is globally significant. These largely undisturbed, complex temperate forests exhibit comprehensive
ecological patterns and processes of pure and mixed stands of European beech across a variety of
environmental gradients, including climatic and geological conditions, spanning almost all European
Beech Forest Regions. Forests are included from all altitudinal zones from coastal areas to the treeline
and, include the best remaining examples from the range limits of the European beech forest. Beech is one
of the most important features in the Temperate Broadleaf Forest Biome and represents an outstanding
example of the re-colonization and development of terrestrial ecosystems and communities since the last
ice age. The continuing northern and westward expansion of beech from its original glacial refuge areas
in the eastern and southern parts of Europe can be tracked along natural corridors and stepping stones
spanning the continent. The dominance of beech across extensive areas of Europe is a living testimony of
the tree’s genetic adaptability, a process which is still ongoing.
6
SUMMARY
Statement of Integrity
The selected component parts represent the diversity of ancient and primeval beech forests found across
Europe in terms of different climatic and geological conditions and altitudinal zones. The property includes
component parts, which convey its Outstanding Universal Value, and represent the variability of European
beech forest ecosystems. Together these components contribute to the integrity of the property as a
whole. Additionally, each component part needs to demonstrate integrity at the local level by representing
the full suite of natural forest development processes in its particular geographical and ecological setting
within the series. Most of the component parts are of sufficient size to maintain such natural processes
necessary for their long-term ecological viability.
The most significant threats to the property are logging and habitat fragmentation. Logging activities in
the vicinity of component parts can cause microclimatic changes and nutrient-mobilising effects, with
negative impacts on the integrity of the property. Land use change in the surrounding landscapes can
lead to increased habitat fragmentation, which would be of particular concern for smaller component
parts. Infrastructure development is a potential threat only in the surroundings of a few component parts.
Climate change already poses a risk to some component parts and further impacts can be anticipated,
including changes in species composition and habitat shifting. However, it should be noted that one of the
attributes of the Outstanding Universal Value of the property is its demonstration of the ability of beech
to adapt to different ecological and climatic regimes throughout its range. Therefore, potential future
changes need to be monitored and documented in order to better understand these processes.
The above-mentioned threats may affect the integrity of the component parts to a different extent
and in different ways, for example through the reduction of structural diversity, fragmentation, loss of
connectivity, biomass loss and changed microclimate, which reduce ecosystem functionality and adaptive
capacity as a whole. To cope with these threats, buffer zones are established and are managed accordingly
by the responsible management bodies.
Statement of authenticity for properties nominated under criteria (i) to (vi)
Not relevant as this property is nominated under criterion (ix).
Requirements for protection and management
A strict non-intervention management is essential for the conservation of the Outstanding Universal Value
(OUV) of this serial property across all its component parts. 99 out of 108 component parts are protected
by law as strict forest reserves, wilderness areas, core areas of biosphere reserves or national parks (IUCN
category I or II). Five component parts are protected and managed by forest management plans (with
regulations ensuring no logging in old-growth forests) however in four component parts the full area
inscribed is not fully covered with the highest legal protection status necessary to ensure non-intervention
management. As it is of uppermost importance to guarantee strong protection status in the long term, the
protection status will be improved where needed.
To ensure the viability of the four component parts smaller than the established minimum size of 50 ha,
an enlargement of the component parts with further non-intervention management will be considered
by the States Parties. Additionally, an effective management of buffer zones to protect the property from
external threats and to safeguard its integrity is of uppermost importance.
The integrity of each component part is the responsibility of the relevant local management units. For the
coherent protection and management of the property, as well as to coordinate activities between the 61
management units and the 20 States Parties, a functional organisational structure should be established.
To ensure this aspect, an Integrated Management System was developed during the nomination process
and will be maintained to allow effective and coordinated management and protection of the property as
a whole. The Joint Management Committee, comprising representatives of all States Parties, formulated a
Joint Declaration of Intent. This Declaration regulates and structures the cooperation between all the States
Parties whose territory is included in the property and ensures the commitment to protect and strengthen
the Outstanding Universal Value of the property. The position of a coordinator will be established and
maintained to support the Joint Management Committee and the States Parties in their work.
7
Integrated management plans will ensure a non-intervention management approach for the component
parts while the buffer zones will be managed to avoid negative impacts on the Outstanding Universal
Value of the property with a specific focus on ensuring its integrity remains intact. To harmonise the
management approach across the 108 component parts, the States Parties will develop common
objectives and coordinated activities which will cover property and buffer zone management, monitoring
and research, education and awareness raising, visitor management and tourism as well as financial and
human capacity building. It is proposed to establish a coherent monitoring system based on selected
ecological (proxy) indicators of integrity within all component parts to compare long-term development.
It is imperative that each State Party provide clear and committed long-term funding arrangements, to
support consistent national site management as well as coordinated management.
Special attention is required to ensure the configuration of the property such that each component
part retains ongoing viability to evolve with unimpeded ecological and biological processes and without
the need for substantial interventions. This includes the integration of surrounding forest ecosystems
to provide sufficient protection and connectivity, especially for small component parts. All component
parts have buffer zones of various configurations including surrounding protected areas (national parks,
nature parks, biosphere reserves and others). These buffer zones will be regularly monitored to ensure
protection under changing environmental conditions such as climate change. The boundaries of buffer
zones should, where possible, be aligned with existing protected area boundaries and should be expanded
to connect components where they are in close proximity. Finally, where appropriate, special ongoing
emphasis is needed to ensure effective ecological connectivity between beech forests and the surrounding
complementary habitats to allow natural development and adaptation of the forest to the environmental
change.
Name and contact information of official local institution/agency

Name and contact information of the coordinators of the extension nomination ‘Ancient and Primeval
Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe’:
• Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft – Bundesamt für Umwelt BAFU

The Swiss Federal Council – Federal Office for the Environment FOEN
3003 Bern
Phone: +41 (0) 58 462 93 11
Fax: +41 (0) 58 462 99 81
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.bafu.admin.ch
• E.C.O. Institute of Ecology

Lakeside B07 b, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria
Phone: +43 (0) 463 504 144
Fax: +43 (0) 463 504 144-4
Web: www.e-c-o.at
8
SUMMARY
9
1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPERTY

1.a Country
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Czech Republic, France,
Italy, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland,
Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland
1.b State, Province or Region

Table 1: State,
Province or ID State Party Component Part Region/District
Region of the
nominated BH-JANJ-01 Bosnia and Herzegovina Prašuma Janj Illyric
component CH-BETT-01 Switzerland Forêt de la Bettlachstock Subatlantic-Herzynic
parts,
CH-LODA-01 Switzerland Valli di Lodano, Busai and Soladino Forest Alpic
*boundary Reserves
modification
CZ-JIZE-01 Czech Republic Jizera Mountains Subatlantic-Herzynic
FR-AIGO-01 France Aigoual Subatlantic-Herzynic
FR-CHAP-01 France Chapitre Alpic
FR-CHIZ-01 France Chizé Component 1 North-West Atlantic
FR-CHIZ-02 France Chizé Component 2 South Atlantic
FR-FONT-01 France Fontainebleau Atlantic
FR-GRAN-01 France Grand Ventron Subatlantic-Herzynic
FR-MASS-01 France Massane Pyrenaic-Iberian
FR-PYPA-01 France Py-Pas de Rotja Pyrenaic-Iberian
FR-SABA-01 France Sainte-Baume Central Mediterranean
10
1. IDENTIFICATION
ID State Party Component Part Region/District
FR-SAPE-01 France Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre Pyrenaic-Iberian

IT-POLL-01* Italy Cozzo Ferriero Central Mediterranean
IT-POLL-02 Italy Pollinello Central Mediterranean
IT-UMBR-01* Italy* Falascone* Central Mediterranean
IT-UMBR-02 Italy Pavari-Sfilzi Central Mediterranean
IT-VALL-01 Italy Valle Infernale Central Mediterranean
ME-BIOG-01 Montenegro Biogradska Gora 1 Moesian-Balcanic
ME-BIOG-02 Montenegro Biogradska Gora 2 Moesian-Balcanic
MN-DLAB-01 North Macedonia Dlaboka Reka Moesian-Balcanic
PL-BIES-01 Poland Border Ridge and Gorna Solinka valley Carpathian
PL-BIES-02 Poland Polonina Wetlinska and Smerek Carpathian
PL-BIES-03 Poland Terebowiec stream valley Carpathian
PL-BIES-04 Poland Wolosatka stream valley Carpathian
RS-FRUS-01 Serbia Fruška gora – Papratski do Pannonic
RS-FRUS-02 Serbia Fruška gora – Ravne Pannonic
RS-KOPA-01 Serbia Kopaonik – Kozje stene Moesian-Balcanic
RS-TARA-01 Serbia Tara – Rača Moesian-Balcanic
RS-TARA-02 Serbia Tara – Zvezda Moesian-Balcanic
SK-POLO-01* Slovakia* Havešová Primeval Forest* Carpathian
SK-POLO-02* Slovakia* Rožok* Carpathian
SK-POLO-03* Slovakia* Stužica - Bukovské Vrchy* Carpathian
SK-POLO-04* Slovakia* Udava* Carpathian
SK-VIHO-01 Slovakia Kyjovský prales Carpathian
SK-VIHO-02* Slovakia* Vihorlat* Carpathians
1.c Name of Property

‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the
Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe’ as
extension to the existing Natural World Heritage
Site ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of
the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe’
(1133ter).
1.d Geographical coordinates

to the nearest second
The position of the component parts of this
extension nomination is defined based on the
center of the respective territory (see table on the
next pages).
11
Table 2: Over- Coordinates Area of the Area of

view of names, ID Component Part State Party of the Central Component the Buffer
geographical Point Part (ha) Zone (ha)
coordinates BH-JANJ-01 Prašuma Janj Bosnia and N 44° 8' 48'' 295.04 380.74
and area size of Herzegovina E 17° 16’ 52’’
the nominated CH-BETT-01 Forêt de la Bettlachstock Switzerland N 47° 13' 22'' 195.43 1,094.16
E 7° 24’ 43’’
component
parts, CH-LODA-01 Valli di Lodano, Busai and Switzerland N 46° 15’ 49’’ 806.78 2,330.74
Soladino Forest Reserves E 8° 39’ 11’’
*boundary
modification CZ-JIZE-01 Jizera Mountains Czech Republic N 50° 51’ 30’’ 444.81 2,279.40
E 15° 9’ 20’’
FR-AIGO-01 Aigoual France N 44° 8’ 3’’ 75.03 90.11
E 3° 32’ 47’’
FR-CHAP-01 Chapitre France N 44° 38’ 4’’ 371.30 41.65
E 5° 59’ 55’’
FR-CHIZ-01 Chizé Component 1 North- France N 46° 7’ 26’’ 93.69
West E 0° -27’ -16’’
571.92
FR-CHIZ-02 Chizé Component 2 South France N 46° 5’ 39’’ 62.43
E 0° -25’ -31’’
FR-FONT-01 Fontainebleau France N 48° 25’ 29’’ 248.48 152.20
E 2° 40’ 55’’
FR-GRAN-01 Grand Ventron France N 47° 58’ 20’’ 257.09 1,397.58
E 6° 56’ 23’’
FR-MASS-01 Massane France N 42° 28’ 58’’ 121.49 1,551.33
E 3° 1’ 45’’
FR-PYPA-01 Py-Pas de Rotja France N 42° 28’ 5’’ 246.03 4,049.87
E 2° 21’ 30’’
FR-SABA-01 Sainte-Baume France N 43° 19’ 45’’ 128.63 215.11
E 5° 45’ 40’’
FR-SAPE-01 Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre France N 43° 4’ 16’’ 924.71 296.87
E 0° -9’ -22’’
IT-FUMB-01* Falascone* Italy* N 41° 48’ 21’’ 254.30
E 15° 58’ 41’’
3,486.29
IT-FUMB-02 Pavari-Sfilzi Italy N 41° 50’ 20’’ 667.13
E 16° 1’ 25’’
IT-POLL-01* Cozzo Ferriero* Italy* N 39° 54’ 19’’ 95.75
E 16° 6’ 4’’
2,851.83
IT-POLL-02 Pollinello Italy N 39° 53’ 43’’ 477.94
E 16° 11’ 54’’
IT-VALL-01 Valle Infernale Italy N 38° 7’ 55’’ 320.79 2,191.36
E 15° 57’ 41’’
ME-BIOG-01 Biogradska Gora 1 Montenegro N 42° 54’ 35’’ 390.81
E 19° 35’ 25’’
3,632.82
ME-BIOG-02 Biogradska Gora 2 Montenegro N 42° 53’ 2’’ 1,913.48
E 19° 37’ 5’’
MN-DLAB-01 Dlaboka Reka North N 41° 45’ 47’’ 193.27 234.70
Macedonia E 20° 35’ 16’’
PL-BIES-01 Border Ridge and Gorna Poland N 49° 5’ 58’’ 1,506.05
Solinka valley E 22° 33’ 24’’
PL-BIES-02 Polonina Wetlinska and Poland N 49° 10’ 51’’ 1,178.03
Smerek E 22° 30’ 12’’
24,330.52
PL-BIES-03 Terebowiec stream valley Poland N 49° 5’ 37’’ 201.00
E 22° 43’ 29’’
PL-BIES-04 Wolosatka stream valley Poland N 49° 4’ 1’’ 586.66
E 22° 44’ 41’’
RS-FRUS-01 Fruška gora – Papratski do Serbia N 45° 8’ 21’’ 65.36
E 19° 38’ 20’’
847.86
RS-FRUS-02 Fruška gora – Ravne Serbia N 45° 8’ 26’’ 93.43
E 19° 37’ 5’’
RS-KOPA-01 Kopaonik – Kozje stene Serbia N 43° 20’ 19’’ 451.47 959.89
E 20° 44’ 27’’
RS-TARA-01 Tara – Rača Serbia N 43° 55’ 3’’ 215.94
E 19° 31’ 0’’
4,091.99
RS-TARA-02 Tara – Zvezda Serbia N 43° 59’ 15’’ 1,873.67
E 19° 17’ 4’’
SK-POLO-01* Havešová Primeval Forest* Slovakia* N 49° 0’ 35’’ 167.88 6,474.84
E 22° 20’ 14’’
12
1. IDENTIFICATION

SK-POLO-02* Rožok* Slovakia* N 48° 58’ 40’’ 74.37 1,138.89
E 22° 27’ 52’’
SK-POLO-03* Stužica - Bukovské Vrchy* Slovakia* N 49° 5’ 3’’ 1,742.47 5,694.84
E 22° 29’ 42’’
SK-POLO-04* Udava* Slovakia* N 49° 10’ 31’’ 455.82 814.69
E 22° 13’ 39’’
SK-VIHO-01 Kyjovský prales Slovakia N 48° 51’ 5’’ 289.41 104.47
E 22° 0’ 59’’
SK-VIHO-02* Vihorlat* Slovakia* N 48° 54’ 56’’ 1,553.06 854.08
E 22° 11’ 13’’
TOTAL 19,039.10 72,160.80
1.e Maps and plans, showing

the boundaries of the
nominated property and
buffer zone
Please find detailed maps of all component parts The majority of the component parts is situated
and their buffer zones in the attached document. within large woodlands or densely wooded regions
that reach far beyond the forest-dominated buffer
The 37 component parts are distributed across
zones. Hence, the nominated buffer zones of
Europe from France in the west to Serbia in the east
the nominated component parts almost entirely
and from Italy in the south to the Czech Republic in
consist of woodland, providing the sites with
the north.
additional protection.
Figure 1:
Overview of
the existing
and new
nominated
World Herita-
ge compo-
nent parts/
clusters
13
Component Cluster boundaries and often have one joint buffer zone.
Due to manmade barriers, not all old-growth or
The zonation process reflects the ecological situation primeval beech forests within a protected area
(location of primeval and/or ancient beech forest can be combined into one component part. To
without human forest management), the spatial avoid unnecessary repetition in the description of
responsibility of the management organisation management, site conditions and legal background,
in place (e.g. national park, strict forest reserve), component parts within the same protected area
local and regional stakeholders (landowners, (and therefore under the same management) are
neighbouring communities, responsible authorities grouped into so-called ‘component clusters’. This
and ministries etc.) and legal constraints (status of is the case in 9 protected areas, hosting 2 to 4
strict protection is guaranteed by law or equivalent component parts (Table 3). In these 9 cases, there
regulations). is one description and one map for the whole
Given the quite different situations in the ten component cluster, and the tables show the size
States Parties and over 30 component parts, and coordinates for each of the component parts
this nomination (as also the previous extension within the cluster. In many cases, the component
nomination) uses the possibility of forming so- parts within a cluster are connected by a shared
called ‘component clusters’. buffer zone, encompassing several component
parts. Because of this, the area of the buffer zone is
There are several protected areas which have indicated for the whole component cluster and not
more than one component part within their for each of the component parts.
Figure 2 (left):
Standard com-
ponent part
Figure 3
(right): Com-
ponent cluster
Table 3: Name of the Component Included Component Parts Map

Overview of Nr. State Party (Annex 1.e)
Cluster ID Name
the compo-
Bosnia and BH-JANJ-01 Prašuma Janj BH-JANJ-01
nent parts and 1 Herzegovina Prašuma Janj
component Forêt de la Forêt de la
clusters of the 2 Switzerland Bettlachstock CH-BETT-01 Bettlachstock CH-BETT-01
nominated Valli di Lodano, Busai Valli di Lodano, Busai
extension, 3 Switzerland and Soladino Forest CH-LODA-01 and Soladino Forest CH-LODA-01
*boundary Reserves Reserves
modification 4 Czech Jizera Mountains CZ-JIZE-01 Jizera Mountains CZ-JIZE-01
Republic
5 France Aigoual FR-AIGO-01 Aigoual FR-AIGO-01
6 France Chapitre FR-CHAP-01 Chapitre FR-CHAP-01
7a France Chizé FR-CHIZ-01 Chizé Component 1 FR-CHIZ-01-02

North-West
7b France FR-CHIZ-02 Chizé Component 2 FR-CHIZ-01-02
South
8 France Fontainebleau FR-FONT-01 Fontainebleau FR-FONT-01
9 France Grand Ventron FR-GRAN-01 Grand Ventron FR-GRAN-01
10 France Massane FR-MASS-01 Massane FR-MASS-01
11 France Py-Pas de Rotja FR-PYPA-01 Py-Pas de Rotja FR-PYPA-01
12 France Sainte-Baume FR-SABA-01 Sainte-Baume FR-SABA-01
13 France Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre FR-SAPE-01 Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre FR-SAPE-01
14a Italy Foresta Umbra IT-FUMB-01* Falascone* IT-FUMB-01*-02
14
1. IDENTIFICATION
Name of the Component Included Component Parts Map

Nr. State Party (Annex 1.e)
Cluster ID Name
14b Italy IT-FUMB-02 Pavari-Sfilzi IT-FUMB-01*-02
15a Italy Pollino National Park IT-POLL-01* Cozzo Ferriero* IT-POLL-01*-02
15b Italy IT-POLL-02 Pollinello IT-POLL-01*-02
16 Italy Valle Infernale IT-VALL-01 Valle Infernale IT-VALL-01
17a Montenegro Biogradska Gora ME-BIOG-01 Biogradska Gora 1 ME-BIOG-01-02
17b ME-BIOG-02 Biogradska Gora 2 ME-BIOG-01-02
18 North Dlaboka Reka MN-DLAB-01 Dlaboka Reka MN-DLAB-01

Macedonia
19a Poland Bieszczady PL-BIES-01 Border Ridge and Gorna PL-BIES-01-04
Solinka valley
19b Poland PL-BIES-02 Polonina Wetlinska and PL-BIES-01-04
Smerek
19c Poland PL-BIES-03 Terebowiec stream PL-BIES-01-04
valley
19d Poland PL-BIES-04 Wolosatka stream valley PL-BIES-01-04
20a Serbia Fruška gora - Papratski RS-FRUS-01 Fruška gora – Papratski RS-FRUS-01-02
do i Ravne do
20b Serbia RS-FRUS-02 Fruška gora – Ravne RS-FRUS-01-02
21 Serbia Kopaonik - Kozje stene RS-KOPA-01 Kopaonik – Kozje stene RS-KOPA-01
22a Serbia Tara - Zvezda i Rača RS-TARA-01 Tara – Rača RS-TARA-01-02
22b Serbia RS-TARA-02 Tara – Zvezda RS-TARA-01-02
23a Slovakia Poloniny SK-POLO-01* Havešová Primeval SK-

Forest* POLO-01*-04*
23b Slovakia SK-POLO-02* Rožok* SK-
POLO-01*-04*
23c Slovakia SK-POLO-03* Stužica - Bukovské SK-
Vrchy* POLO-01*-04*
23d Slovakia SK-POLO-04* Udava* SK-
POLO-01*-04*
24a Slovakia Vihorlat SK-VIHO-01 Kyjovský prales SK-VIHO-01-02*
24b Slovakia SK-VIHO-02* Vihorlat* SK-VIHO-01-02*
1.f Area of nominated property

and proposed buffer zones
Within the selected 37 component parts, the
beech forests with the highest integrity, i.e. 24
protected areas, were included in the nomination
as new component parts of the serial property.
Additionally, 7 already existing component parts
are proposed for modification of boundaries. Italy
proposes new component parts (Pavari-Sfilzi and
Pollinello) to existing component clusters (Foresta
Umbra and Pollino National Park, former Cozzo
Ferriero) and enlarges one existing component
part (Falascone, former Foresta Umbra). Slovakia
redesigned their existing component parts and
buffer zones and proposes one more component
part (Kyjovský prales). The individual demarcations
of the component parts have been chosen so as to
guarantee and improve the Outstanding Universal
Value; maximum integrity; coherent, sufficiently
sized forests and protection and management.
15
1. Justification on boundary modifi- Contribution to the maintenance of the Outstan-

cation of the Foresta Umbra compo- ding Universal Value
nent cluster in Italy The Gargano Promontory has been a refuge for
beech populations, biogeographically isolated
Area of the property (in hectares) from Apennines ones, and historically a connection
The area of the property already inscribed is c. between Western and Eastern floras. High
182 ha, with a buffer of 1,752 ha. The proposed biodiversity is possible thanks to unique karst
modification increases the area of the property to landforms and warm-wet conditions, allowing
921 ha, with a concomitant increase of the buffer beech to grow at low-elevation (400–800 m a.s.l.)
to 3,463 ha. and cover in such a short elevation transect large
ecological gradients. The proposed expansion will
Description of the modification strengthen these features, not only by enlarging
the area covered by protected old-growth forests
This new proposal significantly expands the (now including the oldest beech trees found in the
previously inscribed property (made of the State area, 360 years old), but also by including extremely
Reserves Foresta Umbra and, above all, Falascone) low-elevation beech populations (strict reserve
from 182 to 254 ha, and adds another component Sfilzi) well adapted to warm-dry conditions. The
part (667 ha) including both regional and state component parts are connected through mature
reserves. The final property will therefore be beech forests, creating an ecological corridor
made of two core areas, both including strict between cooler and warm-dry conditions.
forest reserves surrounded by mature, naturally
developing beech forests: ‘Falascone’ includes the Implications for legal protection
homonymous state strict reserve; ‘Pavari-Sfilzi’ The change proposed will expand the already
includes strict reserve ‘Pavari’ (owned by Region inscribed property and add a new component part.
Puglia) and the state strict reserve ‘Sfilzi’. The new The already inscribed area (‘Falascone’) is enlarged
buffer area will be three times larger than before to to include regionally owned unmanaged mature
encircle the new core areas and includes all regional forests. The new component part (‘Sfilzi-Pavari’)
public property, managed as a no-intervention includes one strict reserve of national property
zone by the National Park. Around each of the two (Sfilzi, established 1971) and one of regional
cores a buffer of at least 100 m was established to property (Pavari, established 1952) surrounded
protect them from the potential effects of tourism by regionally owned unmanaged mature forests.
and roads. In regional forests, according to the management
plan of the Gargano National Park, no human
Justification for the modification
intervention is allowed, and the area may be
The proposed modification will improve the accessed exclusively on excursion trails. Tourists
conservation of the property by expanding its can visit the area, remaining on trails and without
original area and, in addition, including a totally damaging the flora and fauna.
new component part (Pavari-Sfilzi) to protect Implications for management arrangements
one of the oldest strict reserves of Italy (Pavari,
established in 1952), hosting the oldest beech trees The proposed new area is already included in
found in the area (360 years old), together with the National Park territory and undergoing the
exceptionally old lianas (Hedera helix 100 years regulations prescribed by its management plan.
old). The new component cluster will embrace Besides the already inscribed property, the
pure and mixed beech forests up to very low expansion includes two already recognised strict
elevation (c. 400 m a.s.l.), where the Strict State reserves, surrounded by regional public property
Reserve Sfilzi hosts beech populations growing in managed as a no-intervention zone by the National
exceptionally warm conditions, well-adapted to Park. We established a buffer of at least 100 m
climate warming scenarios. Their connection with from the core in those areas where tourism is
the other beech forests within the component more concentrated and there are important roads.
cluster will ensure long-term resilience to these The protection is guaranteed by the presence of
refugial tree populations. The reserve Sfilzi is also a permanent staff of the National Forest Service
important for hosting the only natural water spring established close to the property and patrolling the
at the top of the Gargano mountain, with a unique entire area, including the new additions.
associated biodiversity.
16
1. IDENTIFICATION
Maps
Figure 4:
Proposed
boundary
modifications
of Forestra
Umbra (IT)
including
boundaries of
the inscribed
component
part and
buffer zone
Figure 5:
Proposed
boundary
modifications
of Forestra
Umbra (IT).
17
1. Justification on boundary modi- Piovesan, G., Biondi, F., Baliva, M., De

fication of the Pollino component Vivo, G., Marchianò, V., Schettino, A., & Di Filippo,
A. (2019). Slow Growth Leads to Longevity in
cluster in Italy Temperate Hardwoods. Bulletin of the Ecological
Area of the property (in hectares) Society of America, 100(3), 1–6.
Area of the component ‘Cozzo Ferriero’ as Piovesan, G. (2019). A light-demanding

inscribed: Component ‘Cozzo Ferriero’ 95.7 ha (IT- pine spreads into a closed forest. Frontiers in
POL-01*); buffer zone 482.6 ha. Ecology and the Environment, 17 (8), 454–454.
Area of the proposed component cluster ‘Pollino The expansion of the buffer area would strengthen
National Park’: Component part ‘Cozzo Ferriero’ the protection of the integrity of the two component
95.7 ha (IT-POL-01*); component part ‘Pollinello’ parts that will be ecologically connected in a
477.94 ha (IT-POL-02), buffer zone 2,851.8 ha. wide rewilding landscape of the Mediterranean
mountains.
Description of the modification Contribution to the maintenance of the
Outstanding Universal Value
It is proposed to insert a new larger component,
the old-growth beech forest of Monte Pollinello, The proposed component cluster and the larger
and to expand the buffer zone over a large part of buffer zone will guarantee the maintenance of
the Pollino massif. integrity and the acclimatization and adaptation
of beech ecosystems to climate change (drought,
Justification for the modification late frost, strong winds) in a strategic rear edge
The proposed Pollinello component part is area of the UNESCO serial site. Thanks to the
characterised by a unique latitudinal and strict protection, the beech forests would be free
elevational position (high mountain belt up to to expand into the upper grasslands – a unique
2,200 m, in the subalpine environment above Mediterranean subalpine belt for the central
the limit of the beech forest). Forest structure Mediterranean region – in the future, in a context
is complex because of the long history of natural of climate warming. Past monitoring of the carabid
stand development in extreme environments. beetle communities showed that in high-mountain
The old-growth stands show very high levels of beech forest types, such as Cozzo Ferriero and
naturalness, as demonstrated by deadwood and Pollinello (Asyneumati-Fagetum), dominant species
old-growth indicators. In these stands, individual have not been replaced, showing the ability of
growth history is highly variable; one tree can take large old-growth stands and rewilding landscape
from one to seven centuries to reach a large size to mitigate climate change and its effect on some
(>60 cm dbh). Slow but overall increasing long- animal communities.
term growth was found to be a prerequisite for
Implications for legal protection
extreme tree longevity. Pollinello hosts the oldest
beeches – and deciduous hardwood trees – in the The two component parts, Cozzo Ferriero and the
world, with several trees exceeding 600 years in the proposed Pollinello and the buffer zone are public
primeval part of the forest. Growth suppression in lands in a large strict reserve of Pollino National
early stages of life, together with limiting climatic Park, the largest protected area in Italy (192,565
conditions, also contributed to reaching maximum ha). A permanent management body protects
stem ages in these Mediterranean mountain the proposed component cluster (IUCN Ia) along
environments. Here, the old beeches are in close with the Carabinieri Forest Service. The level of
contact with old Pinus heldreichii trees that, on protection is described in the Pollino National Park
rocky, windy and snowy sites, are regenerating Plan and Regulation (see Existing Plans 5d).
under the canopy of beech.
Implications for management arrangements
The high integrity (naturalness) of the old-growth
beech forest is described in the following recent Only research and monitoring activities are allowed
studies: in the proposed component cluster and in the
expanded buffer zone (IUCN 1a). Human visitation
Piovesan, G., Biondi, F., Baliva, M., De Vivo, is strictly controlled and hiking is limited to trails.
G., Marchianò, V., Schettino, A., & Di Filippo, A. Therefore, no human alteration of the component
(2019). Lessons from the wild: slow but increasing cluster is occurring. The beech forests will also be
long-term growth allows for maximum longevity in free to expand into the upper grasslands in the
European beech. Ecology, e02737. future, in a context of climate warming.
18
1. IDENTIFICATION
Maps
Figure 6:
Proposed
boundary
modifications
of Pollino
National Park
(IT) including
boundaries of
the inscribed
component
part and buf-
fer zone.
Figure 7:
Proposed
boundary
modifications
of Pollino
National Park
(IT).
19
1. Justification on boundary modifi-

cation of the Poloniny and Vihorlat
component cluster in Slovakia
The States Party of Slovakia submits the
following information on the proposed boundary
modification:
Area of the property (in hectares)
a) The area of the property as inscribed
Area as inscribed (in ha)

Component Name
Tables in the Text Map Annexes
component 171.30 179.33

Havešová
buffer zone 63.99 1,924.01
component 67.10 69.38
Rožok
buffer zone 41.40 846.84
Stužica- component 2,950.00 1,881.30
Bukovské
vrchy buffer zone 11,300.00 7,164.87
component 2,578.00 1,404.89
Vihorlat
buffer zone 2,413.00 1,836.45
property 5,766.40 3,534.90
Sum
buffer zone 13,818.39 11,772.16
b) The area of the property as proposed to be

modified
Surface Area
Number Name of the Component Part Zone
(ha)
core zone 167.9
1 Havešová buffer zone (protective function) 164.1
buffer zone (landscape conservation function) 6,310.8
core zone 74.4
2 Rožok buffer zone (protective function) 48.8
core zone 1,742.5
3 Stužica - Bukovské vrchy buffer zone (protective function) 703.6
core zone 1,553.1
4 Vihorlat buffer zone (protective function) 607.9
buffer zone (landscape conservation function) 246.2
core zone 289.4
5 Kyjovský prales buffer zone (protective function) 104.5
buffer zone (landscape conservation function) 0
core zone 455.8
6 Udava buffer zone (protective function) 71.0
buffer zone (landscape conservation function) 743.6
1404,8900 4,283.0
Sum buffer zone (protective function) 1,699.9
20
1. IDENTIFICATION
Description of the modification with modified delineation (a new extension

southwards was added stretching towards the
The boundary modification concerns all four Rožok component part) and Udava, which has
currently inscribed Slovak component parts of the become a separate component part according
property and their buffer zones. The modification is to the modification proposal. The modification
considered as a significant boundary modification, extended the Stužica component part southwards
in line with paragraph 165 of the Operational within the buffer zone as inscribed in 2007, and
Guidelines. The buffer zone has been subdivided excluded approximately 10 km of the border stripe
into two sub-types, according to its main function from the component part due to the disagreement
– protection buffer sub-zone and landscape of private landowners, resulting in a separation
conservation buffer sub-zone. of Udava from the Stužica – Bukovské vrchy
component part. The new size of the remaining
Havešová component part of Stužica – Bukovské vrchy,
including the newly added southern appendix, is
The modification of the component part
1,742.47 ha. The buffer zone of the component
Havešová is only minor, aligning the boundaries
part was enlarged to 5,694.84 ha, of which 703.63
to the delineation of the National Nature Reserve
ha are protection buffer sub-zone and 4,991.21 ha
Havešová. Compared with the nomination file
are landscape conservation buffer sub-zone.
(text: 171.30 ha, map: 179.33 ha), the proposal is
only marginally reduced to 167.88 ha. The buffer In comparison, in the nomination dossier from
zone varied significantly in the 2007 nomination 2007, the size of the component parts (including
dossier (63.99 ha in the text and 1,924.01 ha in the Udava) was 2,950.00 ha (text) and 1,881.30 ha
map). In the new proposal, it has been enlarged (map), the buffer zone covered 11,300.00 ha (text)
(compared to the 2007 nomination dossier) and and 7,164.87 ha (map). It should be noted that in
internally divided into a protection buffer sub-zone the current proposal, a part of the boundary of
(164.07 ha) and landscape conservation buffer sub- the component part has been stretched outwards,
zone (6,310.77 ha), with a total area of 6,474.84 further from the border (National Nature Reserve
ha. The proposed buffer zone roughly includes the Jarabá skala), while in other parts, it has been
delineation of the buffer zone from 2007. adjusted to the borders of the existing strict nature
reserves (National Nature Reserve Stužica, Nature
Rožok
Reserve Borsukov vrch).
Similar to the Havešová component part, the
boundaries of the Rožok component part were Udava
slightly adapted in the new proposal – from In the current proposal, the new component part
67.10 ha (text) and 69.38 ha (map) in the 2007 Udava, former part of the Stužica – Bukovské
nomination file to 74.37 ha in the current proposal. vrchy component part, was created as a separate
The adapted boundaries would fully match the component part, covering an area of 455.82 ha and
boundaries of the Strict National Nature Reserve a buffer zone of 814.69 ha, of which 71.04 ha is
Rožok. Again, the discrepancies of the buffer zone’s proposed as protection buffer sub-zone and 743.64
size were significant in 2007 (864.84 ha in the map ha are classified as landscape conservation buffer
and 41.40 ha in the text). In the current proposal, sub-zone.
it has been enlarged to 1,138.89, of which 48.77
ha are the protection buffer sub-zone and 1,090.12 In comparison with the 2007 nomination dossier,
ha are the landscape conservation buffer sub- the boundaries of the Udava component part were
zone. The shape of the buffer zone approximately modified and the component part was enlarged
copies its delineation from 2007, while north of the and adapted to the boundaries of the existing strict
component part, it stretches towards the newly nature reserve. Moreover, the component part was
proposed part of the Stužica – Bukovské vrchy extended westward, along the Slovak-Polish border,
component part. in order to cover additional primeval/old-growth
forests identified by mapping. The buffer zone
Stužica – Bukovské vrchy was also enlarged compared to the delineation
from 2007. Despite its seemingly isolated position,
The changes of the Stužica – Bukovské vrchy the component part Udava is part of the Poloniny
component part were more substantial, as they National Park and remains ecologically connected
contain enlargements as well as exclusions. The to Stužica component part through forested areas
original component part, having a shape of a along the Slovak-Polish border that remain without
narrow strip along the Slovak-Polish border, was or only with very limited intervention.
divided into two parts: Stužica – Bukovské vrchy
21
Vihorlat Justification for the modification
The boundary modification was more substantial The four Slovak component parts of the World
in case of the Vihorlat component part. The Heritage property ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech
boundaries, as inscribed in 2007, intersected Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of
with several small Strict Nature Reserves, but did Europe‘ were inscribed on the World Heritage List in
not capture them systematically. Moreover, not 2007, jointly with six component parts in the Ukraine.
all forest stands classified as natural were part In 2011, it was noticed that the 2007 nomination
of the component part (e.g. around lake Morské file included discrepancies between the reported
oko). The boundaries of the component part were sizes and the maps of the Slovak component parts.
redesigned with the aim to systematically include The legal protection regime did not correspond to
all areas important for the expression of the OUV. the Slovak component parts, as inscribed in 2007.
Similarly, a Reactive Monitoring mission concluded
The discrepancies in the 2007 nomination dossier in 2014 that the current boundary design of the
were noticeable – for the component part, Slovak component parts would not adequately
2,578.00 ha in the text and 1,404.89 in the map reflect its Outstanding Universal Value (OUV).
and for the buffer zone, 2,413.00 ha in the text and The Committee consequently requested the State
1,836.45 in the map. In the current proposal, the Party in 2015 to develop a proposal for boundary
component part was enlarged compared to the modification of its component parts (Decision 39
map delineation from 2007 to 1,553.06 ha and it COM 7B.19). In light of the potential impact of the
encompasses all existing strict nature reserves. The boundary modification on the OUV of the property,
total size of the buffer zone is 854.08 ha (607.91 ha the Committee considered in its Decision 42 COM
protection buffer sub-zone and 246.17 ha landscape 7B.71, that the modification should be submitted
conservation buffer sub-zone). In the western part as a significant boundary modification, in line with
of the component part, the design of the northern paragraph 165 of the Operational Guidelines.
part of the buffer zone had to be narrower, as
these areas are part of the military district with its The discrepancies between the text of the
specific regime and restrictions. nomination dossier and the map annexes, but also
unclear information about what should be taken
Kyjovský prales as a reference point for boundary modification
therefore restricted the implementation of the
Kyjovský prales is a newly proposed component part
adequate legal protection status of the component
for the World Heritage property. The component
parts. Moreover, the boundary modification
part has an area of 289.41 ha and a protection buffer
required a participatory process and negotiations
sub-zone of 104.47 ha. The landscape conservation
with all stakeholders, who have not been included
buffer sub-zone has not been established due to
in the preparatory phase for the nomination in
the fact that the component part is part of the
2007, in order to prepare a proposal that would
military district. However, the manager of the
be accepted and supported by all the stakeholders
military district (state enterprise Military Forests
concerned. The Ministry of Environment of
and Estates of the Slovak Republic) had agreed to
the Slovak Republic and its expert organization
apply only close-to-nature forest management in
State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic
the surrounding forest areas.
22
1. IDENTIFICATION
therefore carried out numerous discussions, Nature and Landscape Protection). In the first
negotiations, meetings and expert missions in the half of 2019, The Ministry and the State Nature
past years to prepare a participatory proposal that Conservancy addressed letters to Chairpersons,
would at the same time satisfy all the requirements Board Members, as well as to all the regular
of the World Heritage Committee and its expert members of these three associations (meaning
body IUCN to a maximum extent. altogether approx. 870 letters). These letters were
sent before their General Assemblies in order to
The results of mapping of natural/ancient/old-
inform all the members about the implications
growth forests served as a basis for the elaboration
and conditions of designating nature reserves with
of the current proposal. As Slovakia reported in
5th level of protection, as well as about available
2016 in the State of Conservation report, within
compensations and benefits that can be leveraged
the project supported by a grant from Switzerland,
thanks to nature protection and international
the National Forestry Centre of Zvolen mapped
recognition as a World Heritage site. Due to
more than 7,000 hectares of forest habitats in
their disagreement with increasing the level of
Poloniny and in Vihorlat in 2014, in accordance
protection, and therefore the inability to provide
with the Methodical Procedure on Delimiting
an adequate legal guarantee for protection of
Natural Forests to Identify the State of Forests and
these areas, the part of Stužica – Bukovské vrchy
to Identify Primeval Forests and Natural Forests
along the Slovak-Polish border in private ownership
within the UNESCO World Heritage Property.
(see map annexes) has not been included in the
Other complementary information resulting from
proposal.
mapping of ancient and old growth forest are
available from the mapping of non-governmental Nevertheless, the current proposal for the
organisations FSC and Prales (carried out in two boundary modification of the Slovak component
phases in between 2009 – 2015). All these results parts represents a comprehensive proposal based
were incorporated and reflected in the current on results of primeval and ancient forest mapping
proposal for boundary modification that includes that was prepared in the participatory process and
to a maximum possible extent all the mapped was endorsed by all the stakeholders. After several
primeval/old-growth forests (see digital annexes years, this proposal has been elaborated with the
– map of the forest naturality 2007/2019 files: aim to provide all necessary guarantees for the
SPD_All_Prir_Verzia2007_A3.pdf and SPD_All_ adequate protection of the OUV and allows the
Prir_Verzia20191014_A3.pdf ). implementation of all the related legal provisions
and management arrangements.
The boundary modification of the Slovak
component parts has been carried out in order to Contribution to the maintenance of the Outstan-
consistently capture all the highly valuable areas ding Universal Value
that are necessary for the expression of the OUV.
In general, the boundaries were modified in order The Slovak component parts, as first inscribed
to adjust them to existing strict nature reserves (in parts of the property, are indispensable for the
most of the cases, this included their enlargement adequate representation of the unique evolution
compared to their delineation from 2007, as in case and adaptability of the Beech in the Carpathian
of Stužica, Udava, partly in Vihorlat), and also in Beech Forest Region, with its largest occurrence
order to add new parts of natural forests that have of beech forests in the whole Europe. The Slovak
not been systematically included in the nomination component parts are thus integral part of the
dossier from 2007. Carpathian ‘backbone’ of primeval and ancient
beech forest – of a continuous arc of natural and
The boundary modification was especially seminatural beech forests extending along the
significant in the case of the Stužica – Bukovské Eastern Carpathians, stretching across Poland,
vrchy component part, where the component Slovakia and Ukraine. These last, best conserved,
part was split into two parts. The areas that were remnants of monodominant beech forests are
part of the nomination dossier in 2007 have not formed of highly productive and extremely stable
been included in the current proposal due to the ecosystems on mesotrophic substrates, such as
disagreement of private landowner associations. flysh and volcanic rock (andesite). Particularly
The Ministry of Environment together with the favourable site conditions allow the beech to reach
State Nature Conservancy held in the past years heights up to 56 m – tallest European beech trees
numerous meetings with representatives of three measured.
landowner associations concerned and adequate
compensations have been repeatedly offered (in
accordance with the Act n. 543/2002 Coll. on the
23
Implications for legal protection

The boundary modification of the Slovak component
parts, as proposed in this nomination dossier,
will significantly improve and provide adequate
legal protection of the property. The proposal for
boundary modification of the Slovak component
parts was approved by the Government of the
Slovak Republic on 14 October 2019 (by Resolution
of the Slovak Government n. 508/2019, see:
https://rokovania.gov.sk/RVL/Material/24259/1).
The Governmental Resolution will therefore
provide a legal basis for implementation of the
adequate legal provisions, as required by the WHC.
The proposal for boundary modification together
with background documentation, as approved by
the Slovak Government, included concrete map Kyjovský prales overlaps with the existing strict
annexes with specific identification of all included nature reserve and both the component part and
forest stands. Also, the Governmental Resolution its buffer zone would be therefore protected under
provided basic guidelines for implementation 5th level of protection.
of the legal protection regime of the Slovak
component parts and their buffer zones, together As for the buffer zone, all newly delineated
with respective management arrangements. protection buffer sub-zones will be protected
under 4th or 5th level of protection, in line with
In case of two component parts, Rožok and the recommendation from the joint WHC/IUCN
Havešová, the boundaries will after modification Advisory mission in 2018. With regard to the
fully overlap with existing strict nature reserves landscape conservation buffer sub-zone, it will be
with the 5th level of protection according to protected under 3rd or 4th level of protection.
Slovak legislation (meaning strict non-intervention
Implications for management arrangements
regime). In case of Stužica – Bukovské vrchy, the
boundaries are partly aligned with the existing The current proposal will provide adequate legal
strict nature reserves (5th level of protection). The protection for the property and its buffer zones.
extension of Stužica – Bukovské vrchy (“southern All proposed component parts are either already
appendix”) is proposed, that would include protected under 5th level of protection (strict non-
another strict Nature Reserve Borsučiny. The ridge intervention regime), or the designation process
connecting existing nature reserves is currently of nature reserves with 5th level of protection
under 3rd level of protection, but the proposal for has already started (component parts Udava and
the designation of a new nature reserve with 5th Vihorlat). For the newly added part of the Stužica
level of protection is foreseen in 2020. The Udava – Bukovské vrchy component part, the designation
component part is similarly proposed to be aligned process is envisaged in 2020.
with the boundaries of the existing strict nature
reserve. Additional extension of this component In accordance with the above-mentioned
part is also proposed – inclusion of the primeval Governmental Resolution, the protection buffer
forest Rydošová. The process of the designation sub-zone will be protected under 5th or 4th level
of a new Nature Reserve Rydošová (5th level of of protection with specific management regime,
protection) has already started in November 2019 very close to non-intervention. Only single-tree
(pursuant to the Act on Nature and Landscape extraction under the permission of the State
Protection). The public consultations have been Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic would
finished and the designation of the nature reserve be allowed, aimed at ensuring the protection of the
is envisaged at the beginning of 2020. The same OUV of the property.
designation process has started in November 2019
The landscape conservation buffer sub-zone will be
for the Vihorlat component part, where all existing
protected under 3rd or 4th level of protection. It
nature reserves will be merged into one strict
should be noted that from the 1st January 2020,
Nature Reserve Vihorlatský prales, overlapping
a new amendment of the Act on Nature and
with the proposed component part Vihorlat. Its
Landscape Protection (n. 543/2002 Coll.) has come
designation by the Government of the Slovak
into force. This Act provides a basic legal framework
Republic is also envisaged at the beginning of
for nature and landscape protection in Slovakia,
2020. Lastly, the newly proposed component part
24
1. IDENTIFICATION
defines different categories of protected areas, as Nature Conservancy who will also define binding
well as five levels of protection and restrictions and requirements for their preparation and will actively
regulations of management/activities according to participate in their approval process (including
these levels of protection. public consultations). In addition, the amendment
defines the aim of national parks to ensure natural
Up to 2020, there were only few restrictions in undisturbed evolution of natural processes on least
terms of forest management in the 3rd level of at 75 % of their area, with short-term aim to create
protection. The State Nature Conservancy of the strict protection (non-intervention) zones generally
Slovak Republic (which was not responsible for at least on 50 % of their area.
the actual management of protected areas) had a
competence to intervene in the forest management In accordance with the Governmental Resolution n.
only during the approval process of forest 508/209, in the landscape conservation buffer sub-
management plans (by providing an expert opinion zone, only close-to-nature forest management can
that was not always fully taken into account by be applied, in line with the Act on Nature Protection
forest managers). In addition, forest management and the Act on Forests, and in compliance with
plans have to comply with management plans of forest management plans that would be updated
protected areas (if such management plans exist). in cooperation with the State Nature Conservancy.
The management of the landscape conservation
The amendment of the Act on Nature and Landscape buffer sub-zone should improve the ecological
Conservation brings several changes to the system state of the natural beech forest ecosystems and
of nature protection in Slovakia and strengthens shall include natural regeneration of all tree species
competencies of the State Nature Conservancy. of potential natural forest type, regular distribution
From 1st January 2020, larger clear-cuts or shelter- of dead wood, uneven-aged forest stands and
wood cuts are forbidden in national parks, the only continuous change to selective logging.
allowed type of management is close-to-nature
forest management. Any so-called salvage logging More detailed management regime of Slovak
(in case of calamities) larger than 0.3 ha must be component parts will be defined by the integrated
firstly approved by the State Nature Conservancy. management plan that will also reflect common
The forest management plans in protected areas management guidelines and that is currently under
must be prepared in cooperation with the State preparation and should be finished in August 2020.
Maps
Figure 8:
Proposed
boundary
modifications
of the Polo-
niny cluster
(SK) including
boundaries of
inscribed com-
ponent parts
and buffer
zones.
25
Figure 9:
Proposed
boundary mo-
difications of
the Poloniny
cluster (SK).
Figure 10:
Proposed
boundary
modifications
of the Vihorlat
cluster (SK)
including
boundaries of
inscribed com-
ponent parts
and buffer
zones.
26
1. IDENTIFICATION
Figure 11:
Proposed
boundary
modifications
of the Vihorlat
cluster (SK).
Zonation Design
management approaches. To be clear, which
To ensure the functionality of the buffer zones, management regulation has to be applied in which
all buffer zones have to be located on land that is parts of the buffer zones, sub-zones are introduced,
under direct or indirect control of the management which are also shown in the following maps (details
authority in charge of the component parts or is see Chapter 5).
under direct control of the State Party. To provide
different functions, the buffer zone needs different For details, see table below.
Table 4: Area
size of the com-
ponent parts
with buffer
Bosnia and N 44° 8’ 48’’ zones (ha),
BH-JANJ-01 Prašuma Janj Herzegovina 295.04 380.74
E 17° 16’ 52’’ *boundary
N 47° 13’ 22’’ modifications
CH-BETT-01 Forêt de la Bettlachstock Switzerland 195.43 1,094.16
E 7° 24’ 43’’
Valli di Lodano, Busai and N 46° 15’ 49’’
CH-LODA-01 Soladino Forest Reserves Switzerland 806.78 2,330.74
E 8° 39’ 11’’
N 50° 51’ 30’’
CZ-JIZE-01 Jizera Mountains Czech Republic 444.81 2,279.40
E 15° 9’ 20’’
N 44° 8’ 3’’
FR-AIGO-01 Aigoual France 75.03 90.11
E 3° 32’ 47’’
N 44° 38’ 4’’
FR-CHAP-01 Chapitre France 371.30 41.65
E 5° 59’ 55’’
N 46° 7’ 26’’
FR-CHIZ-01 Chizé Component 1 North-West France 93.69
E 0° -27’ -16’’
571.92
N 46° 5’ 39’’
FR-CHIZ-02 Chizé Component 2 South France 62.43
E 0° -25’ -31’’
N 48° 25’ 29’’
FR-FONT-01 Fontainebleau France 248.48 152.20
E 2° 40’ 55’’
27

N 47° 58’ 20’’
FR-GRAN-01 Grand Ventron France 257.09 1,397.58
E 6° 56’ 23’’
N 42° 28’ 58’’
FR-MASS-01 Massane France 121.49 1,551.33
E 3° 1’ 45’’
N 42° 28’ 5’’
FR-PYPA-01 Py-Pas de Rotja France 246.03 4,049.87
E 2° 21’ 30’’
N 43° 19’ 45’’
FR-SABA-01 Sainte-Baume France 128.63 215.11
E 5° 45’ 40’’
N 43° 4’ 16’’
FR-SAPE-01 Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre France 924.71 296.87
E 0° -9’ -22’’
N 41° 48’ 21’’
IT-FUMB-01* Falascone* Italy* 254.30
E 15° 58’ 41’’
3,486.29
N 41° 50’ 20’’
IT-FUMB-02 Pavari-Sfilzi Italy 667.13
E 16° 1’ 25’’
N 39° 54’ 19’’
IT-POLL-01* Cozzo Ferriero* Italy* 95.75
E 16° 6’ 4’’
2,851.83
N 39° 53’ 43’’
IT-POLL-02 Pollinello Italy 477.94
E 16° 11’ 54’’
N 38° 7’ 55’’
IT-VALL-01 Valle Infernale Italy 320.79 2,191.36
E 15° 57’ 41’’
N 42° 54’ 35’’
ME-BIOG-01 Biogradska Gora 1 Montenegro 390.81
E 19° 35’ 25’’
3,632.82
N 42° 53’ 2’’
ME-BIOG-02 Biogradska Gora 2 Montenegro 1,913.48
E 19° 37’ 5’’
North N 41° 45’ 47’’
MN-DLAB-01 Dlaboka Reka Macedonia 193.27 234.70
E 20° 35’ 16’’
Border Ridge and Gorna Solinka N 49° 5’ 58’’
PL-BIES-01 valley Poland 1,506.05
E 22° 33’ 24’’
N 49° 10’ 51’’
PL-BIES-02 Polonina Wetlinska and Smerek Poland 1,178.03
E 22° 30’ 12’’
24,330.52
N 49° 5’ 37’’
PL-BIES-03 Terebowiec stream valley Poland 201.00
E 22° 43’ 29’’
N 49° 4’ 1’’
PL-BIES-04 Wolosatka stream valley Poland 586.66
E 22° 44’ 41’’
N 45° 8’ 21’’
RS-FRUS-01 Fruška gora – Papratski do Serbia 65.36
E 19° 38’ 20’’
847.86
N 45° 8’ 26’’
RS-FRUS-02 Fruška gora – Ravne Serbia 93.43
E 19° 37’ 5’’
N 43° 20’ 19’’
RS-KOPA-01 Kopaonik – Kozje stene Serbia 451.47 959.89
E 20° 44’ 27’’
N 43° 55’ 3’’
RS-TARA-01 Tara – Rača Serbia 215.94
E 19° 31’ 0’’
4,091.99
N 43° 59’ 15’’
RS-TARA-02 Tara – Zvezda Serbia 1,873.67
E 19° 17’ 4’’
N 49° 0’ 35’’
SK-POLO-01* Havešová Primeval Forest* Slovakia* 167.88 6,474.84
E 22° 20’ 14’’
N 48° 58’ 40’’
SK-POLO-02* Rožok* Slovakia* 74.37 1,138.89
E 22° 27’ 52’’
N 49° 5’ 3’’
SK-POLO-03* Stužica - Bukovské Vrchy* Slovakia* 1,742.47 5,694.84
E 22° 29’ 42’’
N 49° 10’ 31’’
SK-POLO-04* Udava* Slovakia* 455.82 814.69
E 22° 13’ 39’’
N 48° 51’ 5’’
SK-VIHO-01 Kyjovský prales Slovakia 289.41 104.47
E 22° 0’ 59’’
N 48° 54’ 56’’
SK-VIHO-02* Vihorlat* Slovakia* 1,553.06 854.08
E 22° 11’ 13’’
TOTAL 19,039.10 72,160.80
28
1. IDENTIFICATION
1.f.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina: Prašuma Janj (BH-JANJ-01)

The strict nature reserve ‘Prašuma Janj’ (295.04 1,180 to 1,510 m altitude. The living world is varied
ha) is located on the territory of Šipovo municipa- and rich. This is an area of unmodified natural fea-
lity, on the western slopes of the Stolovaš Mt. in tures, with representative eco-systems, intended
the western part of the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia exclusively to preserve the original nature and eco-
and Herzegovina, located between 44° 07‘ and 44° logical balance. Vegetation is dominated by ancient
10‘ north latitude and between 17° 15‘ and 17° Dinaric, Illyrian, Altimontane forests of beech, fir
17‘ east longitude. It is state-owned and managed and spruce, which has impressive wood stock (up
by the State Enterprise ‘Forests of the Republic of to 1,215 m3/ha), stability and individual trees of
Srpska’, the Forest Company ‘Gorica’ from Šipovo. exceptional dimensions.
The height amplitude of the reserve ranges from
Figure 12:
Zonation
of Prašuma
Janj
29
1.f.2 Switzerland: Forêt de la Bettlachstock (CH-BETT-01)

This component part of the nominated property (195.43 ha) of the nominated property. These are state-owned
comprises the Bettlachstock and the Gäschler–Ebenimatt area in and no longer managed, so they are evolving into
the west and the Impeeri area in the east. It is surrounded by a 50 to forest by natural succession. The protection buffer
100 m wide protection buffer sub-zone (89.88 ha). The nominated sub-zone is followed by a generous landscape
component part is completely located within the natural forest conservation buffer sub-zone (1,004.28 ha). This
reserve Bettlachstock–Hasenmatt and the protection buffer sub- includes other areas of the natural forest reserve
zone is located almost totally in the same reserve. Former meadows as well as extensive used land.
and pastures on the Bettlachstock belong to the component part
Figure 13:
Zonation of
Forêt de la
Bettlachstock
30
1. IDENTIFICATION
1.f.3 Switzerland: Valli di Lodano, Busai and Soladino Forest Reserves (CH-LODA-01)
The nominated component part (806.78 ha) is The significant altitude gradient has an important
composed in wide majority of beech and silver influence on the composition of the protected
fir forests, while the buffer zone (2,33.74 ha) is forests: within 5 km, it is possible to find all ranges
characterised by different typologies of forest in the of forests, from the low altitude floodplains forest
protection buffer sub-zone (1,242.94 ha) and other of the Maggia River (360 m a.s.l.) to the larch
natural and human landscape characterised by forests of the subalpine level (2,100 m a.s.l.).
very limited and low impact human use (landscape
conservation buffer sub-zone 1,087.80 ha).
Figure 14:
Zonation of
Valli di Loda-
no, Busai and
Soladino
Forest
Reserves
31
1.f.4 Czech Republic: Jizera Mountains (CZ-JIZE-01)

The proposed component part (444.81 ha) is located in the northern In the proposed component part as well as in its
part of the Czech Republic (Liberec Region, northern Bohemia), protection buffer sub-zone (189.20 ha), nature has
close to the Czech-Polish border. As a National Nature Reserve core been left to spontaneous development since 1960.
area, it is entirely strictly protected. In the landscape conservation buffer sub-zone
(2,090.20 ha), some parts (NNR core areas) are
The Jizerskohorské bučiny/Jizera Mountains Beech Forest has also strictly protected, in the rest there are limited
developed, contrary to other sites in the Subatlantic-Hercynic interventions which are fully in line with the buffer
Beech Forest Region, on granites and granodiorite. The fact has zone approach described in Chapter 5.
significantly influenced the unique patterns in wild fungi, plant
and animal communities/assemblages (species composition,
community structure, functionality etc.) and their natural habitats.
Figure 15:
Zonation of
Jizera Moun-
tanis
32
1. IDENTIFICATION
1.f.5 France: Aigoual (FR-AIGO-01)

The nominated component part and its protection privately owned land (e.g. private forest at the north-east border).
buffer sub-zone are included in the biological strict
reserve (IUCN cat. Ia) of ‘La Brèze’. The reserve is The protection buffer sub-zone is part of the biological strict reserve
part of the Aigoual National Beech Forest (state to ensure optimal protection and overall natural processes. The area
ownership). of the component part is 75.03 ha with a buffer zone of 90.11 ha.
The strict protection buffer sub-zone is limited Both the component part and buffer area (protection and landscape
to 50 m when bordered by state-owned forest conservation buffer sub-zone) are state-owned and managed by the
managed by the National Forest Office (national National Forest Office (ONF).
and communal forests), and 100 m when bordering
Figure 16:
Zonation of
Aigoual
33
1.f.6 France: Chapitre (FR-CHAP-01)

The nominated component part covers an area of 371.30 ha with a determined inside the Chapitre State Forest. The
protection buffer sub-zone of 50 m when bordered by state forest state forest contiguous to the reserve is classified
and 100 m when in contact with privately owned land. Any forest and free from silvicultural interventions or in
use is prohibited inside the protection buffer sub-zone under IUCN irregular forest management according to the
cat. Ia status. The boundaries of the reserve are often natural forest management plan (2010-2029). They are
barriers (rocky ridges or even cliffs, ravines) where the need for a partly grazed but separated from the component
protection buffer sub-zone is limited. part by natural barriers. The whole area is managed
by the National Forest Office.
The landscape conservation buffer sub-zone remains to be
Figure 17:
Zonation of
Chapitre
34
1. IDENTIFICATION
1.f.7 France: Chizé (FR-CHIZ-01, -02)

The proposal for the component cluster is limited • a western component part of 93.69 ha, west of the biological
to plots of the biological reserve that have been strict reserve;
under natural processes since 1994 (the rest of the • a southern component part of 62.43 ha.
reserve was exploited until 2002, when the reserve Both component parts are embedded in a large protection buffer sub-
was created). It consists of two sub-components: zone of 571.92 ha under natural processes, as well, and free from any
wood extraction. The outer limits are protected by a 100 m protection
buffer sub-zone.
Figure 18:
Zonation of
Chizé
35
1.f.8 France: Fontainebleau (FR-FONT-01)

The nominated component part and its protection buffer sub- processes over this protection buffer sub-zone. The
zone are included in the ‘Gros Fouteau et des Hauteurs de la Solle’ component part area is 248.48 ha. The component
biological strict reserve (IUCN cat. Ia). part is surrounded by an additional landscape
conservation buffer sub-zone of 97.99 ha.
The strict protection buffer sub-zone is 50 m wide around the public-
owned forest managed by the National Forest Office (national and Both the component part and buffer area
communal forests), and 100 m along roads: RD607 (south-west) (protection buffer sub-zone and landscape
and RD 606 (north-east). conservation buffer sub-zone) are public (mostly
state-owned) and managed by the National Forest
This protection buffer sub-zone is part of the biological strict reserve Office (ONF).
(54.21 ha) to ensure an optimal protection and overall natural
Figure 19:
Zonation of
Fontainebleau
36
1. IDENTIFICATION
1.f.9 France: Grand Ventron (FR-GRAN-01)

The Grand Ventron Beech Forest is located within contract. Municipalities approved to extend the contract
the Massif du Ventron National Nature Reserve of non-intervention at its term by 2043. A persistence of
(IUCN cat. 4) on the eastern slopes of the Grand the strict protection status will be ensured by the minister
Ventron, in communal forests. responsible for nature protection (article 332-23). The level
of naturalness within this area is comparable to the level of
The component parts and buffer zone are defined the strict reserve except for 40 ha, where selective logging
as follows: occurred about 40 years ago.
• a non-intervention area recognised as ‘strict The component part covering an area of 257.09 ha, is encompassed
protected forest reserve’ (free from any by forest areas. The strict protection buffer sub-zone of 50 m
intervention: 2/3 of the component part); covers 88.13 ha with an additional landscape conservation buffer
• non-intervention areas under a 30-year sub-zone of 1,309.45 ha.
Figure 20:
Zonation of
Grand Ventron
37
1.f.10 France: Massane (FR-MASS-01)

The Massane Beech Forest is located within the Massane National the middle of the Mediterranean vegetation. The
Nature Reserve (IUCN cat. 4). The beech forest has 121.49 ha of component part includes the whole of this beech
pure beech forest that has not been harvested for at least 140 refuge in a mainly Mediterranean climatic domain.
years and the component part is included in a non-exploited The component part is bordered by a forested
forested area of more than 2,000 ha. The massif is located on protection buffer sub-zone (854.69 ha), preventing
the last mountain chain link of the Pyrenees (Massif de l’Albera), pressures from grazing activities, taking place
overlooking the Mediterranean at low altitude (between 600 and in the landscape conservation buffer sub-zone
1,158 m). The beech is in a position of continental insularity in (696.63 ha).
Figure 21:
Zonation of
Massane
38
1. IDENTIFICATION
1.f.11 France: Py-Pas de Rotja (FR-PYPA-01)

The Py-Pas de Rotjà component part covers 246.03 m (51.22 ha). Forest stands are 140 years old on average, the last
ha of an old-growth beech forest. Being the most exploitation dates back 100 years. Both are protected in the status
central component part in the Pyrenees range, the of the National Nature Reserve as to ensure natural processes and
Py-Pas de Rotjà Beech Forest is a beech glacial micro- no exploitation of the forest (IUCN cat. I equivalent).
refuge, essential for the conservation of Eastern
Pyrenees beech. The component part comprises The landscape conservation buffer sub-zone extends to the
a core of oldest and more mature beech stands perimeter of the National Nature Reserve itself (3,998.66 ha, IUCN
(246.03 ha) with a protection buffer sub-zone of 50 cat. 4).
Figure 22:
Zonation of
Py-Pas de
Rotja
39
1.f.12 France: Sainte-Baume (FR-SABA-01)

The nominated component part covers an area the reserve is bordered by a cliff with limited need
of 128.63 ha (ongoing extension of the biological for any buffer zone. The whole protection buffer
strict reserve to 318 ha by 2021) with an 18.06 ha sub-zone ensures no silvicultural activity.
protection buffer sub-zone of 50 m when bordered
by state forest and 100 m when in contact The landscape conservation buffer sub-zone covers
with other properties (e.g. grasslands on the an area of 197.06 ha. All areas are managed by the
northwestern border of the reserve). To the south, National Forest Office.
Figure 23:
Zonation of
Sainte-Baume
40
1. IDENTIFICATION
1.f.13 France: Saint-Pe-de-Bigorre (FR-SAPE-01)

Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre beech forest is located within • The buffer zone is located outside the strict reserve on public
the Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre Biological Strict Reserve forests classified as “excluding forestry” in the long term and
(IUCN cat. 1), itself included in the Massif du Pibest mentionned in the 2010–2029 management plan (parcels n°
Regional Nature Reserve (IUCN cat. 4). 10-12-14-16-18-19-20-21-22)The buffer zone is located inside
the reserve, when:
The protection buffer sub-zone is 50 m when o The reserve is bordered by others parties’
contiguous with other forests, 100 m around other properties
o delimited by a high voltage power line
properties. The boundaries of the buffer zone
The component part area is 924.71 ha and the protection buffer
are located according to the following principles,
sub-zone is 162.28 ha. The landscape conservation buffer sub-zone
allowing no forestry:
covers an area of 134.59 ha.
Figure 24:
Zonation of
Saint-Pe-de-
Bigorre
41
1.f.14 Italy: Foresta Umbra (IT-FUMB-01*, 02)

This component cluster comprises one new component part (Pavari- Particella Pavari, surrounded by mature beech
Sfilzi) and a boundary modification of an existing component part forests).
(Falascone*, former Foresta Umbra).
The component cluster is buffered by 3,486.29
The nominated component cluster Foresta Umbra covers an overall ha owned by the region (92%) and the State
area of 921.43 ha, entirely located in the Gargano National Park (8%), made up of high forests, managed by the
and made up of strict reserves (IUCN Ia) in contact with naturally Gargano National Park with the priority of nature
developing mature high forests (IUCN II). The cluster is owned by conservation (IUCN II). The protection of the area
the State (3 strict reserves managed by the National Forest Service: is the responsibility of a permanent office of the
Falascone, Foresta Umbra, Sfilzi) and region Puglia (a strict reserve, National Forest Service (Carabinieri Forestali).
Figure 25:
Zonation
of Foresta
Umbra
42
1. IDENTIFICATION
1.f.15 Italy: Pollino National Park (IT-POLL-01*, 02)

The two component parts, Cozzo Ferriero* and the All the areas are public property. It ranges from the highest peak
proposed new one, Pollinello, are in the strict reserve of the Pollino massif, from Coppola di Paola to Serra Dolcedorme
of Pollino National Park, the largest protected area and includes the steep slopes of the buffer zone in a wild area.
in Italy (192,565 ha). Pollinello (477.94 ha) is an Pollinello includes old-growth beech forests with the oldest
extension of the nearby Cozzo Ferriero (95.75 ha) known beech trees (>600 years) as well as orographic extreme
in the high-mountain environment to include the sites with natural Pinus herldreichii open woodland in direct
upper limit of the beech altitudinal range in an oro- contact with beech and subalpine grassland. Both component
Mediterranean landscape and south-west aspect. parts are surrounded by a buffer zone of 2,851.83 ha.
Figure 26:
Zonation of
Pollino Natio-
nal Park
43
1.f.16 Italy: Valle Infernale (IT-VALL-01)

The proposed component part Valle Infernale covers 320.79 San Luca and Samo. The area is public property and
ha and would be the southern-most component part of the managed by Carabinieri Forest Service as a strict
entire serial World Heritage Site of European beech forests. It is nature reserve (IUCN Ia). The proposed component
located in South Calabria within Aspromonte National Park. The part is buffered by forest areas (2,191.36 ha) that
component part represents an important Pleistocene refuge area are strictly protected (IUCN I), or IUCN II, i.e. areas
of forest flora and fauna. The forest covers a steep metamorphic where only limited restoration activities to the
rocky valley (Butramo river) on the north-western slope of the natural forest are allowed.
mountain ridge (1,127–1,537 m), dividing the Municipalities of
Figure 27:
Zonation of
Valle Infernale
44
1. IDENTIFICATION
1.f.17Montenegro: Biogradska Gora (ME-BIOG-01, 02)

The Virgin Forest Reserve (VFR) is located in the divided by a road. The protection buffer sub-zone is about 401.91
National Park (NP) Biogradska Gora, located in the ha in size. It envelopes the property and is 100 m broad where the
central part of the mountain massif of Bjelasica. The forest meets the outer border of the NP and borders commercially
total area of the NP is 5,650 ha. The VFR is the core used forests. Inside the NP it is only about 50 m wide in order to
zone of the NP. The component cluster is within the give some buffer on grazing livestock and visitors. The rest of the
boundaries of the VFR and is 2,304.29 ha in size. national park is designated as landscape conservation buffer sub-
It is subdivided into two component parts (390.81 zone (3,230.92 ha).
ha and 1,913.48 ha). The two component parts are
Figure 28:
Zonation of
Biogradska
Gora
45
1.f.18 North Macedonia: Dlaboka Reka (MN-DLAB-01)

The component part of the nominated forest beech forest is located in the Mavrovo National
beech habitat represents one of the oldest old- Park (IUCN II) with a property area of 193.27 ha,
growth beech forests in Macedonia, which has not and a buffer zone of 234.70 ha.
been exploited for the last 100 years. The primeval
Figure 29:
Zonation of
Dlaboka Reka
46
1. IDENTIFICATION
1.f.19 Poland: Bieszczady (PL-BIES-01, -02, -03, -04)

The proposed component cluster is part of the Valley and the Terebowiec Stream Valley in the south-east. The
Bieszczady National Park (approx. 12% of the whole component cluster (3,471.75 ha) borders the component
park area), including the best preserved areas of parts proposed by Slovakia in the south and the existing ones in
beech forests of a primeval character with four Ukraine (in the east). The buffer zone forms the remaining part
large complexes: Polonina Wetlinska and Smerek of the main complex of the Bieszczady National Park with a total
(the Tworylczyk Stream Valley and the Hylaty area of 24,330.52 ha. The buffer zone is divided into two parts
Stream Valley) in the north-west, the border – a protection buffer sub-zone (16,931.05 ha) and an actively
ridge and the Upper Solinka Valley in the south- managed landscape conservation buffer sub-zone (7,399.47 ha).
western part of the park, the Wołosatka Stream
Figure 30:
Zonation of
Bieszczady
47
1.f.20 Serbia: Fruška gora - Papratski do i Ravne (RS-FRUS-01, -02)

Located close together on the northern slopes of Fruška gora Mt. streams. The component parts largely correspond
(539 m a.s.l.), an island mountain in the Pannonian Plain, located to the Level I Protection Regime areas Papratski
in the Vojvodina Province of Serbia, these are among the last do (65.36 ha) and Ravne (93.43 ha) of Fruška gora
preserved ancient beech forests in the Pannonian Beech Forest National Park. The surrounding buffer zone of
Region, which is characterised by the unfavourable conditions for 847.86 ha consists of mixed beech, silver linden and
beech forest development. Still, Fruška gora Mt. provides unique sessile oak forest protected by Level II Protection
habitat conditions, where beech grows on deep and moist soil Regime of Fruška gora National Park.
on secluded and humid northern slopes with many springs and
Figure 31:
Zonation of
Fruška gora -
Papratski do i
Ravne
48
1. IDENTIFICATION
1.f.21 Serbia: Kopaonik - Kozje stene (RS-KOPA-01)

The Kozje stene component part (451.47 ha) largely Samokovska River Gorge, including the Kozje Stene Reef, Kukavica
corresponds to the Kozje stene Level I Protection Peak and Jadovnik Hill. The western border of the Kozje stene
Regime area of Koaponik National Park, located in buffer zone is also the national park border located on the western
southern Serbia. With the exception of Šar Planina slopes of Jadovnik Hill with predominantly grassland vegetation.
National Park, Kopaonik is the southernmost and The buffer zone of 959.89 ha includes a 100 m diameter patch
the highest national park in Serbia (2,017 m a.s.l.). of Kozje stene Level I Protection Regime area along its western
Kozje stene (Goat’s Rocks) is the largest (485 ha) border, as well as the heavily forested area protected by Level II
and westernmost Level I Protection Regime area of and III Protection Regime of Kopaonik National Park.
Koaponik National Park, covering the slopes of the
Figure 32:
Zonation of
Kopaonik -
Kozje stene
49
1.f.22 Serbia: Tara - Zvezda i Rača (RS-TARA-01, -02)

The Zvezda and Rača component parts largely correspond with I Protection Regime area (301.80 ha). Both are
the two Level I Protection Regime areas of Tara National Park, embedded in an extensive buffer zone (4091.99
located in western Serbia. Zvezda is the largest (2,030.18 ha) ha) of heavily forested mountain landscape, light
and westernmost Level I Protection Regime area of Tara National human settlements, pastures and arable land
Park, covering the right slopes of the Drina River canyon and the in the Level II and III Protection Regime of Tara
adjacent parts of Zvezda (Zvijezda) Mt., a western extension of the National Park. Some outer parts of the two Level
Tara mountain range. Klisura Rače is a Level I Protection Regime I Protection Regime areas were excluded from the
area (301.80 ha) which forms around the Rača River Gorge, located component parts to form the protection buffer
on the far-eastern part of Tara National Park. Zvezda component sub-zone. The two component parts are connected
part covers 1,873.67 ha of the Zvezda Level I area (2,030.18 ha), by the common buffer zone(mostly forested).
and Rača component part covers 215.94 ha of Klisura Rače Level
Figure 33:
Zonation of
Tara - Zvezda i
Rača
50
1. IDENTIFICATION
1.f.23 Slovakia: Poloniny (SK-POLO-01*, -02*, -03*, -04*)

This is a proposal for boundary modification of all The new boundaries follow the state boundary, or they are identical
Slovak component parts. The proposed component with boundaries of forest management units or natural reserves
cluster Poloniny consists of 4 component parts. which belong to the most valuable primeval forests in Europe. The
All of them overlap with already the inscribed component part Stužica-Bukovské vrchy adjoins to the Ukrainian
component parts. It is proposed to split the original part of this property and also to the nominated cluster Bieszczady
component part Stužica-Bukovské vrchy into two on the Polish side.
new component parts (excluding private land),
Udava and Stužica-Bukovské vrchy. The total area of this component cluster after modification will be
2,440.54 ha with a protection buffer sub-zone of 987.53 ha and a
landscape conservation buffer sub-zone of 13,135.74 ha.
Figure 34:
Zonation of
Poloniny
51
1.f.24 Slovakia: Vihorlat (SK-VIHO-01, -02*)

The cluster Vihorlat lies in ‘Vihorlatské vrchy’ (Vihorlat Hills) – a This submission is a proposal for boundary
volcanic mountain range in eastern Slovakia. This cluster comprises modification. The component Vihorlat* is a large
two component parts. The first component part called Kyjovský complex of primeval beech forests extending along
prales (Kyjovský primeval forest) is a new component part. It is the arc of the main range of the Vihorlat Hills in
situated outside of the large-scale Protected Landscape Area its eastern part. The area of this cluster is 1,842.47
in the western part of the same volcanic mountain range. Both ha in total with a protection buffer sub-zone of
component parts are part of the Natura 2000 site SPA Vihorlatské 712.38 ha and a landscape conservation buffer
vrchy (SKCHVU035).The second one is the homonymous component sub-zone of 246.17 ha.
part Vihorlat* which is inscribed on the World Heritage List already.
Figure 35:
Zonation of
Vihorlat
52
1. IDENTIFICATION
53
ANCIENT
Ancient and
BEECH
Primeval
FORESTS
Beech OF
Forests
EUROPE
of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
2. DESCRIPTION
Europe is the only continent hosting pure and mixed Fagus sylvatica forests. The postglacial spread
of European beech is an ongoing process lasting for more than 10,000 years. The variety of glacial
refuge areas (Pyrenees, the Apennine, the Illyric region and Southern Carpathians) lead to genetic
variety of the species Fagus sylvatica and co-evolutionary adaptations of regional fauna and flora
to the specific ecosystem of beech forest. Given the different flora and fauna, climatic situations
and soil conditions, the postglacial expansion process has led to the development of more than
80 different beech forest types spread over most of the biogeographic regions of Europe. The
European countries are bearing extraordinary responsibility for the conservation of these beech
ecosystems. This is underlined by the fact that almost two thirds of the beech forest types listed in
the Palearctic Habitat Classification are listed in the Annex I of the EU Habitat Directive.
European Beech Forests

The 37 component parts (located in 24 component Europe’s beech forests are deciduous forests,
clusters) nominated in this nomination dossier which are dominated by the European beech
are for inclusion into the World Natural Heritage (Fagus sylvatica). The European beech is endemic
site ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of to Europe, and therefore beech forests formed by
the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe’ Fagus sylvatica are limited to Europe. Such forests
(1133ter). therefore share the fate of all deciduous forests
of the northern hemisphere’s nemoral zone: they
This is to ensure that the unique and ongoing have been exposed to enormous development
postglacial development process of the European pressure (settlement, utilization) for centuries so
beech forests is comprehensively illustrated. that natural forests have become scarce.
Forest communities built up and dominated by

beech are widespread across major parts of Central
54
2. DESCRIPTION
Europe. Potentially forming the predominant zonal of distribution of the beech forests and closing
vegetation in Western and Central Europe in terms open gaps in the already-inscribed property.
of area, they are found at the montane level of
the southern European mountain ranges. They The seven boundary modifications display
show the widest amplitude of soil trophic levels the actual situation in the already-inscribed
and altitude distribution of all deciduous forests component parts and enlarge the area of some
in Europe, potentially occupying the largest area of them. The boundary modifications in the
(BOHN & NEUHÄUSL 2003). The beech’s main Slovakian component parts are the outcome of
range of distribution lies in the moderately humid close cooperation with experts and advisory bodies
temperate climate of Central Europe. such as IUCN, agreements with landowners and
discussions with stakeholders. The enlargement of
A significant feature of the beech forests is that the property and of the buffer zones in Italy shows
floristic diversity, which is a result of the history of the development possibilities of the existing sites,
flora and vegetation, decreases from the former based on previous inscriptions and the interest of
glacial refuges in southern and southeastern landowners, official bodies and stakeholders to
Europe up to the northern and northwestern participate in this unique project of creating a pan-
subterritories. European World Heritage Site.
The European beech forests stand out due to The proposed extension covers the most important
an exceptional variety of types. According to remnants of European ancient or primeval forests
BOHN & NEUHÄUSL (2003), a total of 86 different including existing remnants of near-natural beech
biocoenotic units of the beech and mixed beech forests of the Balkan Peninsula, of the Alps or the
forests are found in the beech forest area, Atlantic region, encompassing the most valuable
subdivided according to trophic and altitude levels glacial refuges such as the Pyrenees or the South-
as well as geo-graphical and local forms. Apennine and large remnants in Central Europe,
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests which still allow for natural gap dynamics.
of the Carpathians and Other Regi-
ons of Europe 2.a Description of Property
The World Natural Heritage property ‘Ancient and Biogeography
Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and
The sum of the component parts reflects the full
Other Regions of Europe’ is to be supplemented
adaptive potential of beech in a large variety of
by the nomination of 30 additional component
climatic conditions.
parts and seven boundary modifications of existing
component parts. With the long and uninterrupted The nominated component parts are characteristic
postglacial development of their primeval beech of the beech forests in Europe.
forests, the 78 component parts of the existing
World Natural Heritage property, together with Component parts, being located at latitudes
the here nominated, are unique components of a between 38° N (Valle Infernale, Italy) and 50° N
purely European phenomenon. (Jizera Mountains, Czech Republic) and longitudes
between 0° W (Chizé, France) and 22° E (Biesczcady,
‘These undisturbed, complex temperate forests Poland), extend over large parts of the continent.
exhibit the most complete and comprehensive Depending on their geographic position within
ecological patterns and processes of pure stands of Europe, the nominated component parts are
European beech across a variety of environmental situated at altitudes of around 60 m a.s.l. (Chizé,
conditions. Beech is one of the most important France) up to more than 2,000 m a.s.l. (Chapitre,
elements of forests in the Temperate Broad-leaf France; Pollino National Park, Italy) with most
Forest Biome and represents an outstanding component parts located between 500 and 1,800
example of the re-colonisation and development m a.s.l.
of terrestrial ecosystems and communities after
the last ice age, a process which is still ongoing.’ The component parts are spread over nearly all
(UNESCO World Heritage Committee) European microclimatic regions, reflecting beech
forests located in mild, but more arid areas of
The newly nominated 30 component parts of this the Mediterranean climate (Italy), in humid areas
extension are absolutely necessary to exhaustively characterised by Atlantic climate (France), and
and concisely illustrate the still-ongoing postglacial in the Pannonian Plain, influenced by the wet
development processes and preserve this specific oceanic and warm submediterranean climate
European natural phenomenon in an exhaustive (North Macedonia). The locations of the individual
and complete way by constituting the main range
55
ANCIENT
Ancient and
BEECH
Primeval
FORESTS
Beech OF
Forests
EUROPE
component parts are just as diverse as the edaphic Vegetation

conditions, climatic conditions as well as geological
All significant beech forest communities from the
features covering most of the European geological
planar to high-montane zones are represented
zones and soil types.
in the nominated component parts. The various
The component parts show an average annual trophic levels and altitudinal zones are reflected
rainfall between 650 mm (Serbia) and 2,100 mm in the large number of different beech forest
(Switzerland, Montenegro) and average annual communities.
mean temperatures between 2°C and 16°C with The additionally nominated component parts
minimum temperatures of -24,8°C and maximum comprise a full range of different beech forest
temperatures of 30°C. Given these extremely wide types with regard to tree species composition (e.g.
spans, this clearly demonstrates the unique ability types of mixed beech forests with Acer sp., Sorbus
of beech to adapt to different natural conditions sp., Carpinus betulus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Abies
and allows for a comprehensive illustration of the sp., Picea abies, various species of oak), regarding
postglacial development process. different edaphic conditions (from nutrient-rich
to poor, from basic to slightly acidic, from moist
Significant ecological characteristics to extremely dry) and regarding their altitudinal
The European primeval and ancient beech forests and biogeographic location (reaching from elfin
stand out due to a highly peculiar natural dynamism, (krummholz) beech wood and lowland mixed
which is determined by the cycle of growth and beech forests rich in geophytes to thermo-xeric
decay of one single tree species, namely the Mediterranean beech forests).
beech. Old beech stands will regenerate with the
crowns of individual trees gradually dying back to The beech forest communities of the extension
allow more light to reach the ground. Either there nomination are therefore an outstanding and
already is young beech wood that will now emerge, significant addition to the communities present
or the next generation of saplings will close the in the existing property, which does not cover all
void within a period of a few years. The beech once Beech Forest Regions in Europe. This extension
again forms the upper crown canopy later on, thus adds new component parts which will cover 11 out
resetting the cycle, which has been described as of 12 Beech Forest Regions.
the small development cycle (ZUKRIGL et al. 1963).
In the wake of major disruptions, however, the
cycle may also involve the formation of an early
successional forest made up of pioneer species
such as pine, birch, willow or rowan, which are
later on infiltrated by medium-shade and shade
tree species. This big successional cycle may
take several decades longer than the small one.
Variations incorporating elements of both big and
small cycles are possible.
This endogenous cycle of development meets with

the diversity of sites resulting from the glacial and
postglacial periods, producing the considerable
structural variety as a basis for this species-rich,
complex system. Rooted in the beech’s enormous Flora
ecological plasticity, the high ecological stability
results in a biodiversity-promoting continuity of The nominated component parts house relict
the forest’s character, which makes the dynamics species, endemic species and a large share of forest
of the beech forest persistently ‘predictable’ for the species with global distribution concentrated in
forest dwellers. Old beech forests are, for example, Europe, making them of superior importance for
home to a multitude of flightless ground beetles the preservation of the European floral heritage.
that would drop the ability to fly due to the habitat The European beech forests show a decline
being continuously available or changing only on a in vascular plant species numbers from the
small scale (WINTER 2005). glacial refuges in Southern Europe to the north
and northwest, in which directions they were
The nominated component parts show a broad
advancing. Their centres of diversity lie in the
range of possible forest development stages, from
South-Eastern Carpathians, Dinaric Alps, and
rejuvenation to decay.
56
2. DESCRIPTION
Pyrenees (DIERSCHKE & BOHN 2004). The particular is a result of co-evolution as well as the inner
evolutionary connection clearly reflects the entire functional and structural differentiation of the
European flora. For example, 265 forest species of development cycle of deciduous forests. This is
the lowland and highland (SCHMIDT et al. 2003) particularly true for the component parts located
have a marked focus of distribution in Europe in Central Europe in lowland and montane areas,
(chorology of MEUSEL et al. 1965, 1978, 1992). Of making them unparalleled in the world.
these species 264 are found in the highland forests
and 194 are found in the lowland forests. Fungi
A multitude of fungi are involved in deadwood
The nominated component parts cover this full
decomposition, with a number of species being
range of phytobiodiversity by integrating species-
specialised in the metabolization of specific wood
rich glacial refuges in southern Europe as well as
types. Species typical of the beech include Horse’s
additional specific, endemic beech forest types with
Hoof Fungus (Fomes fomentarius), Neobulgaria
their characteristic plant communities. Many of
pura, Porcelain Fungus (Oudemansiella mucida),
these have particularly high numbers of endemics
which is indicative of extensive matured wood
(e.g. Acer heldreichii). Due to the large geographical
pools, and Coral Tooth (Hericium coralloides),
distribution and related varying site conditions,
which, although widespread throughout the
the proposed extension is a manifestation of the
northern hemisphere and also growing on other
unique natural inventory of large parts of Europe.
trees, is only found in very old, mature beech
The phytobiodiversity of the proposed beech forests and is a good indicator of the integrity
forests varies according to location and type, but of the beech forest. A particularly important
is generally characterised by a huge number of symbiosis has evolved between fungi and plants
(macro)fungi and a comparatively high number of in the rhizosphere, which is called mycorrhiza.
relict and endemic species, giving the sites above- Unlike tropical regions, forests of the temperate
average importance for the conservation of the zone are home to fungi that will enter into specific
characteristic flora of Europe. symbioses with one or a few tree species.
Seasonality
As opposed to the climatic pattern of tropical
rainforests, the climate of the temperate zone is
distinguished by its seasonal changes, together
with the phaenological floral cycle involved. From a
physiognomic perspective, the most striking feature
of deciduous trees is the falling of leaves, which will
further accentuate the seasonal differences and
conditions of the biotopes, respectively. However,
the foliage changing with the seasons does not take
place abruptly. In pure beech forests, this process
is accompanied by unique changes in colour, from
bright neon green in May to the golden leaves of
autumn. The most dramatic consequence of leaf fall
is the light climate’s periodicity. This sets deciduous Fauna
forests apart from all non-deciduous forest types, While the beech itself is endemic to Europe,
permitting the intermittent occurrence of a herb there is only a limited number of species that
layer that shows different specific adaptations. are exclusively bound to the beech (or the beech
Spring geophytes exploiting the brief warm forest), which is rather young from an evolutionary
spring period prior to leafing for development are perspective. Even so, the beech forest, as the
particularly well adapted and transform the soils of dominant biotope by land area, is of particular
richer beech forests into a carpet of flowers. relevance to the European fauna. The European
Many of the nominated component parts have beech forest is a reliable constant to its inhabitants
distinct geophyte forests, which are multifaceted with their potential range of distribution from
both in seasonal course and structural arrangement. the planar to the subalpine altitudinal zone. Its
They are very beautiful and, at the same time, an habitats and structures are available everywhere
image of their evolutionary formation in parallel to in sufficient diversity – or at least they were,
the beech’s continuous expansion. The association before having been impacted by human activity.
that has given rise to geophyte-rich beech forests The nominated component parts prove their
57
ANCIENT
Ancient and
BEECH
Primeval
FORESTS
Beech OF
Forests
EUROPE
outstanding significance also here: the proposed in the beech forests of the nominated component
forests show a degree of structural and habitat parts.
continuity and the specific biodiversity coming
with it that is scarcely found in the managed forests Birds
of modern-day Europe.
The beech forests represent a faunistic community,
The different beech forest types are home to 20% which is both typical of Europe and universally
of the terrestrial fauna in Central Europe: 7,000 unique. In the nominated component parts, their
to 10,000 animal species (OTTO 1994) that have diversity shows almost to its entirety, particularly
mostly adapted their rhythm of life to the seasonal regarding the richness in (rare and spectacular)
cycle. bird species.
The inventory of species in the nominated As for the number of both species and individuals,
component parts can be regarded as indicative birds are the leading vertebrate group in many
of the exceptionally well-preserved ecological- European beech forest ecosystems. Their ability
functional interrelationships in beech forests. to fly permits them to exploit the entire spatial
structure of the beech forest and quickly respond
to changes (WINTER 1999). They occupy a variety
of niches. For example, the ‘wood dwellers’ will
feed on sources found on/in the wood and nest in
tree holes. Moreover, the occurrence of numerous
bird species is largely coextensive with the beech
forest.
The proposed beech forests are particularly rich

in species of woodpeckers, grouses and owls and
other birds requiring (near-)natural structures and
habitats. Examples include the Pied Flycatcher
(Ficedula hypoleuca), the Middle Spotted
Woodpecker (Dendrocopos medius) (LÜBCKE et
al. 2004) or the Short-toed Treecreeper (Certhia
The specific abundance of species in the beech brachydactyla) as indicator species. Furthermore,
forests is no coincidence. Consumer numbers Eurasian Eagle-owls (Bubo bubo), several species
will increase at the stages of late maturity and of thrushes (Turdus sp.) and grouse (e.g. Tetrao
collapse of the forest. Wood-dwelling insects, urogallus) as well as significant numbers of birds of
for instance, are found in great numbers. When prey such as the Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)
these increase, the number of birds per unit area or Red Kite (Milvus milvus) are found in several of
will rise accordingly (REMMERT 1997). In over the nominated component parts. They additionally
180-year-old beech forests, the population density illustrate the ornithological and ecological
of breeding birds is twice as high as in a 140-year- importance of the proposed component parts and
old forest (SCHERZINGER 1996), with hole-nesting underpin their ecological integrity.
birds accounting for more than 50%. Consequently,
Found in many of the 37 component parts, various
natural beech forests are regarded as particularly
species of woodpeckers, particularly the Black
rich in fungi as well as plant and animal species that
Woodpecker, are key species of old beech forests
take advantage of deadwood.
(MÜLLER 2005), preferring beech-dominated
Despite the beech’s absolute dominance, the stands and building their nests in old live beeches.
beech forests, which have evolved in Europe, The nesting holes are the starting point of an
show outstanding diversification and are unique exceedingly complex ecological development chain.
in function and structure. Notwithstanding the The White-backed Woodpecker (Dendrocopos
geologically short time of a few thousand years, leucotos), which also frequently occurs in the
a highly characteristic faunistic biocoenosis has nominated beech forests, is regarded as an
evolved postglacially, which is just as globally indicator species of beech and mixed deciduous
unique as is the plant community. The fauna forests with extensive pools of deadwood. It is
can exist in all its diversity, and the postglacial dependent on a minimum deadwood volume of 58
evolutionary processes can take place only if m3/ha (FRANK 2002).
each forest development stage of the natural
regeneration cycle is available, which is the case
58
2. DESCRIPTION
North, and East Europe in the form of roe deer,

red deer, elk, wild boar, aurochs and wisent. While
elks prefer to search swamps and fen woodland for
food, the other animal species were widespread in
the primordial forest landscape. The cattle species
are irrelevant for today’s forests. The aurochs has
become extinct. Wisent populations have been
rescued through re-breeding, and reintroductions
are underway in certain areas (e.g. Bieszczady
National Park, Poland).
There are more than 40 bat species in Europe. From

a global perspective, the distribution range of at
least seven species has a focus in Europe. The bat
species such as Myotis bechsteinii, Myotis myotis
and Pipistrellus nathusii are mainly threatened
by the extensive loss of forests containing natural
structures. The above-mentioned species rely on
the availability of tree hollows in the forest, which
are abundant in the component parts and are
found in major tree dimensions. Hence, the ancient
or primeval beech forests are highly significant
for the preservation of the European forest bat
populations. Barbastella barbastellus, for instance,
preferentially uses clefts in trees in forests, which
occur frequently in forests that have not been
managed for years. Based on the accumulated pool
of deadwood, the formation of holes in living trees
Mammals
and the occurrence of trees with protruding bark
With the advancement of civilization, predators and crotches, the component parts provide highly
such as wolf, bear, lynx, and even wildcat favourable living environments for the bat species
have become very rare and regionally extinct, occurring in Europe.
particularly in Central Europe. However, bear, wolf
and lynx seem to have returned into suitable areas Intervebrates („Primeval forest relic
in Central Europe and keep spreading. The wildcat, species“)
but also wolf and bear are once again gaining
ground as a result of the extensive networking
The occurrence of rare ‘primeval forest relic species‘
projects and reduced hunting pressure in some
reflects the fact that the old beech forests in the
forest landscapes. Requiring ample habitats, these
individual component parts are highly ecologically
predators form viable populations only in East
valuable.
and South Europe and also occur in many of the
proposed component parts of the extension. Hundreds of wood-dwelling insect species pick from
the diverse wood inventory of the primeval and
Along with large domestic hoofed game such as ancient beech forest. The respective experts come
Red Deer (Cervus elaphus), Roe Deer (Capreolus into action consecutively, depending on whether
capreolus) and Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), bear and the tree is sickly, partly dead or contributing to
wolf are reported from nearly half of the nominated the diversity of biotopes in the form of deadwood.
component parts, lynx and even wildcat frequently Some of them exclusively dwell inside the bark,
occur in these beech forests. This emphasises the others in the dry wood or moist duff. There are
fact that the proposed component parts are of high some highly demanding species among the wood-
importance for the conservation of large European dwelling insects. For instance, some beetles
mammals and makes them important refuges not require the excrements of other particular species
only for preserving primeval beech forests, but also for proper development. Some require a specific
for preserving the related, typical megafauna of level of humidity, such as is only found in the root
Europe. collar of old deciduous trees. Some conditions will
In the early days of the postglacial era, large develop only over the course of decades or even
herbivorous mammals were present in Central, centuries. The specialised insects must be capable
of finding their respective place. For the survival
59
ANCIENT
Ancient and
BEECH
Primeval
FORESTS
Beech OF
Forests
EUROPE
of such species it is of highest importance that the

‘ecological niche’ is available in high continuity,
which requires a habitat and deadwood tradition. If
this is not the case, the species is bound to vanish.
This is exactly what makes the beech so relevant.
Within its range of distribution, it will form and
dominate stands at a large scale. Moreover, it
ascends from the lowland up to high montane
zones.
Hallmarks of ‘primeval forest relic species’ include

them being highly demanding in terms of habitat
quality and continuity as well as having very limited
mobility. A list of 115 primeval forest relic species
among xylobiontic beetles has been drawn up for
Germany and 168 for Central Europe (MÜLLER
et al. 2005a, ECKERT et al. 2017), with some 30
species probably being typical of beech forests.
The fact that these species are not found in most
of the managed forests of Western and Central
Europe but in relic populations can be explained the component parts – some of them, such as the
by the management history of the forests. Because Great Capricorn Beetle (Cerambyx cerdo) or Rosalia
of permanent extraction of timber, the managed alpina, in several of the component parts. This
forests are largely lacking in the development reflects these forests’ above-average ecological
stages of late maturity and decomposition with a value within Europe, also characterising them as
diverse supply of deadwood. However, a number of ancient or primeval beech forests.
primeval forest relic species have been observed in
60
2. DESCRIPTION
2.a.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina: Prašuma Janj (BH-JANJ-01)

1. Area size
Component Size Buffer Zone Beech Forest Table 5: Area

ID State Party Size Area (ha) size of the com-
Part/Cluster (ha) Region
ponent part
Bosnia and
BH-JANJ-01 Prašuma Janj 295.04 3870.74 Illyric Prašuma Janj
Herzegovina
1. Short profile and In the reserve individual fir trees up to 56 m high

biogeography have been recorded. Although a truck road passes
through the reserve, the centuries-old peace of the
The Forest Reservation Janj is located within the Janj virgin forest has not been disturbed.
western-Bosnian limestone and dolomite area
of the inner Dinaric mountains (according to 1. Abiotic factors
eco-vegetation reionization of B&H). Its western Geographical position, natural region,
boundary is identical with the administrative altitudinal zone
border. The reserve is located within an altitude of
1,180–1,510 m a.s.l.; in the upper parts the slope The old-growth Forest Reservation Janj is located
of the terrain is mostly gentle and in the lower on the western slopes of the massif Stolovaš, in
ones it is moderately steep. The rock patterns the central part of the Dinaric mountain chain. It
are dolomites, rather saccharoid, on which belongs to the municipality Šipovo, in the entity
calcocambisols and rendzines have developed, Republic of Srpska of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
with some luvisol; rendzines are atypically loamy Its western boundary is identical with the entity
textures, the lignohumus is characterised by border. Elevation above sea level ranges from 1,180
strong acidity, and the lower horizons (by contrast) m (in Duboki Do) to 1,510 m (top of Ivik Mountain).
have low acidity. The humus content in the (A)
horizon is very high. The climate is mountainous, Geology and geomorphology
perhumid, with an average annual temperature of The area belongs to the watershed basin of the
5–6.5°C, with a sum of 1,200 mm of precipitation, river Janj (-Pliva-Vrbas-Sava-Danube), but there
distributed in transitional (continental-maritime) are no running waters or springs. Western and less
regime. Dominant vegetation of the reserve is northern slope aspects are dominant. The upper
almost exclusively composed of the climatic, Illyrian parts lay on predominantly soft, and lower parts
mountain forest of beech, fir and spruce (95% of on mildly abrupt inclinations. The geological base
the surface). The abundance and coverage of lichen is composed of Triassic age dolomite. Dolomite
fungus and saprophytic fungi is evident. This stand appears in two variants: compact and loose (friable,
has the largest quantity of wood mass – 1,215 sugar-like, saccharoid).
m3/ha in the core-area of the reservation and an
average of 1,037 m3/ha with regard to the entire Compact dolomites crumble quite deep in cubic
area of the reservation. Contribution in wood mass mass, which gradually becomes hard, compact,
of fir and spruce is 78%, the rest belongs to beech. yellowish dolomite. In this part of the area there
61
ANCIENT
Ancient and
BEECH
Primeval
FORESTS
Beech OF
Forests
EUROPE
are no large rocks (tusks). There is a continuous most productive combination;

monotonous relief form.
3) illymerized soil (luvisol), the least present.
Crumble variant of dolomite is characterised by
deep mechanical decay. Crumble products are Soil features are evaluated on the basis of samples
quite large (for dolomite) and only in some places from 11 profiles: 4 rendzina, 6 brown and 1
do they change into dolomite sand, which further illymerized soil. Dolomites are causing the presence
in depth continues with fine crumble cubical of carbonate in soil, especially in deeper horizons.
mass. The way the dolomite crumbles and varies Lignohumus usually has extreme sourness. The
according to hardness, establishes distinctions in content of humus in the (A) horizon is very high,
the relief and soils. and it decreases with the depth of the soil (except
Climate illuvial). Nitrogen is high in all samples. Potassium
and accessible phosphorus are low to low medium.
A review of climate can only be given on the basis
of estimation. The reservation ‘Janj’ is far away Water balance
from meteorological stations with an acceptable Untypically for dolomites, this area lacks surface
number of observations. The nearest station is water courses (the closest spring is ~200 m
Podobzir, (970 m a.s.l.), with only a small number from the north-west border of the reservation).
of them. Considering the significant uniformity of soils in
The climate is mountainous and submountainous the reservation Janj, regarding its capability of
of a transitional (continental-maritime) type. taking and retaining water from precipitation,
The precipitation maximum is in December, even the spatial uniformity of water balance
and secondary in June; the minimum is in July. elements can be assumed. Differences in the plant
Summers are chilly, with clear skies, but with cover, especially the presence of pine stands,
frequent and powerful rainstorms and thunder. have an impact on the decrease of the canopy in
Winters are longer and sharper. The phytoclimate these parts of the virgin forest. Conditions create
of the reservation is, of course, much milder. significantly small differences in the total annual
evapo-transpiration (320 mm for shallow and 375
Average annual air temperature could range from mm for deeper soil), which also equalises quantities
6.5°C (on the warm slopes and lowest points) to of missing water-deficits (45–91 mm). So, there
5°C on the tallest peak (1,510 m a.s.l.). The annual are no essential differences between certain soil
amount of precipitation is around 1,200 mm, with units, especially if you take the variation from year
the maximum in December and the minimum in to year into consideration. Over a longer period
July. The annual climate index indicates a perhumid shallow soils can periodically provide even more
climate. favourable hydrological conditions (especially for
the production of biomass) than deeper soils.
1. Biotic factors
Biotopes and vegetation
The vegetation in ‘Janj’ is classified into three groups

(MAUNAGA Z., 2005). The updated syntaxonomy
describes them as:
Aremonio-Fagion (Ht. 1950) BORH. IN TÖRÖK ET

AL. 1989:
Soils 1. Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum (Treg. 1941) Čolić

According to the existing pedological map, three 1965, emend. Gajić et al: This community of
cartographic units are classified as: beech and fir with spruce covers about 95% of the
area. An important feature of the community, on
1) soil combination of dolomite columns mosaic this terrain, are large parts of fir and spruce. This
– tusk-stones and rendzina, is the most present, habitat is included in Annex I (91K0 - Illyrian Fagus
(rockiness does not reduce productivity); sylvatica forests), where also the next community is
included.
2) soil combination of complex mosaic type,
composed of number of rendzina – brownish 2. Lunario-Aceretum Fuk. 1962: Subalpine
rendzina and brown soil (calcocambisol); it is the beech forest, in its lower subregion, covers a
62
2. DESCRIPTION
alpina vs Peucedanum austriacum, Buphtalmum

salicifolium, Cotoneaster nebrodensis). The most
frequent are Acer pseudoplatanus, Cardamine
enneaphyllos, Dryopteris filix-mas, Oxalis
acetosella, Polygonatum verticillatum, Prenanthes
purpurea, Vaccinium myrtillus; the most abundant
are Calamagrostis varia, Drymochloa drymeja,
Melica uniflora, Mercurialis perennis. The bryoflora
has been modestly known (16 species). It should
be mentioned that Campanula hofmannii is
abundant on bare dolomite in close proximity
to the component part. There are 61 species of
saprophytic fungi recorded.
Fauna
The nominated component part contains almost
the complete range of species occuring in the
Dinaric Mts. Natural conditions offer favourable
conditions of shelter from predators and bad
weather to all species of mammals and birds in this
area. That, however, cannot be said for nutrition
and drinking water. Food possibilities are not the
same for all species. Not a lot of disturbances
small area, only 4% of the total area on the south occur in the area; only rare visitors, accompanied
point in the reservation ‘Janj’. It is spread on the by experts, sometimes visit the component part.
northern and northeastern slopes, above 1,470 m Previous hunting management has not violated the
a.s.l. In Annex I it should be joined to habitat 9140 - order of the strict natural reservation in any way.
Medio-European subalpine beech woods with Acer The quantity of some species is not established.
and Rumex arifolius, as new subgroup for Dinarids Observations of experts published in various
(proposed by MILANOVIĆ ET AL, 2015). works, show the presence of all mentioned species
(see table), recorded by sight or according to trails.
Erico carneae-Pinion Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1939: Inside the virgin forest no technical-hunting or
hunting-raising objects occur.
3. Piceo-Pinetum dinaricum Stef. 1960: This
community of scotch pine and spruce represents Until now (2005) just 45 species of entomofauna
the phase of vegetation succession toward its have been recorded.
terminal stadium in this area. It covers a small area
of only 1%. This habitat is a part of Annex I (as Table 6: Re-
presentative
91R0). Class Species
species for the
In earlier papers, Fukarek (1967) also mapped Bird Regulus regulus
component
part Prašuma
these three units, but he segregated two spruce
Bird Tetrao urogallus Janj, Bosnia and
stands: Piceetum dolomiticum prov. and Listero- Herzegovina
Piceetum (illyricum). Based on Brujić et al. 2014, Bird Turdus philomelos
128 plant species have been recorded. Bird Accipiter gentilis
Bird Columba palumbus
Bird Dryocopus martius
Flora
Bird Falco peregrinus
One study from 2005 refers to just 60 vascular plant
species, (22–38) per vegetation units. Nevertheless, Bird Bonasa bonasia
s similar diversity like in other reserves (~450 Bird Nucifraga caryocatactes
species) is suspected. Thanks to recent research, Bird Phylloscopus sibilatrix
the presence of many Illyrian endemic species Bird Pyrrhula pyrrhula
is confirmed (Cardamine waldsteinii, Euphorbia Mammal Ursus arctos
carniolica, Knautia dinarica, Laserpitium latifolium,
Mammal Canis lupus
L. marginatum). This meso-neutrophil association
still contains a wide ecospectar of opposite elements Mammal Capreolus capreolus
(Pyrola rotundifolia, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Cicerbita Mammal Lynx lynx
63
ANCIENT
Ancient and
BEECH
Primeval
FORESTS
Beech OF
Forests
EUROPE
2.a.2 Switzerland: Forêt de la Bettlachstock (CH-BETT-01)

1. Area size
Table 7: Area Component Size Buffer zone Beech Forest
size of the ID State Party Size Area (ha)
Part/Cluster (ha) Region
component
Forêt de la Subatlantic-
part Forêt de la CH-BETT-01 Switzerland 195.43 1,094.16
Bettlachstock Herzynic
Bettlachstock,
Switzerland 1. Short profile and and summer pastures under the supervision of the
biogeography cantonal Nature Conservation Agency.
1. Abiotic factors
The Waldreservat Bettlachstock-Hasenmatt is
Switzerland’s second-largest beech natural forest Geographical position, natural region,
reserve with a total area of 414 ha. The proposed altitudinal zone
component part includes submontane beech
The nominated component part is located in the
forests (64%), montane fir-beech forests (17%) and
Jura mountains in northwestern Switzerland in
forests in which the beech does not dominate due
the canton of Solothurn. It belongs to the region
to extreme site conditions (6%). These are maple
Leberberg and is located in the municipality of
and lime forests on moving hillside debris, pine
Bettlach and Selzach at an altitude of 800 to 1,300
forests in very dry locations on rocks, and ash and
m a.s.l. in the submontane up to high altitude.
maple forests in wet locations along the streams.
The forests are very close to the natural state and Geology and geomorphology
have a high stock of living (371m3/ha) and dead
The nominated component part lies on the first,
(35m3/ha) wood compared to commercial forests.
southernmost chain of the Jura mountains. The
The beech is by far the most common tree species
underground rock consists of former sea sediments
(39%), besides fir and spruce (14% each), which
from the Jurassic era. Lime and marl layers of the
are also common. The oldest trees are up to 200
brown Jurassic (Dogger) were deposited 160 to
years old. Tree giants are still rare. However, the
177 million years ago and covered by limestone
proportion of cave trees and trees with habitat
and marl layers of the Malms (white Jurassic) 140
structures is very high. The forests have no longer
to 160 million years ago. In the Jura felling about 12
been used since 1985 (Bettlachstock) or 1999/2002
million years ago, the rock layers were pushed up by
(other forests of the nominated component part).
pressure from the south to a fold. On the southern
Previously, some of them were extensively used.
flank the fold was approached from the south, so
However, the tree species composition was only
that the rock layers are tipped to the south. In the
slightly influenced (promotion of spruce, locally
past 12 million years erosion has eroded about half
planted larches). The nominated component part
of the original height of the Jura mountains. Hard
also includes former meadows and pastures on the
limestone layers are left over as protruding ridges.
Bettlachstock (6%). Since the year 2001, these are
Between the limestone ribs, soft clays and marls
no longer managed, so they are slowly evolving into
form gentle troughs. On the southern flank, the
forest by natural succession. Previously, since the
rock strata are often covered with slope debris.
1980s they were used as extensive hay meadows
64
2. DESCRIPTION
Climate 1. Biotic factors

The climate is typical of the Jura with relatively Biotopes and vegetation
high rainfall. The Jura is more affected by the
weather fronts of the northwest and summer The predominantly south-exposed slopes of the
thunderstorms than the Mittelland. The average lower montane belt are dominated by well-grown
annual temperature in the montane forests of Lonicero-Fagenion forests and Adenostyles beech
the Leberberg region in the 1990s was 6–8°C, forests (53%: forest locations). The orchid-beech
the annual precipitation was 1,300 mm and the forests, the Carici albae-Fagetum, the Carici albae-
vegetation time was shorter than 200 days. Today, Fagetum caricetosum montanae, the Seslerio-
due to climate change, it can be assumed that the Fagetum and the Taxo-Fagetum cover another 12%
average annual temperature will be about 1 degree of the nominated component part in cooler upper-
higher. The reference weather station in Chaumont montane warm slopes. 6 percent of the component
(1,136 m a.s.l.) above Neuchâtel, which is also part are not typical beech forest locations.
located on the Jura chain, provides a long-term Nevertheless, the beech accounts for more than
measurement series. In Chaumont, the average 40% of the stock also in these locations. At dry
annual temperature is 6.3°C (1981–2010) with an locations, pine forests occur (4.4%), on rubble
average of 126 frosty days. The annual rainfall is Linden sycamore forests (1.3%) or spruce forests
1,289 mm; of these, about 2,677 mm fall as new (0.2%) and on wet locations along the streams are
snow each year. The soil is snow covered for an ash and maple forests (0.5%).
average of 111 days.
Soils
The most common type of soil in the nominated
property is rendzina (45%). It develops over
compact limestone, but also on lime debris. The
organic detritus horizon lies close to the bedrock. It
is mostly neutral to slightly basic and well supplied
with nutrients. Because of the ragged limestone
in the subsoil, rendzina dry relatively quickly.
Rendzina still contain carbonates in the highest
horizons. If the source rock is marly, marl-rendzina
form, which are more clay-rich, more compact and
therefore wetted at times. Also common are slope
debris soils (19%). They are often profound and
at the same time poor in fine soil. Brown earths
occur on damp, clay-rich hanging debris (9%).
Soil development is more advanced here than in
rendzina. Between the organic detritus horizon
and the bedrock, a brown weathering horizon
has developed. The soils are partly or completely The existing locations of the pine forests, the
lime-free. In the upper montane stage, transitions Linden sycamore forests and the Seslerio-Fagetum
between landings and brown earths are common are among Switzerland’s national priority forest
(15%). communities. The remainder of the component
part (12%) covers unused unmanaged and natural
Water balance succession meadows and pastures as well as other
The nominated component part consists of naturally forest-free areas (rocky areas). On the
limestone rocks. When it rains, the slightly acidic west side of the Bettlachstock there are sub-alpine
rainwater penetrates into narrow gaps in the meadows. Even on the source slopes above the
limestone rock and dissolves the lime, creating Peterlis-Schwang, the steepness, waterlogging
small depressions in the rock. The water collects and erosion are so strong that no high trees can
in it and consumes the rocks further and further, grow. Currently there is no large number of bushes
creating a widely ramified subterranean karstic and trees on the former meadows and pastures.
water system that can drain large amounts of The vegetation is matted in many places, which
rainwater. Presumably, part of the karst water makes the emergence of woody plants difficult. In
reemerges at the karst springs North of Grenchen. addition, the chamois eat buds and leaves of the
Four streams flow through the core zone: the Wiss- emerging woody plants and thus counteract the
bächli springs at the Gäschlerflue and the Gigler-, reforestation.
Brüggli- and Lochbach flow through the property.
65
ANCIENT
ANCIENT BEECH
Ancient and
BEECH FORESTS
Primeval Beech OF
FORESTS EUROPE
Forests
OF of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
EUROPE
Flora the rocky and steep forest areas of the Jura. The
stocks of deer and chamois are regulated through
Due to the different location conditions, the variety hunting and by the lynx that occurs in the area.
of botanical species in the core zone is very large. In the entire Swiss Jura, a population of 60 lynxes
In the upper montane level, the gray or Adenostyles (plus young) is estimated.
Table 8: Re- glabra as well as different ferns characterise the
presentative herbaceous layer of the forests. In the lower-lying Class Species
species for the Lonicero-Fagenion forests, the white flower carpets
component of Cardamine heptaphylla – or in moist, nutrient- Bird Tetrao urogallus
part Forêt de la rich layers bear’s garlic – determine the aspect Bird Picus canus
Bettlachstock, in spring. On sunny heaps of debris grow various Bird Scolopax rusticola
Switzerland
limestone shrubs and heat-loving herbaceous plants Bird Phylloscopus sibilatrix
while in the shady screes the protected Asplenium Invertebrate Bombus mesomelas
scolopendrium is common. On hilltops and ridges
Invertebrate Phaneroptera falcata
the Sesleria dominates the ground vegetation. On
the steep slopes of the yew-beech forest occur Invertebrate Osmia uncinata
Centaurea montana and Aster bellidiastrum. On Invertebrate Melitaea cinxia
the source slopes above the Peterlisschwang the Plant Platanthera chlorantha
protected Dactylorhiza maculata was detected. Plant Phyllitis scolopendriu
Of the meadows and pastures today subject to Plant Dactylorhiza maculata
natural succession, at least half of them are fairly
Plant Orchis mascula
flat and full-bodied. The western part is dominated
by nettle. Small-scale vegetation is still short-grassy Plant Gymnadenia conopsea
and very species-rich. Plant Lilium martagon
Reptile Podarcis muralis
Fauna
Due to the high structural variety and quality
of habitats as well as the few disturbances by
humans the biodiversity in the area Bettlachstock
is high. A sub-inventory of the fauna done in 1984
showed various rare species of butterflies and
grasshoppers on the meadows and pastures still in
use (Koeppel & Bürkli, 1984). Several endangered
species of birds have been found in the forests
of the Bettlachstock area (e.g. eagle owl, long-
eared owl, wood warbler). Particularly noteworthy
are the national target species capercaillie, gray
woodpecker, hazel grouse and Eurasian woodcock.
In addition, several species of bats as well as fire
salamander (Salamandra salamandra) occur in the
forest. The chamois was resettled in the canton of
Solothurn in 1951 and is today frequently found in
66
2. DESCRIPTION
2.a.3 Switzerland: Valli di Lodano, Busai and Soladino Forest Reserves (CH-LODA-01)
1. Area size
Size Area Size Buffer Beech Forest Table 9 Area
ID State Party Component Part/Cluster
(ha) Zone (ha) Region size of the
component
Valli di Lodano, Busai and part Valli di
CH-LODA-01 Switzerland 806.78 2,330.74 Alpic
Soladino Forest Reserves Lodano, Busai
and Soladino
1. Short profile and are an example of the lateral valley of the insubric Forest
biogeography lakes region with very few human activities. Reserves,
Switzerland
1. Abiotic factors
The landscape conservation buffer sub-zone is
defined following the landscape chamber and the Geographical position, natural region,
topographic limits. altitudinal zone
The forests in the Lodano, Busai and Soladino The component of the nominated property is a
valleys are characterised by natural, healthy and beech forest and fir-beech forest with a contiguous
in good part old-growth forests in the foothill, wooded area of 807 ha, situated in the southern
montane and subalpine levels. The heterogeneous part of the Alps between 500 m a.s.l. and 1,600 m
morphology of the landscape has supported the a.s.l. on the right bank of the Maggia river, in the
establishment of a very diversified forest system central part of the Maggia Valley in the territory of
for age structure, vertical and horizontal level, the municipality of Maggia.
composition and diversity. Moreover, extended
areas possessing very important natural and Geology and geomorphology
landscape values are present in the area, such as The Lodano, Busai and Soladino valleys belong
the old-growth beech forests, openings, biotope to the penninic coverings zone. The crystalline
trees, deadwood, overhangs, blocks of stone, stones, metamorphosed during the Alpine cycle,
gorges and streams of water. The nominated are predominantly paragneiss, gneiss and mica
component part and the protection buffer sub- schists. There is the presence of three main rock
zone are situated in the stational region ‘Alps of layers: the Antigorio blanket formed by the so-
the southern limit with sporadic spruce’, they are called Antigorio gneiss; the narrow strip called the
situated in the following altitudinal bands: foothill Someo area, mainly consisting of biotitic gneisses
zone (floodplain forests, chestnut and mixed and rare marble and amphibolite lenses; and the
deciduous forests); submontane zone (beech Maggia blanket with its clear gneiss located in
forests), montane intermediate zone (fir-beech the upper part of the compartment. The valleys
forests, beech forests), superior montane zone (fir of Lodano, Busai and Soladino have been shaped
trees forests, with larch and spruce forests) and by the intense action of rivers and glaciers and
subalpine zone (larch forests, pioneer woods with present two distinct profiles, with the upper part
green alder). The Lodano, Busai and Soladino valleys characterised by the glacial U-shape, and the lower
67
ANCIENT
Ancient and
BEECH
Primeval
FORESTS
Beech OF
Forests
EUROPE
part by the V-shape formed by rivers. The slopes The Lodano stream consists of a main segment
of the valleys have an average slope between 50 of about 5.5 km, the Busai stream of about 2.5
and 75%. km and the Soladino stream of about 6.0 km.
The perimeter is also characterised by numerous
Climate avalanche channels, some small swamps, water
The Lodano, Busai and Soladino Valleys are located elements of great landscape value such as the
on the northeastern edge of one of the rainiest Soladino waterfall and the Alzasca Lake and by the
regions of the Alpine arc. The average annual rainfall presence of an interesting morphological element,
is between 1,600 and 2,100 mm. Precipitation is the rocky glacier located south-east of the Alzasca
abundant and intense during the vegetative period, Lake.
with abundant snowfall also in the second part of
winter. The villages of the valley bottom (about 1. Biotic factors
350 m a.s.l.) enjoy a mild and temperate climate. Biotopes and vegetation
The average annual temperature varies from 10 to Currently the forest covering rate in the nominated
11°C and the temperatures must be corrected by component part and in the protection buffer sub-
0.6°C every 100 m in altitude. The average annual zone is around 80% (including the open areas
temperatures at 1,600 m a.s.l should therefore be above the forests); the increase in the woody
around 3–4°C. The vegetative period on the floor rate occurred mainly in correspondence with the
lasts 6–7 months (April–October) and in the highest abandoned agricultural areas, currently often
areas 4–5 months (May–September). dominated by pioneer woods. In the Lodano,
Soils Busai and Soladino Valleys beech and fir-beech
The type of soil includes above all brown acidic forests are characterised by generally adult or
lands in the areas occupied by broad-leaved mature populations dominated by beech (Fagus
trees and podsolic soils in areas occupied by sylvatica), accompanied by white silver fir (Abies
conifers. In general, acidic soils are found with alba) in the intermediate and higher altitudes, and
great permeability and marked presence of rocky by larch (Larix decidua) in the higher altitudes. In
skeleton; these types of terrain are favourable for a the numerous inaccessible zones and in the areas
good development of the forest. that were little used for forestry or agriculture in
the past, the nominated component part of the
Water balance Lodano, Busai and Soladino Valleys is characterised
The water flow in the Lodano, Busai and Soladino by beech and fir-beech forests with several very
Valleys occurs along the respective natural streams. mature populations and with beech trees of
The watercourses collect water from the three considerable size (estimated average age 150 years
catchment areas into the Maggia river which, after with several specimens over 250 years old).
about 18 km of flow along an alluvial environment
The main types of beech and fir-beech forests
still largely intact and presenting high biodiversity
present in the nominated component part are
and landscape values, flows into Lake Maggiore
the acidophilic mountain beech forest with Luzula
near Locarno.
68
2. DESCRIPTION
nivea on arid soils or on poor/mesophilic soils, the Fauna

acidophilic beech forest with holly of the foothill Between 2012 and 2014 numerous in-depth
band, the beech forest on acid soils and the studies were carried out in the Lodano Valley for
acidophilic fir-beech forests with Luzula nivea. the following fauna groups: diurnal butterflies
(identified 50 species), orthopterans (22 species),
Flora
ants (42 species), xylophagous insects (36 species),
As far as the Lodano Valley is concerned, during dragonflies (2 species), amphibians (3 species),
the summer of 2012 botanical censuses were reptiles (10 species), birds (69 species, of which 45
carried out, thanks to which over 240 plant species are related to the forest), mammals (22 species)
were identified, including two species of orchids and bats (9 species). The presence of the following
protected at the Swiss level, the common spotted species is in direct relation to the old-growth
orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsii) and the small white beech forests: the black woodpecker (Dryocopus
orchid (Pseudorchis albida). As far as the Busai martius), the rare collared flycatcher (Ficedula
and Soladino Valleys are concerned, botanical albicollis) and two very rare and threatened
knowledge is based on information provided by xylophagous insects: the beautiful Rosalia alpina
Swiss floristic databases and by detailed floristic and the Lucanus cervus. As far as the Busai and
surveys carried out in 2016 along the paths of Val Soladino Valleys are concerned, animal knowledge
Soladino; excluding tree species and ferns, a total is based on the information provided by the Swiss
of 320 plant species were reported. Many data fauna databases for the following fauna groups:
concerning lichens, mosses and fungi were also diurnal butterflies (92 species), orthopterans (33
collected in the respective forest reserve projects; species), mantids (1 species), xylophagous insects
it’s worth noting, for example, that in the Lodano (46 species), amphibians (4 species), reptiles (10
Valley 180 species of mushrooms have been species), birds (84 species), mammals (16 species)
counted, of which 82 are directly linked to beech. and bats (9 species).
Table 10:
Class Species
Representative
Bird Accipiter nisus species for the
Bird Aegolius funereus component
part Valli di
Bird Aquila chrysaetos
Lodano, Busai
Bird Ficedula albicollis and Soladino
Bird Tetrao tetrix Forest Reserves,
Switzerland
Bird Monticola solitarius
Invertebrate Satyrium ilicis
Invertebrate Lucanus cervus
Invertebrate Plagionatus detritus
Invertebrate Rosalia alpina
Invertebrate Heteropterus morpheus
Invertebrate Lopinga achine
Mammal Myotis bechsteinii
Mammal Plecotus macrobullaris
69
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Ancient and
BEECH
Primeval
FORESTS
Beech OF
Forests
EUROPE
2.a.4 Czech Republic: Jizera Mountains (CZ-JIZE-01)
1. Area size
Table 11: Area
Size Buffer
size of the com- ID State Party Size Area (ha) Beech Forest Region
Zone (ha)
ponent part
Jizera Moun- CZ-JIZE-01 Czech Republic 444.81 2,279.40 Subatlantic-Herzynic
tains, Czech
Republic conservation buffer sub-zone covering 2,090.20 ha
1. Short profile and includes not only the NNR´s buffer zone, but also
biogeography 5 other NNR´s core areas. Therefore, some parts
The Jizerskohorské bučiny/Jizera Mountains Beech of the landscape conservation buffer sub-zone are
Forest harbours the largest continuous European provided by the same strict conservation regime
beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest in the whole Czech as the proposed property and its protection buffer
Highlands. Natural vegetation includes mainly sub-zone itself.
mountain acidic beech-dominated forests and 1. Abiotic factors
small areas of high-elevation spruce forests. The Geographical position, natural region,
site covers 27 km2 and consists of one component
part and a buffer zone: both form a National altitudinal zone
Nature Reserve (NNR), pursuant to national The proposed component part is located in the
nature conservation legislation, the most strictly Jizerské hory/Jizera Mountains (Liberec Region,
protected category of the Specially Protected northern Bohemia) and is situated on the northern
Areas in the Czech Republic. The former (9.5 km2) slopes along an altitudinal gradient ranging from
was established by merging 7 small-size Specially 360 to 1,006 m a.s.l.
Protected Areas in 1999 into a single Specially
The proposed component part shows a huge
Protected Area (NNR). By 1960, only selective
variety of old-growth characteristics and has been
logging was applied there: moreover, since 1960,
maintaining significant natural ecological and
the core area has not been managed, having been
evolutionary processes, functions and services.
left to spontaneous development. The buffer
zone (17.5 km2) has been slightly managed since Geology and geomorphology
that time, e.g. by selective logging and some The Jizerské hory/Jizera Mountains Beech Forest
deadwood removal. The proposed component part harbours the rugged contours of the landscape
is a part of the NNR´s core area, covering 444.81 and uneven terrain with northern steep dissected
ha. It is surrounded by the protection buffer sub- slopes and a high variety of surface shapes and
zone spreading on 189.20 ha which is also a part formations. The uniform bedrock consists of a
of the NNR´s core zone. Thus, both the proposed significant proportion of porphyric biotite granite
component part and its protection buffer sub- to granodiorite, and the north-western portion
zone are strictly protected, having been without is composed of coarse-grained porphyric biotite
human intervention since 1960. The landscape granite.
70
2. DESCRIPTION
The site displays very rich geomorphology with a are oligotrophic or mesotrophic, being typical for
high concentration of rock formations, particularly beech growth at medium and higher elevations.
within the top parts of mountain ranges. There
are deep slopes and gorges, rock walls, overhangs, Water balance
aigutes, culoirs, cracks, slabs and pillars as well as The main European watershed area between the
stone screes in various stages of weathering and Baltic Sea and the North Sea passes the Jizerské
mass-wasting. Within the proposed component hory/Jizera Hory Mts. The Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts.
part, various outputs of exfoliation (a process are among the wettest areas in the Czech Republic.
resulting in parallel fractures in the surface of rock) Moreover, on the northern slopes including Jizerské
can be found. The bedrock created brooks with hory/Jizera Mts. Beech Forest, annual rainfall totals
rapids and falls in deep valleys. are lower and related to the elevation. The area is
Due to geomorphological conditions, the terrain is drained by three rivulets and brooks, namely the
permeable only with huge difficulties in some parts Jeřice, Oleška and Smědá, and is located in the
of the NNR. Odra/Oder River basin (the Baltic Sea drainage
basin). On the waterier water streams, there are
rapids and waterfalls. The Velký Štolpich Waterfall
Climate reaching 30 m in height is the highest in the Jizerské
In the Jizerské hory/Jizera Mountains Beech Forest, hory/Jizera Mts. On slopes, there are many springs,
the sub-oceanic climate is very humid because most of them of small size.
the Jizerské hory/Jizera Mountains are the first
transcontinental barrier of the humid oceanic The only water body within the Jizerské hory/Jizera
flow from the North Sea. Annual rainfall averages Mountains Beech Forest, located in the NNR´s
range between 800 and 1,700 mm and the growing buffer zone, is the Šolc´s Fishpond, established
season lasts from 110 to 160 days. Because the site in the seventeenth century: it covers 7 ha and is
is located on the northern slopes of the mountains, situated in picturesque forest habitat.
it is generally colder than on southern ones. The
average annual temperatures, which are strongly
related to altitude, range from 3 to 7.5°C.
Due to climate change the average air temperatures

are more than 1°C higher than those in the 1960s
and they have been increasing at the site. There
are sharp differences in annual precipitation totals.
In addition to air temperatures, rainfalls and air

ventilation, trees are also influenced by usual hard
frost in the Jizerskohorské bučiny/Jizera Mountain
Beech Forest NNR.
Soils
In the Jizerské hory/Jizera Mountains Beech Forest
the bedrock, together with uneven terrain and
local climate, strongly determines soil conditions.
Therefore, cambisols (brown forest soils) and
podzols, the most common soils at the site (the
former covering more than a half of the area), are 1. Biotic factors
strongly acidic and have a high content of poor- Biotopes and vegetation
quality humus with highly variable depth profiles.
In addition, ranker soil type has developed in some The distribution and coverage of natural habitats
habitats. Thus, the soil character and patterns is influenced by granite bedrock and cold climate.
respond to habitats with prevailing beech growth. Natural vegetation includes mainly mountain acidic
Since 1969, the humus percentage in topsoil has beech-dominated forests covering 95% of the NNR
been increasing here: at some sites, even soil of and small areas of high-elevation spruce forests in
peatbog character has evolved. The soil is deeper the Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. Beech Forest. Only 1%
on slopes where the material has accumulated. of the component part is not covered by forests,
The results of soil surveys confirm that in the forest stands older than 120 years occur on 67% of
Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. Beech Forest the habitats the NNR´s core area.
71
ANCIENT
ANCIENT BEECH
Ancient and
BEECH FORESTS
Primeval Beech OF
FORESTS EUROPE
Forests
EUROPE
In the Jizerskohorské bučiny/Jizera Mts. Beech carnivores. Nowadays, the site provides suitable
Forest National Nature Reserve, there are five habitats for wild animal species specially protected
natural habitat types listed in the Annex to the by national legislation, namely Act No. 114/1992
EU Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of on Nature Conservation and Landscape Protection,
natural habitats and wild fauna and flora (EU as amended later, e.g. Anodonta cygnus, Astacus
Habitats Directive). While siliceous rocky slopes fluviatilis, Cicindela campestris, Meloe violaceus,
with chasmophytic vegeation (Code 8220) cover Carabus arcensis, Apatura spp., Limentis populi,
only 1% of the NNR´s territory, in the case of Trichius fasciatus, Gnorimus nobilis, Lampetra
Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests (Code 9110) it is planeri, Bufo bufo, Triturus alpestris, Triturus
65%. Other natural habitat types protected under vulgaris, Salamandra salamandra, Natrix natrix,
the above EU legislation include Asperulo-Fagetum Vipera berus, Ciconia nigra, Accipiter gentilis, Pernis
beech forests (Code 9130) on 30% of the NNR and apivorus, Falco peregrinus, Aegolius funereus,
Medio-European subalpine beech woods with Acer Bubo bubo, Columba oenas, Ficedula parva, Corvus
and Rimex arifolius (Code 9140) spreading over 3%. corax, Myotis bechsteinii, Glis glis, Muscardinus
The EU priority natural habitat type Tilio-Acerion avellanarius and Lutra lutra. Most of them are also
forests of slopes, screes and ravines can be found protected by the European Union´s law, namely the
on 1% of the proposed WHS. Birds and Habitats Directives or the Convention on
the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural
The main tree species there are Fagus sylvatica Habitats (the Bern Convention), respectively.
(79%) and Picea abies (13%). At the same time,
Table 12: Acer pseudoplatanus (2.8%), Sorbus aucuparia
Representative Class Species
(2.2%), and Betula pendula (1.2%) are admixed
species for the Amphibian Triturus alpestris
component part throughout, and a few species, such as Larix
decidua (0.64%), Fraxinus excelsior (0.19%), Abies Amphibian Salamandra salamandra
Jizera Moun-
tains, Czech alba (0.08%), and Acer platanoides (0.01%), occur Bird Ciconia nigra
Republic only rarely within the proposed site. Bird Bubo bubo
Bird Columba oenas
The results of soil surveys confirm that the habitats
are oligotrophic or mesotrophic, being typical for Bird Ficedula parva
beech growth at medium and higher elevations in Bird Aegolius funereus
the Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. Beech Forest. Bird Falco peregrinus
Flora Fish Lampetra planeri
The recent plant survey shows that in total, 357 Mammal Lutra lutra
vascular plant species have been found in the Mammal Myotis bechsteinii
Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. Beech Forest, of them 184 Plant Taxus baccata
in the National Nature Reserve and 339 in its buffer Plant Lunaria rediviva
zone.
Reptile Vipera berus
Among plant species of nature conservation
importance growing in the Jizerské hory/Jizera
Mountains Beech Forest, Polystichum braunii,
Epilobium obscurum, Taxus baccata, Arnica
montana, Dactylorhiza majalis, Huperzia selago,
Lilium martagon ssp. Martagon, Lunaria rediviva,
Campanula latifolia, Juncus acutiflorus, Lycopodium
annotinum and Menyanthes trifoliata should be
mentioned. Of vascular plant relics, Salix silesiaca
and Tilia platyphyllos occur within the NNR and
its buffer zone. Athyrium distentifolium, Dentaria
bulbifera, Epipactis helleborine, Hylotelephium
maximum and Polystichum aculeatum can be
found at only one site, the microsite respectively
on the NNR´s territory and its buffer zone.
Fauna
The fauna composition has only slightly changed
for 7,000 years in the Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts.
Beech Forest, except for the extermination of large
72
2. DESCRIPTION
2.a.5 France: Aigoual (FR-AIGO-01)
1. Area size
Size Area Size Buffer Beech Forest Table 13: Area
(ha) Zone (ha) Region size of the
component
Subatlantic- part Aigoual,
FR-AIGO-01 France Aigoual 75.03 90.11
Herzynic France
1. Short profile and 1. Abiotic factors

biogeography Geographical position, natural region,
altitudinal zone
The Aigoual Forest includes an old-growth
The Aigoual Massif is located in the Cévennes, at
beech forest which contains a very high level
the south-eastern end of the Central Massif.
of naturalness. This forest was not subject to
deforestation in the nineteenth century and has Located on summit position or on steep slopes
not been affected by any exploitation for 70 years. under a wide range of orientation, the beech forest
is found at altitudes from 1,120 to 1,460 m a.s.l.
The nominated component part and its protection
buffer sub-zone are included in the biological strict
reserve (IUCN cat. Ia) of ‘La Brèze’ (110 ha). The Geology and geomorphology
reserve is part of the Aigoual National Beech Forest The forest lies on granite and schists, which
(state ownership). Both the reserve and the state generally provide more or less acidic or rich soils.
forest are managed by the National Forest Office The reserve has steep slopes covering almost all
(ONF). exposures. It encompasses full slopes from the
valley floors to the crests.
The forest lies in the Cévennes mountains, at the
south end of the Subatlantic-Hercynic Beech Forest Climate
Region, under the influence of Mediterranean Due to its remarkable location, Aigoual
climate. Its biogeographic location is remarkable, Forest’s montane subatlantic climate is under
at the south end of the Subatlantic-Herzynic Mediterranean influences.
Beech Forest Region, situated on the borders of
three Beech Forest Regions: Subatlantic-Herzynic, The rainfall is irregular over the year with two
Central Mediterranean and Pyrenaic-Iberian. peaks – one in spring and especially one in autumn
during which very intense precipitation events
The altitudinal range covered by the forest known as ‘Cevennes episodes’ occur, typical of the
comprises the altitudes of the middle to the upper Mediterranean climate.
mountain bioclimatic level.
The climate does not have an arid month and is
therefore favourable to beech.
73
ANCIENT
Ancient and
BEECH
Primeval
FORESTS
Beech OF
Forests
EUROPE
Main climatic parameters vary widely based on of French forests. The reserve comprises a few
exposure and altitude; it is therefore very difficult species of very high interest, with the presence of
to produce average parameters. Rosalia alpina (Annex II of the Habitats Directive)
for instance.
Average parameters for the area (from statistical
analysis) are: Birds: About 60 species are listed, including 8 listed
in Annex I of the Birds Directive, with in particular
• Average annual temperature: 6.3°C Dryocopus martius and Aegolius funereus (the site
• Average annual rainfall: 1,580 mm being particularly favourable for these species).
• Number of rainy days greater than 1 mm: Mammals: At least 4 species of bats, including
117 days 1 listed in Annex II of the Habitats Directive
(Barbastella barbastellus).
• Average annual frosting days under
shelter: 127 days per year Cervidae: Presence of Cervus elaphus and
Capreolus capreolus.
Soils
Table 14: Soils are dominated by alocrisols (acid brown soils,
ochreous brown soils). The upper montane areas
species for the are characterised by acid soils: ochreous brown Bird Aegolius funereus
component part soils. The uppermost portions show shallow soils Bird Dryocopus martius
Aigoual, France Invertebrate Parnassius mnemosyne
with a dominance of humic cryptopodzosols
(rankers), whereas soils are found richer at the
Mammal Barbastella barbastellus
bottom of slopes with colluviosols.
Plant Arabis cebennensis
Plant Gagea lutea
1. Biotic factors Plant Neottia nidusavis
Biotopes and vegetation Plant Ribes petraeum
The Aigoual Reserve is almost entirely covered
by beech forest with two main natural habitats
according to the combination of climate influences
and altitude:
• the Sub-Mediterranean calcicolous beech

forests (EUNIS code: G1.675/CORINE
code Biotopes: 41.175); phytosociological
sub-alliance: Geranio nodosi-Fagenion
sylvaticae
• the Sub-Atlantic acidophilous beech

forests (G1.622/41.122/9120); sub-
alliance: Ilici aquifolii-Fagenion sylvaticae.
Non-forest habitats complement the area locally

with montane hydrophilous tall herb fringe
communities and moors with purging broom.
Flora
128 vascular species have been inventoried (1998).
This flora is globally common, typical of the present
natural habitats. Gagea lutea stands out as the only
protected species present (at national level).
6 species of mushrooms (partial inventory, 2001)

are represented, with no remarkable species.
Fauna
Insects: 104 species of beetles listed including 86
saproxylic beetles (2007 to 2009). Among them, 17
species are known as bioindicators of the quality
74
2. DESCRIPTION
75
ANCIENT
Ancient and
BEECH
Primeval
FORESTS
Beech OF
Forests
EUROPE
2.a.6 France: Chapitre (FR-CHAP-01)
1. Area size
Table 15: Area Size Area Size Buffer Beech Forest
size of the ID State Party Component Part/Cluster
(ha) Zone (ha) Region
component
part Chapitre, FR-CHAP-01 France Chapitre 371.30 41.65 Alpic
France

The Bois du Chapitre beech-fir forest and the Brouas altitudinal zone
beech forest form an ensemble of subnatural forests The Chapitre and Brouas Beech Forests are located
among the most remarkable of the Southern Alps. in the Southern Alps at the western end of the Alps
Both forests are part of the Petit-Buëch biological Massif on a European scale. The component part
strict reserve, which is located at the southwestern includes an altitudinal gradient of 800 m, between
end of the Alpic Beech Forest Region within the 1,250 m and 2,060 m.
prealps sub-domain. The 850 m elevation gradient
Geology and geomorphology
comprises two bioclimatic levels: the pure beech
forest covers the alpine levels, at the southern The component part is located on limestone and
end of this ensemble whereas the beech-fir forest marls. These limestones are on average relatively
dominates at montane and subalpine levels. hard but much softer on the periphery, especially
at the western end with marly outcrops.
Forest habitats in the component part can be
considered to have reached a climax phase. The terrain shows steep slopes with very contrasting
Other areas where the slopes are rather steep, exposures ranging from straight south-facing to
a stationary climax occurs: the vegetation is north-facing sides. It extends from the bottom of
frequently regenerated under the influence of the valley of the Petit Buëch stream to the summit
geomorphological (steep slope, scree) and climatic dominating it. The slopes are largely covered with
(avalanches, torrential rain...) parameters. scree and colluvium with some rocky escarpments
and cliffs.
The component part forms a forest area of 371.30
ha with a protection buffer sub-zone under natural Climate
development conditions. The component is mainly The forests benefits from a mountain climate
limited by natural barriers such as rocky ridges, under Mediterranean influences with important
cliffs or ravines: no buffer zones are required along sun exposure. The average annual temperature
these boundaries. is around 6°C, the mean annual rainfall reaches
1,400–1,500 mm. The climate shows no arid
months (P <2T), it is therefore favourable to beech
and fir species, especially in the Chapitre area.
76
2. DESCRIPTION
The significant variation of exposure within the of maples, alders and ash trees (depending on
component part creates very contrasting meso- the altitude). The steep slopes and the altitudinal
climatic situations. Certain climatic parameters, amplitude allow the presence of a wide gradient
such as precipitation and cold periods are of facies. The sub-summit slopes consist of fairly
influenced by the general north-west orientation open calcareous subalpine lawns and some scree
and altitude: the frost period lasts over a hundred and limestone rock bars. The component part
days per year. Orographic mists are common and comprises two main beech dominant habitats
snow cover lasts from December to April. (70%) associated with other two forest habitats
(10%) and open montane environments (20%):
Soils
The soils are quite thick except on the steepest • montane beech forest / sub-
slopes. Driver parameters (slopes and climate) do Mediterranean neutrophile to calcicolous
not allow a very active decarbonation. Soils are beech-fir forest, (EUNIS code: G1.675/
mainly calcimagnetic soils, ranging from superficial CORINE Biotopes code: 41.175);
rendzina to more or less deep and decalcified phytosociological sub-alliance: Geranio
brown soils, skeletal soils on screes and other nodosi-Fagenion sylvaticae
soils with little-evolved eroded zones. Depth and
• montane beech forest / middle European
stoniness are very variable.
dry-slope limestone beech-fir forest
(G1.661/41.16); alliance: Cephalantero
Water balance
rubrae-Fagion
There is only one permanent watercourse called the
Petit Buëch River. The combes and thalwegs collect • oak woods (G1.71/41.71)
runoff during heavy rainfall, the streams network
is only supplied by rainfall. Buëch is a mountain • lime-maple woods (G1.A4/41.4) on scree
stream with a moderate slope. The pluvio-nival • open mountain environments: frutics,
regime leads to rather moderate floods. This type lawns, scree...
of event is rare and concerns only the lower parts
of the reserve, causing only minor effects. Outside the component part, the landscape is
mainly forested. The forested areas increased by
18% between 1983 and 1997, from 11,825 ha to
1. Biotic factors 14,007 ha. The extension of the forest was natural
Biotopes and vegetation forest development on 70% of the area, whereas
This forest valley is dominated by a ‘sub- 661 ha have been reforested.
natural’ beech forest crossed by ravines. Rocky
Most open areas in the landscape conservation
environments and ravines, some frequently
buffer sub-zone are located beyond the altitudinal
traversed by avalanches, allow the development
limit of forest vegetation.
of more or less hygrophilous broad-leafed forests
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Table 16: Flora

More than 450 vascular or bryophyte species have
species for the been inventoried. Plant Asperula taurina
component part
Plant Trochiscanthes nodiflora
Chapitre, France 11 nationally protected species, forest or open
Plant Androsace chaixii
environment: Aquilegia bertolonii (Annex II of the
Habitats Directive), Asperula taurina subsp. Taurine, Plant Buxabaumia viridis
Berardia subacaulis, Buxbaumia viridis (DH2), Mammal Barbastella barbastellus

Cypripedium calceolus (DH2), Epipogium aphyllum, Mammal Myotis emarginatus
Eryngium spinalba, Gagea lutea, Hedysarum Mammal Myotis myotis
boutignyanum, Pulsatilla halleri subsp. Halleri,
Invertebrate Xylophlius corticalis
Stemmacantha heleniifolia subsp. Heleniifolia.
The forest hosts remarkable and typical species of Bird Aegolius funereus
Southern Alps beech-fir forest: Asperula taurina, Bird Bubo bubo
Trochiscanthes nodiflora, Androsace chaixii. The
Bird Emberiza hortulana
species Buxabaumia viridis is typical of fir woods
with decomposed and moist deadwood. Bird Lullula arborea
Bird Tetrao tetrix
202 species of mushrooms have been inventoried
(2015 to 2017), of which 11 species are indicators
of naturalness.
(Detailed listings can be found in the Natura 2000

management document.)
Fauna
Insects: a partial inventory (2001) revealed a great
richness in saproxylic beetles, with in particular
Roplopus insubricus, Ampedus erythrogonus,
Ampedus nigrinius and Xylophlius corticalis. The
presence of Rosalia alpina (DH2) is also common.
16 species of carabae have been inventoried, 14

of Lepidoptera and Rhopaloceres of which 3 are
protected: Parnassius apollo, Driopa Mnemosyne
and Euphydrias aurinia.
Birds: 91 breeding or passing species including

11 of Appendix 1 of the Birds Directive: Aegolius
funereus, Alectoris graeca, Aquila chrysaetos,
Bonasa bonasia, Bubo bubo, Caprimulgus
europaeus, Circaetus gallicus, Dryocopus martius,
Emberiza hortulana, Falco peregrinus, Glaucidium
passerinum, Lanius collurio, Lullula arborea, Milvus
migrans, Pernis apivorus, Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
and Tetrao tetrix.
Mammals: 17 species of Chiroptera are either

present or probable (2011), including 3 of Appendix
II of the Habitats Directive: Barbastella barbastellus,
Myotis emarginatus and Myotis myotis.
Ungulates: Capreolus capreolus, Cervus elaphus,

Ovis gmelinii musimon (introduced), Rupicapra
rupicapra and Sus scrofa.
78
2. DESCRIPTION
2.a.7 France: Chizé (FR-CHIZ-01, -02)
1. Area size
State Size Buffer Beech Forest Table 17: Area
ID Component Part/Cluster Size Area (ha) size of the
Party Zone (ha) Region
component
FR-CHIZ-01 France Chizé Component 1 North-West 93.69 cluster Chizé,
571.92 Atlantic France
FR-CHIZ-02 France Chizé Component 2 South 62.43
1. Short profile and Climate

biogeography This beech forest benefits from a southern Atlantic
The Sylve d’Argenson biological strict reserve is climate with mild autumns and rather damp
located on the southwestern edge of the natural and windy winters. Early low-rainfall springs are
beech distribution range in the Atlantic Beech followed by dry and warm summers. The average
Forest Region. It is also the largest biological strict annual temperature is about 12°C, average annual
reserve in France (2,579 ha). precipitation about 850 mm with 40 days of frost
per year on average. There are no permanent
The forest is located about 70 km from the Atlantic streams flowing across the forest.
shores, it is one of the most western beech forests
in Europe. The altitudinal range is rather limited, The Chizé Forest is remarkable for being located
ranging from 60 m to 80 m a.s.l. at the southwestern extreme limit of the climatic
distribution area of beech species.
1. Abiotic factors
Geographical position, natural region, Soils
altitudinal zone Soils can be classified into two main categories:
The Chizé Forest lies at the southwest limits of the calcareous brown soils (mainly on colluvial
Paris Basin on limestone plateaus. materials, greens and marls) and calcic brown soils
(the most common, in plateau or low-slope terrain,
The forest covers a large area on low altitude on hard limestone). Humus is mostly of detritus
plateaus at hill level from 60 to 80 m a.s.l. type.

The Chizé Forest stands on Jurassic limestone, with
two main types of formations: hard limestone in
thick banks and alternating hard limestone beds
and marly levels. In the lower slopes, we can find
grèzes (product of the gelification of limestone) and
colluvium (mostly clayey, with limestone debris).
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1. Biotic factors barbastellus, Myotis bechsteinii, Myotis

Biotopes and vegetation emarginatus, Rhinoloplus ferrumequinum,
Rhinoloplhus hipposideros.
The majority of forest habitats belong to the
southwestern Atlantic thermophile beech forests, Ungulates: Capreolus capreolus, Sus scrofa (which
neutrophile to calcicolous (EUNIS code: G1.64/ have been the subject of many studies).
Table 18: CORINE Biotopes code: 41.14/not concerned by
Representative the Habitats Directive), phytosociological sub- Class Species
species for the alliance: Scillio lilio-hyacynthi-Fagenion. Another
Plant Limodorum abortivum trabutianum
component beech dominated habitat is the mesoxerophilous
cluster Chizé, Invertebrate Lucanus cervus
calcareous beech (EUNIS code: G1.66/CORINE
France Invertebrate
Biotopes code: 41.16/Natura 2000 code: 9160); Rosalia alpina
alliance: Cephalanthero-Fagion. Invertebrate Cerambyx cerdo
The diversity of the conclusions of the
phytosociological studies reflects the complexity of Mammal Rhinoloplus ferrumequinum
the biogeographical influences to which the Chizé Mammal Rhinoloplhus hipposideros

Forest is subject. The pubescent oak (G1.71/41.71) Bird Caprimulgus europaeus
is present in the form of islets. Bird Dendrocopos medius
Flora
Vascular flora (about 500 species recorded from
2007 to 2015) and bryophytic flora (inventoried
under the GNB programme, see § 5 g), essentially
typical of forest habitats are present, with few
remarkable species (5 vascular species included
on the regional red-list). Only one protected plant
species (at regional level) is known in the reserve:
Limodorum abortivum trabutianum. 64 species
of mushrooms were listed in the reserve in 2011
as part of the Forest Management, Naturalness,
Biodiversity National Inventory Programme (GNB)
on vascular flora, bryoflora, saproxylic coleoptera,
fungi, birds and chiroptera.
Fauna
The faunistic diversity is remarkable (considering
the overall component part, protection buffer
sub-zone included), with 31 species of mammals,
6 species of reptiles, 8 species of amphibians, 78
species of birds and more than 530 species of
butterflies.
Insects: 217 listed species of saproxylic beetles

including 47 bio-indicators of the quality of forests
(2010-2012). Among them, 3 species listed in Annex
II of the Habitats Directive (but relatively common):
Lucanus cervus, Rosalia alpina, Cerambyx cerdo. 17
species of ground beetles identified as part of the
GNB program.
Birds: 78 species including 9 listed in Appendix

I of the Birds Directive: Caprimulgus europaeus,
Circaetus gallicus, Circus cyaneus, Circus pygargus,
Dendrocopos medius, Dryocopus martius, Lanius
colluri, Milvus migrans, Pernis apivorus.
Mammals: 16 listed species of bats, including

5 of Habitats Directive Annex II: Barbastella
80
2. DESCRIPTION
2.a.8 France: Fontainebleau (FR-FONT-01)

1. Area size

ID State Party Component Part/Cluster size of the
component part
FR-FONT-01 France Fontainebleau 248.48 152.20 Atlantic Fontainebleau,
France
1. Short profile and altitudinal amplitude but pronounced reliefs. The

biogeography average altitude of the reserve is about the same
as that of the forest at 130 m, spanning from 90
The biological strict reserve of ‘Gros Fouteau et to 140 m.
Hauteurs de la Solle’ is one of the oldest strict Geology and geomorphology
reserves (allowing natural processes) in France. The The component part is set on very heterogeneous
present-day reserve is inherited from the artistic geological substrate:
reserves created in 1853 in the Fontainebleau
Forest and is known as the first voluntary measure • sandstone and sands of Fontainebleau
of nature conservation worldwide. The component (geological understorey of the Middle and
part is located in the Fontainebleau public forest, Lower Stampian) giving very acid soils;
about 50 km south-east of Paris. This old-growth
beech forest lies in the Atlantic region on a • Etampes limestone (Upper Stampian);
wide plateau at the planar altitudinal zone. The • all more or less covered with ‘plateau silts’
altitudinal range is rather limited, from 90 to 140 or ‘wind-driven sands’ of aeolian origin.
m, but characterised by medium steepness and
uneven morphology. The component part which The reserve stretches over a sloping plateau of
covers 248.48 ha and its protection buffer sub-zone dry valleys with a medium slope to the southeast,
(54.21 ha) are part of the biological strict reserve and falling steeply to the north, where the edge of
(IUCN cat. Ia) of ‘Gros Fouteau et des Hauteurs de the plateau corresponds to the ‘ground substrate’
la Solle’. formed by the sandstones (partly collapsed in the
form of ‘chaos’ of blocks in the slope).
1. Abiotic factors
Geographical position, natural region, Climate
altitudinal zone The climatic conditions of the forest are mainly
The nominated component part is embedded in oceanic and attenuated by the distance to
the forest of Fontainebleau. At the centre of the the Atlantic coast (about 200 m at least) with
Paris Basin, the reserve lies about fifty km south- continental and southern influences, an average
east of Paris. annual temperature of about 16.6°C and an average
annual rainfall of about 760 mm. The climate does
It extends over a vast plateau with only 100 m of not have an arid month (P <2T) and is therefore
generally favourable to beech. The relatively low
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rainfall can be aggravated by the most superficial flat areas. Due to relatively low rainfall throughout
or draining soils (on sand in particular) or on the the year and due to rather well-drained soils on
contrary compensated by very thick soils with good sandy areas water reserves are limited in the area.
water yield capacity. The slope exposed to the north
(Hauteurs de la Solle) offers a fresh mesoclimate. 1. Biotic factors
Soils
The component part is predominantly wooded
As a consequence of the high heterogeneity of the
with three main forest habitats and two beech-
substrate, the component part shows a very high
dominated forest types represented in the
range of soil diversity, from carbonate soils to very
component:
acid soils depending on the parent materials:
• Sub-Atlantic acidophilous beech forests
• calcosoils (= brown calcareous soils)
(EUNIS: G1.622/CORINE Biotopes:
• calcisoils (= brown calcic sols) 41.122); phytosociological suballiance:
Quercenion robori-petraeae;
• brunisoils (= brown soils)
• Atlantic neutrophile to calcicolous
• alocrisoils (= brown soils with ocher acids) beech forests from Northern France
(G1.632/41.132); Carpino-Fagion alliance;
• less evolved acid rankers on sandy slopes
• Atlantic acidophilous sessiliflorous oak
• more evolved podzolic ochreous soils,
forest (G1.82/41.52).
ferruginous podzosoils, characterised by
high acidity The area is composed locally of other non-forest
habitats such as dry heath, acidophilous lawns on
Water balance sand, common juniper communities and ponds (on
There is no perennial water-bearing water body at sandstone flats).
the surface except for ponds located on sandstone
82
2. DESCRIPTION
Flora Table 20:

Class Species Representative
The component part is predominantly wooded
Plant species for the
with three main forest habitats and two beech- Dicranum viride
component
dominated forest types represented in the Invetebrate Limoniscus violaceus
part Fontaine-
component: Invetebrate Osmoderma eremita bleau, France
Invetebrate Heterocerous lepidopterans
• Sub-Atlantic acidophilous beech forests
(EUNIS: G1.622/CORINE Biotopes: Bird Dendrocopos medius
41.122); phytosociological suballiance: Bird Dryocopus martius
Quercenion robori-petraeae; Bird Picus canus
• Atlantic neutrophile to calcicolous Bird Picus viridis
beech forests from Northern France

(G1.632/41.132); Carpino-Fagion alliance;
• Atlantic acidophilous sessiliflorous oak

forest (G1.82/41.52).
The area is composed locally of other non-forest

habitats such as dry heath, acidophilous lawns on
sand, common juniper communities and ponds (on
sandstone flats).
Fauna
Insects: The ‘Gros Fouteau et Hauteur de la Solle’
reserve is considered part of the most interesting
reserves of the Fontainebleau forest, and at the
national level. The reserve itself boasts more
than one hundred beetle species (partial data)
including at least 11 bioindicators of the quality
of French forests, including Limoniscus violaceus
and Osmoderma eremita (Annex II of the Habitats
Directive) and Heterocerous lepidopterans, also
remarkable.
Birds: The reserve exhibits a great richness in forest

birds, with in particular 6 species of woodpeckers
including Dendrocopos medius, Dryocopus martius
and Picus canus, P. viridis. Other notable species
are: Columba oenas, Pernis apivorus and Ficedula
hypoleuca.
Mammals: The reserve hosts at least 9 species of

Chiroptera. The forest is home to two cervidea
species: Cervus elaphus and Capreolus capreolus.
Also, Sus scrofa occurs.
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2.a.9 France: Grand Ventron (FR-GRAN-01)

1. Area size
component
part Grand Subatlantic-
FR-GRAN-01 France Grand Ventron 257.09 1,397,58
Ventron, Herzynic
France
1. Short profile and montane woodrush fir-beech forest (Luzulo-
biogeography fagetum).
The old-growth forests of Grand Ventron are 1. Abiotic factors

located in the north-east of France, at the heart Geographical position, natural region,
of the Higher Vosges Range. Mature forest stands altitudinal zone
evolve naturally over 257 ha, the reserve spans
Located at the heart of the Higher Vosges Mountain
out at mountain level from 800 to 1,200 m a.s.l.
Range, the Grand Ventron Massif hosts ancient
Silvicultural activities were very limited historically
montane beech forests spanning from 800 to 1,200
due to the steep slopes and the historical setting
m a.s.l. The component part hangs on east-facing
of the French-German border. These old-growth
slopes, on very rugged terrain. It overlooks the
forests are composed of fir-beech forest and
Thur high valley, sheltered from dominant winds.
pure beech forest, maple at higher altitudes,
associated with maple-forest to a lesser extent. Geology and geomorphology
The component part was not affected by any loss of The Grand Ventron Forest Massif is rooted on
forest cover during the post-glacial recolonization granites in the central Vosges mountains. The
and successional process. Free from any visible main formation consists of ridges of biotite and
trace of forest use, these forests comprise amphibole phyric granite named ‘Bramont granite’,
centuries-old stands and exhibit a high level of of bluish-grey colour. The geological domain
naturalness. comprises occasionnaly residual screes, debris
and boulders and some seams of phyric muscovite
Set on granite substrate, the forest of Grand
pink granite from the ‘Valtin granite sheeted dyke
Ventron benefits from a transition climate between
complex’. Depositional surfaces are filled with
modified oceanic and continental, it comprises
Holocene peat deposits as the most recent rock
three beech-dominant plant communities spanning
formation.
along the altitudinal gradient with a predominance
of montane fir-beech forests: Traces of Wurmian glaciers, about 300 to 400 m
thick, are quite remarkable in the High Vosges
• subalpine beech-maple forest with Acer
Mountains, with clear erosion morphologies.
and Rumex ari-folius;
The east-facing slopes of Grand Ventron show a
• montane fir-beech forest with Gallium succession of moraines, cirques and rock barriers.
odoratum (Galio odorati-Fagenion);
84
2. DESCRIPTION
The landforms of the component part are shaped • hydromorphic soils (gleysoils, pseudogleys
by periglacial processes such as cryoclastic screes, and peats).
cryoplanation terraces, ravines, morainic deposits
Water balance
and névés.
The Alsatian slope where the component part is
Climate located is characterised by mountainous terrain,
Climatic conditions of the Grand Ventron denote steep slopes and mostly draining soils (abundance
a transition between oceanic and modified of cryoclasts, elimination of arenaceous deposits).
continental influences. It is characterised by: Despite the greater importance of snowfields
and their reserve role in the spring, the latter are
• average annual temperatures of 5 to characterised by relatively sparse and low-density
6°C. Fresh summers (11°C from May hydrographic networks (average of 1.8 km of RH /
till October), mild winters (1°C from km2).
November till April), with a short spread
over the year, typical of oceanic influences Vegetation cycles and growth are intimately linked
to local conditions and the sustainment of snow
• late spring frosts resulting in a short annual cover.
growing period of less than 6 months. The
average annual days of frost under shelter Snow cover can maintain until early summer
is estimated around 95 forming herbaceous niches below the ridge line.
The beech forest of Grand Ventron hosts the source
• heavy precipitation of 2,000 mm per year of a creek.
in the form of snow or rain. Snow cover
is commonly thick (with accumulative
height of 1.5 to 2 m) and (4 to 6 months
from December till May).
The last 15 years have shown significant changes:

decrease of annual precipitation, increase of
precipitations during winters (January to March),
decrease of snow cover duration, frequent
droughts (2003, 2005, 2014, 2015, 2018).
Soils
Soils can be classified into 3 main sequences (from
less acidic to more acidic soils):
• Brown sequence: eutrophic brown soils to
brown acid soils;
1. Biotic factors
• Ochreous sequence: ochreous brown soils
to ochreous podzolic soils; Biotopes and vegetation
The component part presents a mosaic dominated
• Podzolic sequence: podzolic and podzol- by the beech-fir forest: 3 beech dominant habitats
type functioning soils. are distributed according to an altitudinal gradient
and acidity. The beech forest is punctuated by
All types of soils are represented within each of rocky environments, cliffs and scree, and maple
these sequences, with variable level of weathering. groves on scree.
Beech forest develops substantially on acid and The Luzulo Fagenion (beech trees and fir trees
ochreous brown soils. Decay of litter is rather with luzula and blueberry) is the habitat most
slow, humus is generally of detritus type. Partial represented in the component part with 2/3 of
redistribution of aluminium and iron indicates the surface area. The stands of this acidophilous
slight podzolization. beech-fir forest are dominated by beech, which
Due to steep slopes, heavy precipitation and diverse coexists with fir and a number of other habitat
periglacial morphologies, the area occasionally indicator species: Woodlice (Luzula sylvatica),
comprises: Purple Prenanthant (Prenanthes purpurea) and
Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus).
• younger soils (rankers, alluvial and
colluvial soils) Acidophilous beech-fir forests with slugs are
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specific to the Vosges Massif, a rare habitat on the Fauna

European scale. The beech forests of Grand Ventron are home to a
remarkable fauna such as the capercaillie (Tetrao
The Galio odorati Fagenion (beech-fir fescue), is
urogallus) and the hazel grouse (Bonasia bonasia),
present mainly on steep slopes or at the foot of
their main wintering and breeding areas are
rocky environments. This habitat represents 10%
situated in the Vosges beech-fir forests.
of the surface area. The stands are dominated by
beech in coexistence with fir, maple and elm. Nearly 400 faunistic species are listed on the
reserve. The following species are present in the
The Aceri Fagenion (subalpine beech-grove with
component part (documented):
sorrel and Arum leaf), is present on the ridge of the
component part around 1,200 m. The subalpine • 159 species of sylvatic beetles, including
beech forest occupies about 5% of the surface 6 species of saproxylic beetles indicative
area. Its composition is largely dominated by beech of the biological value of French forests
with maple and mountain ash. (BRUSTEL 2004)
The component part hosts associated habitats, • 16 species of bats, including 4 registered
mostly maple woods on screes in narrow strips on the French Red List and 2 on the
within beech forests which represent 15% of the European Red List
surface area.
• 2 species of large carnivorous mammals
Beech represents 50% of the tree species followed (grey wolf and boreal lynx) listed on the
by fir (35%) and maple (11%), ash, spruce and pine French Red List, as well as the wildcat
are associated in minor populations (less than 1%).
• 2 species of birds listed on the European
Flora Red List, 8 species listed on the French Red
1,185 plant and fungal species have been listed List: capercaillie, hazel grouse, boreal owl,
within the Grand Ventron Massif Reserve. The eurasian pygmy owl, black woodpecker,
inventory level is good for pteridophytes and grey-headed woodpecker and peregrine
spermaphytes, relatively complete for bryoflora falcon
(excepting peat bogs environment) and lichens, but • 7 bird species out of the 8 proposed by
incomplete for algae. Balestreri et al. (2013) as indicators of
Listed species include (01/01/2018): fungi: 373, connectivity of beech forests.
algae: 1, lichens: 236, bryoflora (mosses and
Table 22: Rep-
liverworts): 197, pteridophytes: 24, spermaphytes:
resentative 354. Class Species
species for the
Inventories for the component part show a high Bird Tetrao urogallus
component
part Grand diversity and the presence of indicator species: Bird Tetrates bonasia
Ventron Bird
• 101 lichen species including 46 red-listed Aegolius fureneus
species in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Bird Dryocopus martius
Czech Republic, Croatia and/or Italy, 11 Mammal Picus canus
indicator species of ecological continuity Mammal Canis lupus
(GEVFP 2008) and 3 species of Lobarion
Mammal Lynx lynx
• 143 species of bryophytes, 47 of which Invertebrate Felis Silvestris
are on the Red Lists of Luxembourg and/ Invertebrate Carabus auronitens
or neighbouring regions (Lorraine, Saar,
Invertebrate Cychrus attenuatus
Baden-Württemberg) and 1 species
Invertebrate Oxymirus cursor
(Buxbaumia viridis) protected under the
Berne Convention Invertebrate Hylecoetus dermestoides
Invertebrate Leistus piceus
• 236 species of fungi including 4 indicator
species of the natural value of European
beech forests (CHRISTENSEN ET AL., 2004)
and 12 saproxylic species indicative of old-
growth forests.
86
2. DESCRIPTION
2.a.10 France: Massane (FR-MASS-01)

1. Area size

component
Pyrenaic-
FR-MASS-01 France Massane 121.49 1,551.33 part Massane,
Iberian France

The Massane Beech Forest covers 121.49 ha of altitudinal zone
pure beech forest that has not been exploited The Massane Forest is located in the south of
for at least 140 years. At the eastern end of the France, on the northern slopes of the Albera
Pyrenees (Massif de l’Albera) and overlooking the Massif at the eastern end of the Pyrenees and
Mediterranean, the massif covers the altitudinal overlooking the Mediterranean coast 5 km to the
delimitation of the beech between 600 and 1,158 west. The ridge line that delimits the catchment
m. The Massane Beech Forest is located at a area upstream borders the Franco-Spanish border.
biogeographic crossroad between Pyrenean and Altitudinal range is between 600 and 1,158 m a.s.l.
Mediterranean influences. The reserve is one of
the best inventoried protected areas in Europe, Geology and geomorphology
scientific knowledge counts 8,119 listed species The upper valley of the Massane, is a Miocene
from two biogeographical regions. The Massane palaeo-valley with a flat bottom, in contrast with
Beech Forest is a representative of the glacial the surrounding environment.
refuge of Catalonia and is considered the origin
of the post-glacial recolonization of the Eastern- The geology of the reserve is dominated by
Pyrenees and the south-west of the Massif Central, metamorphic and volcanic rocks, the series slopes
a lineage rather rare in Europe. This component to the northeast and rejuvenates in this direction.
part completes the great genetic differentiation The region was metamorphosed and deformed
of beech from the Pyrenaic–Iberian Beech Forest during the Hercynian Carboniferous Orogeny.
Region. The Massane Beech Forest constitutes
In the Massane Reserve, these are clear orthogneiss
an essential link as a testimony to the history of
derived from acidic volcanic rocks (upper Massane
the persistence of beech for 6,000 years and as a
valley, between the border and the Couloumate
sentinel forest of climate change in the montane
Barracks), topped with dark, coarse micaschists
meso-Mediterranean climate. The maturity and
with sillimanite which derive from pelitic
the naturalness of the stands are illustrated by
sediments; these two ensembles are separated by
the presence of several hundred trees of more
a powerful north-west/south-east fault.
than one meter in diameter whose seniority is
estimated at 300 years. The nominated component
part has not suffered from destructive exploitation
since Neolithic times.
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Climate Soils
The Massane Forest benefits from a meso- Soils can be classified as acid brown soils. The litter
Mediterranean climatic influence. The annual is of clay-silty texture with formation of an acid mull
average temperature has been 11.9°C over the due to the composition of the substrate (shale and
last 42 years. The average annual precipitation is greyweed or gneiss) and acidifying beech leaves, as
1,164.9 mm since 1960 (58 years). In this part of well. The C/N ratio is greater than 15. Under wind-
the Mediterranean, the general trend of warming swept terrains, soils remain shallow and of ranker
has been greatly accentuated by the evolution type due to soil erosion and degradation (rain,
of atmospheric circulation, characterised by a wind, slopes). Rankers can become deeper here
northward extension of the subtropical high- and there due the presence of indurated rocks. The
pressure range in spring and summer. C/N ratio here is greater than 18 (MARTY, 1981).
Soils are deeper than 1 m across the area.
Water balance
The Massane Beech Forest is in a Mediterranean
climate with extremely dry summers alternating,
mainly in the autumn, with torrential rainfall
episodes resulting in significant hydric contrasts
throughout the year. The Massane Beech Forest
corresponds to a high-altitude valley of the small
coastal river watershed of the same name, ‘La
Massane’. The river has its source at about 1,000
m altitude near the Spanish border. Although dry
downstream, the river remains persistent inside
the reserve during summer months.
1. Biotic factors
The nominated component part is dominated
by one habitat of pure beech forest: the Atlantic
acidophilous beech forests, Ilici-fagenion sub-
alliance (Corine biotope: 41.12, EUNIS: G1.62).
Stand density is 1,002 stems/ha of which 66% are
Fagus sylvatica, 17% are Ilex aquifolium, 10% are
Quercus humilis and 7% are others. The average
height of the 100 largest trees per hectare is 14 m.
The tallest tree is a 26 m beech tree. Overall, there
is considerable heterogeneity of the stand, on the
one hand, with the regeneration zones.
Flora
The Massane Forest is probably the most-
inventoried protected area in Europe, or even
globally. Latest publications show that this forest
can be considered for presenting a very high
Precipitation recorded since 1959 at La Massane species diversity per hectare, with more than 8,000
does not describe clear trends. The Mediterranean species listed.
climate is characterised by a strong interannual
variability of rainfall. Beech (Fagus sylvatica) is the dominant species for
its key role in the ecosystem, its ancient origins and
Decrease in water resources is estimated at 20% its intrinsic and original genetic richness. Massane
over the last 60 years. For lower watersheds like is home to many Pyrenean endemics, this forest
Massane, the decrease in flow seems to come plays a significant conservation role, both for
from the decline of the groundwater table. Recent phanerogams (Pedicularis asparagoides, Armeria
climate change is consistent with most modeling ruscinonensis Iittorifuga etc.) and bryophytes
simulations for the future (LESPINAS ET AL., 2010). (Jungermannia subbulata etc.).
88
2. DESCRIPTION
Fauna Table 24:

Due to the historic continuity of forest cover, the species for the
naturalness and maturity of the forest and its Invertebrate Osmoderma eremita
component
location at a biogeographic crossraod, the Massane Invertebrate Lucanus cervus part Massane,
Beech Forest is considered a major area for Invertebrate Rosalia alpina France
biodiversity conservation, especially for saproxylic Invertebrate Cerambyx cerdo
complexes. On a European level, it has been
Invertebrate Anthaxia midas oberthuri
classified as a ‘biogenetic reserve of the Council
of Europe’ with the Fontainebleau forest. Out of Invertebrate Laphria galathei
1,766 listed beetles species, 634 are considered Invertebrate Callicera fagesii
saproxylic (36% of the total for this group), including Lichens Lobaria pulmonaria
many heritage species such as Osmderma eremita, Lichens Lobaria scrobiculata
Rosalia alpina, Cerambyx cerdo, Lucanus cervus,
Lichens Pertusaria monogoniza
Ampedus quadristignatus etc.
Fungi Hohenbuehelia mastrucata
This level of richness is found for all groups Fungi Hericium clathroides
of saproxylic complexes, whether in Diptera, Fungi Hericium erinaceus
Hymenoptera, for the most diverse groups, but
Plant Liochlaena subulata
also fungi or myxomycetes (more than 95% of
species related to saproxylic complexes).
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Primeval
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Beech OF
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EUROPE
2.a.11b France: Py-Pas de Rotja (FR-PYPA-01)

1. Area size
component
part Py-Pas de Pyrenaic-
FR-PYPA-01 France Py-Pas de Rotja 246.03 4,049.87
Rotja, France Iberian

altitudinal zone
The Py - Pas de Rotjà old-growth beech forest is
located on the northern slopes of the Pyrenees The Py Beech Forest is located in the Pas de Rotjà
Orientales, close to the Spanish border. It is a forest, which is protected as a National Nature
montane forest located in a region where beech is Reserve. This massif occupies the catchment area
an abundant species between 1,300 and 1,800 m. of the upper Rotjà Valley, bounded on the east by
The component part itself of 246.03 ha corresponds the famous Canigó massif, which dominates the
to the core beech forest with the highest maturity Mediterranean Sea, 50 km away to the east. The
and is the largest in the nature reserve of Py (3,930 component part covers an altitudinal amplitude
ha). This nucleus consists mainly of pure beech from 1,300 to 1,800 m.
stands but also of mixed habitats. The component
part is mainly surrounded by forests and other
areas such as moors and pastured meadows. The Py Beech Forest is set almost exclusively on
a calco-alkaline granitic substratum on rugged
The Py-Pas de Rotjà Beech Forest is a beech glacial morphology terrain with steep slopes regularly
micro-refuge that is essential for the conservation reaching more than 60%. Average slopes inside
of Eastern Pyrenees beech. Set back from the the component part vary between 40 and 60%,
Mediterranean transition zone, it is the most maximum slopes reaching 120%. The beech forest
central component part of the Pyrenean chain in mostly faces to the north. The component part
comparison with the already inscribed Hayedos has original morphologies including several high-
component part of Navarra (Spain) and the altitude flats that constitute a peculiarity of this
proposed one Massane (France). It thus constitutes eastern part of the Pyrenees (former erosional
a reservoir set back from the advanced positions surfaces worn at altitude at the time of the
most exposed to climate change, such as the formation of the Pyrenees) and a glacial cirque
sentinel forest of La Massane. in the upper Rotjà valley, marked by quaternary
glaciations. Some moraines in lower parts are also
Its large altitudinal extension (between 1,300
visible.
and 1,800 m) offers as for the existing Hayedos
mountain component of Navarra (Spain) a great The high altitudinal range and the presence of
adaptability to climatic changes. many micro-reliefs define a large diversity of
mesoclimates and microclimates.
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2. DESCRIPTION
Climate humus that dominates the montane and subalpine

The climate of the nominated component part levels. The soils are described as not very fertile,
marks a transition expressing Mediterranean presenting a general fragility of the structures. The
and montane influences. This climate, typical of water storage capacity of soils is low in spite of
mountain areas under Mediterranean influence is rather deep soils.
characterised by:
• an annual rainfall of 800 mm, with no 1. Biotic factors

disturbances of oceanic origin coming from Biotopes and vegetation
the west
The component part is composed of forests of
• high interannual variability of a ratio of 1 to advanced naturalness (CATEAU ET AL., 2007), it
4 (min = 351 and max = 1,254 mm) includes a core of ‘Eastern Pyrenees and Cévennes
acidophilous beech forests’ (EUNIS : G1.672,
• Due to a significant difference in altitude,
Corine biotope : 41.172), a habitat of community
the average annual temperatures vary from
interest. With a surface area of 199 ha, the pure
11°C at 1,000 m up to 3°C at 2,500 m a.s.l.
beech forest dominates over 75% of the stands.
Autumn and spring months are rainier. The intense The beech forest is supplemented by a second
summer rains on the beech forest give rise to major habitat in the area: ‘Pyrenean alpenrose
greater water accumulation locally. Given the mountain pine forests’ (code : 42.413). Among the
morphology of the watershed and the precipitation main species that coexist within the component
regime at the origin of very large volumes, the part are beech, fir, birch and mugo pine.
beech forest has suffered over the last decades
The amount of deadwood, 44 m³ per ha, is
and centuries several floods and torrential floods,
characteristic of old-growth forests. Other
which have had strong local impacts.
parameters suggest development potential to later
maturity stages: the total pool of living timber
Soils
amounts to 503 m³ per ha, of which 22% in volume
Soils from gneissic and granitic bedrocks are acidic are large to very large stands. Latest data estimated
with a large dominance of acid brown soils and that the amount of large to very large dead woods
brown ochreous soils. At altitude, the rankers are (especially on the ground) represent only 9% of
characterised by a small depth and being mixed the volume of deadwood. The average ratio of
with bedrock crystalline gravel. Humus is a very deadwood to total biomass is thus likely to increase
important component of soils, it is moder-type in the mid-term.
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Ancient and
BEECH FORESTS
Primeval Beech OF
FORESTS EUROPE
Forests
EUROPE
Flora (minimum monitoring includes population

1,192 plant and fungal species have been listed size and distribution monitoring): ptarmigan,
within the Py-Pas de Rotjà reserve. The listed bearded vulture, capercaillie, golden eagle, black
species inventory includes 356 Bryophytes sensu woodpecker, tengmalm’s owl, European eagle owl,
lato (with 150 genera and 61 families), 715 gray partridge.
Tracheophytes (335 genera and 92 families, of
Table 26: which nearly 80% are Dicotyledonous species). Class Species
Representative Among spermatophytes, the component part
species for the hosts certain species with high heritage value: Plant Salix lapponun, Drosera
component Salix lapponun, Drosera, Gagea lutea, Botrychium Plant Gagea lutea
part Py-Pas de
Androsace vandellii and Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Plant Botrychium Androsace vandellii
Rotja, France
Plant Vaccinium vitis-idaea
The fungi inventory, not yet complete, counts 121
listed taxa, divided into 52 genera, 26 families, 10 Bird Tetrao urogallus aquitanicus
orders, 5 classes, and 2 phyla. Bird Lagopus mutus pyrenaicus

Bird Gypartus barbatus
Fauna Bird Dryocopus martius
The component part is home to a high diversity Bird Aegolius fureneus

of 1,708 listed animal species. Insects make up Bird Lanius collurio
the overwhelming majority (1,428 species and Invertebrate Lucanus cervus
subspecies). The forest hosts a diverse saproxylic
Invertebrate Oxymirus cursor
fauna with 22 indicator species of old-growth
French beech forests.
The component part hosts about 111 bird species,

among which 8 species are monitored annually
92
2. DESCRIPTION
2.a.12 France: Sainte-Baume (FR-SABA-01)
1. Area size
Size Area Size Buffer Beech Forest Table 27: Are
component
Central
FR-SABA-01 France Sainte-Baume 128.63 215.11 part Sainte-
Mediterranean Baume,
France
1. Short profile and
biogeography
The Sainte-Baume Biological Reserve is a Climate
unique example of isolated beech forests in the The Sainte-Baume Beech Forest is set in the Central
Mediterranean region due to very specific station Mediterranean Beech Forest Region. The climate is
conditions. characterised as Mediterranean montane climate
The component part is located at the very northern with an average annual temperature of about 12°C
end of the Central Mediterranean Beech Forest and an average annual precipitation of 950 mm.
Region, in the Basse-Provence area. The northern slope on which the beech forest is
developed benefits from a confined situation with
1. Abiotic factors meso-climate conditions that strongly contrasts
Geographical position, natural region, with the general Mediterranean context, as well
altitudinal zone as soils that are often particularly deep. These
The massif of Sainte-Baume is a limestone mountain particular conditions allow for the beech forest to
chain link of axis WSW-ENE, located about 15 km remain because of good water reserve throughout
north of the Mediterranean Sea, rising up to 1,150 the year. The topography of the northern side of
m among plateaus of about 600 m altitude. The the Sainte-Baume massif is distinguished by its
area covered by the component part spans from richness in water sources and streams.
about 700 m to more than 1,000 m a.s.l.
Soils
Geology and geomorphology Soils are mainly calcimagnetic, more or less
developed, more or less superficial or deep:
The nominated component part is located on a
rendzina, calcareous brown soils and eutrophic
limestone massif. The beech forest covers the
brown soils, completed locally by humic soils on
northern slope from the foot to the ridge of Sainte-
screes.
Baume massif. It is dominated by a cliff and the
forest occupies the steep slopes, flattening toward
the northern end.
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1. Biotic factors Ungulates: Capreolus capreolus, Rupicapra

rupicapra and Sus scrofa.
Table 28: The nominated component part spans from 700 to Class Species
Representative
1,100 m a.s.l., where beech is dominant (today 119
species for the
component
ha, ongoing extension to 318 ha). Invertebrate Lucanus cervus
Sainte-Baume, Invertebrate Rosalia alpina

The nominated component part is composed of
France
three main natural habitats with a large dominance Invertebrate Cerambyx cerdo
of the Medio-European southern neutrophilic Invertebrate Limoniscus violaceus

calcicole beech forest (EUNIS code: G1.6754/ Invertebrate Osmoderma eremita
CORINE Biotopes code: 41.1754); phytosociological Bird Aquila chrysaetos
sub-alliance: Geranio nodosi-Fagenion sylvaticae.
Bird Aquila fasciata
Parts of the forest are dominated by holm-oak Bird Bubo bubo

woodland (G1.71/41.71) and lime-maple woods Bird Lanius collurio
(G1.A4/41.4) on scree. Forest stands are over 200 Bird Lullula arborea
years old.
Flora
The nominated component part counts more than
400 listed vascular species, typical of the diversity
of present habitats (beech forest, but also oak
forests, rocky environments...), but remarkable
by the proportion of species with northern
affinities associated with the beech forest habitat.
The Sainte-Baume Biological Reserve shows an
exceptional richness of lichen and mushroom
species. This applies to the overall state forest and
in particular to the beech forest (inventories from
1982 to 2000).
Fauna
Insects: Exceptional richness in saproxylic beetles,
including 5 species in Annex II of the Habitats
Directive: Lucanus cervus, Rosalia alpina, Cerambyx
cerdo and especially the very rare Limoniscus
violaceus and Osmoderma eremita. More than
50 bio-indicator species of the quality of French
forests are present.
Birds: More than 110 species listed (nesting or

passing) in the forest and associated environments
(cIiffs, moors and lawns...) of the reserve, including
19 of Annex I of the Birds Directive: Anthus
campestris, Aquila chrysaetos, Aquila fasciata,
Bubo bubo, Caprimulgus europaeus, Charadrius
morinellus, Circaetus gallicus, Dryocopus martius,
Emberiza hortulana, Falco peregrinus, Gyps fulvus,
Hieraaetus pennatus, Lanius collurio, Lullula
arborea, Milvus migrans, Neusronus pnoprus,
Sylphrus pyrus.
Mammals: 12 species of Chiroptera are listed, 5

of which are in Annex II of the Habitats Directive:
Barbastella barbastellus, Miniopterus schreibersi,
Myotis blythii, Myotis bechsteini, Rhinolophus
hipposideros.
94
2. DESCRIPTION
2.a.13 France: Saint-Pe-de-Bigorre (FR-SAPE-01)
1. Area size
Size Area Size Buffer Beech Forest Table 29:

(ha) Zone (ha) Region Area size of
the compo-
Pyrenaic-
FR-SAPE-01 France Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre 924.71 296.87 nent part
Iberian Saint-Pe-
de-Bigorre,
1. Short profile and France
biogeography
The biological strict reserve of Saint-Pé-de- called génies in the local toponymy. Presence of
Bigorre is one of the most representative beech cliffs and scree. The nominated component part
forest reserve along the Pyrenean mountain extends from the bottom of the valleys to the
chain. It is remarkable for its size, which makes it upper slopes of which it does not reach the ridges.
the 5th largest forest biological strict reserve in However, the limits of the component part have
Metropolitan France. Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre Beech been set back from them because of the pastoral
Forest lies in the Pyrenaic-Iberian Beech Forest activity which is present there.
Region. The 980 m altitudinal gradient of this forest
is remarkable comprising two bioclimatic levels: Climate
hillside and montane. The reserve benefits from an Atlantic climate with
a strong mountain trend, annual rainfall is high
1. Abiotic factors (more than 1,500 mm) and a relatively high average
Geographical position, natural region, temperature (about 11°C). Moreover, génies (deep
altitudinal zone valleys) are strongly confined. The climate has no
The Reserve of Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre is located in arid month and is therefore favourable to beech
the middle of the Pyrenean chain, on the first links (and fir, however rare in the massif).
rising rapidly over the Occitan plain.
Soils
Altitude of the component: 420 m to about Calcimagnetic soils are more or less evolved,
1,400 m. more or less superficial or deep: rendzines, humic
carbonated soils (on scree), litho-calcic humiferous
soils (on slab limestone) and calcareous eutrophic
The forest is set on limestones, dolomites and brown soils.
marls.
The nominated component part has steep slopes

covering almost all exposures, with a general north
orientation. The site is cut by two deep valleys
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EUROPE
1. Biotic factors Mammals: 15 species of bats listed including 6 in

Annex II of the Habitats Directive: Rhinolophus
Biotopes and vegetation hipposideros, Barbastella barbastellus, Miniopterus
schreibersi, Myotis emarginatus, Myotis myotis
The forest is composed of two main habitats with a and Rhinolophus ferrumequimum.
large dominance of beech forest:
Ungulates: Capreolus capreolus, Cervus elaphus,
- Pyreneo-Cantabrian neutrophile Fagus Ovis gmelinii musimon (introduced), Rupicapra
forests (code EUNIS: G1.64/code CORINE pyrenaica pyrenaica and Sus scrofa.
Biotopes: 41.14); phytosociological sub-
Table 30: Rep- alliance Scillo lilio-hyacinthi-Fagenion
resentative sylvaticae; Class Species
species for the
- Ravine and slope woodland (G1.A4/41.4). Invertebrate Parnassius mnemosyne
component
part Saint-Pe- Invertebrate Rosalia alpina
de-Bigorre, Flora Amphibian Euproctus asper
France
More than 150 species of bryophytes have Bird Hieraaetus pennatus
been inventoried (2009), including about 20 Bird Neophron percnopterus
considered of conservation interest in various Bird Gypaetus barbatus
ways, with diverse communities and interesting
Bird Dendrocopos leucotos
saprolignicolous communities.
Bird Dendrocopos medius
More than 120 vascular species have been Bird Dryocopus martius
identified in the reserve, mainly typical of forest Mammal Felis sylvestris
habitats present and without remarkable species.
Mammal Rhinolophus hipposideros
More than 600 species of mushrooms have been Mammal Barbastella barbastellus
inventoried (2010). Génies (deep valleys) are a Mammal Myotis myotis
remarkable mycological site, with many species of
rare to very rare fungi, and original and very diverse
fungal communities.
There is a great richness of lichen species indicative

of ecological continuity and in particular the génies
(deep valleys) make Saint-Pé-de Bigorre Reserve
the most remarkable reserve in the Pyrenees
(PYRENEAN FOREST STUDY GROUPS, 2011).
Fauna
Insects: A very partial inventory revealed 64 species
of saproxylic beetles, 9 of which are bioindicators
of the quality of French forests.
High species richness of syrphids (59). Most

notable site for its ecological integrity and richness
in indicator species of old-growth forests in the
Pyrenees.
Amphibians: 5 species including Euproctus asper.
Birds: 44 listed species (2009) including at

least 3 listed in Annex I of the Birds Directive:
Hieraaetus pennatus, Falco peregrinus, Neophron
percnopterus; 8 other species DO1: Circus cyaneus,
Dendrocopos medium, Driocopus martius,
Gypaetus barbatus, Gyps fulvus, Milvus migrans,
Milvus milvus, Pernis apivorus with 4 species of
woodpeckers and raptors enjoying the tranquillity
of the site.
96
2. DESCRIPTION
2.a.14 Italy: Foresta Umbra (IT-FUMB-01*, -02)
1. Area size
State Component Part/ Size Buffer Table 31: Area

ID Size Area (ha) Beech Forest Region size of the com-
Party Cluster Zone (ha)
ponent cluster
IT-FUMB-01* Italy Falascone* 254.30 Foresta Umbra,
3,486.29 Central Mediterranean
IT-FUMB-02 Italy Pavari-Sfilzi 667.13 Italy
1. Short profile and Beech trees reach 360 years, a remarkable lifespan
biogeography for beech at such a low elevation in southern
Europe. The highest naturalness is present in
The nominated component cluster Foresta Umbra Falascone and Particella Pavari, protected from
(921.43 ha) includes state (Sfilzi, Foresta Umbra, high impact loggings after WWII, where favourable
Falascone) and regional (Particella Pavari) strict bioclimatic conditions have allowed an extremely
forest reserves within the Gargano National Park fast recovery of old-growth attributes.
(118,144 ha).
The area lies mainly on limestone bedrock, where 1. Abiotic factors

the complex karst geomorphology, wet areas and Geographical position, natural region,
rocky ridges interact with a steep thermal gradient altitudinal zone
(389–804 m a.s.l.) to generate highly biodiverse The nominated component cluster is located on
old-growth forests, particularly rich in Tertiary the Promontory of Gargano, in the Region Puglia,
elements like Taxus baccata and Ilex aquifolium, Province of Foggia, Municipalities of Monte
and Mediterranean woody species. This important Sant’Angelo and Vico del Gargano. It covers 921.43
forest refugium in a key biogeographic area ha on the elevation range 389–804 m a.s.l., and
(a peninsula between Italy and the Balkans, comprises the state reserves ‘Falascone’, ‘Foresta
belonging to the Mediterranean floristic region) Umbra’, ‘Sfilzi’ and the regional reserves ‘Pavari’
hosting isolated beech populations and a unique and ‘Foresta Umbra’ in the Gargano National Park.
habitat in Europe (‘41.181 Gargano beech forest’
in the EU Palaearctic Habitats), is dominated by Geology and geomorphology
thermophilous beech forests (Aremonio-Fagetum), The Promontory of Gargano is a calcareous massif
with many sub-associations depending on the (‘the spur of Italy’) stretching eastward into the
great environmental heterogeneity. Adriatic Sea for 60 km. The promontory is separated
from the Apennines by the Tavoliere Plain and the
The nominated component cluster is made up of
valley of the River Fortore. It is mainly made of
early old-growth pure or mixed beech forests,
well-stratified limestone and dolomite rocks of the
characterised by high stature and fast growth rates.
Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
They show high levels of integrity, testified to by
the many monumental trees of different species. This bedrock type, together with the high
97
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precipitation values near the top of the promontory, rock within 1 m (Leptic Phaeozems). Where the
generates karst landforms (dolines, sinkholes, local morphology allows the accumulation of clay,
caves, karren, polje) and deposits of ‘terra rossa’. it is possible to find Luvic Phaeozems, with a loamy
Within the component parts the terrain may be texture and an argillic B horizon.
flat and irregular, with alternating rocky ridges and
depressions, or made of gently declining slopes. In several areas the rockiness can be very
Dolines may sometimes host small ponds (‘cutini’), pronounced, and soils are rather shallow,
traditionally managed by shepherds to accumulate characterised by a dark humous topsoil over
water for their livestock. calcareous rock (Rendzic Leptosols).
Water balance
Karst processes are widespread, with most water
moving underground toward the coast, emerging
near the coastline. Important exceptions occur
in the territories of Vico del Gargano, Ischitella
and Rodi, where numerous springs important
for irrigation are sustained by water captured
hundreds of metres below the beech forests of
Foresta Umbra. The reserve Sfilzi, included in the
present extension of the component cluster, hosts
the highest (429 m a.s.l.) water spring (Sorgente
Sfilzi) of the Gargano Promontory. Surface runoff
is rare and limited to extremely intense rainy
events. In this case, water accumulates in terrain
Climate depressions with scarcely permeable argillic
stratum and originates typical small ponds, locally
The macroclimate is Mediterranean (rainfall
known as ‘cutini’. The capacity of some cutini has
maximum in autumn, summer drought and
been historically increased through embankments
limited winter frost), but mesoclimate is highly
to maintain water availability all year round, as in
heterogeneous depending on elevation, distance
the so-called Cutino d’Umbra. Other traditional
from the sea and aspect, whose interaction
infrastructures for water storage are reservoirs
generates striking differences within a few
locally known as ‘piscine’.
kilometres and makes the mesophytic vegetation
of the promontory top plateau completely different
from the plant communities at hilly and coastal 1. Biotic factors
sites. Biotopes and vegetation
On the Gargano Promontory beech forms forests
Cold northern winds funneled by the Adriatic at extremely low altitudes, exceptional for entering
Sea cause strong temperature drops in winter. in contact with the Mediterranean thermo-xeric
Although summers are very hot and dry, abundant vegetation. They are recognised as a unique
precipitation in spring and atmospheric moisture habitat in Mediterranean Europe (‘41.181 Gargano
in summer allow the presence, on the promontory beech forest’, EU Palaearctic classification), as
top, of a widespread beech forest in close contact they host magnificent yew (Taxus baccata) and
with evergreen maquis. Snowfall in some years holly (Ilex aquifolium) trees. Forests vary from
can be abundant and long lasting on the ground. beech-dominated, at higher elevation and cooler
Annual temperature and precipitation within the aspects, to mixed with abundant Carpinus betulus,
elevation range vary between 12 and 14°C and 915 Acer obtusatum, A. campestre, Taxus baccata, Ilex
and 1,064 mm. aquifolium, Tilia spp., Quercus petarea, Ulmus
glabra. At lower elevation (Sfilzi) the species
Soils
composition is enriched by Mediterranean woody
Soils develop on limestone bedrock and, thanks plants like Laurus nobilis, Arbutus unedo, Pistacia
to the tall vegetation and the warm climate, the terebinthus and Ficus carica. Prevailing understorey
pedogenesis can be very fast. However, according species include Festuca exaltata, Melica uniflora,
to the complex small-scale geomorphology and the Cardamine bulbifera, Galium odoratum and
widespread presence of emerging rocks, soils can Daphne laureola.
vary greatly in depth and degree of development.
Within the forest, they generally have a fine-loamy The biogeographic position of the promontory,
texture with abundant organic topsoil over hard its peculiar bioclimate and the karst landforms,
98
2. DESCRIPTION
generate a variety of habitats within the beech distribution. Abundant large standing and downed
forest. The predominant phytosociological dead trees host many rare species of the detritus
association is Aremonio agrimonoidis-Fagetum, chain, e.g. saproxylic arthropod species as the
with sub-associations according to the high rare Osmoderma eremita. The spring in Sfilzi and
landform complexity. The subassociation typicum permanent or temporary ponds are habitats for
includes mid-slopes mesophytic forests. A more amphibians such as Lissotriton italicus, Triturus
meso-hygrophytic community (with Polygonatum carnifex, Rana dalmatina and Hyla intermedia.
multiflorum, Allium ursinum etc.) is the Pulmonaria Important reptiles are: Anguis fragilis, Elaphe
apennina variant of this subassociation. The longissima and E. quatorlineata.
mesoxerophitic assemblages on limestone Table 32:
outcrops, with Fraxinus ornus, Sorbus torminalis, Class Species Representative
Ostrya carpinifolia and even Quercus ilex mixed species for the
with beech, are included in the sub-association Amphibian Triturus carnifex component
fraxinetosum orni. The rim of the dolines and Bird Dendrocopos leucotos cluster Foresta
sinkholes are dominated by Taxus baccata and Bird Dendrocopos medius Umbra, Italy
rich in ferns like Polystichum setiferum and Phyllitis
Bird Bubo bubo
scolopendrium (subass. taxetosum baccatae).
Bird Strix aluco
Flora Invertebrate Osmoderma eremita
The flora is rich and phytogeographically distinctive, Mammal Canis lupus
as a result of the historical role of Gargano as Mammal Capreolus capreolus italicus
a bridge between the Italian Peninsula and the Mammal Felis sylvestris
Balkans during the Tertiary, and as a forest refuge Plant Festuca exaltata
area during ice ages. The herbaceous layer includes
Plant Taxus baccata
vernal geophytes commonly found in C-European
beech forests (Galanthus nivalis, Allium ursinum), Plant Ilex aquifolium
Mediterranean thermophylous species (Cyclamen Plant Digitalis micrantha
hederifolium), taxa of Eastern affinities (Anemone Plant Lathyrus jordanii
apennina, Vicia barbazitae), and endemic S-Italian Reptile Elaphe quatuorlineata
plants (Digitalis micrantha, Festuca exaltata,
Lathyrus jordanii) as well as several orchids (e.g.
Cephalanthera longifolia, C. damasonium, C. rubra,
Epipactis muelleri and Neottia nidus-avis). Ferns
are particularly common on sinkhole rims or on
giant tree logs, e.g. Dryopteris filix-mas, Phyllitis
scolopendrium, Polystichum setiferum, Polypodium
cambricum and form an impressively rich cover
near the spring in the Sfilzi Reserve. Several moss
and lichen species are abundant on tree stems (e.g.
Lobaria pulmonaria).
Fauna
Among the variety of animal species hosted, it
is interesting to note the presence of an isolated
population of Capreolus capreolus italicus,
autochthonous and genetically distinct from
other populations. Wolves have been increasingly
reported in the last years, after a long absence in
the territory. Other important mammals are Felis
silvestris, Eliomys quercinus and numerous bat
species. Among birds, 6 species of Picidae have been
recorded, including the rare Dendrocopos leucotos
and D. medius, Bubo bubo and Strix aluco are also
present. The Gargano area is zoogeographically
important, especially for invertebrate species,
often featuring trans-Adriatic or trans-Ionian
99
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EUROPE
2.a.15 Italy: Pollino National Park (IT-POLL-01*, 02)
1. Area size
Table 33: State Component Part/ Size Buffer
Area size of ID Size Area (ha) Beech Forest Region
the compo-
nent cluster IT-POLL-01* Italy Cozzo Ferriero* 95.75
2,851.83 Central Mediterranean
Pollino Na- IT-POLL-02 Italy Pollinello 477.94
tional Park,
Italy the northern slope, the conservation of which is
1. Short profile and
biogeography mandated by the National Park Plan. The southern
slope is extremely steep and rocky, occupied
Pollino National Park is located in the southern by high-elevation grasslands and pine or beech
part of the Central-Mediterranean Beech Forest forests, providing natural protection to the upper
Region, and in the Calabrian Sub-Province of the beech forest.
Mediterranean Plant-geographical Region. Cozzo 1. Abiotic factors
Ferriero (boundary modification) and Pollinello
(newly nominated component aprt) are strict Geographical position, natural region,
reserves (IUCN I) that cover, respectively, 95.75 and altitudinal zone
477.94 ha in Pollino National Park on opposite sides Cozzo Ferriero (Municipality of Rotonda, Basilicata)
of the mountain ridge dividing two administrative covers an area of 95.75 ha on the north-west facing
regions (Basilicata and Calabria). It includes slope (elevation range 1,750–1,900 m). Pollinello
complex terrain (from almost flat to highly steep), (Municipalities of Castrovillari, Morano Calabro,
on predominantly limestone bedrock. The old- Cerchiara di Calabria - Calabria Region; Terranova di
growth beech forests are characterised by a very Pollino, Basilicata Region) covers an area of 477.94
complex structure, with no human influences in at ha, on a south-west facing slope with an elevation
least the past 70 years due to its remote location. range 1,620–2,267 m.
It has an uneven-aged structure, with beech trees
up to 620 years old – the oldest dated beech trees Geology and geomorphology
of Europe – in close contact with very old (800– The Pollino Massif is made of a series of mountain
1,200 years) Pinus heldreichii trees. The proposed peaks aligned west–east: Monte Cerviero (1,443
component cluster is a very characteristic example m), Coppola di Paola (1,920 m), Serra del Prete
of the association Asyneumato-Fagetum sylvaticae, (2,180 m), Monte Pollino (2,260 m), Serra
a high-altitude community endemic in the Dolcedorme (2,267 m). The bedrock is bioclastic
Southern Apennines. The herb layer is species-rich, Jurassic limestone with extremely fine to medium
probably as a consequence of the site’s naturalness texture (mudstone, wakestone, packstone), well
and the bio-geographical position of the Calabrian cemented and stratified, sometimes alternating
Sub-Province. The proposed component cluster is with rudstone and chert layers. Below this stratum,
almost entirely buffered by beech high-forests on highly altered dolomite or dolomitic limestone are
100
2. DESCRIPTION
intermingled to upper Triassic marls and argillites. variety of the area generates a complex surface
Cozzo Ferriero is located on a large monoclinal and underground hydrological network. Given
ridge-oriented SW–NE with Coppola di Paola as the the limestone nature of the bedrock, there are no
highest peak. Pollinello is oriented NW–SE, located perennial surface water bodies. Springs are found
between Monte Pollino and Serra Dolcedorme. The at lower elevations, mainly in small, narrow valleys,
basin at the northern side of Mt. Pollino is formed where they are generated by discontinuities
by the southern-most Pleistocene mountain within the rocks. Whenever snowmelt or extreme
glaciers (rugged rocky slopes, moraine deposits in precipitation occur, surface runoff can also take
the ground). Because of the abundant limestone place, temporarily filling natural drainage channels.
and high precipitation, karst phenomena are
common.
Climate
Climate at Pollinello is intermediate between
Montane-Mediterranean and Temperate Nemoral,
with no summer drought, a precipitation peak
in autumn and winter, snowy winters and a
secondary precipitation peak in spring. Mean
annual temperature is 5.7°C and mean annual
rainfall is 1,982 mm. The limiting factors for plant
life such as the relatively dry summer and the
large annual excursion (winter absolute minimum
can drop to -20°C), are counterbalanced by a large
annual rainfall (in some years up to 2,000 mm),
as the area is exposed to humid western winds 1. Biotic factors
leading to high-intensity precipitation events (and Biotopes and vegetation
frequently bearing foggy weather, essential for the Due to the complex interactions between climate,
beech forest). Close to the mountain ridge, strong landscape and soil, Pollino National Park exhibits an
winds can produce intense storms of freezing rain extraordinarily broad range of habitats. Patches of
and hard rime ice phenomena. sub-Mediterranean grasslands and chasmophytic
Soils vegetation as well as natural forest border sites
with Pinus heldreichii open woodland are scattered
The soil is characterised by moderately deep
within the beech forest matrix. Cozzo Ferriero and
greensands and clay soils, with texture from
Monte Pollinello are almost pure high mountain
silty loam to clay loam, neutral to subalkaline
Fagus sylvatica old-growth forests. Pollinello
reaction, that can be referred to as the Typical
forms the upper beech forest line in direct contact
Hapludolls. This site may locally be covered
with the Heldreichi’s pine tree line. Some beech
by volcanic ashes. The pedogenetic processes,
seedlings and beech groups invade the subalpine
occurring under a Mediterranean sub-oceanic
grasslands across the tree line. The forest of the
climate, allow the formation and persistence of
proposed component part is a very characteristic
andic soils. The expected presence of outcropping
example of the association Ranunculo brutii-
rock is an index of the extreme vulnerability of
Fagetum (=Asynemauto-Fagetum), a high-altitude
these pedo-environments in which the processes
community found only in the Southern Apennines.
of morphogenesis prevail, often over those of
Here patches of pure beech stands are in close
pedogenesis.
contact with old Pinus heldreichii trees and open
Water balance stands. In recent times Pinus heldreichii is
Cozzo Ferriero falls within the river Lao (also known regenerating under the canopy of beech in rocky,
as Mercure) basin, one of the largest of the National windy and snowy sites. The herb layer is species-
Park (600 km2), that originates at Serra del Prete and rich, probably as a consequence of the site’s
reaches the Tyrrhenian Sea. Pollinello is a part of the naturalness (see below). However, the herbaceous
river Crati basin, the largest of the Calabria region layer of the Cozzo Ferriero beech forest is unusually
(2,440 km2), that originates between Timpone dense while this stratum of Pollinello is more
Tenna and Timpone Bruno in Cosenza Province and complex, as expected in an old-growth ecosystem
reaches the Ionian Sea. The area is characterised by characterised by a high level of naturalness. Thanks
karstic landforms and a complex drainage pattern, to the refuge areas, the vegetation is characterised
with the mountain slope dissected by several by a slow-colonizing contingent of nemoral species,
small valleys. The geological/geomorphological nowadays restricted to the S-Apennines.
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Ancient and
BEECH FORESTS
Primeval Beech OF
FORESTS EUROPE
Forests
EUROPE
Table 34: Flora

Class Species
Representa- The component parts are particularly
tive spe-
representative of the peculiar forest flora of the Amphibian Bombina pachipus
cies for the
component
high mountain S-Apennines, including subendemic Bird Jynx torquilla
cluster Pollino taxa (e.g. Arisarum proboscideum), endemic
Bird Milvus milvus
National Park, S-Italian species (e.g. Asyneuma trichocalycinum)
Italy and a characteristic contingent of taxa with Bird Aquila chrysaetos
an amphi-Adriatic disjunct range, not found in Bird Bubo bubo
the C- and N-Apennines (e.g. Pinus heldreichii, Invertebrate Morimus funereus
Ranunculus brutius, Lamium flexuosum and Invertebrate Rosalia alpina
Calamintha grandiflora). Some herbal plants
Invertebrate Cucujus cinnaberinus
are typical of European deciduous forests, e.g.
Invertebrate Osmoderma italica
Milium effusum, Hordelymus europaeus, Galium
odoratum, Sanicula europaea, Mycelis muralis Mammal Canis lupus
and Viola reichenbachiana. The upper mountain Mammal Barbastella barbastellus
belt is defined by Adenostyles australis, Senecio Plant Asyneuma trichocalycinum
nemorensis, Polystichum lonchitis, Saxifraga Plant Arisarum proboscideum
rotundifolia, Sesleria spp and Orthilia secunda.
Plant Corallorhiza trifida
The rare circum-boreal zone-wide distributed
saprophytic Orchid Corallorhiza trifida has the
southernmost site of all Europe in the Pollinello
where, as in central and southern Europe, it is
typical for limestone beech forests. The forest also
hosts numerous epiphytic lichen species of ancient
forests (e.g. Lobaria pulmonaria).
Fauna
The area includes Tertiary relict species at the
range edge and endemic taxa. Wolf and roe deer
are present, as well as the rare and elusive wild
cat. Aquila chrysaetos settles on cliffs; Milvus
migrans and M. milvus are present with the most
important populations of the Italian Peninsula.
Dryocopus martius lives in the most secluded
forests. Dendrocopos medius and Ficedula albicollis
are also present and indicate old-growth forests.
Important amphibians and reptiles are: Bombina
pachypus, Salamandrina terdigitata and Triturus
carnifex. Many arthropod species live in the old-
growth beech forest: Trechus schatzmayri and
T. angelae, the rare Poecilus angustatus and, in
warmer areas, the endemic Cychrus attenuatus
latialis. At the forest border lives Calathus
montivagus (at its southern distribution limit).
Amara praetermissa, Licinus cassideus, Dromius
agilis, D. quadrimaculatus, Ophonus cordatus and
Ocydromus rudis reach their southern boundary
here. Coleoptera include old-growth forest
indicators (Rosalia alpina, Osmoderma italicum,
Lucanus tetraodon and Cucujus cinnaberinus).
102
2. DESCRIPTION
2.a.16 Italy: Valle Infernale (IT-VALL-01)
1. Area size

ID Size Area (ha) Beech Forest Region size of the
component part
IT-VALL-01 Italy Valle Infernale 320.79 2,191.36 Central Mediterranean Valle Infernale,
Italy
1. Short profile and almost entirely surrounded by sub-Mediterranean

biogeography and thermophilus beech forests at the lowest
elevations, while pure beech stands of mountain
The Valle Infernale is a part of the High Aspromonte environments characterise cooler aspects. The
State Forest (2,871 ha, 600–1,956 m) within conservation is designated within the National Park
Aspromonte National Park, a complex terrain of Plan and under the management of the Carabinieri
mountain peaks and plateaus of metamorphic Forestali.
rock. The proposed component part, located in
the Central-Mediterranean Beech Forest Region 1. Abiotic factors
(South-Apennine Province) represents an important Geographical position, natural region,
refuge area for forest biodiversity. It will be the altitudinal zone
southernmost corner of the serial site (Calabrian
Valle Infernale is in Aspromonte National Park
sub-province), characterised by a gradient of
(Municipality of San Luca and Samo, Province of
natural vegetation following the altitudinal belts
Reggio Calabria, Calabria Region) in a steep rocky
from the thermo-Mediterranean wild olive-locust
valley along mountainsides from the Ferraina River
tree forests (Olea europaea, Ceratonia siliqua and
to the Butramo River. The proposed component
Pistacia lentiscus) and Meso-Mediterranean holm
part covers an area of 320.79 ha, with an elevation
oak forests (Quercus ilex) and thermophilous oak
range of 1,127–1,537 m; Valle Infernale is
forests (Quercus frainetto, Q. pubescens s.l.) to
surrounded by a 2,191.36 ha buffer zone.
mountain black pine forests (Pinus nigra subsp.
calabrica) and beech forests (Fagus sylvatica) with
fir (Abies alba). This vegetation complex contains Geology and geomorphology
many endemic (Calabrian) and sub-endemic The Aspromonte Massif represents the
(Calabrian-Sicilian) plant species. The area includes southernmost termination of the Calabria-
pure and mixed beech stands, unexploited in the Peloritani Orogen (CPO), a complex Palaeozoic
last 50 years due to its remoteness; it is mostly crystalline basement formed by metamorphic
covered by patches belonging to early transition rocks (phyllites, schists and gneisses) and to a
old-growth forests with large beech, fir, oak, lesser extent, granitoids. It is an arcuate orogenic
maple, and pine trees up to 200–400 years old. segment located in the Western Mediterranean
The proposed component part is a strict reserve Realm (Calabrian Arc), affected by active processes
103
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of orogenesis. The CPO differs significantly from the of limited duration, guaranteeing pedogenic
Apennine-Maghrebian chain due to its geodynamic activities. These soils constitute an important
history. The following Alpine orogeny, already element of a very vulnerable ecosystem that
active, has produced the drifting of the CPO, up to experiences frequent landslides and accelerated
the present-day latitude, where the Aspromonte erosion; they evolve on rocks that weather slowly,
Massif represents the front of this ribbon-like thus removal by erosion is the cause of profound
arcuate segment chain. The nominated component forest degradation, causing the patchy dynamic of
part is characterised by a very rugged territory, the beech forest.
deeply marked by several watercourses and
waterfalls due to the rapid and continuous uplift Water balance
and slow weathering of the crystalline basement
Valle Infernale extends between the Ferraina River,
rocks. Moderate to strongly steep slopes descend
on the western side that originates at Montalto,
from the highest peak in Montalto (1,956 m).
and the Butramo River originating on the eastern
side at Serro Priolo. From the summit of Montalto,
numerous watercourses branch out to the Ionian
Coast. These are short courses that descend steep
elevational gradients in a few kilometres, called
‘fiumare’, the main morphosculpture characterizing
the Aspromonte territory. The ‘fiumare’ have
a torrential regime with considerable bedload
transport, but do not have a static source: the
springs are in fact moving along the riverbed,
depending on the amount of water present at
each elevation. Toward the mouth, a ‘fiumara’
runs through large, gravelly beds. At the top of
their course, where they often dig deep canyons in
the crystalline-metamorphic basement, they pass
through beech, fir, pine and oak woods. At rugged,
Climate
massive rock steps, usually set on fault lines, the
Valle Infernale has a temperate sub-Mediterranean
‘fiumare’ form evocative waterfalls, such as those
climate, with a reduced period of summer drought
of Forgiarelle.
offset by occult rainfall; precipitation peaks in
autumn with a secondary peak present in spring;
winters are snowy. Mean annual temperature is 1. Biotic factors
10.5°C, with the warmest month (July–August) of Biotopes and vegetation
18.1°C and the coldest month (January) of 2.4°C; The high degree of naturalness of the old-growth
mean annual rainfall is 1,603 mm. Temperatures beech forests of Valle Infernale is illustrated by
below 0°C are frequent from January to February, the occurrence of important priority habitats for
but sometimes occur from September to May, nature conservation in Europe (9210* Apennine
causing a large annual excursion (winter absolute beech forests with Taxus and Ilex and 9220*
minimum can drop to -12°C). The summer dry Apennine beech forests with Abies alba and beech
period is counterbalanced by a large annual rainfall forests with Abies nebrodensis). The complex oro-
and snowpack. Mediterranean terrain places beech forests in direct
contact with other deciduous and evergreen tree
Soils species (e.g. holly, maple, oak, pine and other taxa
The soils present a dark coloured epipedon, rich of the Mediterranean dendroflora). Valle Infernale
in organic substance and desaturated (mostly is dominated by woods of Fagetalia sylvaticae, such
acid); it rests directly on the rocky substrate. The as the beech forest with round-leaved bedstraw
thickness of the surface horizon can vary according (Galio hirsuti-Fagetum), beech forest linked to a
to the morphology and intensity of the erosive climate with attenuated oceanic features. Fagus
phenomena, locally determining a different
sylvatica L. tends to constitute pure populations;
taxonomic description at the subgroup level of the
however, especially on steep slopes, it is often
Soil Taxonomy (Humic Lithic Distrudept or Humic
associated with the Apennine silver fir (Abies alba
Distrudept). The soils are very thin to moderately
subsp. apennina). Fir regeneration is common
deep, with a frequent skeleton and a coarse, well-
under the canopy of large beech stands, suggesting
structured texture. The distribution of rainfall
interesting succession-alternance dynamics
during the year determines periods of dryness
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2. DESCRIPTION
between the two shade-tolerant tree species. and M. mystacinus. Other predator mammals are
The Calabrian pine plays a fundamental role as Canis lupus, Felis silvestris, Martes martes and
pioneer tree following disturbance processes Vulpes vulpes. Among the amphibians, particularly
such as landslides and post fire recolonization, worth mentioning is the endangered yellow-bellied
with eroded and shallow soils. Very old and large toad Bombina pachypus, a species facing dramatic
southern sessile oak (Quercus petraea subsp. demographic decline throughout its range, except
austrotyrrhenica) are found scattered in the beech in this area. In the small rocky outcrops inside the
forest as relics of former pasture woodlands, ancient wood the declining Parnassius apollo is
suggesting that in the remote past (2 centuries ago) found on Sedum and Petrosedum species.
this part of the old-growth forest was managed as Table 36:
parkland with an open structure. Gorge woods of Class Species Representative
Festuco exaltate-Aceretum neapolitani dominated species for the
by ancient individuals of Acer obtusatum subsp. Amphibian Bombina pachipus component
neapolitanum, associated with beech and Apennine Amphibian Salamandrina terdigitata part Valle In-
silver fir and sycamore, also of considerable size, fernale, Italy
Bird Lanius collurio
grow on cool north-facing aspects.
Bird Aquila chrysaetos
Flora
Bird Alectoris graeca graeca
The forest flora is representative of the Southern
Bird Ficedula albicollis
Apennines, including endemic trees (e.g. Quercus
petraea subsp. austrotyrrhenica, Pinus nigra Bird Lullula arborea
subsp. calabrica, Abies alba subsp. apennina, Invertebrate Morimus funereus

Acer obtusatum subsp. neapolitanum), but Invertebrate Rosalia alpina
also nemoral endemic species (e.g. Asyneuma Invertebrate Cerambyx cerdo
trichocalycinum, Epipactis meridionalis) and a
Invertebrate Osmoderma italica
characteristic contingent of Tethyan relict taxa with
Lichens Lobaria pulmonaria
a discontinuous range, not found in the C- and
N-Apennines (e.g. Geranium versicolor, Lamium Mammal Canis lupus
flexuosum). In the ancient forest, many nemoral Mammal Felis sylvestris
Orchidaceae grow (e.g. Epipogium aphyllum,
Neottia nidus-avis, Epipactis meridionalis). In the
beech mixed forests of Valle Infernale, widely
distributed European beech forest plants like
Melica uniflora, Neottia nidus-avis and Euphorbia
amygdaloides are found in unusual combination
with typical Mediterranean species like Erica
arborea, Quercus ilex (juvenile), Paeonia mascula
subsp. russoi and Asphodeline lutea, especially in
clearings. The forest also hosts numerous epiphytic
lichen species, some of which are flagship species
of ancient forests (Lobaria pulmonaria).
Fauna
Saproxylic beetles, which inhabit cavities of
ancient trees, are: Rosalia alpina, Cerambix cerdo,
Morinus asper and Osmoderma italicum. Birds
of conservation value, typical for old-growth
deciduous forests, are Aquila chrysaetos, Dryocopus
martius, Ficedula albicollis, Alectoris graeca graeca,
Lullula arborea and Lanius collurio. Particularly
important mammals include the Calabrian squirrel
Sciurus meridionalis, and Dryomys (nitedula)
aspromontis, a species with only three known
areas of occurrence. Among bats, species of
interest are Barbastella barbastellus, restricted
to old-growth forests, as well as Myotis alcathoe
105
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2.a.17 Montenegro: Biogradska Gora (ME-BIOG-01, 02)
1. Area size
Table 37: Component Part/ Size Area Size Buffer
Area size of ID State Party Beech Forest Region
Cluster (ha) Zone (ha)
the compo-
nent cluster ME-BIOG-01 Montenegro Biogradska Gora 1 390.81
3,632.82 Moesian-Balcanic
Biogradska ME-BIOG-02 Montenegro Biogradska Gora 2 1,913.48
Gora, Monte-
negro
1. Short profile and be a transitional zone to the Euxinic Beech Forest
biogeography Region and includes an intermediate form of Fagus
sylvatica and Fagus orientalis, which has been
The dominant feature of the Biogradska National described as Fagus sylvatica ssp. moesiaca. The
Park (NP) are its forest ecosystems. In addition, beech forests of the Dinarides are in a contact zone
mesophilic mountain meadows and pastures with the Central European beech forests and have
on silicates and limestones with some rock and a richer floristic composition.
scree formations can be found in the upper parts
of the NP. A striking feature are also the glacial 1. Abiotic factors
lakes, with the Biogradska Lake the largest in the Geographical position, natural region,
centre of the NP. Forest ecosystems represent the altitudinal zone
primary value of the NP. They are characterised The Virgin Forest Reserve is situated in the National
by a rich flora and high variety of plants. Due to Park Biogradska Gora (Municipalities of Mojkovac
the presence of a large number of endemic plant and Kolašin). It is located in the northern alpine part
species for the Balkans and significant habitats, the of Montenegro. The proposed component parts
Biogradska Gora area is recognised as an Important cover an area of 2,304.29 ha, with an elevation
Plant Area (IPA). Eleven habitats are found in the range of 1,100–1,750 m.
Bjelasica area, which are found in Appendix I of
the Bern Convention. Habitats with beech and
spruce habitats are dominant, while habitats
with the Macedonian pine (Pinetum peucis) are Intense glacial activities have formed a series of
particularly significant from a national point of geomorphological forms – river valleys, glacial
view. The Virgin Forest Reserve (VFR) in Biogradska lakes and mountain peaks. All relief forms and
Gora is of Outstanding Universal Value as its forests phenomena on the Bjelasici Mountain are built
were first protected more than 140 years ago. The in a heterogeneous geological environment
Moesian-Balkanic Beech Forests comprise a great characterised by volcanic and sedimentation
diversity of beech forest communities. It is built processes. Typical and significant results of river
by the mountains of the Dinarides, Balkan, Rila, erosion and denudation are the current river
Rhodopian, Pirin, Strandscha, Pindos and Taygetos valleys on the western slopes of Bjelasica. There
ranges. The eastern beech forest is considered to was no formation of a single large-scale ice cover
at Bjelasica. The glaciers were formed only in the
106
2. DESCRIPTION
original ridges of the Biograd and Bjelojevic rivers, Water balance

Suvodol and Jelovica, where cirques were formed. The National Park harbours rivers and springs that
The most representative reservoirs are river belong to the catchment areas of the Tara and
gravel terraces and numerous moraine deposits in Lim Rivers. The Jeloica and Suvodo Rivers drain
cirques and Pleistocene formations. Sea deposits a small area of the western part of the park and
allowed the creation of glacial lakes. Karst erosion flow into the Bistirca River, which is a tributary to
patterns are not representative because other the Lim. The largest part of the park belongs to
rock formations occur together with limestone. the Tara River Basin. The Biogradska River is the
The Suvodo Valley is an example of surface karst largest permanent tributary of Biograd Lake, which
erosion. drains to the Tara via the Jezerštica River. This river
originates from the Biograd Lake and stretches ca.
Climate
3 km before it flows into the Tara. The Biogradska
In the National Park, the lowest parts at the Tara River reaches the lake loaded with sediments and
Valley are characterised by a temperate continental is forming a delta area in the western part of the
climate. A sub-montane climate is present in the Biograd Lake. Its catchment of 26 km2 is mostly
mid-altitude zones and an alpine mountain climate situated in the park. The Lalev creek is a periodic
can be found in the highest parts of the park. The tributary of the Biograd Lake and about 4 km long.
climate is characterised by long and cold winters, The lakes in the park are of glacial origin: Biograd,
relatively short and fresh summers and heavy Pesica, two Ursulovac and Sisko Lakes. Biograd Lake
snowfall. The coldest month is January, with an is the largest at an altitude of 1,094 m and covers
average air temperature of -2°C, in the lower parts up to 250,000 m².
of the park. In the upper basin of the Biograd river
in the National Park the temperature average
is significant lower, at -6°C. The hottest month is
July, with an average air temperature of 12–16°C
throughout much of the park. Temperature
inversions are common in the winter months.
The average annual sunshine reaches up to 1,900
hours. The average annual rainfall is a high value
for Montenegro, at 2,120 mm.
Soils
The diverse geological formations, relief and
climate, have caused the appearance of various
types of soil in the park. The appearance of
certain types of soil is conditioned primarily by 1. Biotic factors
the characteristics of the parent material, climate,
relief and by the influence of the vegetation Biotopes and vegetation
cover. Alluvial and deluvial deposits are present The virgin forest reserve of Biogradska Gora NP
in the park, occupying small areas in the narrow is characterised by a large number of complex
valleys of the Tara and its tributaries of Jezerštica ecosystems, with a high degree of refugial features
and Shtitaricka Rivers, as well as at the mouth of habitats as well as a significant number of rare
of the Biograd River. Brown soil can be found on and endemic species for the Balkan. Indulged in
the gravel of the old river terraces of the Tara. In spontaneous development, the forest of the NP is a
the forest eutric cambisols with brown soil and unique example of the evolution of different forest
dystric cambisols with acidic soil are predominant. communities. It is characterised by the typical
In the upper part some patches of sparsely composition of beech forest tree species in a large
forested calcomelanosol can be found. Above the variety of succession stages. This includes trees of
upper border of the forest, on the plateaus and old age and huge dimensions.
peaks of Bjelasica pure limestones and shallow
kalkomelanosol (up to 30 cm) grown with rock bells According to the Natura 2000 classification, the
(Edraianthus) predominate. Siliceous rocks, which NP is harbouring the following protected habitats:
are often built up by individual peaks of Bjelasica, 9110 Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests, and in higher
are formed mainly by acidic soils and rankers, areas beech and fir forests, or beech, fir and
whose depth, depending on the relief, is slightly spruce forests. Less widespread are the Illyrian
deeper (20–60 cm) than the kalkomelanosol. Fagus sylvatica forests (Aremonio-Fagion). These
two forest types have a rich flora and are most
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abundant in the park; Acidophilous Picea forests of (Tetrastes bonasia), long-eared owl (Asio otus)
the montane to alpine levels (Vaccinio-Piceetea). and the sombre tit (Poecile Lugubris). There have
Subalpine and alpine coniferous forests dominated been 47 mammal species recorded. Rare and
by spruce (Picea abies) are also present and form a typical forest species are: edible dormouse (Glis
mosaic of different forest associations. glis) and forest dormouse (Dryomys nitedula), pine
marten (Martes martes), badger (Meles meles),
For the NP 16 forest communities and 86 species wild cat (Felis silvestris), wolf (Canis lupus), brown
of trees and shrubs have been recorded. The bear (Ursus arctos) and red deer (Cervus elaphus,
most important forest types of pure or mixed not native). The presence of 15 bat species was
beech vegetation in the NP are subalpine beech recorded in the park, too.
forest with sycamore (Fageto-Aceretum visianii),
Table 38: Rep- subalpine beech forest (Asyneumo-Fagetum
resentative Class Species
moesiacae), mixed beech forest with fir (Abieto-
species for
Fagetum moesiaceae), beech and Elymus sp. that Amphibian Salamandra salamandra
the compo-
nent cluster
connects beech with fir forests (Elymo-Fagetum Bird Bubo bubo
Biogradska moesiacae), Seslerio-Fagetum moesiaceae and
Bird Bonasa bonasia
Gora, Monte- Aceri-Fraxinetum montenegrinum. There are more
forest communities of which small fragments are Bird Tetrao urogallus
negro
distributed within the NP. Beech is often a sub- Bird Asio otus
dominant species in some habitat types (e.g. Tilio- Bird Dendrocopos major
Acerion forests). Bird Dendrocopos leucotos
Flora
Bird Turdus merula
The forest vegetation of the virgin forests in the
Mammal Ursus arctos
NP is characterised by the following tree species:
Fagus sylvatica ssp. moesiaca, Acer platanoides, Mammal Felis sylvestris
Acer pseudoplatanus, Acer campestre, Ostrya Mammal Canis lupus

carpinifolia, Quercus cerris, Abies alba, Picea abies Plant Galanthus nivalis
Sorbus aria, Sorbus graeca and Vaccinium myrtillus. Plant Taxus baccata
There are many internationally significant and rare Plant Daphne blagayana
species present in the NP. Including some Balkan
endemits i.e. Acer heldreichii and Daphne blagayana
(Balkan endemits), Taxus baccata, Galanthus nivalis
and Buxbaumia viridis (EU Habitat Directive),
Allium ursinum, Lilium martagon, Senecio pancicii
and Anemone nemorosa. Also, the orchid family
has many representatives typical for beech forest
growing in the NP: Cephalanthera damasonium,
Cephalanthera rubra, Platanthera bifolia, Neottia
nidus-avis, Dactylorhiza cordigera subsp. bosniaca,
Dactylorhiza maculata, Dactylorhiza saccifera,
Epipactis helleborine and Epipactis microphylla.
Fauna
Amphibians also include the colourful fire
salamander (Salamandra salamandra) which
is a character species of the beech forests and
streams in the National Park. The reptiles also
include the rare Meadow viper (Vipera ursinii),
which inhabits the sub-alpine meadows above the
tree line. The park is characterised by a rich bird
fauna. Among them numerous species specific
to pure and mixed beech forests are present:
white-backed woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos
lilfordi), great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos
major), capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), hazel grouse
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2. DESCRIPTION
2.a.18 North Macedonia: Dlaboka Reka (MN-DLAB-01)
1. Area size
Component Part/ Size Area Size Buffer Table 39: Area

ID State Party Beech Forest Region size of the
Cluster (ha) Zone (ha)
component part
MN-DLAB-01 North Dlaboka Reka 193.27 234.70 Moesian-Balcanic Dlaboka Reka,
Macedonia North Mace-
donia
The primeval beech forest Dlaboka Reka develops altitudinal zone
in the valley of the river Dlaboka Reka on Korab The Mavrovo NP is situated on the north-western
Mountain within Mavrovo National Park (NP) in part of Republic of North Macedonia, about 93% of
the Republic of North Macedonia. The beech forest which is on the territory of the two municipalities
is characterised by natural processes with almost Mavrovo and Rostusa and 7% on the municipality
no human intervention in the last 100 years. Beech Gostivar. Dlaboka Reka Beech Forest is situated in
(Fagus sylvatica) is the dominant tree species while Mavrovo National Park, very close to the border
Macedonian fir (Abies borisii-regis) is present in the with the Republic of Albania.
lower parts of the valley. There are some avalanches
due to the very steep slopes and thick snow cover. Geology and geomorphology
As a result, most of the area of the beech forest The geologic composition of the area is complex
is frequently disturbed and large amounts of and different geologic formations are present.
deadwood are present in the lowest parts of the However, limestone is dominant which gives the
valley. The largest and oldest beech trees can be valley a specific geomorphology. The peaks and
found in the upper parts of the valley, which are ridges surrounding the valley of Dlaboka Reka are
less steep. The area is very rich in biodiversity, very pronounced and steep. Besides limestone,
with the presence of numerous endemic species there are also phylitoides, rhyolites, quartzites as
of plants and invertebrates. It is also important for well as small patches of serpentinites. Screes and
the conservation of Balkan lynx, Balkan chamois, moraines are visible in the treeless zone of the
golden eagle and many other vertebrate species. valley.
Since its proclamation there have been no activities Nevertheless, the most prominent geomorphologic
in this area, not only in the property, but also in the feature is the waterfall in the source area of Dlaboka
buffer zone. Reka. The height of this waterfall is almost 140 m.
The waterfall may dry out in the summer period.
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Climate 1. Biotic factors

The climate of the area is mountainous-continental. Biotopes and vegetation
The average annual temperature is 2–4°C and the
annual precipitation amounts to 1,000 mm. The Most of the beech forests of Dlaboka Reka belong
humidity of the area is very high. to the habitat type Moesian beech forest (91W0)
according to EU Habitats Directive. Several other
The highest temperatures during summer are about important habitats (Annex I, Habitats Directive) can
20°C and during winter they are always below zero. be found in the Dlaboka Reka valley:
Also, during winter there is snow all the time.
• 9150 Medio-European limestone beech
Soils forests of Cephalanthero-Fagion
The dominant soil type is calcomelanosol. The • 7230 Alkaline fens (in the zone of alpine
beech forest develops on calcomelanosol and to pastures)
a smaller degree on leptosols and cambisols. The
surrounding grassland habitats develop on rankers • 6430 Hydrophilous tall herb fringe
and regosols. communities of plains and of the montane
to alpine levels (along springs and river
There are only a small number of research courses)
documents related to soils.
• 8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with
Water balance chasmophytic vegetation (mainly on the
The main river course is the River Dlaboka Reka. Its left side of the valley)
source area is situated at altitudes of 2,000–2,350 • 8210 Calcareous rocky slopes with
m, especially in the area of Kobilino Pole. This chasmophytic vegetation (mainly on the
area has a number of water springs which feed right side of the valley).
from the snow melt. The highest parts of Korab
mountain, above the area of Dlaboka Reka, are also On the periphery of the beech forest, there is a fir
characterised by the presence of glacial lakes and forest.
cirques.
There are waterfalls on this territory. The biggest

one is 170 m. All the territory is covered with little
springs which sink during the summer. Humidity is
high, but there are no moors
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2. DESCRIPTION
Flora Table 40:

Plant diversity can be illustrated by the presence species for the
of many endemic and characteristic plant species Amphibian Bombina pachibus component
(Fritillaria macedonica, Ranunculus wettsteinii, Bird Aquila chrysaetos part Dlaboka
Pinguigulca balcanica etc.). It is very important to Reka, North
Bird Tichodroma muraria
note that eight plant taxa were described for the Macedonia
valley of Dlaboka Reka or its immediate vicinity: Bird Pyrrhocorax graculus
Achillea pindicola corabensis, Clinopodium alpinum Bird Montifringilla nivalis

albanicum, Hieracium calophyllomorphum, Bird Prunella collaris
Hieracium calophyllum karaulanum, Hieracium Bird Picus canus
coloriscapum schistophyes, Hieracium djimilense Bird Dendrocopos leucotos
brachytrichophyes, Hieracium oroglaucum
Bird Crex crex
oroglauciforme, Hieracium waldsteinii lubokanum
and Soldanella macedonica. The total number of Mammal Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica
known fungi species in the Dlaboka Reka area is Mammal Lynx lynx
35. The largest number of species belongs to the Plant Ranunculus kykkoensis
Phyllum Basidiomycota. It is worth highlighting that Plant Pinguicula crystallina
the rare species Ishnoderma resinosum is a known
Plant Soldanella villosa
indicator of old beech forest. It is also important to
Reptile Natrix natrix cypriaca
pinpoint the parasitic species, such as: Armillariella
mellea, Ganoderma applanatum, Trametes gibbosa
and Fomes fomentarius on beech trunks, while
Phellinus igniarius is a recognised parasite on Salix.
Fauna
The fauna of ground beetles (Coleoptera,
Carabidae) is represented by several interesting
species: Deltomerus paradoxus karabensis is an
endemic and relict species that dwells in the
riparian habitats along streams and rivers of
the Dlaboka Reka valley; in the catchment area:
Calosoma relictum, Duvalius strupii, Bembidion
rhodopense, Nebria ganglbaueri etc.; then the
beech forest itself is home to such endemic ground
beetles as Pterostichus bruckii, P. lumensis litae,
Molops rufipes steindacheri, M. sturanyi etc.
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2.a.19 Poland: Bieszczady (PL-BIES-01, -02, -03, -04)
1. Area size
Table 41: State Size Area Size Buffer
Area size of ID Component Part/Cluster Beech Forest Region
Party (ha) Zone (ha)
the compo-
nent cluster PL-BIES-01 Poland Border Ridge and Gorna Solinka valley 1,506.05
Bieszczady, PL-BIES-02 Poland Polonina Wetlinska and Smerek 1,178.03
Poland 24,330.52 Carpathian
PL-BIES-03 Poland Terebowiec stream valley 201.00
PL-BIES-04 Poland Wolosatka stream valley 586.66
1. Short profile and dynamics of these forests have been conducted for
biogeography 40 years. The dominant type of ecosystem is the
Carpathian beech forest Dentario glandulosae-
The forests of the Bieszczady National Park (BNP Fagetum, Acidophilus mountain beech forest
– IUCN Category II) are included among the best- Luzulo luzuloidis-Fagetum, and on smaller surfaces
retained forests in Poland. Generally, it is accepted also Aceri-Fagetum. These communities vary in
that considerable areas of the forest are preserved altitude gradient as they occupy locations from 700
in close to natural or even primeval condition. m a.s.l. to 1,260 m a.s.l.
It is the best-preserved remnant of the vast fir
and beech forests (so-called Carpathian Forest)
1. Abiotic factors
occupying the south-eastern part of Poland. These
forests have retained their original character Geographical position, natural region,
due to unavailability – the remote location from altitudinal zone
markets and roads and massive displacement of The proposed component cluster – part of the BNP
human populations conducted after World War II. – is situated in the Western Bieszczady Mountains,
According to the evaluation carried out by BNP, the the most western range of the Eastern Carpathians,
component parts proposed for nomination were in SE Poland. The component parts are located at an
never influenced by forest management, however altitude of 700 to 1,260 m a.s.l. These component
parts of stands located at high altitude near the parts represent a natural continuation of the sites
upper tree line were under pressure of grazing already inscribed on the World Heritage List (UA,
activity in the mid-twentieth century. Forests in the SL).
buffer zone are also valuable with natural species Geology and geomorphology
composition, however, the age structure has been The area is comprised mainly of sedimentary rocks
slightly changed by the management practices. known under the general name of the Carpathian
Part of the forest has been protected as nature flysch. This is a common name for rocks that
reserves since the 50s, part of it was protected by evolved as a result of the marine sedimentation
acquisition by a National Park in 1973 or from the of silt and sand suspended matter. The alternated
following enlargements of the park. Studies on the rock layers, formed during 130 million years
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2. DESCRIPTION
spanning the Upper Cretaceous Period and the turn in April after snow thawing. During summertime,
of the Oligocene and the Miocene, vary greatly in the highest water discharge occurs in July and is
thickness. The dominant geological layers include related to the typically heavy rainfall. The lowest
primarily the hard and relatively weather-resistant water levels are recorded in the fall (September–
sandstone and the soft silt/marl shale. Other October) and in wintertime (January–February).
noteworthy rock formations include conglomerate,
mudstone, ferric dolomite, marl, chert and very
little limestone (with fossils).
Climate
The climate of the Bieszczady Mountains is
primarily influenced by incoming air masses. For
62–64% of the year, the Bieszczady are dominated
by Polar Ocean air, for 20–25% by Continental Polar
air, for 6–10% by Arctic air and for 3% by Tropical
air. Southern winds dominate, with 30% of the
days. The longitudinal mountain range system
is conducive for valley wind, as well as for foehn
winds, known in Poland as the ‘halny’.
The average annual temperature depends not

only on the elevation above sea level, but also on
slope orientation and land relief. There are two
main climatic tiers in the park: the moderate cold
(annual average temperature of +6°C to +4°C) and
cold (+4°C to +2°C), with the latter mainly covering 1. Biotic factors
the glades. The average annual precipitation of the
lower areas of the Bieszczady Wysokie ranges from
900 mm to 1,100 mm. Forests cover the predominate portion of the
Bieszczady National Park (BNP) (22,520 ha–77.50%
Soils of the total area). Primary beech forest (12% of
The mountain soils within the Bieszczady National whole area) consists mainly of beech 95% of the
Park are strictly linked to their geological underbed, total number of trees, followed by sycamore
land relief and the intensity of relief-forming maple and silver fir. The predominating forest
processes in the slopes, as well as to the climate, association is Carpathian beech wood (Dentario
hydrology and vegetation. Brown soils dominate glandulosae-Fagetum), differentiated into several
the overall soil structure with nearly 90% of the sub-associations. The most common is the sub-
total park area. Of those soils the acid (dystrophic) association of typical Carpathian beech wood (with
brown soils occupy a slightly larger area than the Dentaria glandulosa and Symphytum cordatum).
brown proper and leeched soils (eutrophic and The sedge-grass sub-association (with Festuca
mezotrophic). This slight domination is caused drymeja and Carex pilosa) of beech wood occurs
by the local petrography and by properties of the mainly on warmer, southern slopes and on skeletal,
Quaternary slope covers. Regosols and lithosols, highly permeable soils. In moist habitats, in local
as well as ranker soils combined cover some 5% depressions and in narrow gorges cut by streams,
of the park area. Typical of the rock-rubble type, moist beech wood with perennial honesty Lunaria
they occur in the summit zones of the main ridges, rediviva or ramsons Allium ursinum occurs. Near
on steep slopes and on hard ‘horseback-shaped’ the tree line, a characteristic elfin (Krummholz)
rocks. Gleysols (mineral wetland soils) are normally beech wood with a tall-herb layer occurs (with
found in water-head zones and at slope break lines, Athyrium distentifolium). The poorest sites in the
where ground water seeps out of the covers. lower montane zone are occupied by acidophilous
mountain beech wood (Luzulo luzuloides-Fagetum),
Water balance usually occurring on a shallow skeleton soil.
The Bieszczady National Park is drained principally
by the river San and its tributaries. The southern
Flora
watershed of the San follows the border ridge
and forms a portion of the European watershed, The most valuable parts of the vascular flora of the
dividing the Baltic and Black Sea drainage basins. Bieszczady forests are typical species for the eastern
and southern Carpathians, including: Aconitum
The highest water discharge in the park is recorded moldavicum subsp. hosteanum and Rumex arifolius
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Forests
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Table 42: Rep- subsp. carpaticus. Bryophytes are represented by

resentative 413 species (e.g. Anomodon rugeli, Dicranum viride, Class Species
species for Buxbaumia viridis), lichens are represented by 529 Bird Glaucidium passerinum
the compo- species (e.g. Lobaria pulmonaria, Usnea faginea,
nent cluster Bird Dendrocopos leucotos
Bryoria crispa) and mushrooms are represented
Bieszczady, Bird
Poland by approx. 1,300 species (e.g. Antrodia melitta, Aquila pomarina
Hericium coralloides). Bird Picoides tridactylus

Bird Ficedula parva
Fauna
Invertebrate Boros schneideri
In the nominated component parts, there are
4 large carnivores: brown bear, wolf, lynx and
wildcat. The Myotis alcathoe, a species considered Invertebrate Rhysodes sulcatus
to be indicative of the forests of natural character Mammal Bison bonasus

is present in this area. A relatively large number Mammal Canis lupus
of birds of prey are present (lesser spotted eagle, Mammal Lynx lynx
buzzard), owls (Ural owl, pygmy owl, Boreal owl) and Mammal Ursus arctos
woodpeckers (white-backed, black woodpecker).
Mammal Myotis bechsteinii
Among invertebrates associated with old-growth
forests, there are: Rosalia alpina, Cerambyx scopoli, Mammal Felis sylvestris
Cucujus cinnaberinus, Boros schneideri, Rhysodes Plant Dicranum viride

sulcatus, Ceruchus chrysomelinus and among them
species like Bolitobius inclinans and Stichoglossa
semirufa.
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2. DESCRIPTION
2.a.20 Serbia: Fruška gora - Papratski do i Ravne (RS-FRUS-01, -02)
1. Area size

ponent cluster
RS-FRUS-01 Serbia Papratski do 65.36 Fruška gora
847.86 Pannonic
RS-FRUS-02 Serbia Ravne 93.43 - Papratski do i
Ravne, Serbia
1. Short profile and present in the Papratski do component part are
biogeography rare on Fruška gora Mt. The age of the forest in
Papratski do is estimated at 160 years. The long-
Fruška gora NP is a unique area of rich and lasting national protection of these localities has
preserved natural values located on Fruška gora resulted in undisturbed development of beech
Mt. (539 m a.s.l.), a dominant relief feature on forests, resulting in the only preserved ancient
the southern edge of the Pannonian Plain. To the beech forests of the Pannonian Beech Forest
north, the mountain is bordered by the Danube Region.
River, while to the south it descends into the
Syrmian lowlands. Predominant vegetation type 1. Abiotic factors
in Fruška gora NP are forests, with dominance of Geographical position, natural region,
silver linden (Tilia tomentosa), sessile oak (Quercus altitudinal zone
petraea), moesian European beech (Fagus sylvatica
Papratski do and Ravne component parts are
ssp. moesiaca) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus).
located on Fruška gora Mt., a solitary mountain in
Diversity of geological and pedological substrate,
the south-western part of Vojvodina Province of
but also favourable microclimatic conditions and
the Republic of Serbia, under Sremska Mitrovica
disheveled relief, have resulted in over 20 forest
Municipality in the County of Srem. Altitudes in
associations. Most dominant forests are oak and
Papratski do range from 400 to 460 m a.s.l., while in
hornbeam forests, for the low altitude of this
Ravne the altitude ranges from 350 to 450 m a.s.l.
mountain has given rise to thermophilic rather
than frigoriphilic tree species, such as beech.
Nevertheless, the northern slopes of Fruška gora Geology and geomorphology
Mt. provide favourable beech habitat conditions. Fruška gora Mt. is a geological-tectonic unit in
The presence of beech forests in Fruška gora Mt. form of a horst – anticlinal massif raised amidst the
is orographically conditioned, growing on northern Pannonian Plain and Syrmian lowlands, forming
expositions, on deep, moist soil around rivers or an outstanding relief feature. The Pannonian
streams. Furthermore, beech is widespread on the Plain is a great European lowland, enclosed by
northern slopes in the Tilio-Fagetum submontanum the Carpathians and Transylvanian Plateau. The
forest association, the dominant forest type in the Pannonian Sea existed here during the Pliocene
Ravne component. Monodominant beech forest, Epoch, a shallow sea which caused a large deposit
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of sediments. Fruška gora was an island of the along mountain rivers and streams. Depending on
Pannonian Sea, revealing almost all geological geological substrate, several soil groups are present:
periods in its substrate, with rich fossil fauna of dominant are the soils on loess, represented by a
the Pliocene Epoch. Fruška gora Mt. is 85 km complete pedogenetic series; soils on acid silicate
long (E–W) and 15 km wide (N–S), with its profile rocks, which are also widely distributed; soils on
shifted to the south, gradually descending into marl; soils on serpentine; diluvial soils and soils on
the Syrmian loess plateau. Southern slopes have alluvial sediment. In Papratski do and Ravne the
milder inclinations, while northern slopes abruptly geological substrate is made of phyllites and soils
descend into the Danube alluvial plain, with steep are loamy and sandy Dystric Cambisols, moderately
inclinations, abrasive terraces and deep river deep to deep, structured and containing a high
valleys. The central massif dates from the Paleozoic percentage of humus.
and Mesozoic Epoch, while Tertiary and Quaternary
sediments form the substrate of outer layers. Water balance
With 44 permanent waterways, the longest being
Patak bara (15.5 km), Potoranj (11.5 km), Neštinski
potok (10.8 km) and Lisvar (10.7 km), and 187
registered springs, many of which are tapped,
Fruška gora Mt. is water abundant, with a rich
hydrographic network. Springs differ in type and
are permanent or periodic, conditioned by the
underground water regime and the rock structure,
with flow variation 0.1–60 l/min. Most of them
are located in the central massive of Fruška gora
Mt., giving rise to streams and rivers descending
predominantly down northern and southern
slopes. Some waterways are lost in the foothills,
but still, many reach Sava, Danube and Black
Sea drainage basins. Twice a year the waterways
Climate of Fruška gora Mt. reach their maximum water
The Pannonian Plain is characterised by the levels, in spring and in autumn. Northern slopes
Continental climate and influenced by the wet are hydrologically richest, with a longer but looser
Oceanic climate and warm sub-Mediterranean hydrographic network. Waterways on the northern
climate. Climatic conditions of Fruška gora Mt. differ slopes descend abruptly, most of them reaching
from the surrounding terrain and are influenced the Danube River.
by its position, altitude, stretch direction, relief
and vegetation cover. Microclimatic conditions on 1. Biotic factors
Fruška gora Mt. vary with altitude and topography: Biotopes and vegetation
higher precipitation (aver. 833 mm) and narrower
temperature fluctuations are characteristic Steppe is the dominant habitat type of the
for higher elevations and western parts of the surrounding terrain of the Panonian Plain,
mountain, due to the impact of the humid Atlantic influenced by the harsh temperate continental
climate, while the eastern parts, influenced by the climate, characteristic for this region. The
dry Continental climate, have lower precipitation geomorphology and the position of Fruška gora
(aver. 652 mm) and wider temperature fluctuations. Mt. influences a moderate microclimate, with
The rainiest months are May–June and Sept–Oct. less extreme abiotic conditions, supporting rich
Cold northern winds blow from the Pannonian biodiversity. The predominant vegetation type
Plain but are somewhat buffered by the thick forest in Fruška gora NP are forests, with dominance of
vegetation of the northern slopes. silver linden (Tilia tomentosa), sessile oak (Quercus
petraea), moesian European beech (Fagus sylvatica
Soils ssp. moesiaca) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus),
Diversity of soils in Fruška gora Mt. is conditioned but also present is the transitioning habitat type
by the variation of geological substrate; relief and between forest and steppe, composed of grasslands
local topography; and climate and vegetation interspersed with forest, hedges and shrubs,
cover. Main soil types include: undeveloped soil particularly on the sun-exposed loess slopes.
(lithosols), pararendzina, rendzina, ranker and Around 75% of Fruška gora NP area is covered
various types of chernozem, cambisol and acidic with mixed and 24% with pure stand forest. In
brown soil, as well as alluvial and deluvial soil over 20 recorded forest associations, there are no
116
2. DESCRIPTION
autochthonous coniferous forests on Fruška gora exceptional natural value of Fruška gora NP since it
Mt. In a phytogeographic sense, the vegetation of was first protected in 1960, with around 150 species
Fruška gora Mt. belongs to the Central-European recorded in the park area, while close to 220 bird
Phytogeographic Region, the Central-European species were recorded and around 140 nesting
Balkan-Illyrian Sub-region and the Pannonian species were recorded in the whole mountain
Province. Forest associations of sessile oak and area. For being a bird diversity hotspot and habitat
hornbeam have the greatest distribution on Fruška of numerous internationally protected species, in
gora Mt. On the northern slopes of Fruška gora Mt. 1989 it was first declared an Important Bird Area
submontane beech forests, mostly as mixed beech (IBA) on 25,000 ha, to be almost doubled in 1997.
and linden forests, are widely distributed. The beech It is an especially important nesting habitat of birds
forest habitat here, within the oak forest elevation of prey, including important eagle species, such as
belt, is orographically conditioned by northern Hieraaetus pennatus and Aquila pomarina, while
exposition and steep inclinations providing cold up until recently, Papratski do was one of the last
and humid conditions, particularly in the deep river nesting places of Aquila heliaca in Serbia, a globally
valleys. Still, monodominant beech forests, present vulnerable species, but endangered in Europe.
in Papratski do component part, are rare and mixed Table 44:
beech and linden forests dominate, as they do in Class Species Representative
the Ravne component part and the surrounding species for the
buffer zone, with a prominent presence of oak, Amphibian Bombina pachipus component
extending to the sessile oak forests. Bird Ficedula hypoleuca cluster Fruška
gora - Paprats-
Bird Ficedula albicollis
Flora ki do i Ravne,
In Fruška gora Mt. about 1,500 (about 1,000 in Serbia
NP) higher plant and 150 moss taxa are present. Bird Dendrocopos medius
The floristic richness is linked to the diversity of Bird Columba oenas

soil, relief, macro and microclimatic conditions Bird Ciconia nigra
and long development of terrestrial ecosystems in Bird Aquila heliaca
Fruška gora, since the time when it was an island
Bird Picus canus
of the Pannonian Sea. Numerous relict species,
predominantly Tertiary relicts are present (e.g.
Daphne laureola, Orobanche hederae, Kitaibelia Invertebrate Lycaena dispar
vitifolia, Campanula lingulata), indicating a Invertebrate Cerambyx cerdo
refuge area of the Tertiary Epoch. The important Invertebrate Parnassius mnemosyne
presence of the representatives of the relict steppe Mammal Myotis bechsteinii
vegetation and Pannonian endemic species are
Reptile Coronella austriaca
prominent floristic features of Fruška gora, with
only a few Balkanic endemic species. The most
dominant floristic elements are European, followed
by Mediterranean, Pontic, Pannonian, Atlantic-
Mediterranean, Balkanic, Dacian, Moesian, Boreal
and Alpic. Out of 64 orchid species found in Serbia,
32 are present on Fruška gora Mt. For high floristic
diversity and presence of numerous rare, endemic,
relict and endangered plant taxa, Fruška gora Mt.
was designated as an Important Plant Area (IPA) in
2005.
Fauna
Fruška gora is a diversity hotspot for a number of
animal groups, with biodiversity research since
the nineteenth century. With 113 species of
butterflies, Fruška gora is a Prime Butterfly Area
(PBA). Batrachofauna is represented with 13 and
Herpetofauna with 11 species, with Fruška gora
Mt. being the most important reproductive centre
for these groups. Ornitofauna is recognised as an
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2.a.21 Serbia: Kopaonik - Kozje stene (RS-KOPA-01)
1. Area size
Table 45: State Component Part/ Size Buffer
Area size of ID Size Area (ha) Beech Forest Region
the compo-
nent part RS-KOPA-01 Serbia Kopaonik - Kozje stene 451.47 959.89 Moesian-Balcanic
Kopaonik -
Kozje stene,
Serbia
1. Short profile and the right slopes over the river bend. Inaccessibility
biogeography of these forests, along with long-lasting national
protection, has prevented any exploitation. On
Kopaonik Mt. is one of the highest mountains the western slopes of Jadovnik Hill, covered with
in Serbia. Primeval forest communities were grassland and shrub vegetation on a surface of
preserved completely or to a great extent within around 100 ha, lie both the locality and the park
the gorges of Kopaonik NP. Gorges of the high border.
mountains in the Balkan Peninsula are one of 1. Abiotic factors
the most important refugia of Tertiary flora and
fauna, where glaciation impacts were much less Geographical position, natural region,
pronounced, providing survival for many species, altitudinal zone
some of which are now considered relict and/or The Kozje stene component part is located on
endemic. High altitude, habitat diversity, many Kopaonik Mt. (2,017 m a.s.l.) in the southern part
refugial habitats and the central position in the of Serbia, under Raška Municipality and in the
Balkan Peninsula resulted in Kopaonik NP becoming County of Raška. The altitude in the Kozje stene
one of the hotspots of endemic high-mountain component part ranges between 940 m, by the
flora of the Balkan Peninsula, with a plenitude of Samokovska River, and 1,726 m a.s.l., which is the
endemic and relict species. Forests make up 58% altitude of Kukavica peak.
of the Kopaonik NP total area of 11.969,04 ha,
while ancient and primeval forests make up almost Geology and geomorphology
12% of the total area. Abundant in rivers and with Kopaonik NP is located on the central plateau of
several deep gorges, Kopaonik Mt. represents one Kopaonik Mt., surrounded by several mountain
of the most important refuge areas in the region. peaks of over 1,600 m a.s.l., the highest being
Kozje stene is the Level I protection regime locality Pančić’s Peak (2,017 m a.s.l.). The Kopaonik massif
of Kopaonik NP formed around the Samokovska stretches in the NW–SE direction over 75 km, with
River Gorge. Located on the north-western part a width of about 40 km. The geological substrate is
of Kopaonik NP, this locality of strong refugial quite diverse, with the main massif built of granitoid
character covers Kozje stene Reef, Jadovnik Hill rock, intermitted with kornites, serpentinites,
with Kukavica Peak (1,726 m a.s.l.), the entire left harzburgites, peridotites, marble etc. Kopaonik
slopes of the Samokovska River Gorge and part of Mt. is abundant in water, with 165 springs in the
118
2. DESCRIPTION
park alone, feeding the mountain rivers which basins. Kopaonik Mt. is abundant in water, with
form deep gorges. Located on the western part 165 springs in the park, Kopaonik NP forming a
of Kopaonik NP, this locality covers the slopes of dense hydrographic network of 34 waterways, with
the Samokovska River Gorge and the surrounding the prominent rivers being Samokovska, Duboka,
mountain landscape of steep inclinations (26–35° Brzećka, Barska, Gobeljska etc. The strongest
and over 35°) and diverse geological substrate of spring (60–65 l/s) sources the Duboka River which
metamorphic rocks: Paleozoic serpentinites and forms a deep gorge in the SE part of the park, same
Mesozoic kornites, granitoides and marble. The as the Brzećka River. The Samokovska River, 14.8
main soil type is shallow and medium deep (40–80 km long, runs through the Kozje stene component
cm) dystric cambisol, with up to 30% soil skeleton. part and is the most important watercourse of the
park. It runs across the park in almost all its length
Climate and forms many small peat bogs and waterfalls on
Influenced by the Continental and sub- its course, to pour into Jošanica River in Jošanička
Mediterranean climate, Kopaonik Mt. has a banja, just outside the park. The biggest peat bog
modified mountainous climate, with long but not so in Kopaonik NP is Jankove bare (2.88 hа), a Level
harsh winters. Negative average air temperatures I protection regime (PR) locality east of Kozje
last from (November) December to March, with stene. Mijatovća jaz, which runs across the Kozje
lowest temperatures in February (-5.1°C). The stene locality, is an abandoned irrigation canal, 18
average annual temperature is 3.6°C. The coldest km long. Constructed in 1928 with hand tools, it
months are January and February and July and was used until 1949 to supply waterless land of
August are the warmest. The absolute temperature Žutica village, near Raška, with water from the
high was 30°C in July and the absolute low -24.2°C Samokovska River. This 18 km long canal was in use
in February. The average number of snowy days is until 1949.
94/year, with 162 days of snow cover. Kopaonik is
regarded as a snowy and sunny mountain, even
though the average number of foggy days is 170/
year. The average relative air humidity ranges from
77.6% in August to 84.1% in February. The average
annual precipitation sum is around 1,000mm,
with the maximum in May (June) and minimum
in January. The strongest winds are S and SSE,
while the most frequent winds are S and SW. The
strongest winds blow in December and January,
with average wind speeds of 8.1 m/s.
Soils
In Kopaonik NP the acidic and humus-silicate soils
dominate. Most frequent soil types are dystric
cambisol and podzol, on which spruce pure stand
and mixed forests predominately grow. Eutric
cambisol and terra fusca form only in some parts
and are mainly covered by beech forests. Soil type
in Kozje stene is predominately dystric cambisol, 1. Biotic factors
which varies in depth and soil skeleton. On forested
parts shallow and medium deep (40–80 cm) soil is Biotopes and vegetation
formed, with up to 30% of soil skeleton. Shallow Abundant in mountain rivers forming deep gorges,
soil is the most common, for the steep relief of with a dense hydrographic network of mountain
Kozje stene doesn’t allow the formation of deeper springs and streams, large peat bogs, diverse
soil. On the steep slopes, the soil skeleton can forests, high-mountain meadows and grasslands,
take up to 60% of soil, but deep, humus-rich soil Kopaonik NP is a mosaic of well-preserved
accumulates between the ridges and in the cracks ecosystems, characterised by an orderly vegetation
of the substrate rock and on milder inclinations, belt changeover, representing almost all types
allowing the forest to form, even in such harsh of central Balkan high-mountain ecosystems.
habitat conditions. Herbaceous vegetation makes up 74% of 118
present plant associations, with forest vegetation
Water balance making up 26%. Out of the Kopaonik NP total area
Rivers and streams in Kopaonik NP belong to the of 11.969,04 ha, 58% is covered with forest. The
West Morava, Danube and Black Sea drainage
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best preserved, old-growth forests make up almost Fauna

12% of the total area. Forests of Kopaonik NP form The fauna of Kopaonik NP is quite diverse,
two main forest vegetation belts, depending on the especially for some faunistic groups, such as birds
altitude: The beech forest belt (1,000–1,550 m a.s.l.), and butterflies this mountain is considered to be
with Fagetum montanum as the main association, exceptionally diverse. With 138 butterfly species,
forming on different substrates: serpentinites, including Lycaena dispar, Polyommatus eroides,
limestones, granite or methamorphus rocks, and Nymphalis vaualbum (Habitat Directive, Annexes
the spruce forest belt (1,550–2,000 m a.s.l.), with II&IV) and Euphydryas aurinia (Habitat Directive,
Picetum excelsae as the main association, forming Annex II), Kopaonik NP is considered a Prime
mainly on granite substrate. Beech forests are Butterfly Area (PBA). Significant representatives of
also present in the spruce forest belt, in forest the butterfly fauna of Kopaonik NP are Phengaris
associations Fagetum subalpinum serbicum and (Maculinea) arion, as an indicator species of
Aceri heldreichi-Fagetum. The lowest elevations of preserved natural ecosystems, and Colias caucasica
Kozje stene are covered by beech forest (Fagetum ssp. Balcanica, an endemic and relict species
submontanum, Fagetum montanum), above which Colias caucasica ssp. balcanica. Batrachofauna
mixed spruce, fir and beech forests form (Seslerio- is represented with 9 species, Herpetofauna
Abieti-Fagetum, Piceto-Abieti-Fagetum, Piceo- with 11, Ornitofauna with 180, out of which 115
Abietetum serpentinicum). Spruce dominates species nest in the park (Important Bird Area –
the highest elevations where it forms relict forest IBA) and Teriofauna with 39 species, out of which
associations (Erico-Piceetum excelsae, Erico- Chiroptera make up 5. The waterways of the park
Piceto-Abietum), above which the shrub vegetation are characterised by the presence of Salmo trutta
(Piceo subalpinae-Vaccinio Juniperetum), as well and Austropotamobius torrentium.
as the grassland vegetation (Seslerietum rigidae,
Table 46:
Caricetum humilis, Erico-Seslerietum rigidae, Class Species
Representa-
tive spe-
Asplenietea rupestris etc) form.
cies for the Bird Scolopax rusticola
Flora
component Bird Nucifraga caryocatactes
part Kopaonik Prominent research of flora and vegetation of Bird Ficedula albicollis
- Kozje stene, Kopaonik Mt. was done in the nineteenth century
Bird Loxia curvirostra
Serbia by Josif Pančić. Intensive research during the
twentieth century has contributed the discovery Bird Aegolius funereus
of a high number of relict and endemic plant Bird Dryocopus martius
species. The high diversity of natural habitats Bird Turdus viscivorus
resulted in a high floristic heterogeneity and the Bird Dendrocopos leucotos
diversity of 1,603 plant species (155 species of
Bird Certhia familiaris
moss), with 91 endemic (3 stenoendemic) and 82
subendemic species. With 12% of the endemic Bird Regulus regulus
high-mountain flora of the Balkan Peninsula Bird Dendrocopos major
represented in the park, it is one of the endemic Bird Carduelis spinus
Balkan flora hotspots. The presence of Tertiary Bird Bonasa bonasia
relicts indicates that Kopaonik Mt. was a significant Bird Parus ater
refugia during the ice age, while many glacial
Bird Anthus trivialis
relicts indicate that during the glaciations it was
connected with other high mountains of Europe
and Asia. Some of the Tertiary relicts in Kopaonik
NP include Daphne blagayana, Acer heldreichii,
Trollius europaeus, Jasione orbiculata, Cardamine
glauca and Ranunculus serbicus, while the glacial
relicts include Vaccinium uliginosum, Eriophorum
latifolium, E. angustifolium, E. vaginatum and
Leontopodium alpinum. All 3 stenoendemic species
of Kopaonik NP, Sempervivum kopaonikensis (syn.
Jovibarba heuffelii var. glabrum), Cardamine
pancicii and Viola kopaonikensis, are found in Kozje
stene, along with Edraianthus jugoslavicus, Stachys
scardica, Cerastium decalvans and many more.
120
2. DESCRIPTION
2.a.22 Serbia: Tara - Zvezda i Rača (RS-TARA-01, -02)
1. Area size

ponent cluster
RS-TARA-01 Serbia Rača 215.94 Tara - Zvezda i
4,091.99 Moesian-Balcanic
RS-TARA-01 Serbia Zvezda 1,873.67 Rača, Serbia
1. Short profile and with walnut Fagetum montanum juglandetosum,

biogeography forming along with Fagetum submontanum,
Musco-Alnetum glutinosae, Ostryo-Pinetum nigrae
In gorges and canyons of Tara NP, relict forest and Aceri-Osryo-Fagetum forest associations, the
communities have preserved completely or to a latter also being of relict character and forming on
great extent their original, ancient characteristics. the lower parts of the gorge as well, with walnut as
The inaccessibility of these forests, along with an accompanying species.
long-lasting national protection, has prevented
any forest exploitation. The geomorphological 1. Abiotic factors
features and the position of Tara NP influenced Geographical position, natural region,
a unique, secluded and humid microclimate, altitudinal zone
preserving favourable abiotic conditions during the
Zvezda and Rača component parts are located in
Ice age, which gave it its strong refugial character
the western-most part of Serbia, under the Bajina
and resulted in a plenitude of endemic and relict
Bašta Municipality in the County of Zlatibor. Tara
species related to forest ecosystems. Tara NP
NP borders Bosnia and Herzegovina, with the state
holds some of the oldest forest ecosystems in
border on the Drina River, forming a large bend
Europe, where the endemic and relict coniferous
and a deep canyon in this part of its course. The
tree species, Picea omorika – Serbian spruce, has
altitudes in Zvezda are 220–1,440 m a.s.l. and in
survived since the Tertiary Period. Serbian spruce
Klisura Rače they are 600–1,000 m a.s.l.
is now endemic of the Drina River valley and grows
in several Level I protection regime localities of Geology and geomorphology
Tara NP, one of which is the Zvezda locality, where
These mountains are the far-eastern parts of the
it grows numerous on top of the steep Drina River
Dinaric Alps mountain range, thus have limestone
canyon slopes, forming the relict forest association
as the main geological substrate, with many karst
Omorikae-Piceto-Abieti-Fagetum mixtum The
caves, pits and springs, which feed mountain
forest associations Fagetum montanum and Piceto-
rivers and form deep, picturesque gorges. The
Abieti-Fagetum cover the adjacent mountain
Drina River canyon, one of the deepest in Europe,
terrain of milder inclinations. On the lowest levels
over 1,000m deep, surrounds this mountainous
of the Rača River gorge, a forest refuge region is
National Park, which spreads over the Tara Mt.
indicated by a relict forest association of beech
complex, consisting of Tara Mt. (sensu stricto) and
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Zvezda Mt., separated by the Derventa River gorge. the area, deeper soils can be hidden.
Canyon slopes in Zvezda are very steep, with an
inclination of over 35°, while the adjacent Zvezda Water balance
Mt. landscape has milder inclinations, mostly 20– Rivers and streams of the area belong to the Drina,
30°. Inclinations in Klisura Rače range from 15° to Danube and Black Sea drainage basins. The Drina
35°. Main soil types on limestone substrate in Tara River Valley has a composite character from the
NP are skeletal karst chernozem (protorendzina), Klotijevačka Gorge up- to downstream of the town
rendzina, terra fusca and pseudogley. Due to a of Bajina Bašta. The Drina is a fast and cold river
humid mountain climate, winters are relatively (8.7–16.3°C), with a flow by Bajina Bašta town of
mild, with the average temperature of the coldest 698 m3/s. Due to the karst characteristics of Tara
month -3,7°C, 156 snowy days/year and an average NP, the river network is not dense. Zvezda is rich
annual precipitation of 1,017mm. in underground water, because the surface water
either plunges or quickly drains over steep relief
into riverbeds of the Drina, Derventa or Brusnica
rivers. These rivers have the highest flow in April and
May, due to the precipitation and melting of snow,
often causing river torrents. On the downstream
parts of Zvezda, the Drina River slows down and
widens to form the upper part of Perućac reservoir.
Rača River flows underground on some parts of its
14.2 km course, due to the voids in the limestone
riverbed, except after heavy rainfalls, when it flows
fully above ground.
1. Biotic factors
Tara NP spreads over mostly heavily forested
Climate mountain landscape (>60%), intermitted with
The climate of Tara NP is a mountainous form of several mountain peaks and mountain rivers
mild Continental climate, with high humidity, a forming deep, picturesque gorges. The main tree
high number of precipitating days per year, and an species are Abies alba (43.3%), Fagus sylvatica
annual precipitation sum ranging from 625 mm to ssp. moesiaca (30.2%) and Picea abies (15.3%),
1,190 mm (1,017 mm aver.). The average annual forming a Piceto-Abieti-Fagetum association which
temperature is 5.6°C. The average temperature dominates the park (85%). On parts of Zvezda, the
of the coldest month (January) is -3.7°C and the Serbian spruce population grows on top of the
absolute minimal temperature is -24.8°C, while the Drina River canyon slopes, forming an Omorikae-
average temperature of the warmest month (July) Piceto-Abieti-Fagetum mixtum forest association.
is 15.3°C and the absolute maximal temperature On the canyon tops Pinus nigra is frequent. On
25°C. Humidity is high throughout the year, the these steep slopes, beech inhabits gullies of
lowest relative air humidity being in May (80%) and the rugged slopes, where deeper soil forms,
the highest in November (88%), with a vegetation while the remaining rocky terrain is covered by
period average around 81%. The number of foggy Ostrya carpinifolia and Fraxinus ornus (Fraxineto-
days is 86/year on average. The wind speed ranges Carpinetum syringetum). The vegetation cover
from 1.6 m/s (E winds) up to 3.9 m/s (SW winds), on the canyon slopes is low (0.3–0.5), with shrub
with February, March and September having the form of the main tree species. Accompanying
highest number of windfalls. species on lower parts of the canyon include Acer
pseudoplatanus, Juglans regia and Tilia cordata,
Soils and in the Neveljski Stream valley Taxus baccata,
Main soil types forming on limestone substrate in Tara Pinus nigra and Quercus petraea. The adjacent
NP are skeletal karst chernozem (protorendzina), Zvezda mountain terrain of milder inclinations has
rendzina, terra fusca and pseudogley. In Zveda and a thick tree cover (0.7–1.0) of Fagetum montanum
Klisura Rače protorendzina, rendzina and terra and Piceto-Abieti-Fagetum forest associations, with
fusca dominate. On the steepest inclinations the the dominance of beech. Terrain inclinations in the
bedrock is uncovered and shallow protorendzina Rača River Gorge range from 15° to 35°. On the
form, while on milder inclinations and in the ridges mild inclinations, an old-growth beech forest forms
between large rocks the deeper soil of rendzina (Fagetum submontanum), with 35 m high beech
and terra fusca form. Under the scree, frequent in trees with trunks over 1 m wide. Upon entering
122
2. DESCRIPTION
a steep gorge, a relict beech forest with walnut Table 48:

(Juglans regia) forms a relict Fagetum montanum Class Species Representative
juglandetosum forest association. Other forest species for the
Bird Falco peregrinus component
associations present in the Rača River Gorge
are Musco-Alnetum glutinosae, Ostryo-Pinetum Bird Tetrao urogallus cluster Tara -
Zvezda i Rača,
nigrae and Aceri-Osryo-Fagetum, the latter, which Bird Sylvia atricapilla
Serbia
forms on lower levels of the gorge and has walnut Bird Aquila chrysaetos
as an accompanying species, also being of relict Bird Regulus regulus
character. Bird Aegolius funereus
Flora Bird Bonasa bonasia
Secluded and humid microclimate, Bird Glaucidium passerinum

geomorphological features and the position of Tara Bird Haliaeetus albicilla
NP gave it its strong refugial character and resulted Bird Strix uralensis
in a complex of microrefugia, with a high diversity of
Bird Certhia familiaris
endemic and relict taxa. Located between the Iliric
Bird Picoides tridactylus
and Moesian floristic provinces, Tara NP supports
high floristic diversity of nearly 1,200 species, 76 Bird Dryocopus martius
of which are endemic. With many stenoendemic Bird Parus montanus
and relict plant species, 210 nationally protected Bird Dendrocopos leucotos
and 115 found on the Red List of flora of Serbia,
Tara NP is an Important Plant Area (IPA). Out of 40
forest communities found here, 4 are relict. One
tree species stands out as the most significant
for Tara NP – Picea omorika, for which Tara Mt.
represents locus classicus. This coniferous species
is a Tertiary relict, now endemic of the Drina River
Valley, discovered in 1875 by Serbian botanist Josif
Pančić. All Serbian spruce localities in Tara NP are
protected under Level I protection regime, one
of which is Zvezda, where relict tree species Ilex
aquifolium and Taxus baccata also grow.
Fauna
The fauna of Tara NP is exceptionally diverse, with
a number of relict and endemic species, the most
famous being Pancic’s grasshopper (Pyrgomorphulla
serbica Pancic), a relict species, now endemic of
the Drina River Valley, discovered here by Josif
Pančić in 1881. A significant representative of the
entomofauna of beech forests in Tara NP is Rosalia
alpina (Habitat Directive, Annexes II&IV). With 115
butterfly species, 23 of them on the Red List of
butterflies of Serbia, Tara NP is considered to be a
Prime Butterfly Area (PBA). Other faunistic groups
are also quite diverse in Tara NP: Ichthyofauna
is represented with 28 species, Batrachofauna
with 10, Herpetofauna with 9, Ornitofauna with
170, out of which 120 species nest in the park
(Important Bird Area – IBA) and Teriofauna with 80
species, out of which Chiroptera make up 24. Over
70% of the occurring mammal species are forest
dependent species. Characteristic mammal species
for the park and for Zvezda and Rača component
parts are Ursus arctus and Rupicapra rupicapra.
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2.a.23 Slovakia: Poloniny (SK-POLO-01*, -02*, -03*, -04*)
1. Area size
Table 49: State Size Area Size Buffer
Area size of ID Component Part/Cluster Beech Forest Region
Party (ha) Zone (ha)
the compo-
nent cluster SK-POLO-01* Slovakia Havešová Primeval Forest* 167.88 6,474.84
Poloniny, SK-POLO-02* Slovakia Rožok* 74.37 1,138.89
Slovakia Carpathians
SK-POLO-03* Slovakia Stužica - Bukovské Vrchy* 1,742.47 5,694.84
SK-POLO-04* Slovakia Udava* 455.82 814.69
1. Short profile and cluster includes 8 of them. These natural reserves

biogeography belong to the best-sustentative primeval forests in
all of Europe. There were established permanent
The component cluster Poloniny is a part of the research plots in three included natural reserves
Poloniny National Park (PNP) which belongs to the in the 1960s by Prof. Korpeľ who belonged to the
Carpathian section of the Alpine Biogeographical European pioneers in the scientific research of
Region (www.eea.eu.int). It is a mountainous natural dynamics in primeval forests.
area and belongs to the most forested regions in
Slovakia. 80% of its area is covered by forest where 1. Abiotic factors
European beech dominates over other tree species. Geographical position, natural region,
Pure beech stands are prevailing, only a small part altitudinal zone
of PNP is covered by habitats with fir-beech stands The cluster Poloniny containing 4 component parts
or by mixtures with other deciduous tree species is located in the north-east corner of Slovakia and it
(maple, lime, elm etc.). The elevation amplitude adjoins Ukraine and Poland. It belongs to the Prešov
of the cluster is approximately 800 m and other region and Snina District. The cluster is spread
natural conditions (geology, soils) are reflected over 11 municipalities (17 with buffer zones). The
in the presence of various forest associations elevation range is from 445 m a. s. l. (component
which belong to three vegetation zones, by Slovak part Havešová) to 1,210 m a. s. l. (component part
classification. In the past it was only the forests Stužica-Bukovské vrchy).
near settlements or forests beside agricultural land
which were influenced by humans. Exploitation of Geology and geomorphology
forests increased mainly in the second half of the The bedrock of this component cluster is built
twentieth century. Vast forest stands situated in by flysh rocks of the Dukla Unit of the Upper
more remote locations were without any human Cretaceous and Palaeocene Age. It is a more than
impact until that time. Some remnants of those 5,000 m deep complex of strata where sandstone
forests became a subject of nature conservation by and claystone layers regularly alternate. These flysh
the establishment of natural reserves from which rocks have various composition, grain sizes and
the oldest was established in 1908. The component colours, which is a result of the changing conditions
124
2. DESCRIPTION
in rock sedimentation during tens of millions of and Black Seas. The component cluster Poloniny is
years. From a tectonic point of view, the Dukla Unit a spring area of many creeks – left side tributaries
is an aggregate of NW–SE folds and anticlinal slices. of the Laborec river basin belonging to the Black
Sea catchment area (Laborec → Latorica → Bodrog
The region has a typical smooth flysh relief → Tisza → Danube → Black Sea). In the component
with upland to highland character. The whole part Udava the Udava river is rising– tributary of
component cluster belongs to the orographic Laborec. The Udava creates, thanks to the still active
unit Bukovské vrchy which is a part of the erosion activity at its spring area, an interesting
Eastern Carpathians Province, the Outer Western hydrographic-morphological phenomenon: the
Carpathians subprovince and the Eastern Beskids river piracy of three neighbouring Polish rivers,
Area. Two component parts – Stužica-Bukovské named the Solinka, Oslawa and Balnica. The other
vrchy and Udava – are under the main ridge (the three component parts belong to the Uh River
highest point is Kremenec, 1,210 m a.s.l.). Havešová basin (Uh → Laborec) with the right-side tributaries
(the lowest point, 446 m a.s.l.) is located under the Stužica, Ulička and Ublianka, only a small part of
lower parallel ridge of Nastaz and the component Stužica-Bukovské vrchy belongs to the spring area
part Rožok is located under one aside ridge. of the Cirocha river – also a tributary of the Laborec
river.
Climate
All climate zones are represented in the Poloniny
NP: warm, moderate and cold. This is caused by
the relief diversity. A major part of the territory
demonstrates a cold climate; however, the basins
have a moderately warm and humid climate. The
average annual temperatures range between 8
and 4°C and the average annual precipitation is
800–1,000 mm. Snow cover lasts from November
to April, in the mountaintops for over 160 days.
The highest temperatures usually occur in July, the
coldest month is January. The direction of winds
is not influenced by the orography of the region.
Prevailing winds are northwest and southwest.
Soils
The soil formation in the component cluster
Poloniny has been influenced by different soil
forming factors, such as the shape of the relief,
altitude, climate, biotic factors (vegetation and soil
organisms) and anthropogenic factors. This has
1. Biotic factors
resulted in various types of soil. Cambisols prevail Biotopes and vegetation
and are accompanied by rankers. Pararendzinas The whole area of the component cluster is
can be found in the more calcareous parts of the covered by forest, apart from small plots with
flysch. Below 700 m they are base saturated, while inconsiderable area. The dominating woody plant
at higher elevations they are unsaturated, loamy is the European beech (Fagus sylvatica). Pure
to clay-loamy. Most of these soils are acid to very beech forests dominate in the whole region. The
acid. The mean value of pH decreases as elevation occurrence of silver fir (Abies alba) is present at
increases: from 4.6 to 5.0 between 450 and 900 more humid sites in the component parts Stužica-
m down to 4.0 to 4.3 between 900 and 1000 m Bukovské vrchy and Udava. The beech forests are
elevations. represented by two sub-alliances. The first sub-
The soils are endangered by erosion, particularly alliance of herb-rich beech forests (Eu-Fagenion)
water erosion. Landslides are rather common, (EUNIS code G1.63) includes associations with the
mainly on slopes with claystone bedrocks. predominant Dentario bulbiferae-Fagetum. Typical
species, such as the coralroot bittercress (Dentaria
Water balance bulbifera), bittercress (Dentaria glandulosa),
All four component parts lie in the upper part of this purple lettuce (Prenanthes purpurea) and fescue
mountainous region. The northern border of the (Festuca drymeya) occur. Associations of the
component part Stužica-Bukovské vrchy is identical second sub-alliance maple forests (Acerenion)
with the European watershed between the Baltic represented by beech-maple forests (Aceri-
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ANCIENT
ANCIENT BEECH
Ancient and
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Primeval Beech OF
FORESTS EUROPE
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EUROPE
Fagetum) (EUNIS: G1.65) prevail in higher ground 6,359 animal species (320 of which are vertebrates)
near the timberline. The herbaceous layer is or their groups, have been by now detected in the
represented by species, such as maiden sorrel area of the Poloniny NP.
(Acetosa alpestris subs. Carpatica), alpine lady-fern
(Athyrium distentifolium) and especially the broad From the huge number of invertebrates, it is very
buckler fern (Dryopteris dilatata). The forests at difficult to give the whole list of the significant
the highest elevations below the timberline are species. It would include representatives of almost
influenced by the peak location and therefore the all principal systematic groups, among which the
trees stay smaller. most numerous is the class of insects (Insecta).
Most of the invertebrates were found in specific
Lime-maple forest associations (Tilio-Acerion) biotopes in broad-leaved forests.
(EUNIS: G1.B5) with tree species like the wych
elm (Ulmus glabra), sycamore maple (Acer From vertebrates the wild population of the
pseudoplatanus) and small-leaved lime (Tilia European bison (Bison bonasus) and the sporadic
cordata), occur in more humid soils and rock occurrence of the moose (Alces alces) are worth
screes. The herbaceous undergrowth is dominated mentioning. Great carnivores are represented by
by perennial honesty (Lunaria rediviva), dog’s the grey wolf (Canis lupus), the brown bear (Ursus
mercury (Merculialis perennis) etc. Various species arctos), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and wild cat (Felis
of fern are also common. sylvestris) in the Poloniny NP.
The smallest percentage of the component cluster

is covered by alliance Luzulo-Fagion (EUNIS: G1.61), Class Species
Table 50: Rep-
resentative present at localities with acid soil. Amphibian Salamandra salamandra
species for Bird Ficedula albicollis
the compo- Flora
Bird Dendrocopos leucotos
nent cluster The component cluster Poloniny is located at the
Poloniny, botanical frontier between the Eastern and Western Fungi Myxarium galzinii
Slovakia Fungi Hericium erinaceus
Carpathians mountain systems what is reflected
in the occurrence of vascular plant species with Invertebrate Carpathica calophana
the distribution western boundary in this region. Invertebrate Rosalia alpina
Those species are typical mainly for ‘poloniny’ Invertebrate Argna bielzi
alpine meadows. Regarding the forest associations,
Invertebrate Mycetoma saturale
the herbaceous undergrowth is rather poor with
mainly spring ephemeral geophytes with a short Invertebrate Neobisium polonicum
aboveground cycle which grow when the amount Invertebrate Siro carpaticus
of light is higher. From the East Carpathians forest Lichens Hypotrachyna revoluta
plant species present in our cluster, the following Mammal Bison bonasus
plants are worth mentioning: purple hellebore
Mammal Ursus arctos
(Helleborus purpurascens), comfrey (Symphytum
Plant Buxbaumia viridis
cordatum) and there is also a locality of Carpathian
buttercup (Ranunculus carpaticus), a species
endemic to the East Carpathians present in the
buffer zone of the Rožok component part.
The component cluster Poloniny is rather rich in

fungi. There was recorded an occurrence of 473
species of macromycetes in the component part
Stužica-Bukovské vrchy. Recent lichen inventories
reported an occurrence of 230 epiphytic and
epixylic species in the same component part.
Fauna
Zoo-geographically speaking, the component
cluster and the whole Poloniny National Park is
in a Palaearctic region with mixed and deciduous
forests. It is situated on the Western and Eastern
Carpathians borderline which is also reflected in a
unique range of animal species and communities.
126
2. DESCRIPTION
2.a.24 Slovakia: Vihorlat (SK-VIHO-01, -02*)
1. Area size

ID Size Area (ha) Beech Forest Region size of the
component
SK-VIHO-01 Slovakia Kyjovský prales 289.41 104.47 cluster Vihorlat,
Carpathians
SK-VIHO-02 Slovakia Vihorlat* 1,553.06 854.08 Slovakia
1. Short profile and valuable flora associations and fauna communities.

biogeography The National Nature Reserve consists of former
Vihorlatský prales National Nature Reserve –
Vihorlat is a large complex of beech primeval forests which Kyjov established in 1974. It was enlarged in
extending along the arc of the main range of the 2007 and named Kyjovský prales National Nature
Vihorlat Mts. It runs from the Vihorlat Mt. in the Reserve.
west over the Motrogon Mt. to the Nežabec Mt. in
the north and ends south of the Fetkov Mt. in the 1. Abiotic factors
south. It encompasses the Vihorlat National Nature Geographical position, natural region,
Reserve. The complex spans an altitudinal range altitudinal zone
from 630 to 1,076 m a.s.l. The complex is a part of
The protected area is located in the Prešov and
the Vihorlat Protected Landscape Area, which has a
Košice Regions, in the Districts of Sobrance,
large number of natural landmarks, such as Morské
Humenné, Michalovce, Snina, in the cadastral
Oko Lake, a remnant of the historical relief-forming
areas of Poruba pod Vihorlatom, Valaškovce South,
processes in the area. This lake was formed in the
Valaškovce Middle, Valaškovce North, Remetské
Holocene period in a way typical for lakes of young
Hámre, Vyšná Rybnica, Kolonica, Stakčín, Snina and
volcanic mountain ranges. Andesites, released by
Zemplínske Hámre Villages at an altitude of 550–
the weathering of accompanying soft tuffs, fell
1,076 m a.s.l.
from the surrounding slopes and blocked a valley
that contained a small mountain brook. Water Geology and geomorphology
gradually filled the dammed edge of the valley,
The area of the territory is built of volcanic units
forming a lake. Remnants of the edge of the lava
which include most of the central stratovolcano
flow, called Sninský kameň, tower above the lake
of Vihorlat Mts. According to absolute dating the
affording a beautiful view. Another noteworthy
vestige of the old volcano came into existence 15
feature of the area is that it contains peatlands
million years ago in the Upper Badenian and the
with populations of the carnivorous plant round-
was last productive 9 million years ago in the lower
leafed sundew (Drosera rotundifolia). Kyjovský
Pannonian. There are lava flows of hyperstene-
prales National Nature Reserve is a large forest
augitic andesite and melaphyre and their
ecosystem with a big variability of habitat and
volcaniclastic equivalents. Geomorphologically, the
natural conditions and occurrence of native and
territory is part of two subsystems of the Alpine-
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Himalayan system. It‘s situated in the eastern part accompanying cultures and rankers, from the
of Vihorlatská hornatina (Vihorlat Highland), which valleys of acid to neutral rocks; less common are
together with Kyjovská planina (Kyjov Plain) and Cambis subzolos with accompanying subbolts of
Jasenovská hornatina (Jasenov Highland) are parts cambizemic and rankrals of wind turbines of acidic
of Vihorlat, Vihorlatské vrchy (Vihorlat Mountains), rocks. The soils are sandy-loam, loamy, medium
Vihorlatsko–gutinská oblasť (Area), sub–province rocky (pebble) (20–50%) and non-skeletal to
Inner East Carpathians, province Východné weakly rocky (0–20%), moist, medium, large and
Karpaty (East Carpathians) and the sub-system medium to large retention capacity and moderate
Karpaty (Carpathians). Thus the defined territory is permeability. The excellent soil properties found
composed of volcanics and volcanoclastics of the in the area are reflected in the high stability,
Inner Carpathian volcanic belt. productivity, and good health of its ecosystems,
which contain 240-year-old specimens of beech,
Climate
even when viewed in a broader European context.
The area is located in a cold climatic region, in
a moderate cold-climate domain (C1), with an Water balance
average temperature of 14 to 16°C in July, and of -4
The area belongs to the hydrogeological region P
to -5°C in January. The average annual precipitation
100 Neovolcans of the Vihorlat Mts. Water from
is 1,000 to 1,200 mm. The highest precipitation is in
the area flows off by the Cirocha River, which flows
the summer season (mostly in July).
into the Laborec River near the City of Humenné.
Soils The whole area belongs to the Laborec river basin,
the Black Sea catchment area.
The component cluster is located in an area with
the occurrence of cambis, modally acidic, with
128
2. DESCRIPTION
1. Biotic factors example Bombina bombina, Bufo bufo, Rana

temporaria, Triturus sp. Representative reptiles are
mainly Lacerta agilis, Zootoca vivipara, Zamenis
The beech forests are characterised by the absence longissimus, Natrix natrix and in higher locations
of both spruce and fir. Hardwoods such as sycamore Vipera berus. About 100 bird species nest in the
(Acer pseudoplatanus) and common ash (Fraxinus area of the site, e.g. Motacilla cinerea, Motacilla
excelsior), however, are found in the preserve’s alba, Dendrocopos major, Dendrocopus leucotos,
forests due to its rocky andesite substrate. Vihorlat Dryocopus martius and Upupa epops. In the local
Beech Forest is an example of primary beech forest beech forests, it is possible to see Ciconia nigra
with an area of 250–300 ha, with distinctively and Strix uralensis. The most common bird of prey
variable diameter and height structure. Typical is Buteo buteo and also Pernis apivorus, Circaetus
selection structure is very rare, occurring only in galicus and Aquila pomarina. The dense forests of
small patches of forest where senescence is very Vihorlat are inhabited by large carnivores like Canis
gradual and characterised by the dying of individual lupus, Lynx lynx and from time to time Ursus arctos
trees. Due to this fact the regeneration stage occur here.
in the forest exceeds 60 years. Most often, the
senescence stage lasts less than 60 years, and thus Table 52:
the stands often have a two-layer structure. These Class Species Representative
two-layered stands are characterised by a richly species for the
Amphibian Triturus cristatus
differentiated lower overstorey and a sparsely component
represented upper overstorey in the latter phases Amphibian Salamandra salamandra cluster Vihor-
lat, Slovakia
of the senescence stage. The whole developmental Bird Dendrocopos leucotos
cycle of these forests lasts 220–230 years, out of Bird Bonasa bonasia
which 50–70 years are in the senescence stage, 90– Bird Dryocopus martius
110 years are in the maturation stage, and 60–80
Bird Scolopax rusticola
years are in the optimum stage.
Bird Strix uralensis
Flora Invertebrate Rosalia alpina
With increasing elevation there are the following Mammal Lynx lynx
types of forest communities: In lower parts there Mammal Felis sylvestris
is a forest community of Fageto-Quercetum. The Mammal Ursus arctos
herbaceous undergrowth is relatively gramineous,
Mammal Canis lupus
there prevails pilose-leaf sedge (Carex pilosa), white
wood-rush (Luzula luzuloides) and wood melick Mammal Barbastella barbastellus
(Melica uniflora). This community is followed by Plant Lunaria rediviva
Fagetum pauper and Fagerum typicum, which have Reptile Coronella austriaca
the biggest percentage. The herbaceous layer is
rather poor. In spring there is dominant bittercress
(Dentaria glandulosa), on more moist localities
sweetscented bedstraw (Galium odoratum) and
common wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) are
common. The highest parts of the area are covered
by a community of Fageto-Aceretum with the
prevailing presence of beech (Fagus sylvatica),
sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus), wych
elm (Ulmus glabra) and European ash (Fraxinus
excelsior). From herbs it is necessary to mention
the Carpathians subendemit heartleaf comfrey
(Symphytum cordatum), and also East Carpathians
species like the European scopolia (Scopolia
carniolica) and the Telekia speciosa, which is a
typical species for the Vihorlat mountain range.
Fauna
More than 200 invertebrates occur here. One of
the most interesting is the Rosalia alpina species.
Vihorlat is also home to many amphibians, for
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2.b History and Development migrated from tropical to more temperate zones.
This adaptation would allow them to survive in the
northern hemisphere in the cool to chilly climate of
A single tree species, the beech, having come to the Miocene, while the austral woodland vegetation
dominate the forest and ecosystem development in the southern hemisphere has been dominated
of major portions of an entire continent over by broadleaf indeciduous forest to the present
the course of an ongoing ecological process day. The Central European Miocene flora saw
is unparalleled globally. This dominance has the blending of numerous geographical elements
developed within a few thousand years after the (East Asian, North American, Mediterranean,
last ice age, which is an extremely short period Subtropical, Tropical, Holarctic and Eurasian).
from a geological or evolutionary perspective. With During this epoch, a beech species appeared which
the last extension, mostly all Beech Forest Regions was an intermediate type between the North
were represented with at least one component American Fagus grandiflora and the European
part and therefore it provides an overview of the Fagus sylvatica (WALTER & STRAKA 1970).
postglacial evolution of beech.
The subsequent loss of species in Europe resulted
The present extension underlines the spectrum from climatic changes. By the end of the Pliocene
of this process and closes gaps in the inscribed epoch, the Quaternary was already about to set
property, introducing new aspects, by including in with its relatively rapid and strong variations
new Beech Forest Regions, e.g. Pannonic Region in temperature. The Glacial epoch (Pleistocene)
(Fruška Gora, Serbia) and the southernmost glacial with at least four glacials had commenced, causing
refuges of beech (e.g. Valle Infernale, Italy). the tropical-subtropical and East Asian–North
American elements to disappear. Yet it was not
Processes of Europe’s evolutionary
before the onset of the Middle Pleistocene that the
development temperate flora would turn into what we see today.
Although the Gondwana supercontinent had
The glacial epoch resulted in Arctotertiary
started to fragment at the turning point from
floristic elements becoming extinct at a globally
Triassic to Jurassic, the fragments were initially
unprecedented scale.
close to each other so that plants could spread.
A number of recent plant taxa therefore have a During the glacials, the snow line in Scandinavia
distinct ‘Gondwana distribution range’. Relic areas dropped to the zone of maximum precipitation,
on the southern tip of South America, Australia, giving rise to a vast continental ice sheet of up to
and New Zealand are possibly occupied by the 3,000 m in thickness. With the water bound, sea
southern beech (Nothofagus) genus (WALTER & levels fell by up to 120 m. The Baltic Sea region was
STRAKA 1970). Nothofagus might have evolved covered by huge glaciers but the southern North
within the region of what is Antarctica today, but Sea, and the greatest part of the Adriatic turned
was subsequently unable to reach the portions into dry land (SCHROEDER 1998). The Alps were
of Gondwanaland that had detached already also glaciated, leaving only a single ice-free strip in
at an earlier point (Africa, Madagascar, India). Central Europe between the Nordic continental ice
However, it would come to South America, New sheet and the Alpine glaciers that were reaching far
Zealand and Australia, where it has persevered into the foreland. Consequently, the climate was
ever since (CRANWELL 1963, 1964 in WALTER & extreme here, and tundra was spreading.
STRAKA 1970). Disjunctive distribution might best
be explained by the existence of a former Antarctic With the inland ice approaching from the north
land bridge (DU RIETZ 1940, quoted in WALTER & and due to the chill, plant species of the temperate
STRAKA 1970). zones became extinct. In Europe, the ‘retreating’
flora would, beside the Alps, encounter the
It is assumed that Fagus spread from a ‘warmer Mediterranean, so that it sought out regions of the
subterritory of Laurasia’. The bipolar areas of the Mediterranean coast with a favourable climate as
nearest related genuses Nothofagus and Fagus refuges. Trees could still grow in some mountain
are most probably due to migrations across the ranges – places which also allowed the beech to
tropical high mountains. Until the Eocene, the survive.
Central European flora was of a tropical-subtropical
character (Arctotertiary flora, WALTER & STRAKA Like Europe, North America and parts of
1970). By the end of the Oligocene, it was losing northeastern Asia were also ice-covered. The
species under the influence of a temperate climate. tundra had expanded here also. However, while
Deciduous forests had developed as early as during only relatively small refuge areas with limited
the period when broadleaf indeciduous species climates were available in southern Europe for
130
2. DESCRIPTION
the species to survive, the entire spectrum of pass before it reached the Baltic Sea, and even
species would persevere in North America due more before it took hold as the dominant tree
to the availability of large-area refuges. In East species in Europe (WALTER & STRAKA 1970). In the
Asia, the glacial epochs had only a mild impact end, it was a temperature depression to a humid-
resulting from the much less extensive continental cool climate at the beginning of the Subboreal
ice sheet. The original Arctotertiary flora was not period some 5,000 years ago that promoted the
forced out of the region and has consequently beech’s mass expansion (WALTER & STRAKA 1970).
survived to the present day almost unchanged A number of American studies have furnished
(WALTER & STRAKA 1970, SCHROEDER 1998). The evidence of the climate’s key role in triggering the
different consequences of the Quaternary climate sudden, extremely rapid geographical expansion of
oscillations on the flora, which had still been a population (MAGRI et al. 2006).
distributed all over the northern hemisphere during
the Tertiary, resulted in a large-scale disjunction for The beech has survived the last ice age in southern
many species. refuges in the Mediterranean area. In the period
that followed the ice age, it spread from the Dinaric
During the interglacials, the climate would keep Alps to colonize Central Europe. For it to reach the
fluctuating from arctic through sub-arctic to Baltic Sea took several millennia.
temperate or warm Atlantic and back. In this
manner, the climate oscillations forced the plant The beech has only been taking hold in Central
species to migrate back and forth, with many Europe for a few millennia, which is a very
genuses of the Arctotertiary becoming extinct in short period from the geological perspective,
the process (floristic impoverishment). The less representing a still ongoing process of the
pronounced their capacity to expand and mutate, evolutionary development of complex and
the more threatened were the species. FRENZEL different beech forest ecosystems. The beech’s
(1967), for instance, describes a forest composed highly successful expansion can be explained by
of beeches, hornbeams, tsuga and elm trees for its immense climatic plasticity, wide ecological
the Tegelen interglacial (early Quaternary) of amplitude and genetic adaptability, which is why
northwestern Central Europe. In contrast, beech it is also called ‘prevalence strategy’. The beech
was rarely found during the interglacials of the owes its enormous competitiveness most notably
Middle Quaternary. Fagus was almost completely to its shade tolerance, which is characterised
absent during the last interglacial. However, by the growth rate being flexibly adapted to the
migrations during the climate oscillations also light conditions based on leaf morphology, sprout
resulted in new species evolving. Only in this way length, and branching type (PETERS 1997). Beeches
could what little of the Tertiary genuses was left are, for example, able to survive in the shade of the
survive the Ice age. While most of our forest trees understorey for more than 200 years, waiting for a
therefore belong to Tertiary genuses, the species gap in the crown canopy to open, which would allow
did not evolve before the glacial climate change. it to grow upwards and reach the light. VISNJIC &
DOHRENBUSCH (2004) and CZAJKOWSKI & BOLTE
Postglacial development of Europe (2006) have demonstrated that occurrences of
Fagus sylvatica from different climatic regions show
With the end of the last ice age, the large-area different tolerances toward extreme temperatures
reforestation of Central and Western Europe and aridity. Recent genetic assessments have
set in: the Central European basic succession. shown the beech’s postglacial colonization of
With the climate gradually warming and soil Central Europe to have started from only a few
development taking place, the territories were at populations. The main thrust of expansion took its
first colonized by birches and pines. Their qualities origin from the Dinaric Alps and, to a lesser extent,
as anemochoric, rapidly migrating pioneers proved from the Western Alps and Western Carpathians.
beneficial (POTT 1992), while the zoochoric oaks The populations of the Pyrenean and Italian refuges
and beeches with their heavy fruits were not gaining seem to have not contributed to the colonization
much ground. It was only in the further course of of Central Europe (MAGRI et al. 2006). However,
the forest development that hazel, oak, elm, ash, expansion cores for the Northwest Iberian beech
maple, and lime would advance. The mixed oak forests are considered to be the glacial refuge
forest period of the Atlantic was associated with areas of the Pyrenees (LOPEZ-MERINO et al. 2008),
an increase in temperatures and humidity. Dense and the South Italian refuges for the Apennine
mixed deciduous forests would develop (POTT Mountains (LEONARDI & MENOZZI 1995). Central
1993). The climate was already suitable for the Europe was colonized from about 7,000 years
beech’s expansion 8,000 years ago (GIESECKE et before present (POTT 1992). Subsequently, it has
al. 2006). However, some more millennia were to probably spread to adjacent siliceous sites and the
131
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montane zone. About 3,800 years ago, it reached back over the course of settlement history. The
the coastal region of the North Sea and the Baltic portion of primeval or ancient beech forests has
young moraine along the Baltic Sea (LANGE et decreased significantly and constantly all across
al. 1986). During the Late Glacial period (until Europe apart from some remote areas in the
10,000 years ago), the beech covered 6% of its Carpathians. In the rest of Europe, primeval beech
current range in a few isolated refuge areas. In the forests’ remnants are mostly very small, rare and
mid-Holocene (5,000 years ago), the beech had relics only.
colonized about 50% and the second half up to
the present time. However, the beech’s expansive The beech’s expansive capacity is unbroken. It has
capacity is unbroken: expansive tendencies are not yet reached its climatic limits.
observed on the British Isles, in Scandinavia, and From Fagus sylvatica’s rate of spread (150–350
in Poland (CZAJKOWSKI et al. 2006). According to m/a), the onset of fructification with 40 to 50 years
POTT (1992), the beech has never been able to take in the case of free-standing trees and 60 to 80
over its potential distribution area in the Central years in closed stands, leaps of expansion of 6 to
European lowlands. While the ongoing beech 22 km can be derived according to LANG (1994).
expansion in northern Germany (HANSTEIN 2000), This is made possible by the relatively voluminous
Northeast Central Europe, and South Scandinavia and highly oleiferous fruits being disseminated by
should rather be considered to be a retaking of animals, most notably birds. Beeches produce full
terrain that became lost in the course of its usage, masts at 6 to 7-year intervals, i.e. it took them 10 to
the development in Great Britain and Norway 30 seed generations to cross Central Europe from
appears to be the ‘consummation’ to an incomplete south to northwest (POTT 1992).
postglacial immigration process (CZAJKOWSKI et al.
2006). As for forest continuity and regenerative potential,
the nominated component parts contain the largest
This means that the beech has not yet arrived at its contiguous and most natural beech forests all across
climatic limit (LANG 1994), which is also expanding Europe and complement the existing World Natural
in the course of the present climate change (SYKES Heritage ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of
et al. 1996, BOX & MANTHEY 2006) and absence the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe’.
of historic land use practices eliminating beech. Complementing additional types of primeval beech
Changes of the beech distribution area within the forests, reflecting the wide spectrum of different
context of climate change, however, are anticipated biogeographical, edaphic, climatic and topographic
to have an effect, especially along the edge of the conditions and the high variability of this forest
present potential distribution. type as well as including new Beech Forest Regions
The nominated beech forests represent the boosts the representativeness and completeness
development of an ongoing process that has been of the existing property.
taking place in Europe since the ice age, including
refuge and expansion areas all across Europe.
The nominated component parts are expressive
of this process, its starting points as well as its
development trend.
As is illustrated by the forest history, the beech

has shaped the natural appearance of Europe
in a relatively short period. Beech became the
dominant tree species in the temperate low to
medium mountain ranges and lowlands. The
beech’s expansion in Central Europe is related to
the encroachment of Neolithic cultures. Humans
with their settlements and agriculture did interfere
with dynamic processes which have not yet come
to their conclusion. The succession of settlements
and wasted sites probably aided and accelerated
the simultaneous immigration of the beeches. The
beech obviously continued to take hold in parallel
with the cultural development in Europe, which
has left behind characteristic traces. The naturally
occurring beech forests were repeatedly pushed
132
2. DESCRIPTION
2.b.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina: used in the summer, with seasonal settlements
(katuns). Then the nearest villages to old-growth
Prašuma Janj (BH-JANJ-01) forests were formed (Pribelja and Ljuša).
1. Historic development of the forest The period of Austro-Hungarian annexation brought
about significant changes: forestry economy first
Stolovaš Mt. in Central-Western Bosnia and its emerged, with a much stronger impact on the
wider surroundings in a paleogeographic sense property, the construction of the railroad reached
have been the part of isolated Illyria. The geological the edge of a wider area, but the many forest areas
composition was created during the Triassic period. remained remote and intact until the end of World
War II.
The oldest relic genera (Edraianthus, Lonicera) was
created in the Paleogene. On account of cooling at
the end of the Tertiary, northern elements were
expanding. But, thanks to the southerly position
end refugial habitats, an array of plants (Pinus,
Daphne, Knautia, Peltaria, Primula, Saxifraga,
Seseli) exists from the Tertiary until today. Thanks
to a dolomite basis, we suppose a presence
of Teucrium montanum, Epipactis atrorubens,
Leontodon incanus and Bupthalmum salicifolium as
relict species from the Tertiary on immature soils
(BUCALO 2015).
Most of the species colonized the area after the

joining of Illyria with the continental Europe. For
the history of flora and vegetation here, a pollen-
diagram from Livanjsko Polje, 53 km west (700 m
a.s.l.), is indicative (GIGOV & NIKOLIĆ 1959). During
the Preboreal period there was domination of the
coniferous trees (Pinus, Picea and Abies). In the
Boreal period the belt of this mountain was built
by fir and spruce. In the Atlantic period the upper
mountain belt was characterised by a forest belt of
beech with fir (in the subalpine zone beech, fir and
spruce), during the Subboreal period by Fagus and
Pinus and in the Subatlantic period by fir-beech- 1. Nature disasters
spruce again.
They have not been recorded in the last two
decades.
1. Human influence
The first archeological traces of the wider
surroundings of the reserve date back to the
medieval Bosnian state. By then, the area of the
Janja Plateaus and the basins of the Janj, Pliva and
Sokočnica rivers was inhabited by Slavic peoples,
predominantly Serbs. The remains of the Štrb-fort
and the town on the Rid are dated to this period.
During the reign of Dragutin and Milutin kings, in
the first half of the fourteenth century a religious
and cultural centre of this area was created – the
Glogovac Monastery (10 km away, below Štrb-fort),
which had no economic impact on the property.
After the kingdom fall, a long Ottoman rule

emerged, which changed the ethnic structure and
livestock lifestyle of the local population. All villages
had their own mountain meadows, which were
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2.b.2 Switzerland: Forêt de la end of July. The Siegfried Map of 1877 and remains
of pastures in the forest show that in the southwest
Bettlachstock (CH-BETT-01) of this open area used to be a much larger area,
cleared and used as pasture. The Stockmätteli,
which was used as a hay batten nearly 20 years ago,
as well as the woodland pastures in the southwest
1. Historic development of the forest of the open space are only remnants of it. Until
After the Würm glaciation, in the course of global 1982, three sub-areas on the Bettlachstock were
warming, steppe tundra vegetation spread in the used for agricultural purposes with a crop rotation
most temperate zones of Europe, transforming of potato, barley and meadow. The overlying
it into forest vegetation in a long-term process road and paths borders were mowed once a year.
through the migration of various tree species. Hunting is not restricted in the forest reserve.
The oldest birch forests appeared 12,500 years The Office for Forestry, Hunting and Fishing in the
ago. It was followed by forest pine and mixed canton of Solothurn transfers the right to practice
deciduous forests with hazel, elm and oak as well hunting to hunting associations. It oversees the
as linden, ash and alder. About 5,000 years ago, the wildlife stocks and sets down the firing plans, the
predominance of beech forests began in the Jura swiss law on hunting has as first objective the
and in higher altitudes of the fir-beech forests. Until maintenance of the ecosystem and of the species.
the end of the Mesolithic, a largely natural state of The hunt mitigates the development of excessive
the forest – a primeval forest – can be assumed. deer and chamois stocks and thus ensures the
According to the latest research, we have to look natural rejuvenation of the local tree species.
at this primeval forest as a dense, closed woodland
A wind park is planned in the immediately vicinity
with only a few isolated special sites. This situation
of the buffer zone (Windpark Grenchenberg). This
changed decisively in the Neolithic when man
wind park is located within a zone that has been
cleared the forest to farm or feed his cattle. It is
designated for wind energy use in the cantonal
not known when the meadows and pastures on the
structural plan that has been approved by the
Bettlachstock were first cleared.
Federal Councils. The EIA for this project has already
been finalised as well as checked and approved by
the Federal Office for Energy. The EIA takes into
1. Human influence account the beech forest ecosystem values and the
No forestry interventions have taken place in the wind park has no impact on the ecosystem values
area of Bettlachstock, since 1985, in the area of of the forest.
Rosselzholen since 1998, in the area of Ebenimatt
Gäschler Bettlachstock Südrand since 1999 and
1. Nature disasters
in the Impeeri area since 2001/2002. Previously,
the forest was partially managed, but never in an In the catchment areas of the streams Gigler and
intensive way. The steeper and rockier slopes have Loch, the hazard map gives detailed information on
remained mainly unused. On the southern slope the prevailing natural hazards. These are primarily
of the Bettlachstocks, five former sanding tracks landslides, slopes and floods. In the other areas,
testify to the removal of wood from the earlier use the comprehensive hazard information map shows
of the forest. From 1985, the forest stands were the prevalent natural hazards. A large part of the
naturally forested with only isolated and small- area is slippery and there is a risk of falling rocks
scale exceptions. Only in very few places were there in all areas below cliffs. In the direct catchment
larch plantations (under the path in the east of the area of the four forest streams water-related
Stockmättelis). Spruce was planted occasionally or natural hazards are modeled. Due to the existing
favoured in the management. The management natural hazards, protection of the settlements
resulted in a deep deadwood reserve compared to from flooding and debris flows was prevented by
other beech forests. Age-related decay phases are the protection of woodland along the four forest
still largely missing today. At about 200 years old, streams and the protection of the access roads
the beech trees on the Bettlachstock are only about to the mountain forests. There are only minimal
half as old as they can be in European primeval interventions for the care of the protective forests
forests. On the Bettlachstock an approximately 12 necessary, which do not disturb the natural
ha large area was used until 20 years ago as summer processes in the beech forest. The type of care
pastures and hay mats (northeast). The former intervention is determined on a case-by-case basis,
agricultural areas were no longer fertilized since with the attempt to balance interests.
the 1980s and the hay mats were not cut until the
134
2. DESCRIPTION
2.b.3 Switzerland: Valli di Lodano, fronds, foliage and earth and then lit and burned at
low heat for several days.
Busai and Soladino Forest
Reserves (CH-LODA-01) The census of the charcoal burners’ squares carried
out in the Lodano Valley made it possible to make
an inventory of 217 sites, some of them exploited
until 1945.
1. Historic development of the forest
Part of the forests of the Lodano, Busai and
Soladino Valleys have been exploited for several 1. Human influence
centuries, probably from the sixteenth century on.
In the nineteenth century there was an important In past centuries, the agricultural exploitation
flow of forest resources from the high Ticino valleys has involved the construction of numerous small
toward Lake Maggiore, this is true also for the stables and farmhouses, especially in conjunction
Maggia valley. The local community also benefited with the main mowing areas (maggenghi) and
from the woods, both for firewood and for work pasture areas (mountain pastures). In recent
timber. The transport of the wood initially took decades a part of the buildings has been set up
place thanks to the combination of the ‘sovende’ for agricultural purposes or has been transformed
(slides along the slopes) with the floating on into summer residences especially for the local
streams and rivers (release of successive piles of population or into shelters for hikers (Alzasca,
wood along the watercourses). Canaa, Pii, Tramon), while numerous maggenghi
and mountain pastures have been abandoned.
The wire rope transport began at the end of The few still active pastures are managed in a very
the nineteenth century; initially with a simple extensive manner; in fact Alpe Alzasca, located in
cantilevered wire, then with more complex Val Soladino, is loaded with about twenty suckler
installations such as the Valtellina type cableways. cows, while Alpe Canaa, located in the Lodano
Until the early 1960s, the use of the forest Valley, is still loaded with about eighty sheep.
remained punctual but intense with clear cuts in
the accessible areas. The last interventions date In addition to the network of trails and settlements,
back to the period between the 40s and the early the other small infrastructures present in the
60s of the twentieth century. sector are represented by the Castello phone air-
line, aqueducts, small cableways for the transport
of material and underground hydroelectric water
catchments. Most of these infrastructures are
located outside the nominated component part
and outside of the protection buffer sub-zone and
are in any case barely visible and do not impact the
component and protection buffer sub-zone.
1. Nature disasters
In the Lodano Valley there are slope movements
in Castello and Canigee and there is a danger of
avalanches in the secondary avalanche channels,
while in the Busai and Soladino Valleys there
are areas of flooding in the bottom of the valley,
rock collapses above the cave area Riveo and the
secondary avalanche canals at the Alzasca Alp and
below the Rotonda. The nominated component
part and all buffer zones with protective function
Access to the Lodano, Busai and Soladino Valleys are excluded from the land registry of direct
has always been difficult; the network of footpaths protection forests and therefore in principle these
represents the only possibility of access to the woods can be destined to natural evolution. With
mountains and the mountain pastures. Along the regard to forest fires, only a few events occurred
paths and often in the beech forests, there are in the last few decades (particularly under the
numerous ancient charcoal-burner squares, where Madone in the Lodano Valley and at the entrance
the coal was produced by accumulating wood in to the Soladino Valley, both in 1973); the prepared
the form of a dome, wood that was covered with emergency system is considered very effective.
135
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2.b.4 Czech Republic: Jizera

Mountains (CZ-JIZE-01)
original small-size protected areas were declared
there, the core area. i.e. the NPR itself, has not
been managed, having been left to spontaneous
development. The buffer zone (17.5 km2) has been
1. Historic development of the forest slightly managed since that time, e.g. by selective
The proposed World Heritage component is entirely logging and some deadwood removal.
a part of the core area of the Jizerské hory/Jizera On May 3, 2007, the Agreement between Forests
Mts. Beech Forest National Nature Reserve, thus of the Czech Republic, State Enterprise and the
having been provided the most strict protection Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic
regime pursuant to the national nature legislation. on leaving some forest growths at the Poledník site
In addition, it also is protected under the European to spontaneous development was undersigned:
Union legislation, namely the Birds and Habitats knowledge gathered there will be applied in
Directive as a EU Natura 2000 ecological network close-to-nature forest management and Specially
site. Protected Areas management across the whole
The Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. Beech Forest was a country.
part of the huge forest complex called the Deep
Forest, a wall protecting the Kingdom of Bohemia. 1. Human influence
Therefore, it had not been inhabited for a long-
time. In addition, the relatively cold area was not The Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. Beech Forest National
favourable for agriculture. Thus, the Jizerské hory/ Nature Reserve is one of a few parts of the Jizerské
Jizera Mts. northern slopes had been covered by hory/Jizera Mts. which has not been heavily
primeval beech forests with spruce and silver fir till transformed by humans, particularly due to its
the fourteenth century when the region began to geographical location, steep slopes and relatively
be penetrated by humans when German settlers cold and wet (micro)climate.
started to colonize the region. From the sixteenth
The NNR meets the criteria of the IUCN category Ib,
century, the forest provided wood for famous glass
i.e. Wilderness Area. In the NNR natural processes
factories as well as for the ironworks at Raspenava
have been a main driver of forest development.
Recently published extensive studies carried out

by experts from the Faculty of Forestry and Wood
Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
confirm that the Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. Beech
Forest NNR displays all characteristics of the
ancient/old-growth forest.
1. Nature disasters
Due to its tree species composition and
and the paper mill at Ferdinandov. The sites where geographical location on the northern slopes, the
spruce and fir timber were taken were moving, Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. Beech Forest, contrary to
clear-cutting was officially introduced in 1776. other parts of the Jizerské hory/Jizer Mts., did not
The western part of the site was used for livestock suffer from heavy air pollution (acidification) from
grazing, leaf litter raking and collecting brushwood. the Black Triangle causing large-scale dead forests
In the late nineteenth and the early twentieth and secondary grasslands as a result of massive
centuries forest roads were built there. In addition forest dieback from the early 1970s to late 1990s.
to cutting coniferous woody plant species for Similarly, the torrential rainfall causing floods at
timber in the forest stands, heavy air pollution lower elevations in the JIzerské hory/Jizera Mts. on
(acidification) negatively affecting spruces and firs 7–8 August 2010 affected the northern slopes only
and enhanced the eudominance of the European for a short time.
beech in the respective forest communities/
Some extreme weather events, e.g. severe frost/
ecosystems.
hard freeze, drought periods or heavy rainfalls, are
By 1960, selective logging was applied there: a part of the natural processes within the Jizerské
moreover, since 1960, when six of the seven hory/Jizera Mts. Beech Forest.
136
2. DESCRIPTION
2.b.5 France: Aigoual (FR-AIGO-01)

The beech forest (or beech-fir forest, but the fir
has disappeared here) is the climatic habitat on
the montane level in the Cevennes at the altitudes
covered by the reserve.
1. Human influence
The Cevennes forests were strongly marked by
human influence until the end of the nineteenth
century: overexploitation, overgrazing and strong
erosion. From 1860, the State acquired private and
communal lands as part of a new national initiative
for the restoration of mountain environments.
The Aigoual Forest benefited from this major
reforestation programme.
The nominated beech forest component is part of

old-growth forest areas (that is: with a historical
continuity of the forest) not having been affected by
deforestation, and comprises even rarer areas that
have retained original beech vegetation (even if the
fir, more vulnerable, has however disappeared), as
well. The Brèze Beech Forest was exploited until the
end of World War II for the production of charcoal.
It has evolved under natural processes for more
than 70 years up to now.
1. Nature disasters
The natural disasters or extreme events that could
primarily have motivated the creation of the state
forest of Aigoual have been greatly reduced with
the restoration of vegetation cover. The forest
reserve is no longer affected by intense soil erosion
or flooding.
The higher parts of the Aigoual Reserve are very

exposed to winds and the massif is regularly
exposed to very heavy autumn rains (called
‘Cevennes episodes’). The reserve is not particularly
exposed or affected by these extreme events.
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2.b.6 France: Chapitre (FR-CHAP-01)
1. Historic development of the forest undergone significant degradation through forestry

and grazing activities taking place from the Middle
The beech-fir forest is the main climatic habitat on
Ages until the nineteenth century.
the montane and subalpine level in the Southern
Alps. Beech forest development can be considered
1. Human influence
to have reached a climax more or less. In areas
where the topography influences a stationary Silvicultural pressure has never been strong. Owned
climax, the vegetation is frequently regenerated historically by the church and hardly accessible, the
under the influence of geomorphological site was preserved from significant deforestation.
parameters (steep slopes, screes) and climatic
parameters (avalanches, torrential rainfalls etc.). At the end of the nineteenth century, the hamlet
of Chaudun was abandoned by the inhabitants
It is composed of ancient forest, the existence after the State purchased the communal territory
of which is confirmed at least since the early as part of the Mountain Land Restoration Policy
nineteenth century. The area relies on relic forest (RTM). The forest of Gap Chaudun benefited from
cores which were acquired by the State during the early national protection, which had two main
second half of the nineteenth century. consequences: preventing any damage of pastoral
activities on the relict forests (including those of the
The end of management and silvicultural use dates
component) and ensuring important restoration
at least 60 to 130 years back. The density of large
work in the degraded sectors.
stands, the wide natural presence of fir-trees and
the diversity of certain species (saproxylic species) Most of the nominated area is considered old-
underline the minimal exploitation thus yielding a growth forest (ie: with a historical continuity of the
very high level of naturalness. forested state), having avoided deforestation and
having preserved an original vegetation dominated
The paleoecology of the surrounding area was
by beech and fir.
documented thanks to the presence of a few peat
bogs of modest size in the massif. Post-glaciation The presence of the fir tree in the Chapitre Forest
began around 13,000 BP. is a further indication of the naturalness and low
level of human impact compared to other forests.
The vegetation of the site is then was composed
The last forestry operation took place in 1951 (70
of a cold and dry herbaceous steppe dotted with
years ago). The Brouas Forest, less remarkable for
juniper trees. Then, birch and other shrub species
its naturalness, has been unexploited for more
settled and multiplied. Over time, the climate
than a century. These forests have been protected
having warmed for a long time and the alteration
since 1990 under reserve status, ending all former
of the calcareous substratum being favourable to
residual silvicultural activity.
the formation of the soil, tree species colonized
the massif of Dévoluy: with pine forests 9,000 BP,
hazel, elm, oak and fir came to diversify the forest 1. Nature disasters
vegetation. In a thousand years firs took over while
new hardwoods (linden, maple and ash) enriched The buying by the State and creation of the Gap
the forest. The forest was dominated by fir, pine Chaudun State Forest at the end of the nineteenth
forests remained only on steep slopes at the century was motivated by important natural
subalpine level. hazards: erosion and violent flooding due to heavy
rainfall in the Southern Alps. These hazards have
Around 5,000 BP, the climate became colder with greatly reduced with the reconstitution of the
rainy summers allowing the appearance of beech forest cover. The forest stands of the component
and the expansion of pine. Human activities started are no longer affected by these hazards. Game
to open the forest, causing erosion to increase pressure on flora is considered high; high mortality
across the overall mountain area. Other species of fir-trees was detected due to an intense drought
appeared around 2,800 BP: walnut, graminaceous episode in 2003.
and cereals are found in pollen samples from
that time. Contrary to other, more accessible
surrounding areas, the forest component has not
138
2. DESCRIPTION
2.b.7 France: Chizé (FR-CHIZ-01, -02)
1. Historic development of the forest Before the emergence of the project to create
The beech-oak forest is the climatic habitat on a reserve, the forest had faced a severe storm in
the hill level in the southwestern part of France, December 1999. The large number of downed logs
surprisingly enough since this forest is located at from this windthrows were exploited and removed
the very southwestern limit of the beech species’ at that time. Hence, only the plots protected since
natural distribution area.
1. Human influence
The Chizé Forest became property of the State

during the French Revolution (end of the eighteenth
century). Since then, like any easily accessible
lowland forest, it has had a continuous history of
management and logging.
Between 1953 and 1967, more than half of the

Chizé Forest (total area: 4,800 ha) was enclosed
to host a NATO ammunition depot, the remaining
forest was therefore preserved.
After France withdrew from the NATO integrated

military command in 1966, the enclosed area was
turned into a hunting reserve and then a national
hunting and wildlife reserve, dedicated to the
production of deer and for the study of deer and
wild boar.
In 2003, this area was chosen to create the largest

biological strict reserve in France, for 3 reasons: 1. Nature disasters
the forest is located at the southwestern limit of
the beech species’ natural distribution area and The Chizé Forest suffered the 1999 storm, but like
can be considered an ‘outpost’ of climate change; many other forests in France, it is not particularly
the forest had already been closed to the public for exposed to this type of hazard.
more than 50 years (thus limiting issues of social
acceptability of a strict protection); and scientific The forest is particularly exposed to the effects of
institutions were already present on site (ONCFS climate change, the beech forest having already
and CNRS). experienced episodes of withering during the
twentieth century.
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2.b.8 France: Fontainebleau

(FR-FONT-01)
1. Historic development of the forest 1. Human influence

The beech (or beech-oak forest in dry environments) The Fontainebleau Forest is an old-growth forest
is the habitat corresponding to climatic climax in (that is to say: presenting a long historical continuity
the forests of Ile-de-France. of the wooded state). It was first preserved as a
The palinological analyses carried out within the royal forest, especially as a hunting area. Until the
forest of Fontainebleau make it possible to propose second half of the nineteenth century, however, it
a restitution of the paleoecological dynamics was strongly marked by farming, pastoralism and
of the forest (Aoustin and Leroyer, 2010). Data fires.
related to periods prior to the subatlantic should In 1861, sectors of the forest were protected and
further be collected to describe the dynamics of designated as ‘artistic reserves’, at the request
recolonization from the first postglacial phase, of the painters of the School of Barbizon, to
beginning in northern Europe around 18,000 BP. preserve particularly picturesque sectors by their
4,500 BP corresponds to the appearance and afforestation or by their very open landscapes of
expansion of beech in the Paris region, followed by chaos of sandstone blocks, in fact resulting from a
a rapid extension until 4,000 BP. considerable degradation of forest cover.
The Gallo-Roman period (2,130 +/- 20 BP to 1,705 The current biological strict reserve of ‘Gros
+/- 20 BP) is marked by the predominance of oak Fouteau et Hauteurs de la Solle’ created in 1953
and heather, associated with birch, hazel and (first biological reserve created in France) is directly
beech. The charm is present as well as the walnut derived from one of the ancient artistic reserves.
and/or chestnut.
During the Middle Ages (955 +/- 20 BP to 655 +/- 1. Nature disasters
20 BP) the pollen spectra testify to the removal of The Fontainebleau Forest suffered the storm of
forest elements, especially beech. 1999, like many other forests in France, but it is
The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (230 +/- not particularly exposed to this kind of hazard. It
20 BP to 190 +/- 20 BP) are characterised by the remains exposed to the risk of fire, even if it is much
predominance of birch associated with heath, oak less than a few decades ago, thanks to reforestation
and pine. and the natural maturation of the forest (the most
vulnerable formations such as heaths and light
The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (125 +/- coniferous stands are less extensive than formerly).
20 to 110 +/- 20 BP) are marked by the development
of pine.
Ongoing research led by the National Forest Office

will help to improve these hypotheses and further
understand the paleoenvironmental evolution
and the history of human influence on the forest
environment.
140
2. DESCRIPTION
2.b.9 France: Grand Ventron

(FR-GRAN-01)

Palynologic data in the Vosges Mountain Range Historical and cartographic sources suggest that
sector assess the first presence of beech in the Grand Ventron remained a wooded area throughout
High Vosges between 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. a long time; maps indicate a documented forest
Postglacial colonization in the Higher Vosges Range continuity for more than four centuries.
can be considered of 5 successional stages: birch
and pine woods -> hazel woods -> hazel/oak/lime/ Orographic conditions and rugged terrain caused
elm/ash woods -> beech and fir woods -> beech/ tree harvesting and timber clearing to be difficult
fir woods associated with hornbeam/chestnut/ and undoubtedly helped to preserve the forest
walnut woods. ecosystems from the destructive effects of proto-
industries and human activities.
Beech-fir forest is considered as the climax
community at mountain level in the Higher Vosges. The first traces of human occupation on Grand
Beech coexists with less abundant species such Ventron Beech Forests date from the eleventh
as hornbeam, chestnut and walnut trees. The century through the creation of altitude pastures.
presence of fir trees exhibits very high forest The oldest traces of exploitation date from late
integrity, without major impact from human seventeenth century, at the end of the Thirty Years’
activities at this montane level. War. They were revealed by the analysis of coal
fragments. A glasswork was established in 1699
Grand Ventron Forest exhibits today structural at the foot of the eastern slope, at the location of
features of an old-growth forest. The limited the current village of Wildenstein. It operated from
amount of deadwood could be explained by the 1699 to 1884, requiring a large supply of firewood.
global stability of stands and the sheltering from
prevailing winds on east-facing slopes. Deadwood The ecosystem showed great resilience after
total density is 67,6 m3/ha with 43.9% standing punctual human disturbances by silvigenetic
and 56% lying deadwood, the ratio of deadwood to processes.
living wood is 13.
A natural reserve was established by a decree on 22
May 1989, covering both sides of the Grand Ventron
Massif and marking the end of tree harvesting on
the Alsatian slopes for the preservation of the
‘primary nature of forest stands’ (Article 11).
The no-take, free succession area is specified as a

‘strict reserve’ (441 ha).
1. Nature disasters
No natural disaster has been recorded on the
Alsatian slopes of the reserve. The major 1999
storm Lothar had a very limited effect on the reserve
with only a few trees blown down. Repeated spring
and summer droughts over the past 15 years have
affected conifers from lower south-facing slopes
and induced a higher vulnerability to bark beetle
attacks. To date, beech forest communities are
found to show good climate change resilience.
141
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2.b.10 France: Massane

(FR-MASS-01)

The Massane Beech Forest is a representative of The forest character of the Massane is attested
the glacial refuge of Catalonia at the origin of the to for at least 6,000 years. Forest continuity has
post-glacial recolonization of the Eastern Pyrenees been attested since the mid-eighteenth century.
and the south-west of the Massif Central. The Massane Forest was officially withdrawn from
any silvicultural activity since 1880 (140 years), and
Unlike other refuge areas, Catalonia contributed exploitation would have probably ended earlier in
only 10% of the current distribution of beech history. The reserve remains at 1 and a half hours
after the post-glacial recolonization of Europe walking duration from the nearest motorized access
(De Lafontaine et al., 2013). Genetic analyses in the summer period, which limits accessibility
carried out at the regional scale show a high and provides protection of the massif. The maturity
genetic diversity in the Massane and attest to the and the naturalness of the stands are illustrated
absence of signs of bottlenecks of the population, by the presence of several hundred trees of more
confirming the continuous presence of beech on than one metre in diameter whose seniority is
site since the last glaciation. estimated at 300 years. The pedo-anthracological
A study of coals of various soil horizons conducted study showed that man had probably cleared part
on five plots in the Massane allows to retrace of the forest on the ridges in the Neolithic period.
the history of forest stands over the last three The pure beech core area (110 ha) is included in
millennia (Danneyrolles, V. et al., 2017). The beech an unmanaged forest ensemble of more than 2,000
forest has undergone some exploitation phases in ha. Extensive pastoral activity exists within the
its southern part while beech forest of the north buffer zone and a rancher has 28 heads grazing on
did not suffer any destructive exploitation. This the ridges bordering the beech forest.
well-preserved northern part shows a growing
dominance of beech to the detriment of oak since
the nineteenth century, and this area is proposed 1. Nature disasters
as a component part.
An observatory of 50,000 trees was initiated in
1999. After 20 years of monitoring, the mortality
rate in the forest is 6 times higher than that
observed in other beech forests. The 2003 episode,
with its exceptional drought and heat wave,
resulted in dramatic immediate mortalities in the
order of 4% of the beeches monitored.
In recent years, there have been several floods

that have had a major impact on riparian forest
with large amounts of deadwood downstream.
With the observed climatic changes, this type of
phenomena should have a greater occurrence,
based on predictions.
Several storms hit the Massane, including the storm

‘Klaus’ on 23 January 2009 with winds at nearly
200 km/h. Deadwood found on land corresponded
to standing decomposed or dead standing wood
before the storm.
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2. DESCRIPTION
2.b.11 France: Py-Pas de Rotja

(FR-PYPA-01)
1. Historic development of the forest The forest is exploited intermittently during the
nineteenth century: between 1830 and 1918,
The Py-Pas de Rotjà Forest has undergone the
when all forestry work and exploitation stopped.
great contraction and expansion phenomena that
occurred during the last glaciations and post- Diverse natural hazards such as large episodes of
glacial warming. Nowadays, the Py Beech Forest torrential floodings around 1910 and droughts
is subject to a transitional climate (Mediterranean draw attention to the fragility of the environment,
climate with continental influences) which makes due to the widespread intensive deforestation.
its ecology rather original. Like in other nominated French oldest forests in
mountain areas, the long-lasting protection of
The beech population of the component and of
the forest is due to its designation as a ‘protective
the Mantet and Py Reserves (adjacent reserves)
forest’ in 1953.
exhibit micro-refuge characteristics of the
Pyrenees-Orientales metapopulation during the The average age of the stands is estimated at 140
glacial maximum (quaternary). The Massane Beech years with areas not exploited for at least 170 years.
Forest, located further east of the Pyrenees, has The last sectors exploited north of the component
similar characteristics. The regional expansion are a century old.
of the current beech metapopulation during the
Holocene period would therefore be the result of
these glacial refugia nuclei. The Py Beech Forest 1. Nature disasters
and the Massane Beech Forest today express
Spectacular floodings occur during autumn, at the
the maximum genetic diversity of beech in the
rainiest period.
Pyrenaic-Iberian Region.
Given the size of the watershed and the precipitation
regime that can cause very large water discharges,
the reserve has suffered in recent decades and
centuries several floods and torrential floods that
had a strong impact on the local environment.
These episodes are located on the supra-forest

sectors, the underground runoff pressure literally
exploding superficial formations, especially in
some sectors consisting of arenas up to 200 m
high, leading to the formation of important scars of
large dimension, up to several hundred metres in
length. Heavy rains are very quickly drained to the
thalwegs, resulting in impressive floods of rivers.
1. Human influence
Although these episodes mainly affect higher parts
The Py area is linked to an ancient sylvo-pastoral and thalwegs in the reserve, slopes can be carried
history. along ravines in forested areas, as observed in the
Rotjà forest. Main events were recorded in October
From 1126, the forests were exploited to supply 1940 and September 1992 (rainfall: 180 mm in 3
the smithies nearby. This exploitation probably hours, 232 mm in one day).
led to the disappearance of forests in south-
facing slopes. This activity affected all forests for
charcoal production, at least until 1685, which led
to advanced deforestation in the early eighteenth
century. The Cassini map of 1815 indicates that
the massif is globally deforested except for the
presence of a large forest on the area of the current
component in Rotjà, consisting mainly of birch,
beech and black willow in lower parts.
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2.b.12 France: Sainte-Baume

(FR-SABA-01)
1. Historic development of the forest Administration of Waters and Forests undertook

to regenerate very cautiously. Nevertheless, in
The beech forest is the climax habitat in the fresh the mid-nineteenth century, public pressure was
montane isolate that constitutes the northern exerted to limit silvicultural activities.
slopes of the Sainte-Baume Massif. The beech and
the suite of plant species (and others) associated The biological reserve was created in 1973 (one of
found a refuge during the last glaciation. the first at a national level) as a managed reserve
to continue assisting the regeneration of the old
The Sainte-Baume Beech Forest, easily accessible, beech forest. Interventions for the improvement of
was not spared by heavy silvicultural activities, natural habitats were carried out until the 1990s.
from the Middle Ages until the nineteenth century. At the beginning of the 2000s, the reserve was
Most of the reserve was nevertheless found to be partially converted to a strict reserve to allow for
covered by forest about a century and a half ago natural processes. The extension to a large strict
and can therefore be considered an old-growth reserve will come into effect in 2021.
forest, resulting from a long historical continuity of
the forest cover.
1. Nature disasters
Despite rugged terrain and steep slopes, the
1. Human influence
biological reserve is almost entirely covered by
From the fourth century on, the Sainte-Baume forests and well protected from physical hazards.
forest became an important place of pilgrimage Actions were conducted to secure certain cliff
(cave of St. Mary Magdalene) and was then acquired sectors. Exposed to the north, the forests are well
by the church. From the twelfth century, however, protected from prevailing winds.
rivalries between religious orders resulted in
overexploitation, pastoralism and clearings. Papal
bulls and royal ordinances would help to prevent
all looting activities.
At the end of eighteenth century, the forest was

again exposed to unregulated activities. The forest
was owned by the State in 1838. At this time, the
forest comprised a core of old beech forest that the
144
2. DESCRIPTION
2.b.13 France: Saint-Pe-de-Bigorre

(FR-SAPE-01)
1. Historic development of the forest 1. Nature disasters

The beech-fir forest is the main climatic habitat on The site is well protected from natural and climatic
the mountain level on the northern slopes of the disasters as well as anthropogenic pressures.
Pyrenees.
1. Human influence
The Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre Forest has been strongly
exploited, particularly for the production of
charcoal, from the Middle Ages to the nineteenth
century.
About a century and a half ago, only about a

quarter of the reserve area was forested and can
therefore be likened to old-growth forest, resulting
from a long historical continuity of the forest.
From the beginning of the twentieth century, the

National Forests Administration initiated forestry
works for the reconstitution of degraded stands.
Thus, in most of the reserve, the last interventions

date back to 1920. Only a few parcels were
exploited until the early 1960s.
Pastoralism is one of the human activities also very

present historically along the ridges of the Pyrenees
mountain range. Today, pastoral activities are still
found in the upper parts of the undivided national
forest of Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre, outside the reserve.
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2.b.14 Italy: Foresta Umbra a higher impact on forests by grazing, fire and
logging. 20 years before the unification of Italy
(IT-FUMB-01*) (1861) the forest area was halved (111,000 to
57,000 ha), and the attack continued for another
century (up to 29,000 ha). The National Forest Law
1. Historic development of the forest in 1929 allowed a slowdown of forest degradation.
The Gargano Promontory was a refuge area for During the Napoleonic occupation, Gioacchino
temperate trees during the Pleistocene glaciations. Murat dispossessed the goods of Princess Maria
In this area, after 11,000 BP, a mixed deciduous Grimaldi for her debts with the State, giving the
forest (mainly Quercus spp., also Corylus, Carpinus, Foresta Umbra back to the municipality. The area
Fagus, Alnus and Betula) expanded. The mixed remained State property, even after the Bourbons
forest peaks around 7,000 BP (the ‘Holocene came back and the Unification of Italy in 1861,
climate optimum’). In the mid-Holocene a highly when it passed from the Regno delle Due Sicilie
diverse Mediterranean forest (with Quercus to the new Regno d’Italia. In 1866 (National Law
ilex, Olea, Phillyrea and Pistacia), and a mixed 3713) its management was assigned to the Forest
evergreen-deciduous forest were widespread. Tree Administration.
pollen concentration sharply fell and fire frequency
increased in 4,400–4,000 BP, suggesting a shift Intense logging and grazing contributed to forest
toward drier conditions. In this period herbs and degradation and loss during the nineteenth and
grasses dominated, and Juniperus/Pinus increased, twentieth century. The installation of Decauville
suggesting a degradation of woodlands to scrub. The railways promoted forest exploitation at the
rich broadleaved forests on the Gargano Highlands beginning of 1900 and in the period 1950–1971,
underwent a severe contraction. Archaeological following a new demographic expansion. However,
data recorded strong human presence in the the lack of proper road access inhibited large-scale
area during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages, which exploitation projects in the upper part of Foresta
overlapped with a dry phase around 4,400 BP. Umbra. In 1952 one of the oldest forest reserves in
Italy (Particella Pavari, 5 ha) was established in its
Open landscapes, testified to by Asteraceae core for to increase understanding of natural forest
abundance, have even increased since 2,700 BP, dynamics and inspire silviculture. Since the 70s,
causing a higher sedimentation rate. Although many people abandoned the territory and, thanks
recent centuries have been characterised by the to a new emphasis on nature protection and the
highest deforestation rates, the Gargano Forests establishment of afforestation programmes,
persisted through the Holocene, representing forests started to increase again. In 1971 the
a sanctuary for conserving Mediterranean State Nature Reserve of Sfilzi and Falascone were
vegetation. established and in 1977 Nature Reserve of Foresta
Umbra. Both have been enclosed into the Gargano
National Park in 1995.
1. Human influence
The Gargano has been known since ancient epochs
1. Nature disasters
for its vast, sacred woods: the Nemus Garganicus
was celebrated by Latin authors. In 1858 De Foresta Umbra has a disturbance regime
Leonardis still described it as a large, ancient forest, dominated by small canopy gaps (e.g. 100–500
whose remnants are represented today by the m2) alternated by occasional severe large scale
Foresta Umbra. events. The complex terrain at higher elevation
may protect trees from severe disturbances, but
The first information on these forests is from the also facilitates the exposure of dominant trees
second half of the 1500s, when the nobleman to drought, especially large ones on rocky areas.
Girolamo Grimaldi bought from another feudatory Drought may become an increasingly important
the vast territory of Monte Sant’Angelo. His family disturbance agent at lower elevation, where beech
owned the area for c. 250 years. The first impact approaches its thermal distribution limit. Snowfall
on forests are thought to occur after the long is abundant in some years, and its accumulation on
famine started in 1763–64, when King Ferdinando branches may occasionally cause crown damage.
IV allowed widespread land clearings and most Strong winds become a predominant factor at
primeval forests on hills and plains were converted high elevation on northern aspects, where they
to agricultural lands. The demographic increase cause uprooting of tall trees in localized gaps or
in the nineteenth century inevitably provoked blowdowns of larger patches.
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2. DESCRIPTION
2.b.15 Italy: Pollino National Park

(IT-POLL-01, 02)
1. Human influence
Like most of the Central Apennines, the first severe
In Southern Italy the beginning of the late glacial logging occurred after the unification of Italy, when
interstadial is marked by a rise in the relative widening of road networks made exploitation of
abundance of Betula, then replaced by deciduous remote areas economically feasible. Before then,
Quercus woodlands (also including other the main human disturbance in the mountains
broadleaved taxa such as Fagus, Tilia, Ulmus and was summer grazing by domestic animals. Intense
Populus). In this refuge area, the transition to the forest exploitation started around 1900 for the
Holocene is marked by the decrease in relative production of railway ties. The rise of the plywood
abundance of Betula, Poaceae and other steppic industry and new harvesting systems gave a new
taxa (e.g. Artemisia) and by an increase in a wide impulse to logging. An extraordinary period of
range of tree taxa (e.g. Corylus, Ulmus, Phillyrea exploitation on the Pollino and Orsomarso Massives
and Fraxinus ornus). On a millennial timescale, began in 1910, when the Italian-German society
there is evidence of increasing moisture from ca. Rueping opened many logging sites over a wide
11,000 to 6,200 BP (maximum), prior to a general territory, using forest cable lines and Decauville
trend toward drier climate conditions that have railways (about 100,000 beech trees were cut in 20
prevailed up to the present. However, most of the years). Intense exploitation continued in the Pollino
Holocene was a rather stable interval, dominated area until the 60s, when forestry started to use less
by forest ecosystems. In the mountain belt here, intense approaches or was stopped, especially in
like in most of Central and Southern Italy, the the high mountains. After the establishment of the
vegetation cover’s history of the Holocene reports National Park a conservation-oriented approach
the persistence of important and relatively stable became widespread, with the rise of eco-services
Fagus forests, a rare example of a beech woodland and tourist activities in the forest. The absence of
able to withstand climate changes for more than significant human impacts in Pollinello forest, at
11,000 years. Moving to the middle and late least in the last 70 years, allowed natural dynamics
Holocene, the picture is further complicated by the which generated structurally complex and rich
interaction between human activity and natural coenosis, as demonstrated by the widespread
environmental changes (aridity crises). Regarding presence of deadwood.
the history of human impact, the Trifoglietti pollen
record shows only limited indications of agricultural
activities and anthropogenic indicators, apart from 1. Nature disasters
those indicating pastoralism beneath forest cover.
As in most of the Apennines, selective exploitation Archival sources do not record any catastrophic
of Abies – present since the Early Holocene, 9,500 natural events in the last 3 centuries. The abundance
BP – appears to have been the strongest human of trees 4–6 centuries in age suggests patches of
impact on the Trifoglietti surroundings, as well as primeval forest mixed with secondary old-growth
in the Vulture areas, causing a rarefaction/local forest. The long period of stability, coupled with
extinction of the Abies population between 3,000 the cessation of logging after WWII, promoted
and 2,000 BP. This extinction may be linked to the development of the old-growth status and
the prevention of regeneration through selective favoured natural regeneration. Dendroecological
cutting and perhaps subsequent burning during reconstructions of the disturbance history provide
the Classic period (Etruscan/Greek or Roman). evidence of the presence of small gap dynamics
However, at Monticchio and Trifoglietti the total created periodically by intense disturbance
forest cover was not strongly impacted by people events with long return intervals, mainly ice rime
until about 1,500 BP, when an appreciable decrease (calabrosa) and strong winds. The opening of gaps-
of arboreal pollen was recorded following the patches in the forest canopy is often linked to
impacts of Medieval society. It is important to note strong perturbations, often associated with high-
that forest biodiversity, including Abies and Taxus, mountain beech forests of the Central Apennines.
is all preserved today in Pollino National Park. Wildfires often occur on the Dolcedorme
mountainside, opening forest gaps in an extreme
environmental context for beech, making pioneer
species such as Pinus heldreichii competitive.
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2.b. 16 Italy: Valle Infernale

(IT-VALL-01)

In Southern Italy the beginning of the late glacial The first documented impact (to obtain timber for
interstadial is marked by a rise in the relative construction and pitch) of the immense wooded
abundance of Betula, then replaced by deciduous heritage of the Sylva Brutia, which extended
Quercus woodlands (also including other without interruption from the plain of Sibari to
broadleaved taxa such as Fagus, Tilia, Ulmus and the Strait of Messina, occurred in Roman time.
Populus). In this refuge area, the transition to The forest cover reduction and overexploitation
the Holocene is marked by a decrease in relative continued with new intensification from the end of
abundance of Betula, Poaceae and other steppe the eighteenth century up to Modern times, as the
taxa (e.g. Artemisia) and by an increase in a wide Grand Tour travellers of the late nineteenth century
range of tree taxa (e.g. Corylus, Ulmus, Phillyrea observed. After the last intense harvesting of the
and Fraxinus ornus). On a millennial timescale, first half of the twentieth century and the floods of
there is evidence of increasing moisture from ca. the 1950s that occurred in this Calabrian territory,
11,000 to 6,200 BP (maximum), prior to a general the society began to assess the environmental,
trend toward drier climate conditions that have economic and social importance of the forest. Until
prevailed up to the present. However, most of the the 1940s, the Valle Infernale Forest was privately
Holocene was a rather stable interval, dominated owned, but thanks to its remote location and the
by forest ecosystems. In the mountain belt, here, absence of forest roads, indiscriminate grazing and
like in most of Central and Southern Italy, the fires were the main factors of degradation in the
vegetation cover’s history of the Holocene reports most accessible areas. Finally, in 1951, the area was
the persistence of important and relatively stable purchased by the State Forests Company when the
Fagus forests, a rare example of a beech woodland authorities reported in those years (1950ies) that a
able to withstand climate changes for more than part of the beech forest appeared quite intact with
11,000 years. Moving to the middle and late large individuals of old beech and silver fir.
Holocene, the picture is further complicated by the
interaction between human activity and natural
environmental changes (aridity crises). Regarding 1. Nature disasters
the history of human impact, the Trifoglietti (a
small lake in north-west Calabria) pollen record No catastrophic natural events are documented
shows only limited evidence of agricultural in archival sources in the last 2 centuries. The
activities and anthropogenic indicators, apart from abundance of trees 1–2 centuries of age suggests
those indicating pastoralism beneath forest cover. a long period of stability that, with the institution
As in most of the Apennines, selective exploitation of the strict reserve, promoted the acquisition of
of Abies – present since the Early Holocene, 9,500 the old-growth status in many parts of the stands
BP – appears to have been the strongest human and favoured the natural regeneration of beech
impact on the Trifoglietti surroundings, as well as and many other tree species. Forest dynamics are
in the Vulture areas, causing a rarefaction/local consequences of the opening of gaps-patches in
extinction of the Abies population between 3,000 the canopy and small gap dynamics are the most
and 2,000 BP. This extinction may be linked to frequent process driving the rewilding of the
the prevention of regeneration through selective forest. Strong and wide perturbations are rare,
cutting and perhaps subsequent burning during mainly caused by landslides as a consequence of
the Classic period (Etruscan/Greek or Roman). the natural instability of the geological substrates,
However, at Monticchio and Trifoglietti the but also associated with the past impacts of past
total forest cover was not strongly impacted by livestock, fires and timber management (up to a
people until about 1,500 BP, when an appreciable century ago) in many areas of the basin.
decrease of arboreal pollen is recorded following
the impacts of Medieval society. It is important
to note, however, that in Aspromonte National
Park, forest biodiversity, including Abies and Taxus,
continues to be preserved today.
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2. DESCRIPTION
2.b.17 Montenegro: Biogradska

Gora (ME-BIOG-01, 02)

This reserve represents a unique example of the During the five centuries of Turkish rule, the forests
evolution of different forest communities as a of Biogradska Gora were not exploited due to the
significant part of the genetic legacy of the Earth inaccessibility and the great distance from the
and important evidence of the specific history and settlements. Grazing was allowed in them, and
evolution of the living and non-living world of the clearings in the lower part of the present National
Tertiary, from the ice age up to the present day. Park were used as hay meadows. There is evidence
The Moesian-Balkanic forests in the NP comprise of some human influence in the area of the park
a great diversity of beech forest communities. It in the period before the foundation of the forest
has its origin from refuge areas in the Dinarides reserve in 1878. The impact of these activities was
and the Pindos range. The eastern beech forest is very small, since logging was done exclusively for
considered a transitional zone to the Euxinic Beech fire wood. There are no existing precise records
Forest and includes an intermediate form between from this historic period. The protection of
Fagus sylvatica and Fagus orientalis, which has the Biogradska Gora dates back to 1878, when
been described as Fagus sylvatica ssp. moesiaca. Montenegrin ruler Knjaz Nikola ordered that this
area be strictly protected because of the unique
The phytogeographic and ecological specificity of beauty of the Biogradska Lake and forest. In those
the area of the Biogradska Gora NP with its Virgin days the natural gem was called ‘The Prince’s Ban’.
Forest Reserve, surrounded by the high carbonate After World War I, it was confiscated by the State.
mountains of the Dinara mountain system, is During this period, some of the forest clearings
due to its silicate composition. In this regard, were used by locals for grazing. Between 1931 and
Biogradska Gora represents a unique refugium of 1941 the state forests in Biogradska Gora were
acidophilic flora that is similar to the vegetation of managed by the Ministry of Forests and Minerals
the northern regions of boreal and high-mountains through the Forest Directorate in Skopje and the
area of silicate Alps and other European mountains. Berane Forestry Administration. After World War II,
the obligation to protect the forests was transferred
to the Kolasin Forestry Administration.
1. Nature disasters
There are no historical data for the reserve area
on the effects of any natural disasters (fires and
diseases). The main factor of the development of
the virigin forests, was the remoteness of the area
and the rough relief, making the exploitation of the
forest difficult. Since the designation of the area
as a national park, there have been no records of
forest fires or any other negative impacts on the
reserve. In the park the law prohibits economic
exploitation of the forest as well as hunting.
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2.b.18 North Macedonia: Dlaboka

Reka (MN-DLAB-01)

The beech forest on Dlaboka Reka has been
developing under natural processes for at least
70 years (since the establishment of Mavrovo
National Park). There were no interventions in the
beech forest according to the documentation of
the national park. Since no signs of tree felling can
be observed, one can assume that the beech forest
has not been disturbed for a much longer period
of time.
There was a hiking trail passing through the beech

forest at higher altitudes, but it is very rarely used
by mountaineers in order to reach the waterfall.
This trail was used by border military up to the
1990s.
1. Human influence
The terrain for access to a deep river is steep, making
it inaccessible to man. This is the main reason why
this forest can be categorized as virgin. After World
War II, when livestock began to develop, part of the
flocks with sheep were grazed in the immediate
vicinity, but not inside the forest itself. But already
for a period longer than 30 years, the population in
the protected area is decreasing and so does the
number of flocks and sheep. Therefore, it can be
assumed, that there has been no influence of man
on this forest.
At the moment there are no sheep or shepherds,

due to the fact that almost 40 years ago the local
population moved away.
1. Nature disasters
Deadwood in the forest area suggests the influence
of windstorms and snow-breaks. The last snow
break of several trees on the periphery of the
core area happened last winter, as did the last
windstorm.
It has to be stressed that in the core area there

are no storms and breaks due to the fact that the
tree density is optimal, nature has established a
perfect forest, and the breaks and storms are just
happening on the periphery.
The avalanches are a very interesting phenomenon

because they are happening periodically,
approximately every second/third year.
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2. DESCRIPTION
2.b.19 Poland: Bieszczady

(PL-BIES-01, -02, -03, -04)

A pollen analysis was carried out at the Wołosate The archaeological and so paleoecological
and Tarnawa peat bogs. After the last glacial investigations ascertained the traces of humans
period forest succession started 10000 BC at in Western Bieszczady in the Neolithic period.
lower elevations. During the Alleröd period sparse The colonisation of the Bieszczady Mts. began in
subalpine larch-Arolla pine forests with Scots pine the fifteenth century. During the next bicentenary
and the addition of spruce probably reached the the settlement was intensively developed. In the
altitude of 800–1,000 m. 8250 BC forest cover seventeenth century as a result of the wars, the
decreased and the upper forest limit descended Tartar incursions, social conflicts and therefore
to 700 m a.s.l. At the beginning of the Preboreal plagues, followed the profound regress of the
period (8250 BC), Arolla pine-larch forest with Scots colonisation. In the eighteenth century a conducive
pine developed to be later pushed up to higher political and economical situation influenced
elevations by expanding Scots pine forest with the redevelopment of the villages and further
spruce, and later with witch elm. During the Boreal decreased the forest areas. In this period there
period (7100–5700 BC) forests with mountain the first wood processing plants were founded,
elm predominating began to appear on mountain but probably their influence on the intensity of the
slopes, on fertile and moist soils; shallow, poor forest exploitation was negligible. In the nineteenth
soils were occupied by Scots pine forests. century the extended demand for wood and the
In the Subboreal period (3100–300 BC) a gradual increase accessibility of this mountain range caused
increase in humidity occurred. Elm-hazel forest considerable areas of the beech forests to be felled
communities turned into woods with the and upon which spruce was often seeded. At the
predominance of hornbeam and beech. In the beginning of the twentieth century there the forest
younger part of the period silver fir started to narrow-gauge railways were built, which made
considerable areas of the mountains available to
exploitation. After World War II and to the present
this range was depopulated and human pressure
has diminished considerably.
1. Nature disasters
A significant part of the forests in BNP provide an
example of a regenerative process (at the moment
80 years) of beech forests after a large disturbance
– an extremely cold winter in 1928/29. This winter
caused a large-scale decline of beech and fir stands
in this region. Frost cracks, cambium decline and
disease changes inside the stem, connected with
the occurrence of frost hardwood in beech trees
and of the so-called mist hardwood in fir trees
were the immediate effect of low temperatures.
Insect pests and fungi occurred en masse in
weakened stands. The disease process developed
expand. Spruce occupied generally the moist
over several years, proceeding from lower
and cold bottoms of valleys and occurred as an
locations toward higher grounds. The large-scale
admixture in other forest communities.
stand decline initiated by the frost contributed to
During the Subatlantic period (2300 BC–1950 AD) the fir recession and impacted the increase of the
silver fir penetrated the beech woods at lower share of pioneering (rowan) and post-pioneering
mountain elevations and the spruce forests in (maple) species in stands. The share of beech did
some colder valleys. not change because beech regeneration developed
in the place of declining stands.
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2.b.20 Serbia: Fruška gora - Papratski 1. Human influence

Fruška gora Mt. has a long history of human
do i Ravne (RS-FRUS-01, -02) influence. Human settlements by the Danube
River in the foothills of Fruška gora Mt. date
1. Historic development of the forest back to the Mesolithic Age. Throughout human
history, the hilly forested area in the middle of
Recent research of loess-paleosol sequences in
the lowlands and next to the largest European
Fruška gora NP confirmed that paleo-climatic
river, has witnessed a constant human presence.
and paleo-environmental oscillations in the
More accessible forests were heavily utilized and
late Pleistocene were smaller compared to
most of the forests are coppiced (around 70%). In
equivalent Central, Western and Eastern European
spite of the forest use, diversity of habitats and
loess records. The identified mollusk records
inaccessibility of steep slopes have preserved the
provide proof of several environmental changes
diversity of wildlife. The forests of Fruška gora Mt.
characterised by the alternation of steppe and
are still used for wood, grazing and bee-keeping
woodland elements, proving that at least some
and the surrounding terrain as agricultural fields,
parts of Fruška gora Mt. remained as isolated islands
orchards and vineyards, except for the strictly
during the last two glaciales. Research revealed
protected areas, Level I protection regime localities
the presence of several relatively cold episodes
of Fruška gora NP, such as Papratski do and Ravne
during the last glacial period. However, the area
component parts. In the buffer zone of Ravne
was an important refuge for its surroundings. The
component part, a nineteenth century mansion
warm climate periods, especially of the Roman
Ravne is located. This historic estate is owned by
optimum (third–fourth century), caused oak
the provincial authorities. It was once seldomly
forest dominance, while the cooling sequences
used by the state offials, but is long out of use. The
enabled the spread of beech. Long-term use of
narrow mansion road running through the Ravne
these forests enabled entrance and spread of
component is gated, used only by the management
silver linden, a Tertiary relict species, mainly in
staff. A local road constructed in the seventeenth
forests of sessile oak and hornbeam, where it has
century leads along the central mountain reef of
spread extensively, affecting its renewal and even
Fruška gora Mt. Accessibility of this mountain and
forming secondary monodominant forests in some
its preserved natural and landscape values cause
parts, due to its intensive vegetative spread. The
frequent touristic, recreational or educational
low elevations of Fruška gora Mt. (539 m a.s.l.),
visits. During the period of the Ottoman Empire
within the oak forest elevation belt, is not typical
over 20 orthodox monasteries were raised here, 16
for beech forest development, but on the northern
out of which were preserved and 12 out of these
slopes of the mountain, the cold and humid beech
16 monasteries are located within the park, owning
habitat conditions were orographically influenced
approximately 1/3 of National Park forests, while
by northern exposition, steep inclination and deep
the majority of the rest is state-owned.
ridged valleys, added to the formation of deep
forest soils, favourable hydrographic conditions and 1. Nature disasters
a dense canopy complexion, reducing evaporation. In Fruška gora NP the following nature disasters
In Papratski do, a monodominant beech forest occur: wildfire, landslides, wind damage and
(Fagetum submontanum) forms in some parts, windfalls, phytopathologic and entomologic
aside from Querco–Carpinetum, Querco–Fagetum diseases. Natural disasters in Papratski do and Ravne
and Tilio–Fagetum submontanum. The old-growth component parts have had a small-scale impact
characteristics and natural beauty of this forest in recent years. Ravne locality has suffered small-
caused it to become the first nationally protected scale landslides, after heavy rains in May 2014.
part of Fruška gora Mt. in 1955, with a strict After a storm in May 2014 several large trees on the
protection regime in place for almost 70 years. outskirts of Papratski do locality were uprooted or
Located close by is the Ravne locality, a well- broken. Most fallen trees remained, only the ones
preserved beech and linden forest (Tilio-Fagetum), which fell on the local road just outside the locality
in some parts with sessile oak as accompanying were cleared. In the Level I protection regime
species, which has been protected since 1960 as localities, the damages are not cleared as they are
part of Fruška gora NP and under strict protection part of the natural dynamics of the area, except in
regime since 2004. Fruška gora National Park was cases where there are indications that the disease
established in 1960 on 25.393 ha, and today spreads might spread uncontrollably, damaging natural
across 26.654 ha, out of which 3% is under Level I ecosystem to the core. Forests bordering private
protection regime, 67% under Level II protection land are at greater risks of wildfires, because the
regime and 30% under Level III protection regime. owners often choose to burn out the remaining
vegetation to clear out the crops fields for the next
season.
152
2. DESCRIPTION
2.b.21 Serbia: Kopaonik - Kozje therefore preserving the primeval beech forests
(Seslerio-Abieti-Fagetum, Piceo-Abieti-Fagetum,
stene (RS-KOPA-01) Fagetum montanum, Fagetum submontanum). The
highest levels of the reserve are covered by spruce
forests, forming relict associations with Erica
1. Historic development of the forest carnea, reflecting the refugial character of the site,
Kopaonik Mt. has supported forest development below which the beech forests grow, spreading
since the Tertiary epoch, providing refuge during around the Samokovska River Gorge.
glacial periods. The refugial characteristics are
caused by its geomorphological features and the
position on the Balkan Peninsula. A complex of 1. Human influence
microrefugia, mostly located in the high mountain
tops and the deep gorges, where the secluded and Forests growing in gorges had hardly ever had any
humid microclimate has not changed significantly significant human influence, due to their extreme
as glacial and interglacial epochs went by, gave inaccessibility. Surrounded by much more accessible
this mountain its strong refugial character and forest, these areas have preserved virgin, primeval
resulted in a plentitude of endemic and relict flora forests. Parts of Kozje stene reserve, a state-owned
and fauna. High forests dominate the park (96.6%), property, have never been exploited, because the
while coppice forests are present on 3.4% of the forests here grow on inaccessible land around
park forests. Out of 26 tree species recorded in the Samokovska River Gorge. The only human
Kopaonik NP, the main tree species are Picea intervention recorded here was the construction
abies (58%), Fagus sylvatica ssp. moesiaca (33%) of the Mijatovća jaz irrigation canal Mijatovća
and Abies alba (8%), which form pure and mixed jaz in 1928, which was used until 1949. The most
forests: Spruce forests (37.89%), beech forests significant human influence nowadays in Kopaonik
(25.35%), beech, spruce and fir forests (14.04%), NP is winter tourism, as the most significant
beech and spruce forests (10.58%), spruce and fir winter sports centre in Serbia was formed there.
forests (8.56%) and beech and fir forests (3.45%). Kopaonik ski resort is built around the ski-centre
town of Suvo Rudište, beneath Pančić’s Peak, on
the far-southern part of Kopaonik National Park.
Kozje stene component part is located on the
far-northeastern part of the park, entirely out of
ski resort influence, since the majority of the ski
equipment and activities are located within the ski-
centre and in its close proximity. Effectively there
is no negative influence of the ski resort, except
for the ski tourism traffic on its access road from
the Jošanička banja direction, which is close to the
component part, though not adjacent.
1. Nature disasters
Forest cover accounts for 58% of the total area of In Kopaonik NP the following nature disasters occur:
Kopaonik NP, while the best preserved old-growth wildfire, wind damage and windfalls, snowfalls and
forests take up 12% of the park area. The steep winter frost, phytopathologic and entomologic
mountain slopes and the deep river gorges have diseases and forest drying process. The biggest
never been exploited, due to their inaccessibility threat to forest ecosystems is wildfire, primarily in
and erosion prevention. After the establishment of the coniferous forests during summer. Biotic threats
Kopaonik NP in 1981, many of these intact natural include fungal, viral and bacterial diseases. The
habitats formed Level I protection regime areas most significant pathogen is fungus Heterobasidion
by the adoption of the Spatial Plan of Kopaonik annosum, causing coniferous forest drying, mostly
NP in 1989. The strict regime prohibits all human of spruce and pine. Broadleaf species are resilient,
activities, except for scientific research, monitoring but serve as a transitional host. Beech pathogens
of natural processes and controlled educational include insects Mikiola fagi, Rhynchaenus fagi and
or cultural visits and has been in place for several Phyllonorycter fagi. Natural disasters in Kozje stene
decades in Kozje stene, which is formed around the component were not recorded in recent years.
Samokovska River Gorge and stretches across Kozje
stene Reef and Jadovnik Hill on the left river side,
153
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Ancient and
BEECH
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Beech OF
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EUROPE
2.b.22 Serbia: Tara - Zvezda i Rača 1. Human influence

(RS-TARA-01, -02) Forests growing in gorges and canyons had
hardly ever had any significant human influence,
1. Historic development of the forest due to their extreme inaccessibility. Since they
Tara Mt. has supported forest development since are surrounded by much more accessible and
the Tertiary epoch, providing refuge during glacial exploitable forest, these areas have preserved
periods by its geomorphological features and for the most part virgin, primeval forests. Parts
its position on the Balkan Peninsula. Complex of of Zvezda locality, a state-owned property, have
microrefugia, mostly located in canyons and gorges, been excluded from exploitation since nineteenth
gave this region its strong refugial character due to century, as a measure of erosion prevention. In
the favourable, secluded and humid microclimate 1949 this area was first nationally protected and
not having changed significantly as glacial and proclaimed a nature reserve in 1950. In the Rača
interglacial epochs went by. This resulted in high River Valley, a thirteenth century Serbian orthodox
diversity of endemic and relict flora and fauna monastery Rača is located. The lands on the right
related to forest ecosystems in Tara NP, especially in bank are monastery-owned lands and on the left
the gorges and canyons, providing strong evidence they are state-owned. Forests in the Rača River
of Tara Mt. being a forest refuge region during the Gorge were first nationally protected in 1981 as part
Ice age. Main tree species in the park are Abies of Tara NP, to receive Level I protection regime status
alba (43.3%), Fagus sylvatica ssp. moesiaca (30.2%) in 1989, prohibiting all use of natural resources,
and Picea abies (15.3%), forming a Piceto-Abieti- construction of any kind and all human activities,
Fagetum association which dominates the park except for scientific research, monitoring of natural
(85%). Forests in the Level I protection regime have processes, controlled visits for educational and
a slightly different main tree species ratio, with the cultural purposes, implementation of necessary
dominance of beech (39.9%), followed by black protective measures in case of natural disasters
pine (19.3%), silver fir (12.1%) and spruce (9.1%). or diseases and maintenance of significant objects
On the steep inclinations of the Drina River Canyon (e.g. electric transmission lines). These forests were
and Rača River Gorge, beech trees often take shrub largely preserved from any exploitation, regardless
form, but on the milder parts of these localities of the state protection, as they grow in inaccessible
with deeper soils, monumental beech trees grow and unexploitable terrain.
in typical beech habitat undisturbed. On the steep
Drina River Canyon tops, a numerous population 1. Nature disasters
of Serbian spruce grows in its preferred habitat,
forming a relict forest association Omorikae- In Tara NP the following natural disasters occur:
Piceto-Abieti-Fagetum mixtum. Parts of the Zvezda wildfire, wind damage and windfalls, heavy snow
locality have been excluded from exploitation in with snowfalls and avalanches, phytopathologic
all forestry planning documents since ninetenth and entomologic diseases and forest drying
century, as a measure of erosion prevention, process. Natural disasters in Zvezda and Rača
even though the inaccessibility has made these component parts have had a small-scale impact
forests largely unexploitable. This area was first in recent years. Zvezda locality has had windfalls,
nationally protected in 1949, and a nature reserve wildfires and drying of Serbian spruce. In December
was established here in 1950 as to preserve an 2017 a strong windstorm caused great tree falls in
endemo-relict species, Picea omorika. Rača River the Level II protection regime around the Zvezda
Gorge is one of the deep river gorges in Tara NP, locality, but the component part itself was spared,
located on the eastern part of the park. Here beech with only a few fallen trees. In August 2015 lightning
forms a relict association with walnut (Fagetum caused a wildfire in part of the Zvezda locality
montanum juglandetosum), growing on the lowest called Dolovi. The Serbian spruce drying process
levels of the gorge, reflecting the refugial character was observed in the part of the Zvezda locality
of the site. Forests in the Rača River Gorge were called Drlije. The Klisura Rače locality is less prone
preserved for being inaccessible and unexploitable, to natural disasters. In June 2018 lightning struck
when they were first nationally protected in 1981 an old black pine tree, which burned down, but
as parts of Tara NP, to receive Level I protection fire did not spread. Landslides are another natural
regime status in 1989. The protection is enforced disaster occurring in Tara NP with a frequency of
by the Law on National Parks and management is 5–7 years but were not recorded in Zvezda and
entrusted to the Public Enterprise ‘Nacionalni park Rača component parts.
Tara’.
154
2. DESCRIPTION
2.b.23 Slovakia: Poloniny a big part of land suitable for agriculture was
deforested.
(SK-POLO-01, -02, -03, -04*) 1. Human influence
1. Historic development of the forest The transportation possibilities partially improved
There are only small and young mires or fens in the after the construction of railways in the second half
Poloniny NP which are not very deep. No palynology of the nineteenth century and subsequently after
analyses of organic deposits were conducted from the construction of the narrow-gauge railways net
those wetlands, so we do not have any exact between WWI and WWII. The interest in using
information about Quaternary vegetation history wood gradually increased. The highest pressure
directly from our area. The nearest localities where on the forest started in the 80s of the twentieth
test pits were taken for pollen analyses are peat century when a programme for the removal of so-
bogs Hypkaňa (ca 20 km southwest, 820 m a.s.l.) in called small-productive forests was adopted, which
the neighbouring mountain range Vihorlat or Vinné also included ‘overaged’ forest stands. A large part
(ca 35 km southwest, 105 m a.s.l.) at the base of of natural forests considered ‘overaged’ stands
Vihorlat or the Wołosate and Tarnawa peat bogs with a high number of old trees were cut at that
(ca 10 km and 20 km northeast) in the Bieszczady time.
National Park on the Polish side. In spite of this, primeval forests were saved at some
The beech pollen was found in the Vinné samples percentage of this region, especially at sites located
from the late glacial (Younger Dryas) with rather farther from villages and with difficult accessibility.
high frequency – 3% in pollen composition. The The first mention of a protected oak forest with a
European beech is a tree species with a small logging ban dates back to 1660 (Stakčín municipality
production of pollen so its percentage in tree land register). Protected fir and beech forests under
species composition was surely higher in that Riaba skala with a logging ban were demarcated
period. From four pollen cores taken in Slovakia in 1728 (Zboj municipality land register). Stužica–
containing layers from the Younger Dryas period Jasan was the first strict forest reserve. It was
the Vinné sample was the only sample containing declared in 1908 with an area of 331.4 ha. The
beech pollen. So, it means that this species present network of natural reserves was built in
regarding to Slovakia first appeared to the eastern the second half of the twentieth century.
part of country after the glacial period. Pollen
grains of beech were present also in the Preborial There are no historical records about logging in
and Borial period at Hypkaňa, and in the younger the most valuable natural reserves included in the
Atlantic period beech belonged to the main tree component cluster.
species in Vihorlat. 1. Nature disasters
We could deduce the prehistory Quaternary For beech primeval forest it is typical that there are
vegetation development in the Poloniny from groups of fallen trees, individual windfalls are very
analysis in neighbouring areas. For lower elevations rare. At the beginning of the twenty-first century
by interpolation of analyses results from Vinné and a research study was conducted aimed at canopy
Hypkaňa and for higher elevation the development gaps in the primeval forest of the component
should be analogical to Hypkaňa and Polish Havešová. The largest gap in this component was
localities. Primeval deciduous forests covered 0.40 ha at that time.
nearly the whole area until the end of fourteenth
century. The permanent settlement dates to the The present largest gap in Havešová is 2.30 ha and
late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, it was caused by the windstorm Žofia (Sofia), which
when, thanks to the Wallachian colonization, new swept through Slovakia on 15 May 2014. It was one
settlements were formed. of the biggest storms – its measured highest wind
speed was 165 km/h in Central Slovakia and the
The area of the Poloniny NP belonged to marginal estimated disturbance volume was 5.2 million m3
regions of the former Hungarian Kingdom or across the whole country.
Austrian-Hungarian Empire with rather low
population density and it was also rather far from It is possible to find freshly fallen or broken trees
historical mining regions. Beech wood is heavier after every stronger storm. This is a common
than water so it was impossible to transport it by phenomenon in the primeval forests of all four
rafts along regional rivers. So there was a very low component parts belonging to the cluster Poloniny.
market demand for this wood and forest stands It is a natural process. Mainly in those parts which
have not been very valued in the past. Therefore are in the old-growth or decay stage where the
senescent trees are prevailing.
155
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Ancient and
BEECH
Primeval
FORESTS
Beech OF
Forests
EUROPE
2.b.24 Slovakia: Vihorlat 1. Human influence

(SK-VIHO-01, -02*) The so-called Wallachian colonization in the period
from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century
1. Historic development of the forest probably had an influence on the state of the
Research studies prove that in the last glacial the proposed property. During the colonization, there
area was deforested. Cold and dry climate induced were established homesteads and pastures on
a backdown of forests. Due to weathering steep the upper forest boundary. Despite this reality the
slopes were created with shaped formations of proposed property was not disturbed, which was
more resistant andesite rocks. In such conditions probably caused by terrain inaccessibility and a
big landslides arose and they dammed some valleys great distance from existing settlements. From the
and caused a formation of small depressions – end of the eighteenth century until the beginning
lakes and peat bogs. of the twentieth century human activities in
forests started also in more inaccessible areas.
Historical vegetation development was studied Management plans were elaborated for larger
also based on samples taken for palynology forest areas. These plans represented the beginning
analyses directly from localities in the Vihorlat of controlled forest management. Logging
Mountain Range or contiguous area. One test pit activities were carried out mainly in the southern
with oldest sediments from the Preborial period part of the proposed property. Most of the areas
was taken from peat bog Hypkaňa (820 m a.s. l.), of the proposed property still have the character
located on the northern slopes of Motrogon Hill of primeval or ancient forests, because this area
(northern part of the Vihorlat Mountain Range). was in the private hands of the Andrássy Family
Two test pits near the village Vinné were taken and was used exclusively for hunting purposes. In
from mires Podvihorlatské blatá (105 m a.s.l.), 1974, the primeval forest in the northern part was
which were located at the base of the southern declared as a strict nature reserve. In 2007, mainly
slopes of the Vihorlat Mountain Range. This locality in the southern part of the proposed property, the
was destroyed by the construction of Zemplínska area increased on the basis of mapped primeval
Šírava Water Reservoir in 1965.The oldest layer forest and forests with a natural character. Part
from Vinné samples can be dated from the Allerød of the proposed property is located within the
period (late glacial). These are the oldest samples Valaškovce Military Territory. In the area a special
in Slovakia. In samples from the Allerød pollen legislation superordinated to other legislation is
grains of tree species such as Pinus, Betula, Alnus, valid. Defense of the State is superordinated also to
Larix and Quercus have been found. nature protection legislation. Ministry of Defense
SR and its sectoral institution, the Military Forests
The beech pollen in the Vinné samples was found to and Estates of the Slovak Republic responsible for
be from the late glacial period (Younger Dryas) with the Valaškovce Military Territory take the need
rather high frequency – 3% in pollen composition. for nature protection into consideration. They
Pollen grains of European beech are rather heavy communicate and cooperate with the Vihorlat
and they are not usually carried long distances by Protected Landscape Area Administration.
wind. It is a tree species with a small production of
1. Nature disasters
pollen so its percentage in tree species composition
was surely higher in that period. From four pollen The current state of the proposed component parts
cores taken in Slovakia containing layers from the is not influenced by natural factors, which could
Younger Dryas period, the beech pollen grains cause a large scale disturbance (e.g. of several
were present only in the Vinné sample. It means hectares). This fact confirms height and diameter
that this species, regarding to Slovakia, appeared structure of forest stands in the monitoring plots.
first in eastern part of country after glacial period. The most frequent abiotic factor influencing forest
Southern slopes of Vihorlat near the village Vinné stands is wind, partly breakage caused by snow or
belong to the warmest xerothermic habitats in ice. The last wind calamities here were in 2014 and
Slovakia. It is probable that some small refugium in 2017. The timber volume was less than 0.5%
of European beech survived on a similar locality of the timber supply. Fungal and insect attacks
somewhere in the East or South Carpathians are visible only in case of weakened or more
during the glacial period. precisely dying trees. The ash and elm trees are an
exception, fungal diseases very often cause defects
Pollen grains of beech were present also in the
in conducting tissues of healthy trees. Hoofed
Preborial and Borial period at Hypkaňa. In the
game is a significant factor, which influences young
younger Atlantic period beech belonged to the
forest stands. The game very often also influences
main tree species in Vihorlat and this situation
the species composition of the stands.
endures to the present time.
156
2. DESCRIPTION
157
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
3. JUSTIFICATION FOR INSCRIPTION

Having inscribed the ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech lasting ongoing ecological process a large number
Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of of elements are indispensable. It is thus necessary
Europe’ into the World Heritage List, the World to include a whole series of forests in order to
Heritage Committee has acknowledged the express the OUV in a comprehensive way.
Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of European
beech forests with their unique history and By this extension, the 78 inscribed component parts
evolution as a prominent example of the ongoing will be extended to a total of 108 component parts
recolonization and development of terrestrial across 11 Beech Forest Regions to provide a much
ecosystems after the last glacial period. Pure more complete picture of the continental character,
and mixed beech forests as a large-area climax diversity and biogeographical distribution of
vegetation are globally limited to Europe due to the beech forest. A complete narrative now emerges
combination of postglacial climate changes and the of the exceptional history of an ecosystem linked
beech’s (Fagus sylvatica) extreme competitiveness to a species that exhibits distinctive and unique
and its distinct life strategy. Based on its incredible biogeographical provenance, climatic vulnerability
ecological adaptability, the beech has spread as well as a certain degree of adaptation, and
throughout Europe, covering wide areas and evidence of rapid shifts and changes under the
shaping a broad array of different beech forest influence of human disturbance and climate
types. change.
The focus of the OUV is on the postglacial and The ‘story’ of the serial property is summarised as
continental expansion process of beech forests follows: During each glacial phase (ice age) of the last
within the criterion ix (to serve as outstanding one million years, European beech (Fagus sylvatica)
examples representing significant on-going survived the unfavourable climatic conditions (i.e.
ecological and biological processes in the evolution ice-caps and peri-glacial tundra in N- and C-Europe,
and development of terrestrial, fresh water, coastal and continental steppic conditions in S-Europe) in
and marine ecosystems and communities of plants refuge areas in the southern parts of the European
and animals). To understand the values of this continent (mostly steep mountain areas hosting
outstanding example of a complex and very long- a high environmental heterogeneity and subject
158
3. JUSTIFICATION
4. STATE OF CONSERVATION AND FACTORS FORTHE
AFFECTING INSCRIPTION
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
to Stau Effect, i.e. intercepting moisture from the of beech forests, although human influence has
sea). These refuge areas have been documented played a role in managing the European landscapes
by scientists through palaeoecological analysis for a much longer time. During the first 10,000
and using the latest techniques in genetic coding years of the postglacial expansion process, the
(MAGRI ET AL. 2006). After the last ice age, around development of different ecological sub-types of
11,000 years ago, beech started expanding its range beech forest was mainly a natural evolutionary
from these southern refuge areas to eventually process and was not significantly altered by man.
cover large parts of the European continent. During the last 1,000 years, and mainly within the
industrial revolution starting in the eighteenth
The expansion process has temporal as well as century, forestry and agriculture changed the
spatial dimensions. Fagus sylvatica expanded into European landscape significantly. At the beginning
the mixed deciduous forests that had been built up of the twenty-first century, only a few remnants
by an aerial recolonization wave of oak, hornbeam, of ancient and primeval beech forests are left in
lime and hazel, and mostly established mono- Europe, and the threat of harvesting timber in
dominant forests in the lowlands and mixed forests these last remnants is still not completely under
with Abies alba and Picea abies in the higher control.
vegetation belts.
The World Heritage of ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech
During this migration process, which is still ongoing, Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of
beech formed different types of plant communities Europe’ and the proposed extension proposed
while occupying largely different environments. The shows the postglacial expansion process through
different climatic situations in different regions of a series of sites that represents the best examples
Europe (moist Atlantic climatic zones in the west to of primeval and ancient beech forests in a given
dry Continental climatic zones in the east; summer- climatic or ecological condition. This includes some
dry warm Mediterranean climate in the south and of the glacial refuge areas and demonstrates the
cool Baltic climate in the north) along with the most natural and undisturbed development history
different species pool available (different floristic of European beech forest ecosystems. The main
regions) and with the different pace at which other source refuge areas of postglacial colonisation Figure 36: Refuge
species migrated, formed a high diversity of beech (Figure 4) are included in the proposed extension.areas and post-
forest communities. That is, in different parts of glacial expansion
Undisturbed development over time, completeness
Europe (but often even on a single mountain, paths of European
(i.e. distribution of all forest development phases)
beech (Fagus syl-
because of the various elevation belts and bedrock and adequate protection to ensure undisturbed vatica) (left: E.C.O.
types: FILIBECK ET AL. 2015), the apparently development have been some of the important Institute of Ecolo-
homogeneous beech forest canopy features a criteria for the selection of the best sites. gy, right: LEIBNITZ
bewildering variety of floristic assemblages in the INSTITUT FÜR
understorey (WILLNER ET AL. 2017) and hence The proposed new component parts together with LÄNDERKUNDE,
different ecosystem processes (ELLENBERG 1988). the existing sites cover the majority (about 90%) both modified ac-
Up to the medieval period, large territories of of the identified best examples of ancient and cording to MAGRI
Europe were dominated by these different types primeval beech forest areas in Europe. et al. 2006).
159
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
The set of selected sites completes the different 3.1.a Brief synthesis
eco-regions, which are characterised by specific
climatic and floristic diversity. The spatial An important objective of the extension is to
information is scientifically reflected by the represent beech forests from all Beech Forest
delineation of ‘European Beech Forest Regions’ Regions and to demonstrate the variety of beech
(EBFR or short form: BFR). The EBFR describe forests within a Beech Forest Region caused by
spatial units within the distribution area of Fagus different geological substrates, elevation and
sylvatica, which are homogenous according to mesoclimatic phenomena.
the predominant macroclimate and the floristic
species pool. Therefore, the EBFR are an important Therefore, the additional value of each component
selection criteria of the set of serial sites across part to the OUV is given in the following, grouped by
Europe. Together with the inscribed sites, 11 of 12 Beech Forest Regions. This extension is applied for
EFBR are represented. Only the Euxinic EBFR is not complementing important stages of beech forest
covered by now (because of geo-political reasons). development and for adding significant beech
forest types not yet covered by the existing World
As this proposed extension of the serial World Heritage property. This extension represents 9 out
Heritage property aims to complete the picture of 12 European Beech Forest Regions (Pyrenaic-
and to demonstrate the still ongoing expansion Iberian, Central Mediterranean, Illyric, Moesian-
process of beech forests, which is mainly driven Balcanic, Subantlantic-Hercynic, Alpic, Carpathian,
by climatic factors, also the dynamic aspects are Atlantic and Pannonic) by at least one component
important for this heritage. The dynamic processes part. The Pannonic Beech Forest Region is now
can be best observed at the edges of the current represented for the first time. The Euxinic Beech
beech distribution. These are the rear edges, i.e. Forest Region (the proposed site on the Crimean
the southernmost and lowest-elevation (warmest) Peninsula could not be included by now) is still not
sites of the species range, where refuge areas represented. The additional 30 component parts
were located as well as the expanding edge, i.e. are vital and indispensable for the understanding
the northernmost, highest (coldest) and/or most of the history and evolution of the European beech
continental (eastern) sites. Recent climatic models forests; complementing the existing World Heritage
are predicting changes in precipitation also in property with significant old-growth beech forest
the Atlantic climatic region, so high dynamics are types; and reinforcing significantly the integrity of
expected there as well, and two additional sites are the existing property.
included here now.
The serial nomination of the ‘Ancient and Primeval
In several Beech Forest Regions, the human impact Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions
has limited ancient and primeval beech forest of Europe’ encompasses the most prominent
to small patches, often integrated in the cultural examples of the evolutionary and ecological
landscapes. This is especially valid for the low-land development of the nemoral deciduous forest,
beech forests, which represent specific forest types which has been in progress since the last ice age.
which would naturally cover millions of hectares
in Europe. These forest remnants are small but
exceed the critical size of 50 ha mentioned in the
decision 41 COM 8B of UNESCO to show typical
forest development phases in parallel to ensure all
important growth and decay processes inside the
component parts.
Figure 37:
Spatial analysis
of variance on
isozyme data of
Fagus sylvatica
(MAGRI et al.
2006)
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3. JUSTIFICATION
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Figure 38:
Overview of the
existing and
newly nomi-
nated World
Heritage com-
ponent parts
Figure 39:
The 12 Beech
Forest Regions
are used as
the main
framework for
assessing the
completeness
of the series
161
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ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
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To understand the postglacial distribution process, in the Alpic Beech Forest Region. The important
it is important to know the location of the refuge added value of Valli di Lodano, Busai and Soladino
areas of beech during the glacial period. MAGRI ET Forest Reserves is represented by the beech forest
AL. (2006) identified 9 different clusters of isozyme types on acid, paragneiss substrate which cannot
data of Fagus sylvatica. The spatial distribution of be found in the other three component parts/
these different isozyme-clusters gives an impression clusters in the Alps.
of the refuge areas and the postglacial expansion
process and is an important source of information Chapitre
to rate the added value of each component part of The Chapitre Forest has been listed as one of
the series. the most remarkable sites of sub-natural forests
The additional value of each nominated component in the French Alps since the 1980’s. Old-growth
part is given by its contribution to document the beech forests are protected under the biological
different refuge areas and expansion routes. This strict reserve since its creation in 1990. Located
extension through the new components permits on the opposite side of the valley of Petit Buëch,
to include all elements necessary to express the Brouas Beech Forest, though less exceptional,
the Outstanding Universal Value. The expansion completes this forest ensemble remarkably in
process, influenced by the given climatic and terms of natural habitats. The site is located
geological site conditions as well as the different at the southern end of the Alpic Beech Forest
floristic provinces, led to a high variety of different Region. The ancient forest character, the age of
vegetation types of beech forest. The different the oldest settlements and the 70 to more than
floristic provinces as well as the main macroclimatic 100-year-old ending of silvicultural activities result
characteristics are summarized in the spatial scope in a remarkable richness in monumental trees,
of the 12 European Beech Forest Regions. deadwood and associated species.
Therefore, the additional value of each component Valli di Lodano, Busai and Soladino Forest Reserves
part to the OUV is given in the following, grouped The ancient beech-woods of the Lodano, Busai
by Beech Forest Regions. This chapter includes also and Soladino Valleys are an extraordinary example
the component parts with boundary modifications. of beech expansion after the last glaciation in the
South-Alpine region. They are located exactly on
the relative expansion corridor and are particularly
representative for their position in a climate
transition zone and geologically, for their marked
altitudinal gradient, for the crystalline rocky
substratum, for the presence of very mature stands
with specimens of considerable size (estimated
average age 150 years with different specimens
of over 250 years) and for belonging to the areas
of protection of two adjacent forest reserves with
well-defined management and protection rules
(IUCN protection equivalent Ib). The nominated
component part (806.78 ha) is composed of a
majority of beech forests and fir-beech forests
all located in the forest reserve protection area.
Alpic It is sufficiently extensive to fully illustrate the
processes of natural evolution and is protected by
There are already two sites inscribed in this Beech an adequate buffer zone.
Forest Region: Dürrenstein and Kalkalpen. Both
sites are located in the northern limestone Alps in Atlantic
Austria. In comparison to the two inscribed sites in
the northern limestone Alps, Chapitre represents The Altantic Beech Forest Region is maybe the one
the south-oriented section of the western limestone with the highest human impact on beech forest
Alps. Although influence of the Mediterranean distribution and quality. Primeval beech forests of
climate is obvious, a period of summer drought considerable size cannot be found in this region
is missing. According to Magri 2006, beech in this although it is a very important natural habitat
region of the Alps shows another isozyme group for beech forest according to the map of natural
(type 4) than in the other parts of the Alps, which is vegetation of Europe (BOHN ET AL. 2004). To give
the important added value of this new component a complete picture of the postglacial expansion
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process of beech in Europe, it is indispensable to example for lowland forests in France. This old-
have sites from this Beech Forest Region included. growth beech forest is exceptionally rich in very
old trees and associated species (insects and
By now, only component parts in the Sonian Forest mushrooms in particular).
near Brussels are inscribed into the World Heritage
List. Two additional component parts/clusters are
part of this extension nomination, Chizé in the
western and Fontainebleau in the eastern part of
France. The three sites are separated from each
other by more than 300 km and represent a wide
range of the Atlantic climate conditions. The sites
are in the south-western, central and eastern part
of the biogeographic region. Another added value
of these two component parts/clusters within this
BFR are the different soils and geological substrates
they are stocking on and which influence growth
rates and understorey vegetation types. While
the inscribed Sonian Forest is based on niveo-
aerolic loess deposits, Chizé is based on Jurassic
limestones and Fontainebleau is based on very acid
sandstones and sand. Additionally, Fontainebleau Carpathian
represents the oldest beech forest without human As the Carpathian Beech Forest Region harbours the
management (more than 150 years) within this largest occurrence of beech forests in Europe and
region. is thus often called the motherland of the beech
tree, this Beech Forest Region with its outstanding
Chizé
jewels deserves adequate representation in the
The Sylve d’Argenson biological strict reserve is serial World Heritage Site. Within this extension
representative of most national forests of low nomination, only one additional site, the
altitude regions, composed of old- growth forest, Bieszczady National Park is added to the list. The
having been managed in the past centuries. The important added value is the improvement of the
decision to create the reserve dating back to site configuration between the already inscribed
2003, the end of silvicultural activities does not go component parts/clusters of Poloniny (SK) and
beyond the beginning of the 1990s, this applies for Stuzhytsia-Uzhok (UA). The three protected areas,
the two forest plots constituting this component Bieszczady National Park (PL), Poloniny National
cluster. In spite of this relatively short time of non- Park (SK) and Uzhansky National Nature Park (UA)
intervention, the old-growth character, the age of are forming the trilateral East-Carpathian Biosphere
the oldest stands and the already large amount Reserve. The component parts in Poland will link
of deadwood (due to windthrows) make the site the existing Ukrainian and Slovak component parts
already rich in saproxylic species. Above all, the main by adding the northern exposed slopes of the East-
interest of the site lies in its unique biogeographic Carpathian Ridge and give the opportunity to host
situation, in the extreme southwestern limit of flocks of European Bison in their natural habitat.
the Atlantic Beech Forest Region. The large buffer
In Slovakia, five component parts have been re-
zone (571.92 ha) could permit, without prejudice
configured to ensure strict protection of the sites
of the natural evolutional processes, to extend the
and inclusion of the best examples of primeval
component to the entire reserve in the future.
and old-growth forests. The already inscribed
Fontainebleau component cluster of Vihorlat is extended by an
additional component part Kyjovský prales which
The Gros Fouteau et Hauteur de la Solle Beech is on the edge to the Pannonic influenced lowland
Forest is one of the oldest strict forest reserves forest types (Pre-Carpathian(-north Pannonian)
in France and counts among the oldest protected Carex pilosa-beech forests).
areas worldwide. Among these very old reserves,
this reserve is the largest by far. Out of 248.48 ha of Bieszczady
the nominated component, about 230 ha have not
The forests in the component part are characterised
been exploited since the mid-nineteenth century.
by a high degree of naturalness, in some parts
The forest demonstrates distinctive features of
they can even be described as virgin forest. The
naturalness and long-lasting protection without
forest stands of the component part belong to the
any exploitation (more than 150 years), a unique
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OF EUROPE
best-preserved beech forests in Poland. They are phases and development cycles. 240-year old and
characterised by large, un-fragmented areas and even some older exemplars of the European beech
a high diversity in forest communities and species, trees are no exception. A whole development
especially mushrooms, mosses and animals. The cycle in this proposed area lasts 220–230 years.
size of about 3,472 ha of the proposed primeval Current representation of the European beech
beech forest is relatively large compared to other in these forest stands shows its huge vitality and
beech forests in Europe. Further, they provide an an extraordinary ability to adapt to existing and
example of a regenerative process (at the moment also changed conditions. It illustrates a unique
80 years) of beech forests after a large disturbance competitive strategy of the European beech,
(extremely cold winter in 1928/29). So-called gap which in optimal natural conditions leads to the
dynamics are the main mechanism of regeneration development of mono-dominant forest stands.
in European beech forests, with large-scale natural
disturbances being uncommon. The forests also Central Mediterranean
provide valuable examples of different vegetative In the Central Mediterrenean BFR already six
reproduction types at the upper beech forest limit. component parts/clusters have been inscribed:
Abruzzo, Lazio & Molise National Park, Cozzo
Ferriero, Foresta Umbra, Monte Cimino, Monte
Raschio and Sasso Fratino. Two of them are affected
by boundary modifications and enlargement of the
property:
• In Foresta Umbra the inscribed component

part is now enlarged from 182 ha to
254,30 ha and a second component part is
added with additional 667.13 ha (together
now 921.43 ha within the cluster) and an
enlarged buffer zone of 3,486.29 ha.
• The former component Cozzo Ferriero is

enlarged by a second component part of
Poloniny (boundary modification) 477.94 ha and is now renamed Pollino
National Park. The buffer zone including
The natural reserves included in the cluster the both component parts has been
Poloniny belong to the most valuable primeval enlarged as well.
forests in Europe, which was demonstrated by
several comparative research studies. They are There are also two new component parts added
embedded in valuable natural or semi-natural to the series: Valle Infernale (IT) and Sainte-Baume
forest complexes which are an integral part of (FR).
the protected areas. They are not encircled by
deforested land or man-made monocultures. Foresta Umbra
Genetic exchange and repopulation are possible, The Gargano Promontory has been a refuge for
which is essential for the sustainable existence of beech, biogeographically isolated from Apennines
the virgin forest ecosystems. Biological processes populations, and historically a connection between
of all component parts are intact. All forest western and eastern floras. High biodiversity is
structures are occurring within the ergodic process possible thanks to unique karst landforms and
of beech primeval forest dynamics – multiple warm-wet conditions, allowing beech to grow
vegetation layers, large diameter stems, deadwood at low-elevation (400–800 m a.s.l.) and mix with
and old trees, openings in the forest canopy, high Mediterranean woody species. Foresta Umbra
diversity in the herbaceous layer, lichen and fungus old-growth forests are characterised by warm-
abundance and diversity. wet conditions, allowing fast turnover rates and
Vihorlat (boundary modification + extension by recovery of natural attributes. The forests host
one component) exceptionally tall trees, either beech (45 m) or other
species (Acer campestre, Sorbus torminalis, Taxus
The local beech forests are an example of baccata, 30–40 m). Large old beech trees reach
undisturbed, well-preserved ecological processes, 360 years, a remarkable age for these rear edge
where it is possible to observe all development populations, and they often support exceptionally
164
3. JUSTIFICATION
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PROPERTY
old lianas (Hedera helix, 100 yrs. old). The reserve important south-Italian refuge areas of beech.
Sfilzi hosts the only natural water spring on the In comparison, the Pollino National Park (former
Gargano Mountain. The conservation status of the Cozzo Ferriero) is located on limestone while Valle
area is corroborated by the presence of an isolated Infernale is based on crystalline rocks which leads to
population of Italian Roe Deer. a significant difference in vegetation composition.
It is the only component part representing beech
Pollino National Park (boundary modification + forest of isozyme group 8 (MAGRI et al. 2006),
extension by new component part) which is the added value to the series. The other
These old-growth forests grow on calcareous component parts in Italy represent isozyme groups
soils; Pollinello includes the upper elevational 1 and 9, which indicate origins from different
limit (2,000 m) of beech distribution. They are refuge areas.
located in a glacial refugial area, where beech
populations persisted through the Pleistocene ice
ages. This, along with its extreme latitudinal and
elevational position (Pollinello rises up to 2,200 m,
above the limit of the beech forest) will guarantee
acclimatization and adaptation to climate change
(drought, late frost, strong winds). The forest
structure is complex because of the long history of
stand development in extreme environments. The
Pollinello old beech stands are in close contact with
old Pinus heldreichii trees that, on rocky, windy and
snowy sites, are regenerating under the canopy of
beech. Pollinello hosts the oldest beeches in the
world, with several trees exceeding 600 years in
the primeval part of the forest. The old-growth
stands also show very high levels of naturalness, Sainte-Baume
as demonstrated by deadwood and old-growth
Sainte Baume biological reserve in France has
indicators.
been a relic forest and refuge area during the last
Valle Infernale glacial period. Highly isolated, Saint-Baume Beech
Forest lies 60 km south of other closest beech
The component is located within a major forests. Beech stands present a genetic originality
Mediterranean Pleistocene refugium, where beech that has been well identified. Due to its long-
and other temperate plant and animal species lasting preservation Sainte-Baume Beech Forest is
survived the last glaciation. The beech population one of the most remarkable for its naturalness in
of South Calabria, located in a metamorphic basin at France, at levels comparable to the Fontainebleau
the southernmost limit of the range, is distinguished and Massane Beech Forests. It owes its very
by unique genotypes and by distinctive vegetation old preservation as a sanctuary, strengthened
growing in contact with the Mediterranean biome. by management and protection since the mid-
The strict protection of the last decades and the nineteenth century. Today, this forest exhibits an
diffuse presence of old trees (200–400 years old) exceptional level of maturity, with trees over two
and large patches of ancient stands have favoured centuries old and an extraordinary richness in
the rewilding process that is going on at a very yew and large holly of the understorey. The old
fast pace, thus demonstrating that mature and forest character, the age of the oldest trees but
old-growth functional beech ecosystems can also the diversity of species and trees with cavities
be restored in the Mediterranean environment. (beech, oak, yew, maple) give the Sainte-Baume
From the point of view of biological conservation, Beech Forest a remarkable richness in saproxylic
the wide environmental gradient from mixed organisms.
thermophilus beech forests to pure beech stands
in mountain Mediterranean environments, where Sainte-Baume is located on limestone cliffs only 15
many threatened species have demographically km from the Mediterranean Sea. The added value
viable populations, is remarkable. to the series is given as this is the only example
from a refuge area that represents a local variety of
Valle Infernale is the most southern component beech described by Magri et al. as isozyme group
part and is closely linked to thermo-Mediterranean 2, which can rarely be found in any other region
forest types (incl. olive, mastic tree and in Europe. It is characterised by low elevation
Mediterranean oaks) and represents one of the
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and close contact to Mediterranean forest types. high stand volumes of more than 1,200 m³ of Janj
It represents the most western component part forest, which can be assumed to be virgin forest.
within the Mediterranean BFR and is the only one
linking to the Alpic BFR. Moesian-Balcanic
The Moesian-Balcanic BFR is, beside the Carpathian

Illyric BFR the one with the highest amount of current
The refuge areas in the Illyric Beech Forest Region beech forest cover. By now, three component parts/
were the most important ones for the European clusters are inscribed within this BFR: Lumi I Gashit
postglacial expansion process. It was shown that and Rrajca, both in Albania and the Central Balkan
most of the European beech trees in Central National Park in Bulgaria. With this extension,
Europe are of the same genetic isozyme group (nr. four additional component parts/clusters will be
1 according to MAGRI et al. 2006) that is typical for added (Tara and Kopaonik in Serbia, Biogradska
the Illyric region. This underlines the importance of Gora in Montenegro and Dlaboka Reka in North
the component parts cluster already inscribed in Macedonia).
this Beech Forest Region: Hajdučki i Rožanski Kukovi
(HR), Paklenica National Park (HR), Krokar (SI) and This BFR shows a huge variability in geology,
Snežnik-Ždrocle (SI). The new component added to climate and different beech genotypes. From the
the series is Prašuma Janj in Bosnia-Herzegovina. spatial analysis of different isozyme groups of
beech, this BFR shows examples of groups 1, 7, 8
and 9. This heterogeneity supports the nomination
of 7 component parts/clusters in total.
Biogradska Gora, Tara, Dlaboka Reka and Lumi i

Gashit represent sites on limestone, the geology in
Kopaonik and the Central Balkan is mainly granite
and crystalline schist while in Rrajca Palaeozoic
ophiolitic crystalline rocks can be found.
The more northern component parts in Tara and

Kopaonik are likely to have been invaded by beech
from the Illyric refuge areas from the north and
showing beech with the isozyme group 1 according
Magri et al. 2006, same as in the Illyric BFR. One is
on limestone while the other is on crystalline rock,
Prašuma Janj so both add new features to the series within the
BFR.
The strict nature reserve Prašuma Janj is located on
the territory of Šipovo Municipality, on the western The other, more southern sites of the balkan
slopes of the Stolovaš Mt. in the western part of peninsula show beeches from isozyme groups
the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 7, 8 and 9, a cluster. This indicates that beeches
located between 44° 07’ and 44° 10’ north latitude expanded from separate refuge areas within this
and between 17° 15’ and 17° 17’ east longitude. region.
It is state-owned and managed by the State
Enterprise ‘Forests of the Republic of Srpska’, the Biogradska Gora
Forest Company Gorica from Šipovo. The height The Virgin Forest Reserve in Biogradska Gora
amplitude of the reserve is from 1,180 to 1,510 m. National Park is a unique example of the evolution of
Vegetation is dominated by ancient Dinaric, Illyrian, different beech forest communities as a significant
altimontane forest of beech, fir and spruce. part of the genetic legacy of the Earth and important
This component is further east than the other evidence of the specific history and evolution of the
component parts in the BFR and links already to living and non-living world of the Tertiary, from the
the more continental climate than the other 4 ice age up to the present day. The forests represent
inscribed component parts, which are all closer to unique examples of the succession stages and
the sea and are facing dominant Oceanic influence. evolution of different forest communities. This
Opposite to the above-mentioned inscribed sites reserve is characterised by its uniqueness as a
in the Illyric BFR, the dolomite in Janj shows slack protected area that was established 140 years
structures which leads to more developed soils and ago. A large number of complex ecosystems is
high growth rates of trees. This led to exceptional present, with a considerable number of rare plant
and animal species, some of them endemic to the
166
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Balkans. This underlines the extraordinary value emphasising refugial character of Kopaonik NP and
of the Virgin Forest in Biogradska Gora NP. Virgin this locality in particular.
forests are characterised by a large number of trees
and shrub species (over 86) as well as the 16 forest Kopaonik is the only site in the western Moesian-
communities, which represent well preserved pure Balkanic BFR on siliceous rock (inlcuding
and mixed beech forests. serpentinites) re-setteled by beech from the Illyric
refuge area.
The two component parts in Biogradska Gora
National Park present 2,304.29 ha of virgin beech Tara - Zvezda i Rača
forest on limestone, representing the largest Zvezda and Rača component parts are protected
component of this extension. under Level I Protection Regime, as parts of
Dlaboka Reka Tara National Park. This is a strict protection
regime, prohibiting all human activities, except
The primeval beech forest Dlaboka Reka within for scientific research, monitoring of natural
Mavrovo National Park is characterised by the processes and controlled educational or cultural
dominant tree species beech (Fagus sylvatica), visits, and has been in place for several decades,
while Macedonian fir (Abies borisii-regis) is present providing undisturbed forest development and
in the lower parts of the valley. The area is very representation of all beech forest development
rich in biodiversity with the presence of numerous phases. The components are situated in and
endemic species of plants and invertebrates. It around Drina River Canyon and Rača River Gorge,
is also important for the conservation of Balkan giving them a long-lasting protection against
lynx, Balkan chamois, golden eagle and many environmental change and disturbance. In all
other vertebrate species. The buffer zones will component parts beech accounts for a significant
be managed in a way to preserve the particular part of forests, forming different forest associations
characteristics of the beech forests in the selected with presence of endemic and relict species and
areas. relict associations, which emphasise the refugial
character of the Balkan Peninsula, Tara NP and in
Dlaboka Reka is located on limestone and is particular these secluded localities.
characterised by high dynamic processes caused
by avalanches, which are not so present in the
other component parts on limestone in this BFR. It
is located on the eastern mountain ridge and is less
influenced by the Oceanic climate of the Adreatic
Sea. In comparison to the component parts in
the Central Balkan National Park, Dlaboka Reka is
situated on limestone.
Kopaonik - Kozje stene
Kozje stene component part is protected under

Level I Protection Regime of Kopaonik NP in
whole of its territory. This is the strict Protection
Regime, prohibiting all human activities, except for
scientific research, monitoring of natural processes
and controlled educational or cultural visits,
and has been in place for a number of decades, Tara is the only site in the western Moesian-
providing undisturbed forest development and Balkanic BFR which was re-setteled by beech from
representation of all beech forest development the Illyric refuge area but, in contrast to Kopaonik,
phases. The component part is situated in and is located on limestone rock.
around Samokovska River gorge, giving it a long-
lasting protection against environmental change
Pannonic
and disturbance, but also negative anthropogenic The Pannonic BFR has not been represented in
influence, such as exploitation of natural resources, the inscribed property. With the new component
due to its extreme inaccessibility. Beech accounts cluster of Fruška gora - Papratski do i Ravne, an
for a significant part of forest, dominating the example of beech forest in this region of the
gorge, while Spruce forests, shrub and grassland Continental climate is added to the series.
vegetation form higher up the Jadovnik hill, with
endemic and relict species and relict associations,
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Fruška gora - Papratski do i Ravne Mediterranean climate influence, it is part of the

beech forests’ southern front at the ‘outposts’,
Papratski do and Ravne are protected under Level I facing climate change.
Protection Regime, as parts of Fruška gora National
Park. Due to the long time of protection, the forest Massane is located on volcanic rock and represents
reserve provides undisturbed forest development beech from isozyme group 4, which indicates a
and representation of all beech forest development separate refuge area at the most eastern end of
phases. Beech here forms Fagetum submontanum the Pyrenees and links to the Mediterranean BFR.
forest association, in some parts mixed with linden
and sessile oak. Py-Pas de Rotja
The two component parts are the only sites Py-Pas de Rotjà Beech Forest is a micro-refuge
located in the Pannonic BFR and are of uppermost essential for beech conservation in the eastern
importance to complete the European picture of Pyrenees, it holds with Massane Forest the largest
the postglacial beech forest distribution. beech genetic diversity of the Pyrenean-Iberic
region. Located away from the Mediterranean
Pyrenaic-Iberian climatic transitional zone, Py-Pas de Rotjà
constitutes the most central component in the
The three inscribed component parts/clusters Pyrenean mountain range compared to 3 other
in the Pyrenaic-Iberian BFR (Hayedos de Ayllón, component parts and stands as a centre reservoir
Hayedos de Navarra, Hayedos de Picos de Europa) away from component parts that are exposed to
are proposed to be completed by three newly climate change, such as the Massane Beech Forest.
nominated component parts which add important Located at mountain altitudes between 1,300 and
additional value to the OUV. All three newly 1,800 m, the forest is composed mainly of eastern
nominated component parts will contribute with Pyrenees acidophilous beech forest, of which 75%
additional genetic types of beech (isozyme group are pure beech stands. Beech is associated with
4 and 5 according to Magri et al. 2006). Py-Pas de other species such as fir, birch and mugo pine.
Py-Pas de Rotja has developed independently from

the Spanish refuge areas represented by Hayedos
de Navarra and Hayedos de Picos de Europa. It links
between the new component parts of Saint-Pé-
de-Bigorre and Massane and it shows a transition
between isozyme group 4 and 5 but is located on
much higher elevation (1,300–1,800 m) than Saint-
Pé-de-Bigorre (420–1,400 m) and Massane (600–
1,160 m).
Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre
The biological strict reserve of Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre

is one of the most remarkable forests of the French
Pyrenees, with a high level of naturalness. The
forest is set on a large wilderness massif, where
Rotja links between the other new component
bears have lived for a long time. The character of
parts and it shows a transition between isozyme
old-growth forest, the age of the oldest stands
group 4 and 5. Compared to Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre it
(more than 160 years old) and the non-intervention
represents much higher elevations and compared
duration make the site rich in saproxylic species.
to Massane it does not show the Mediterranean
floristic influence and has different geology. Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre shows beech forests of the
lowest elevation of the BFR and contributes
Massane
with beeches of isozyme group 5, while the two
The Massane Forest is located at the eastern end Spanish component clusters in the Pyrenees are
of the Pyrenees chain, and complements the built by beech trees from isozyme group 1 and 3.
genetic diversity of the Pyrenean–Iberian Beech This is a strong indicator, that Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre
Forest Region. It is an essential component at the represents another refuge area, different from the
European level as a refuge zone which created a eastern and western parts of the Pyrenees.
rare beech lineage in the post glacial recolonization
of Europe. Located at the interface with the Meso-
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PROPERTY
Subatlantic-Hercynic Grand Ventron and Forêt de la Bettlachstock are

both located in the central part of the BFR but
In the Subatlantic-Hercynic BFR two component Grand Ventron is situated on granite rock while
parts, Hainich and Kellerwald in Germany, have Bettlachstock has limestone bedrock.
already been inscribed. With this extension, four
additional component parts/clusters will be added. Forêt de la Bettlachstock
Aigoual The natural/near-natural beech forest on the
Bettlachstock, which was very mildly forested in
The Brèze Beech Forest is one of the most the past and has been totally unused for more than
remarkable sites of relict ancient beech forests in 30 years, is an exceptional example of the diverse
the Aigoual National Forest, justifying its status as a ecological patterns and processes in beech forests.
biological strict reserve at the joint initiative of the The area also includes rare forest locations on the
National Forest Office and the Cevennes National edge of the ecological niche of beech. The forest
Park. It is part of a network of 5 forest strict reserve is under strict protection. The property
biological reserves created or being created in the is part of the second largest forest reserve in
beech forest of the core area of the National Park. Switzerland and is surrounded by generous
Its biogeographic location is remarkable, at the buffer zones in which the forests are managed as
south end of the Subatlantic-Hercynic Beech Forest semi-natural permanent forests. The meadows
Region, situated on the borders of three Beech and pastures in the buffer zone are managed for
Forest Regions: Pyrenaic, Subatlantic-Hercynic and biodiversity purposes.
Mediterranean. The old-growth character and 70
years of natural evolution (which is remarkable) The added value to the series is the fact that it
of Brèze reserve shows the highest level of is the only component part in this BFR which is
naturalness among the forests of the Cevennes, located on limestone.
the forest stands out as one of most natural forests
throughout the Massif Central mountain range and Jizera Mountains
makes the site rich in very old trees and associated The Jizerskohorské bučiny/Jizera Mountains
species. Beech Forest displays a huge variety of old-
Aigoual in France will be the only component growth characteristics which is consistent with
representing beech from isozyme group 4 (Magri previously reported studies on primary old-growth
et al. 2006) in the Subatlantic-Hercynic BFR. forests that have never been managed or have
been unmanaged for even longer time periods.
Grand Ventron Due to its outstanding values at the national and
supranational level, the site was declared a National
Grand Ventron Beech Forest is located in the heart
Nature Reserve (NNR) and has become a site of the
of the Higher Vosges Massif between 800 and 1,200
EU Natura 2000 ecological network. The Jizerské
m. This forest has not undergone any interruption of
hory/Jizera Mts. Beech Forest has been maintaining
forest cover since the last glaciation, with no visible
significant natural ecological and evolutionary
signs of former tree harvesting, last interventions
processes, functions and ecosystem services,
date back 70 years. 350-year-old beeches coexist
respectively, almost not influenced by humans and
with 250-year-old firs and maples in the largest
shows high ecosystem integrity. Therefore, it can
(256 ha) strictly protected forest complex (IUCN cat.
also serve as a baseline for assessing naturalness
I equiv.) in the Higher Vosges. Three beech habitats
of forest ecosystems of various types not only in
are distributed according to an altitudinal and
the Czech Republic, but also across Central Europe.
acidity gradient dominated by the mid-European
montane horn beech forests and associated locally The Jizera Mountains are also located on granite
with rocky environments, cliffs and scree, and and granodiorite (acid soils) but in the very eastern
maple groves on scree. The fir-beech forests are section of the Subatlantic-Hercynic BFR, linking to
essential habitats for remarkable wildlife such as the Polonic-Podolic-Moldovan BFR and bridging the
capercaillie and hazel grouse as well as the grey gap between component parts in the Carpathians,
wolf and the boreal lynx. The connectivity, age and the Alps and the Baltic BFR.
biological value of these beech forests is evidenced
by many species of lichen, fungi, saproxylic beetles
and birds.
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3.1.b Criteria under which inscription and, based on intraspecific genetic differentiation,
has adapted to the highly varying local conditions
is proposed (and justification within the overall territory, the boundaries of
for inscription under these which being defined by climate. The beech, which
is young in terms of developmental history and
criteria) thus still highly competitive, has not yet arrived at
its climatic boundaries in certain areas. The beech
Among nature’s most outstanding creations are the is still showing tendencies of expansion.
beech forests in postglacial Europe, which developed 2. The complete replacement of a climax ecosystem
in a very short period of time by immigration of the by a new one is a consequence of global climate
beech (Fagus sylvatica). Together with the inscribed change in the postglacial period. The mixed oak-
component parts of the Ancient and Primeval linden forests, which are predominant in the zone
Beech Forests of the Carpathian and Other Regions of nemoral deciduous forests, have evolved into
of Europe, these 30 new component parts attest to beech forests. The beech forest, which is a climax
the ongoing developmental process in the scope eco-system shaped by a single tree species, has
of which the beech has come to dominate the tree been diversifying in biogeographic and ecological
layer, and has formed species-rich biocoenoses. terms over the course of late postglacial evolution.
This makes beech forests the last witnesses of
Inscription on the World Heritage List is proposed Europe’s natural vegetation, which has been
under criterion ix: prevailing since the beginning of the Subatlantic
period up to today’s climate conditions. This makes
‘Outstanding examples representing significant beech forests a key representative of nemoral
ongoing ecological and biological processes in deciduous forest biomes.
the evolution and development of terrestrial,
fresh water, coastal and marine ecosystems 3. The European beech forests are an outstanding
and communities of plants and animals.’ The and unique example of the extraordinary
serial nomination ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech regenerative power and the survival of a climax
Forests of the Carpathian and Other Regions of ecosystem with longstanding habitat tradition
Europe’ comprises outstanding examples of the to the present day. Despite fragmentation and
evolutionary and developmental processes of isolation within cultural landscapes and a long
beech forests since the last glacial period, giving history of settlement, distinct structures and
rise to a terrestrial ecosystem that has shaped processes characteristic of pristine wilderness still
an entire continent in a globally unique manner. exist.
In addition to the inscribed component parts of
4. Beech forests are an outstanding example for
the ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the
climate affecting ecosystem services with the
Carpathian and Other Regions of Europe’, the newly
ongoing carbon fixation in growing biomass and
nominated beech forests in 30 component parts
the ongoing and permanent carbon storage in the
and 10 countries (7 component parts show only
topsoil. They also represent the ability of nemoral
boundary modification) will enhance the existing
deciduous forest ecosystems to regenerate
World Heritage property to give an overall and
degraded soils and revitalize its ecosystem
comprehensive picture of the European postglacial
functions in a unique manner.
development process of beech forest. With this
extension, all glacial refuge areas and genotypes Together with the inscribed sites of the World
of beech are covered, enhancing significantly the Natural Heritage ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech
integrity of the existing property. The basic line Forests of the Carpathian and Other Regions
of argument in the nomination of the existing of Europe’, the nominated component parts of
property remains mainly unchanged: the extension tell a comprehensive and concise
story of how the postglacial forests have been
The nominated primeval and ancient beech forests
developing in Europe. With the nominated
are an outstanding and globally unparalleled
component parts, the ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech
example of the ongoing ecological processes
Forests of the Carpathian and Other Regions of
outlined below:
Europe’ are substantially complemented by the
1. One single tree species – Fagus sylvatica – has following important aspects that are indispensable
come, over the course of postglacial expansion, to for understanding the history and development
absolute domination over the natural vegetation of European beech forests and are currently not
of a major part of an entire continent – Europe – represented by the inscribed World Heritage
property:
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• The enlargement of the ecological spectrum floristic provinces, from the expansion processes
with significant regionally, biogeographically and from all relevant glacial refuge areas are given.
and ecologically different beech forest
types and their specific plant and animal
life, covering the main 11 European Beech
Forest Regions (Pyrenaic-Iberian, Central
Mediterranean, Illyric, Moesian-Balcanic,
Subatlantic-Hercynic, Alpic, Carpathian,
Atlantic, Baltic, Pannonic, Polonic-Podoloc-
Moldovan)
• The completion of the history of postglacial

areal expansion
• The addition of examples of the postglacial

extension process from the Pyrenaic, South
Italian and Balkan refuge areas
• The completion of the climatic gradient from

the most western to the most eastern and
southern to northern expansion of Fagus 3.1.c Statement of Integrity
sylvatica forests in Europe
The beech forests of the nominated ‘Ancient and
• The involvement of specific compartments of Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and
typical landscape complexes, e.g. sea shore Other Regions of Europe’ are the best and most
cliffs, mires, lakes, streams, rocks, and boulder intact primeval and old-growth relics in Europe.
fields, as last remnants of European ancient
deciduous forest landscape
With the ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of
• The gene pool within one and the same the Carpathian and Other Regions of Europe’, the
species Fagus sylvatica. best primeval and old-growth beech forests of
Europe are nominated as representatives of the
From the perspective of developmental history, ‘European Beech Forests’ showing the highest
beech forests as large-area climax vegetation are degree of maturity and naturalness. In an intense
a postglacial and geographically limited European selection process from 2012 to 2014, supervised by
phenomenon. Throughout its natural range, the German Federal Agency of Nature Conservation
spanning all altitudinal levels in Europe, the beech (BfN), a list of about 150 potential primeval and
shows a tendency toward a unique dominance old-growth beech forests was compiled by a group
and formation of pure stands. These are definitely of experts from all European countries. From this
the prevalent natural vegetation in Central Europe list, the best-suited sites were selected by applying
including the Carpathians, most areas of Western a set of indicators. These indicators include the
Europe and Southern Europe’s mountain ranges, additional value as a contribution to the OUV with
where stands assume different forms. A globally a particular focus on its integrity, the area covered
unparalleled feature is the fact that European by the site, protection regime, forest continuity,
beech forests reflect the biological potential to duration of the absence from use, structural
naturally populate and shape major areas under diversity, completeness of natural dynamic
unfavourable migratory conditions. Because of its processes, fractions in primeval forest relics,
widespread distribution over a range of degrees of favourable buffer and networking potentials, and
latitude, from planar to montane altitudinal belts, representativeness of the respective biogeographic
and its broad habitat amplitude, there are multiple region and the ongoing ecological processes
biogeographic Beech Forest Regions with a host following the last ice age. As are all of Europe’s
of beech forest types depending on trophic levels, natural areas, many of the beech forests of the
altitudinal level, and mesoclimate. This outstanding nominated component parts are not completely
wealth and diversity of different habitats and unaffected by human activity and, like all natural
shapes of European beech forests, which is a areas, they are undergoing continuous change.
consequence of their developmental history, can Especially during the last 1,000 years, beech
only be fully represented by the nomination of forest ecosystems have been generally impacted
several component parts throughout Europe. By by human activity throughout Europe, and partly
the proposed extension, examples from all relevant drastically so. As compared to the potential natural
171
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distribution area, the present area has shrunken Completeness

by 90% in Central Europe alone. The primeval
The nominated component parts, as an extension
forests in the West and Central European centre
to the existing World Natural Heritage ‘Ancient and
of distribution of the European beech forests have
Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other
largely vanished. Genuine remnants of primeval
Regions of Europe’, contain all elements pertaining
forests with beech (Fagus sylvatica) as the primary
to the complete illustration of the Outstanding
tree species to form populations are found only
Universal Value of the ongoing ecological process
on a relatively small scale in East-Central and
following the last glacial period. They are the best
Southeast Europe (Carpathians, Dinarides, Balkan)
remnants in terms of complete and comprehensive
on the most eastern limits of the beech forest
ecological patterns. Throughout this extension
habitat. Therefore, it is of uppermost importance
nomination, 11 of 12 Beech Forest Regions in
to raise global awareness of these last remnants of
Europe are represented by component parts of
the former widely distributed natural ecosystem in
primeval or ancient beech forest.
Europe.
The integrity of the nominated 37 component Throughout the screening process, which included
parts is mainly following a spatial gradient from all European countries, a list of all potential
southeast to northwest. While the history of primeval and ancient beech forest sites in Europe
forest development in the Carpathians and large was compiled. This process was driven by a
parts of the Balkan still have significant leftovers scientific expert team of the University of Applied
of primeval beech forests, human interventions in Science in Eberswalde (DE) together with national
forests in the western part of Europe were stronger experts from 20 European countries. From this
and more devastating. Consequently, the sites of overall overview of about 150 sites, the best
primeval forests in the central/western part are examples were selected (see indicators in the
generally smaller or even missing. To give a full section above) within several international expert
picture of the European postglacial development meetings in Vilm (DE, 2013), Rakhiv (UA, 2014) and
of beech forest expansion from the refuge areas, Vienna (AT, 2014). The primary selection criterion
the most suited examples of old-growth forest was the adequate representation of all relevant
were selected, in case primeval examples are Beech Forest Regions in Europe to give a complete
missing. The ongoing dynamic natural processes picture of the European beech forests, with the
in these strictly protected sites will inevitably lead goal of ensuring the integrity of the property.
to a permanent increase of naturalness of the sites Undisturbed development over time, completeness
which were under human management several (i.e. distribution of all forest development phases)
decades ago. Even those sites that were under and adequate protection to ensure undisturbed
direct human influence in the past and that have development are other important selection criteria
been exempt from any use or timber extraction of sites. Based on climatic and floristic criteria, the
for several decades already start to show typical potential range of beech forests in Europe is divided
structural features (e.g. high amount of deadwood, into 12 Beech Forest Regions (see Figure 7). 11 out
mosaic of gaps and old stands) similar to primeval of the 12 regions (Alpic, Atlantic, Baltic, Carpathian,
beech forests. It demonstrates the ability of beech Central Mediterranean, Illyric, Moesian-Balcanic,
forests to regenerate to natural-like structures and Pannonic, Polonic-Podoloc-Moldovan, Pyrenaic-
to adapt to changing climate conditions in ongoing Iberian, Subatlantic-Hercynic) are represented by
processes over a long time. Beech forests are an the existing and now nominated component parts.
outstanding example of ecosystem resilience and The last European Beech Forest Region that is not
adaptation ability. However, there is no way to represented, the Euxinic Beech Forest Region,
reproduce these primeval forests. Still existing is mainly represented by beech forests on the
ancient beech forests in the central and western Crimean Peninsula, which, because of geo-political
parts of Europe are mostly relics which particularly reasons, cannot be integrated into the serial
favour the occurrence of natural large animal fauna nomination at this time. The Euxinic Beech Forest
and highly specialised deadwood inhabitants. Region covers 0.6% of the current beech forest
Against this cultural-historical backdrop, the best distribution in Europe; all other beech forests are
old-growth beech forests in the central and western located in Beech Forest Regions represented by the
parts and the most representative primeval beech proposed serial nomination.
forests in the southeastern part of Europe, all of The existing World Heritage property represents
high integrity, have been included in this extension. ten of these Beech Forest Regions. By the
nomination of the new additional 30 component
parts now the Pannonic Beech Forest Region is
represented, as well. In 8 Beech Forest Regions, the
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3. JUSTIFICATION
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
Figure 40:
Current beech
forest distribu-
tion within the
12 Beech Forest
Regions (based
on remote
sensing data
analysed by the
University of
Applied Science
in Eberswalde)
current representation is improved by a boundary The Pyrenaic-Iberian BFR is completed by three

modification, enlargement of existing components component parts on the north-east ridge of the
and new components added to existing clusters or Pyrenees in France, linking to the Mediterranean
in new sites/clusters. BFR.
In the Alpic BFR, two new component parts are The Subatlantic-Hercynic BFR is extended by two
added in France and Switzerland, representing the component parts in France, one in Switzerland and
western part of the Alps on different geological one component in the Czech Republic, adding new
substrate than the two existing sites. geological and meso-climatic sites.
In the Atlantic BFR, primeval beech forests are

missing, and ancient forests are very rare. Two sites
are added in France to complete the series, which
until now was represented only with one cluster.
The Carpathian BFR will be completed by the

component parts in Poland linking the sites from
Ukraine and Slovakia. The Slovakian sites have
already been inscribed since 2007 but integrity is
enhanced by a boundary modification.
The Central Mediterranean BFR is completed by

a new component on the very southern tip of the
Italian peninsula and two existing clusters have
been significantly enlarged.
The Illyric BFR, one of the most important refuge

areas, is completed by a component part in Bosnia-
Herzegovina.
The Moesian-Balcanic BFR is completed by

two component parts/clusters in Serbia, one in
Montenegro and one in North Macedonia.
The Pannonic BFR is now represented for the first

time by a component cluster in Serbia.
173
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Other relevant Beech Forests in extension to complete the series (on an expert and
Europe diplomatic level), but some of them still did not
come.
Within the screening process (2012–2014), a list The screening process was continued, and the
of 48 sites was identified that would be suitable Vienna Short List has been extended for some sites,
to expand a European Network of primeval beech as some knowledge gaps have been closed since
forests. Together with the already 14 inscribed 2014. In total 9 candidate sites have been added
sites/clusters this gave a total of 62 sites of global in France, one site in Italy, one in Czech Republic,
importance. two sites in Serbia and one in Switzerland. The new
The IUCN Technical Evaluation Report on the last site in Switzerland (Bettlachstock) is replacing the
extension (ID N° 1133 Ter, May 2017) stated that former site of Montricher, which will now be de-
the series might not be complete and asked for a listed from the Vienna Shortlist.
definition for the finite series f component parts. With this extension open gaps in the series will be
The extension nomination inscribed in 2017 into closed.
the World Heritage list significantly extended the
serial nomination to cover most of the Beech Still, not all States Parties have followed the
Forest Regions and 80% of the area of sites listed multiple invitations to enter the process, even by
in the Vienna Short list (see Table 53) which is the now. Great Britain, Sweden and Greece were not
result of the European Screening Process 2012– able to join by now. Additionally to them, two
2014. As stated in the supplementary information other States Parties are not able to join because
of the extension nomination submitted in 2017, of international conflicts or not having ratified the
the Vienna Shortlist listing at this time 62 primeval World Heritage Convention. These sites are marked
or ancient beech forests (some are clusters) in in the Vienna Shortlist with the status ‘postponed’.
22 countries with international relevance was
This extension will enhance significantly the
presented as the finite series of component parts.
integrity of the property, adding substantially
Not all the States Parties have been prepared
all the attributes that express the Outstanding
to join the nomination process 2014–2016. All
Universal Value.
these States Parties have been invited to join this
Table 53: Vienna

Shortlist (up- Beech Forest Region Country Name of the identified site Status
dated); Result Alpic Austria NP Kalkalpen inscribed
of the screen-
Alpic Austria Wilderness Area Dürrenstein inscribed
ing process
2012–2014 of Alpic France Chapitre* candidate 2020
primeval (virgin Alpic Switzerland Valli di Lodano, Busai and Soladino Forest candidate 2020
and old-growth)
Atlantic Belgium Part of the Sonian Forest inscribed
beech forests in
Europe with suf- Atlantic France Chizé* candidate 2020
ficient protection Atlantic France Fontainebleau* candidate 2020
status and size to Atlantic Great Britain Part of New Forest NP postponed
provide addition-
al value to the Baltic Germany Grumsin inscribed
OUV Sites which Baltic Germany Jasmund inscribed
have been added Baltic Germany Serrahn inscribed
after 2014 are
indicated by * Baltic Sweden Söderasen NP postponed
Carpathian Poland Part of Bieszczady NP candidate 2020
Carpathian Romania Cheile Nerei inscribed
Carpathian Romania Cluster Cerna Valley/Domogled-Valea Cernei inscribed
Carpathian Romania Cluster: Groșii Țibleșului inscribed
Carpathian Romania Cluster: Strâmbu Băiuț inscribed
Carpathian Romania Codrul Secular Șinca inscribed
Carpathian Romania Codrul Secular Slătioara inscribed
Carpathian Romania Cozia inscribed
Carpathian Romania Izvoarele Nerei (Semenic-Cheile Carasului NP) inscribed
174
3. JUSTIFICATION
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
Beech Forest Region Country Name of the identified site Status

Carpathian Slovakia Poloniny inscribed
Carpathian Slovakia Vihorlat inscribed
Carpathian Ukraine Chornohora inscribed
Carpathian Ukraine Gorgany inscribed
Carpathian Ukraine Kuziy-Tribushany inscribed
Carpathian Ukraine Maramorosh inscribed
Carpathian Ukraine Stuzhytsia-Uzhok inscribed
Carpathian Ukraine Svydovets inscribed
Carpathian Ukraine Synevyr inscribed
Carpathian Ukraine Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh inscribed
Carpathian Ukraine Zacharovanyi Krai inscribed
Central Mediterr. France Sainte-Baume* candidate 2020
Central Mediterr. Italy Cluster of NP Abruzzi, Lazio & Molise inscribed
Central Mediterr. Italy Cozzo Ferriero (Pollino NP) inscribed
inscribed
Central Mediterr. Italy Foresta Umbra (Gargano NP) (extension
proposed)
Central Mediterr. Italy Monte Raschio insrcibed
Central Mediterr. Italy Mt. Cimino inscribed
inscribed
Central Mediterr. Italy Sasso Fratino (extension
proposed)
Central Mediterr. Italy Valle Infernale candidate 2020
Euxinic Ukraine Crimea NR postponed
Illyric Bosnia & Perucica postponed
Herzegovina
Illyric Bosnia & Plješivica virgin forest postponed
Herzegovina
Illyric Bosnia & Prašuma Janj (Janj Forest Reserve) candidate 2020
Herzegovina
Illyric Croatia Hajdučki i Rožanski Kukovi (Northern Velebit inscribed
National Park)
Illyric Croatia Part of NP Paklenica inscribed
Illyric Slovenia Krokar inscribed
Illyric Slovenia Snežnik-Ždrocle inscribed
Moesian-Balcanic Albania Lumi i Gashit inscribed
Moesian-Balcanic Albania Rajca inscribed
Moesian-Balcanic Bulgaria Cluster of Central Balkan NP inscribed
Moesian-Balcanic Greece Cluster of Rhodope – Nature Monument postponed
Chaidou Rhodope
Moesian-Balcanic Greece Cluster of Rhodope – Virgin Forest Frakto postponed
Rhodope
Moesian-Balcanic Greece NP Olympus postponed
Moesian-Balcanic Greece NP Pindos postponed
Moesian-Balcanic Montenegro Biogradska Gora candidate 2020
Moesian-Balcanic North Dlaboka Reka candidate 2020
Macedonia
Moesian-Balcanic Serbia Kopaonik - Kozje stene candidate 2020
Moesian-Balcanic Serbia Tara - Zvezda i Rača candidate 2020
Pannonic Serbia Fruška gora - Papratski do i Ravne candidate 2020
Polonic-Podolic- Ukraine Roztochya BR inscribed
Moldovan
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Beech Forest Region Country Name of the identified site Status

Polonic-Podolic- Ukraine Satanivska Dacha inscribed
Moldovan
Pyrenaic-Iberian France Massane* candidate 2020
Pyrenaic-Iberian France Py-Pas de Rotja* candidate 2020
Pyrenaic-Iberian France Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre* candidate 2020
Pyrenaic-Iberian Spain Hayedos de Navarra - Aztaparreta inscribed
Pyrenaic-Iberian Spain Hayedos de Picos de Europa inscribed
Subatlantic-Hercynic Czech Republic Jizera Mountains* candidate 2020
Subatlantic-Hercynic France Aigoual* candidate 2020
Subatlantic-Hercynic France Grand Ventron* candidate 2020
Subatlantic-Hercynic Germany Hainich inscribed
Subatlantic-Hercynic Germany Kellerwald inscribed
Subatlantic-Hercynic Switzerland Forêt de la Bettlachstock candidate 2020
replaced by Forêt
Subatlantic-Hercynic Switzerland Montricher, Combe de la Verrière
de la Bettlachstock
Area size processes of pure and mixed stands of European

beech as examples of the postglacial expansion
The serial property, which comprises representative process. The interplay between a diversity of
beech forests, is sufficiently sized to allow for all environments, climatic gradients and different
relevant processes required for the long-term species gene pools has and continues to shape this
preservation of the ecosystems and the biodiversity high diversity of beech forest communities.
contained.
For this purpose, reserve sizes should be large
The already inscribed component parts represent enough to incorporate all developmental phases
an area of 90,000 ha. The boundary modifications of a forest, and the shifting mosaic dynamics
in Italy and Slovakia affect 7 component parts between them. Several scientific papers and
with a size of 3,800 ha. They are replaced by the guidelines contain suggestions and conclusions for
modified component parts with a total site of 4,700 minimum sizes that are required for this. Required
ha (increase of 900 ha). The new component parts size depends on the dominant disturbance regime
of the extension will add another 14,400 ha to the of the forest. Forest types that are characterised
property. This leads to a total size of 105,200 ha by large stand-replacing dynamics (like boreal
with this extension and boundary modification. forests) may require much larger reserves to fully
The average property size of each component part incorporate the different developmental phases
is about 1,000 ha and the mean size of clusters is and the size-range of disturbances.
1,600 ha, with the individual sizes of the nominated Beech forests, however, are characterised by
component parts varying widely. As many of the small-scale gap dynamics. Several studies in
component parts are within a cluster, forming an natural revealed that old-growth beech forests
ecologically connected unit, the total size of the have a disturbance regime characterised by the
component cluster is more relevant than the size dominance of small gap openings (most of them
of the single component parts within the cluster. <200 m2), while larger scale disturbances are very
Minimum sizes required for shifting mosaic rare and generally do not exceed 3–5,000 m2 (e.g.
dynamics in natural beech forests HOBI et al. 2015, RUGANI et al. 2013; TABAKU &
MEYER, 1999; ZEIBIG et al., 2005). Large gaps
The component parts of the property are non- (>1,000 m²) are very rare but do exceptionally
intervention forest reserves and are designed occur (PONTAILLER et al. 2007).
to display the full dynamics of natural forest
development. In their individual design they have For Germany, minimum sizes for lowland beech
to ensure the conservation and development of forest reserves are set at 20 ha (PROJEKTGRUPPE
related biodiversity. Each component part needs to NATURWALDRESERVATE, 1993). In Austria, Mayer
contribute to the OUV, which is to exhibit a wide (1974), Zukrigl (1990) and Tichy & Frank (1995)
spectrum of comprehensive ecological patterns and suggest minimal sizes of 20 ha, but preferably 50
ha.
176
3. JUSTIFICATION
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
The required minimum size for a continuous can be set at 20–50 ha, or according to some
shifting mosaic steady state in beech forests was studies, even less.
set at 25–40 ha for beech-fir forests (Korpel, 1993)
and 10 ha, resp. 15–25 ha for lowland beech forests However, for biodiversity conservation and
(Emborg et al., 2000; Koop & Hilgen, 1987). development, larger areas (of sufficient quality)
are preferred if available and of sufficient overall
Bücking (1994) suggests a minimum required size quality.
for beech forest types in Germany of 50 ha.
The size of the single component parts does not
Paluch (2007), however, concludes that the directly influence the overall story nor the criteria
minimum area required for a continuous shifting of completeness of the postglacial development
mosaic steady state may even be much lower process of European beech forests directly. The
than previously suggested, based on the random overall size of the extended property will exceed
pattern domination and the small-scaled spatial 105,000 ha.
variation of the basal area of live and dead trees
in the forests he studied. This conclusion is also
drawn for mountain beech forests in the Apennines
(Piovesan et al., 2005).
Monitoring studies demonstrated that 10 ha

are enough to provide the complex structural
features enclosed in an old-growth forest covering
thousands of hectares (Peck et al. 2015) and, in
advanced old-growth forests, the finely textured
steady state structure may be realised even on
patches smaller than 1 ha (Alessandrini et al.
2011).
The actual sizes of the component will moreover

guarantee sufficiently large minimum populations
of the characteristic zoocoenoses, reaching from
soil fauna and arthropods through small and In Western Europe, almost no primeval (not even
medium-sized mammals to most bird species many ancient) beech forests are left. Nevertheless,
(Scherzinger 1996). The habitat size of large those remnants (a significant part included in
mammals and some birds of prey are significantly this transnational series) are the last, extremely
larger than the proposed component clusters. valuable representations of postglacial beech
However, the protection of large mammals and development, especially from the Iberian, Italian
birds of prey are beyond the scope of this World and Slovenian refuge areas, and only smaller
Heritage Nomination under criterion ix. areas with these genetic provenances of beech
are present in Europe. To reflect the postglacial
For biodiversity conservation and development,
expansion process of beech, it is essential to have
larger areas are generally preferred, as stable and
the Iberian, Central Mediterranean and Illyric Beech
durable populations of species may require vast
Forest Region represented by those autochthonous
areas of undisturbed forest. One breeding pair of
sites, even when they are inherently small. New
white-backed woodpecker may require at least
sites of these areas are included in this extension.
50 ha of beech forest with standing deadwood
amounts of at least 30 m³/ha (Müller & Butler The reason for including component clusters
2010). A viable population of this species thus smaller than 300 ha is that no larger forest reserves
requires at least several hundreds of hectares of are existing to represent a specific Beech Forest
interconnected suitable habitat. This however Region, a genetic isozym group of beech or a
is often not achievable in densely populated floristically, geologically and/or climatically formed
(especially lowland) areas, where forests over variation of beech forest to give a full picture of
time have become fragmented and have been the postglacial expansion process of beech and the
undergoing high public pressure. resulting high diversity of beech forest ecosystems.
The overall conclusion, based on literature, is All new component parts are above the minimum
that minimum sizes for strictly protected beech size of 50 ha given in the decision of WH COM41 8.b.
forest areas in order to fully develop natural forest Buffer zones with a total area of more than 70,000
dynamics (continuous shifting mosaic steady state) ha (from extension and boundary modifications,
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300,000 ha in total) will cushion them against management structures have to be established at
adverse external influences. the national level (national steering groups) as well
as at the international level (Joint Management
Adverse effects of development and/or negligence Committee). To facilitate the cooperation
There are no known serious effects that might process, a coordination office was established.
neglect, impact or destroy the property. The This coordination should act as a platform for
management of the nominated component parts information exchange, is in charge of organizing
is coordinated and executed by the respective meetings on a regular basis and gives technical
protected area administrations. The component support to the Joint Management Committee as
parts are characterised by low fragmentation as well well as to the working groups that are interacting
as high networking, buffering and developmental on thematic issues at the component part level.
potential. This management structure is described in detail in
the Integrated Management System in Chapter 5.
In order to ensure enduring protection of the

property, all nominated component parts are
subject to strict protection on a permanent legal
basis, preventing negative human influences (e.g.
timber extraction, construction of infrastructure).
This protection system is within the responsibility
of each of the countries or respective local
provincial/regional governments. In most cases,
the component parts are part of a national park,
wilderness area or other internationally recognised
conservation area, which usually ensure strict
protection. In some cases, protection is guaranteed
by national protected area categories like strict
nature or strict forest reserves.
3.1.e Protection and management The details on the protection status are found in
requirements chapter 4.
The legal definition of the protection status is a

The protection and management requirements for
prerequisite, but effective protection additionally
this multinational serial property need activities
requires effective law enforcement. To guarantee
and management structures on several levels.
that the protection status is not violated, the
At the first level, management bodies, responsible integration of relevant local stakeholders in a
for the implementation of the strict protection participative way is a crucial task. The design,
regime at site level, are already in place. These extent and depth of these processes vary between
local management bodies are responsible for the individual component parts and countries.
law enforcement and stakeholder participation. The designation of the new component parts,
Depending on the historic development of the the international reputation and the focus on
different countries, the management structures the local and national administrations help to
and governance approaches are very diverse. foster the protection status and to enhance a
While in some countries nature conservation is still long-term protection of the sites. Participation
a more or less top-down approach, in others the of the local stakeholders is guaranteed by the
involvement of local stakeholders in a participation design of the Integrated Management System.
process is an important management approach. Integrated Management Panels on the local level
Throughout the integration of this diversity of will ensure the integration of stakeholders into the
management approaches in one single World management process.
Heritage property, an enhancement of knowledge,
experience exchange and an improvement of
management strategies is to be expected.
To enable a cooperation process between the

different component parts within a country and
between the 20 countries involved, appropriate
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3.2 Comparative analysis been described for East Asia. Fagus crenata and
F. japonica are widely found in Japan’s nemoral
zone. Fagus longipetiolata, F. engleriana and F.
lucida are found in South China up to the laurel
Nemoral deciduous forests of the forest region in the meridional zone (Meusel et al.
1965, Peters 1997). 36% of the Earth’s forests may
world still be regarded as primeval (FAO 2006); however,
For the most part, the occurrence of deciduous these are exclusively found in unsettled or sparsely
forests is limited to the Holarctic of the Earth’s settled regions with little infrastructure (Knapp et
Northern Hemisphere. They are found throughout al. 2008). In contrast, the Holarctic deciduous forest
the nemoral zones due to climatic reasons and regions are among the most densely populated
are limited to moderate climate conditions with areas in the world, which are growth centres of
a minimum vegetative period of four months, a modern industrialized civilizations. It therefore
cold season in winter, and humid to semihumid comes as no surprise that deciduous forests have
conditions. The genus of beech (Fagus) is a seen a massive displacement during the history of
typical element of deciduous forests. It comprises settlement, with only a few relics being found, even
14 species in total that exist under humid on a global scale.
climate conditions in the three major Holarctic
regions of deciduous forest: in the east of North The current floristic discrepancies between the
America, in Europe/West Asia and in East Asia. Its Earth’s major deciduous forest regions are primarily
counterpart in the Southern Hemisphere is the a result of the Quaternary climate change (Walter
cognate Nothofagus genus (Fagaceae) with its & Straka 1970, Lang 1994). The consequences of
approximately 45 species native to the Austral and glaciation turned out more extreme in Europe than
Antarctic zones as well as the Australian floristic in North America (Archibold 1995). The ice cover
realm, New Zealand and New Guinea. in Siberia and in Central Asian mountain ranges was
comparatively less pronounced, resulting in the
Fagus spread all over the Northern Hemisphere forest coverage being fragmented to a lesser extent
during the early Tertiary (Peters 1997). There than was the case in Europe and North America.
are two species in Europe and West Asia: Fagus In glacial Japan, the glaciers rose to an altitude of
sylvatica and Fagus orientalis, which are sometimes 2,700 m and above.
regarded as one single species according to recent
scientific findings (Denk, Grimm & Hemleben
2005). The distribution of Fagus sylvatica ranges
from the Mediterranean montane level through the
mountainous regions and downs of Central Europe
to the North/Central European lowlands, South
Scandinavia and Great Britain. Throughout its area
of distribution, F. sylvatica is a dominant forest-
forming species. In general, F. orientalis and F.
crenata also form and dominate forests while other
Fagus species are found in mixed forests rich with
woody species of varying proportions. According to
Kleopow 1941 (quoted in Walter & Straka 1970),
Fagus sylvatica is evolutionarily more recent than
Fagus orientalis, which is very closely related to
Fagus crenata in Japan. As opposed to the genus
Nothofagus found in the Southern Hemisphere, Europe
there are only deciduous Fagus species, with all
Being associated with the climate’s steadily
of them being relatively competitive and shade
decreasing oceanity from west to the east, the
tolerant. When in their optimum range, they are
beech forest distribution in Europe is determined by
capable of supplanting almost any other tree
climatic parameters. The beech forests’ eastern and
species (Peters 1997, Hoffmann & Panek 2006).
northern boundaries are roughly correspondent
There is but one widespread species of the Fagus to the distribution limit of Fagus sylvatica, which
genus native to North America: Fagus grandifolia is confronted with increasing winter cold (<
comprising a var. Mexicana with a disjunctive relic -30°C) in the east and north as well as with aridity
habitat. A total of 11 species, including six local (annual precipitation < 500 mm) (cf. Schröder
endemites and five more common species, have 1998). Beech forests with F. sylvatica form the
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potential and current climax vegetation in large Fagus grandifolia is widespread in Eastern North
parts of Europe. In global comparison, F. sylvatica’s America. There are, however, no large-area pure
absolute dominance should be emphasised, which Fagus grandifolia forests. The natural Fagus
forms pure stands predominantly and particularly grandifolia-Acer saccharum ranges south of the
in Europe. Great Lakes have been stripped of forests almost
entirely and are densely populated (‘corn belt’ of
Another striking feature is the poverty in species the USA). Obviously, there are no primeval forests
of the European deciduous wood flora: there are left with the exception of the World Heritage
53 European species as opposed to North America Site Great Smokey Mountains National Park in
with 124 species (Ellenberg in Lang 1994). Due to America’s eastern deciduous forest regions.
its developmental history, Europe is dominated by
anemophilous species. East Asia
East Asian deciduous forest areas have shrunken
to approx. 25% of their natural distribution range.
During the last approx. 6,000 years of cultural history,
they have been pushed back in a similar way as in
Europe. Today, some major woodlands are found
only in South and, in particular, Northeast China.
These areas saw the cutting down of all forests
at the beginning of the twentieth century, which
left the vast region devoid of any primeval forests
and with only a very few old forests. The forest
development in the wake of said deforestation
was once again suppressed in the 1960s during
the Cultural Revolution. Established in 1961, the
Changbai Shan National Park on the Korean border
comprises, in its core zone of 196,463 ha, the most
West Asia (East Europe) important near-natural deciduous forest stands
in Manchuria. However, this does not include any
With the Colchic, Hyrcanic, Caspian and Caucasian Fagus forests. Near-natural forests are currently
forests at the Black Sea, on the montane level of found in the montane domains of Central and South
the Caucaus Mountains as well as on the southern Japan as well as in the lowlands of North Japan
edge of the Caspian Sea, West Asia is the prime (ARCHIBOLD 1995). Forests here are dominated
relic area of Arcto-Tertiary forests in West Eurasia. by Fagus crenata (SCHRÖDER 1998), which unfolds
The northern slope of the Alborz is covered by its shaping force at the montane level (WILMANNS
the Caspian forests, stretching over 800 km from 1989). It is associated with maple, oak and alder,
Southern Azerbaijan across North Iran almost up with an understorey frequently being formed by
to the Turkmen border in a width of only some 70 Dwarf Bamboo.
km. Beech forests made up of Fagus orientalis are
found in the middle and upper montane belts. The
beech is accompanied by a host of maple species,
lime trees, oaks and hornbeams. It is assumed that
the Caspian forests have developed without any
interruption caused by glacial impact as opposed to
other forests in the deciduous forest zone. Today,
the Caspian forests in their entirety represent the
most significant, albeit receding, remainder of
primeval forests in the world’s deciduous forest
zone (KNAPP 2005).
North America
The North American deciduous forest zone has
seen the transformation of 50% of all forests into
farmland and pastures in less than 400 years. The
remaining deciduous forests are mostly managed
and can be considered to be relatively near-natural
only in terms of the composition of tree species.
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World Natural Heritage properties in m, forests are mostly shaped by conifers and show
deciduous forests regions outside of subalpine characteristics. This zone is followed by
alpine mats, snow and granite at above 3,600 m.
Europe There are no Fagus species.
(Source: Natural site datasheet from World Jiuzhaigou valley scenic and historic interest area
Conservation Monitoring Centre, www.unep- (China, area 72,000 ha, World Natural Heritage
wcmc.org) since 1992)
Great Smokey Mountains (USA, area 209,000 ha, This protected area is located in the Szechuan
World Natural Heritage since 1983) upland and is shaped by temperate conifer and
deciduous forests. The level of afforestation is
There are two World Heritage Sites in the nemoral approx. 65%. In Jiuzhaigou, there are protected
deciduous forest regions in Eastern North America. pristine conifer forests and two bamboo species
The Mammoth Cave National Park has been serving as an important food source to the Giant
inscribed as a paleontologic find spot, and the Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). More accurate
Great Smokey Mountains National Park as the last data on the vegetation is not available; however,
primeval forest range in Eastern North America. the flora roughly corresponds to the flora in the
The lower altitudinal belts are dominated by oak Huanglong scenic and historic interest area. There
species and the higher ones by conifer species. Of are no Fagus species.
particular note is a ravine forest, comprising 20
different species of deciduous trees and conifers. Mount Emei/Leshan Giant Buddha (China, area
The Canadian Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is 15,400 ha, World Natural Heritage since 1996)
mainly found in the low to middle altitudinal belts
The Mt. Emei protected area is shaped by five
and is associated with Red Spruce (Picea rubens) at
vegetation levels; vegetation coverage amounts
1,500 m and above. The park’s high altitude areas
to 87%, 52% of which being woodlands. At levels
form the largest coherent range of virtually pristine
below 1,500 m, the vegetation is dominated by
Picea rubens populations. Being a mixed tree
subtropical indeciduous forests, with indeciduous
species, Fagus grandifolia is found throughout,
and deciduous mixed forests and mixed coniferous/
albeit at low proportions.
non-coniferous forests being typical at higher levels.
Mount Huangshan (China, area 15,400 ha, World Above 2,800 m, there are subalpine coniferous
Natural Heritage since 1990) forests and shrubbery. These forests are home to
over 3,200 plant species, accounting for 10% of the
Beside the Huangshan Oak (Quercus stewardii), Chinese flora. There are no Fagus species.
deciduous forests are also populated by a Fagus
species (Fagus engleriana) that reaches a mere Shirakami Sanchi (Japan, area 16,139 ha, World
20 m and is mostly multi-stemmed. Huangshan Natural Heritage since 1993)
is home to endemic vegetation forms covering
Beside the ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests
up to approx. 56% of the protected area. Below
of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe’,
a level of 800 m, the vegetation is shaped by the
the Japanese World Natural Heritage is the only
Masson’s pine (Pinus massoniana) together with
World Natural Heritage site owing its outstanding
the Huangshan pine (Pinus hwangshanensis). The
significance to a Fagus species. It comprises the
latter is found at levels between 600 and 1,100 m
last pristine populations of Fagus crenata, which is
a.s.l. Above 1,100 m there are deciduous forests.
endemic to Japan. The protected area is situated
Fagus engleriana is not found as a dominant mixed
in the northwest of Honshu Island, North Japan.
tree species here.
F. crenata is restricted to montane habitats with a
Huanglong scenic and historic interest areas (China, humid-cool climate and heavy snowfall during the
area 60,000 ha, World Natural Heritage since 1992) winter months. Starting from the areas of retreat
of the last ice age, F. crenata reached its current
Huanglong is situated within the transition zone refuge approx. 8,000 years ago. In the course
between the eastern wetland forests and the of time, a forest community has evolved which
montane conifer woodland of the Jing Zang plateau. is rather rich in species as compared to Europe.
Some 65% of the area are covered by forests. Mixed There are an estimated 500 plant species, many
forest, which is dominated by Chinese Hemlock of these endemic to the region. This results in
(Tsuga chinensis), Dragon Spruce (Picea aspertata) the ecosystems, which are furthermore limited
and maple species, is found at altitudes from 1,700 to montane zones, being of different composition
m to 2,300 m. At levels between 2,300 m and 3,600 than the European beech forests. For example, an
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understorey is frequently formed by Dwarf Bamboo the Taklimakan Desert, one of the world’s largest
(Archibold 1995). and highest deserts, known for its large dune
forms and great dust storms. Xinjiang Tianshan is
Central Sikhote-Alin (Russian Federation, property moreover an important habitat for endemic and
1,566,818 ha, buffer zone 129,509 ha, World relic flora species, some rare and endangered.
Natural Heritage since 2001)
Deciduous forest only plays a minor role within
The Sikhote-Alin mountain range contains one of this property dominated by semi-desserts, steppes
the richest and most unusual temperate forests of vegetation and coniferous forests.
the world. In this mixed zone between taiga and
subtropics, southern species such as the tiger and Hubei Shennongjia (China, area 41,536 ha, World
Himalayan bear cohabit with northern species such Natural Heritage since 2016)
as the brown bear and lynx. Since its extension in
2018, the property includes the Bikin River Valley, Located in Hubei Province, in central-eastern
located about 100 km to the north of the existing China, the site consists of two component parts:
site. It encompasses the South-Okhotsk dark Shennongding/Badong to the west and Laojunshan
coniferous forests and the East-Asian coniferous to the east. It protects the largest primary forests
broadleaf forests. The fauna includes species of the remaining in Central China and provides habitat for
taiga alongside southern Manchurian species. It many rare animal species, such as the Chinese Giant
includes notable mammals such as the Amur Tiger, Salamander, the Golden or Sichuan Snub-nosed
Siberian Musk Deer, Wolverine and Sable. Monkey, the Clouded Leopard, Common Leopard
and the Asian Black Bear. Hubei Shennongjia is one
of three centres of biodiversity in China. The site
features prominently in the history of botanical
research and was the object of international
plant collecting expeditions in the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries.
Fanjingshan (China, area 40,275 ha, World Natural
Heritage since 2018)
Located within the Wuling mountain range in

Guizhou Province (south-west China), Fanjingshan
ranges in altitude between 500 m and 2,570 m
a.s.l., favouring highly diverse types of vegetation
and relief. It is an island of metamorphic rock in a
sea of karst, home to many plant and animal species
that originated in the Tertiary period, between 65
Xinjiang Tianshan (China, property area 606,833
million and 2 million years ago. The property’s
ha, buffer zone 491,103 ha, World Natural Heritage
isolation has led to a high degree of biodiversity
since 2013)
with endemic species, such as the Fanjingshan
Xinjiang Tianshan comprises four component parts Fir (Abies fanjingshanensis) and the Guizhou
– Tomur, Kalajun-Kuerdening, Bayinbukuke and Snub-nosed Monkey (Rhinopithecus brelichi), and
Bogda – that total 606,833 ha. They are part of the endangered species, such as the Chinese Giant
Tianshan mountain system of Central Asia, one of Salamander (Andrias davidianus), the Forest
the largest mountain ranges in the world. Xinjiang Musk Deer (Moschus berezovskii) and Reeve’s
Tianshan presents unique physical geographic Pheasant (Syrmaticus reevesii). Fanjingshan has
features and scenically beautiful areas, including the largest and most contiguous primeval beech
spectacular snow and snowy mountains, glacier- forest in the subtropical region.
capped peaks, undisturbed forests and meadows,
Hyrcanian Forests (Iran, area 129,484 ha, World
clear rivers and lakes and red bed canyons. These
Natural Heritage since 2019)
landscapes contrast with the vast adjacent desert
landscapes, creating a striking visual contrast Hyrcanian forests form a unique forested massif
between hot and cold environments, dry and that stretches 850 km along the southern coast of
wet, desolate and luxuriant. The landforms and the Caspian Sea. The history of these broad-leaved
ecosystems of the site have been preserved since forests dates back 25 to 50 million years, when they
the Pliocene epoch and present an outstanding covered most of this Northern Temperate region.
example of ongoing biological and ecological These ancient forest areas retreated during the
evolutionary processes. The site also extends into Quaternary glaciations and then expanded again
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3. JUSTIFICATION
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as the climate became milder. The site is inscribed World Heritage properties in the
also under criterion ix and is built by temperate deciduous forest regions of Europe
broad-leaved forests. In comparison to the ‘Ancient
and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and (Source: Natural site datasheet from World
Other Regions of Europe’ not European beech but Conservation Monitoring Centre, www.unep-wcmc.
Oriental beech (Fagus sylvatica ssp. orientalis) is org)
included in this WH property.
Six World Heritage properties with non-coniferous
In a nutshell, the global comparison indicates that forests are contained in the nemoral deciduous
the conservation status of nemoral deciduous forest regions of Europe. Beside the ‘Ancient
forests is rather critical not only in Europe, but and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians
also outside of it because of the loss of wooded and Other Regions of Europe’, which are to be
areas and degradation of the remaining woodland. complemented by the nominated component
Exceptions are but a few individual national parts, other sites with relevant beech forest
parks, World Heritage Sites and the Caspian fractions are of particular. This includes the Plitvice
deciduous forests. Forests housing Fagus species Lakes with ‘Illyrian Balkan Beech Forests’ and Pirin
are mostly of the mixed type without the beech National Park (dominated by pine-forest, beech
being dominant at a large scale. Due to the glacial plays only minor role), as well as Mont Perdu
period that shaped Europe and, in particular, to with its montane portions of the ‘Atlantic-West
the recolonization having taken an idiosyncratic European Beech Forests’. As a consequence of the
course, the unique evolutionary processes in the different biogeographic regions, altitudinal zones,
European beech forests contrast strongly with and the history of postglacial development, these
other continents. are markedly different from the beech forests of the
nominated component parts as representatives of
the ‘European Beech Forests’, which is the reason
European beech forests why they cannot be seen as substitutes for the
latter.
From the 26.7% of forest area in Europe, the
boreal conifer zone occupies the largest portion.
At present, the fraction in the non-coniferous
forest region is markedly lower. In the absence
of human intervention, major parts of Europe, in
total amounting to approx. 910,000 km2, would
be occupied by Fagus sylvatica forests (BOHN
et al. 2002/2003) with F. sylvatica still showing
some potential for expansion. In the north, the
European beech forests are mainly found in the
lowlands while reaching far into the montane
zones in the south of Europe. The entire lowlands
from Northern France to Southern Sweden and
Northeastern Poland, as well as the downs and
mountainous regions of Central and South Europe
would be potentially covered by Fagus sylvatica There are no or hardly any appreciable beech
forests. In Southern Europe, e.g. Sicily, they are forest portions in the two remaining World Natural
found in the form of the upper forest belt in the Heritage properties.
Nebrodi National Park at altitudes over 1,200
m a.s.l. In total, 86 different mapping units can Białowieża Forest (Poland and Byelorussia, area
be differentiated (BOHN et al. 2002/2003). The 141,885 ha, World Natural Heritage since 1979,
European beech forests have been exploited to 1992 (criterion vii, 2014 criteria ix, x)
such a degree during the past millennia that they
could survive in their natural form only in some Białowieża Forest conserves a diverse complex
inaccessible pockets and isolated peripheral zones. of protected forest ecosystems which exemplify
The primeval forests that still exist are therefore the Central European mixed forests terrestrial
spread across Europe in rather small patches and ecoregion, and a range of associated non-forest
located in larger areas particularly in the mountain habitats, including wet meadows, river valleys
ranges of the Carpathians at the eastern border and other wetlands. This site is characterised by a
of their natural range, rather than in the Fagus relatively large area of natural old-growth forests,
sylvatica core habitat. Even in these areas primeval which hardly show any human influence. With more
forests are threatened by logging.
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than twenty European main forest types as well as Durmitor National Park (Montenegro, area 32,000
an exceedingly rich fauna, woodlands here show ha, World Natural Heritage since 1980, criteria vii,
the qualities of typical primeval forests. However, viii, x)
Fagus sylvatica is not found in Bialowieza. The
large and integral forest area supports complete The canyon of the Tara River is Europe’s deepest
food webs including viable populations of large chasm. The primeval forests of Mlinski are
mammals and large carnivores (wolf, lynx and among the primary factors for the National Park’s
otter) amongst others. The richness in deadwood, protection status, covering 50% of the park area
standing and on the ground, leads to a consequent and being composed of deciduous forests, conifer
high diversity of fungi and saproxylic invertebrates. forests, sub-alpine and alpine mats. Durmitor
boasts one of the last primeval pine forests in
Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia, area 19,200 Europe, while the beech (Fagus sylvatica) is only of
ha, World Natural Heritage since 1979, criteria vii, secondary importance as a mixed tree species.
viii, ix)
Mont Perdu (France and Spain, area 31,189 ha,
70% of Plitvice is woodlands. 72% of the overall World Natural Heritage, mixed site, since 1997,
forest area (9,676 ha) is dominated by pure criteria vii, viii)
Fagus sylvatica stands. These forests offer shelter
to bears, wolves and rare birds. However, the Located in the Central Pyrenees, the World Natural
Outstanding Universal Value is determined by the Heritage runs along the Spanish-French frontier
gorgeous karst lake landscapes rather than by the area in the limestone massif of Mont Perdu. The
forests. The area ranges from 417 to 1,180 m a.s.l., northern portion with an area of 11,055 ha lies in
with the main portion, including the Plitvice Lakes, France, while the southern part with its 20,134 ha
being located above 600 m. is located in Spain. Altitudinal zones range from
600 m in the ‘Midi Pyrénées’ region up to 3,352
m to the mountain ranges around Monte Perdido/
Mont Perdu. Five vegetation types have been
described for the domain. Sub-Mediterranean
vegetation is mostly found in the southern valleys.
The colline type is dominated by sessile oaks,
while montane mixed forests are formed by Fagus
sylvatica and Abies alba in montane zones. The
vegetation of the subalpine level is determined by
Pinus uncinata, Vicia argentea and the endemic
Borderea pyrenaica. Over 1,500 plant species are
found in the protected area, 50 species of which
are considered to be endemic to the Pyrenees.
The region’s beech forests document the montane
Pyrenean type ‘Atlantic-West European Beech
Forests’.
Pirin National Park (Bulgaria, area 40,060 ha, World Škocjan Caves (Slovenia, area 413 ha, World Natural
Natural Heritage since 1983, criteria vii, viii, ix) Heritage since 1986, criteria vii, viii)
60% of the total area is covered by the National The Škocjan Caves have been nominated because
Park’s forests, with the largest fraction being mixed of the limestone caves and collapsed dolines. In the
conifer forests of the altimontane zone. At the buffer zone of the Škocjan Caves, also a significant
montane level, there are also fir-beech forests with amount of beech forest is located. The inscribed
Fagus sylvatica. They are characterised by a high component part Ždrocle is partly located within
portion of relic and endemic species. Dominating this buffer zone.
species at the timberline are the Bosnian pine
(Pinus heldreichii) and Macedonian pine (Pinus Summary of the comparative analysis of existing
peuce). Individual Pinus heldreichii populations are World Heritage Sites
up to 500 years old, while others are 45 m high.
Beside the ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of
The subalpine zone is dominated by Pinus mugo
the Carpathians and other Regions of Europe’, only
thickets.
few of the existing World Heritage Sites include
beech forest in their property. Significant examples
of old-growth and primeval beech forests are
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3. JUSTIFICATION
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
represented in Mont Perdu (Spain and France) and Olympus, North Pindos and Perucica National
Plitvice Lake National Park (Croatia). Beech forests Park have been also recommended for inclusion
are also included in the Pirin National Park (Bulgaria) into the ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of
and in the Durmitor National Park (Montenegro). the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe’
To some extent, beech forests are included in the nomination, but the States Parties have not
buffer zone of Škocjan Caves (Slovenia). As these accepted the invitation to this joint nomination
beech forests are already included in an existing with these sites.
World Heritage Site, they are not included in this
extension nomination. Despite of this, it would The comparative analysis comes to the conclusion
be of high importance to include these existing that there is no similar property inscribed or in
sites into a network of European beech forests to preparation. None of the sites have their focus
foster close cooperation in management issues and on the Pan-European expansion process of Fagus
scientific research. sylvatica and none of the examined properties
have anywhere near the spatial dimension to do so.
Screening of tentative list Some of the existing (Mont Perdu, Spain and France,
and Plitvice Lake National Park, Croatia) include
The current tentative list encompasses the following old-growth beech forest of significant quality that
sites that also include beech forests to some extent could add additional value to the ‘Primeval Beech
and which are not part of this nomination dossier Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of
or are nominated for another criterion: Europe’. These two sites together with the three
• Fungal Flora of Bukovské Hills (Slovakia) sites from the tentative list Mount Olympus and
North Pindos (Greece), as well as Perucica (Bosnia-
• Western Caucasus (Re-nomination) Herzegovina) could be integrated into a network of
(Russia) scientific cooperation and information exchange
with the ‘Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians
• Český ráj (Czech Paradise) Rock Cities and Other Regions of Europe’.
(Czech Republic)
• Parco Nazionale della Sila – Sila, Gran

Bosco d’Italia (Italy)
• The broader region of Mount Olympus

(Greece)
• Zagorochoria – North Pindos National

Park (Greece)
• Perucica National Park (Bosnia-

Herzegovina)
The Fungal Flora of Bukovské Hills (Slovakia) is

overlapping with the Slovak component cluster
Poloniny and is envisaged to be nominated under
the criterion x (biodiversity). The site is proposed
to protect an outstanding biodiversity of fungi
growing in old-growth/primeval mixed fir-beech
forests.
The beech forests in the Western Caucasus

are composed of Fagus orientalis, which is not
in the scope of this nomination. The Český ráj
(Czech Paradise) Rock Cities are focusing on the
geomorphological phenomena of sandstone
sculptures, and beech forests are managed and not
representing ancient or primeval forests. The main
purpose of Parco Nazionale della Sila is to protect
the native forest of Pinus laricio and its geological
composition. Beech is part of mixed forests but
is not mentioned in the criteria of nomination in
the tentative list. The following three sites, Mount
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PrimevalFORESTS
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3.3 Proposed Statement of different types of plant communities while

occupying largely different environments. The
Outstanding Universal interplay between a diversity of environments,
Value climatic gradients and different species gene
pools has and continues to shape this high
The proposed Statement of Outstanding Universal diversity of beech forest communities. These
Value represents the current state of the text, as forests contain an invaluable genetic reservoir
proposed by IUCN (received from UNESCO on 25th of beech and many other species, which are
of November 2019). ). Only the numbers of States associated with and dependent on these
Parties and component parts have been updated to
forest habitats.
the current extension nomination.
3.3.b Justification for Criteria

3.3.a Brief synthesis Criterion (ix): The property is indispensable for
The ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the understanding of the history and evolution of
the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe’ the genus Fagus which, given its wide distribution
in the Northern Hemisphere and its ecological
are a transnational serial property comprising
importance, is globally significant. These largely
108 component parts across 20 countries undisturbed, complex temperate forests exhibit
and 61 protected areas. They represent an comprehensive ecological patterns and processes
outstanding example of relatively undisturbed, of pure and mixed stands of European beech across
complex temperate forests and exhibit a a variety of environmental gradients, including
wide spectrum of comprehensive ecological climatic and geological conditions, spanning
patterns and processes of pure and mixed almost all European Beech Forest Regions. Forests
stands of European beech across a variety are included from all altitudinal zones from
of environmental conditions. During each coastal areas to the treeline and, include the best
glacial phase (ice ages) of the last 1 million remaining examples from the range limits of the
European beech forest. Beech is one of the most
important features in the Temperate Broadleaf
Forest Biome and represents an outstanding
example of the re-colonization and development of
terrestrial ecosystems and communities since the
last ice age. The continuing northern and westward
expansion of beech from its original glacial refuge
areas in the eastern and southern parts of Europe
can be tracked along natural corridors and stepping
stones spanning the continent. The dominance of
beech across extensive areas of Europe is a living
testimony of the tree’s genetic adaptability, a
process which is still ongoing.
3.3.c Statement of Integrity

years, European beech (Fagus sylvatica) The selected component parts represent the
survived the unfavourable climatic conditions diversity of ancient and primeval beech forests
in refuge areas in the southern parts of the found across Europe in terms of different climatic
European continent. These refuge areas and geological conditions and altitudinal zones. The
have been documented by scientists through property includes component parts, which convey
palaeoecological analysis and using the latest its Outstanding Universal Value, and represent the
techniques in genetic coding. After the last ice variability of European beech forest ecosystems.
age, around 11,000 years ago, beech started Together these components contribute to the
expanding its range from these southern integrity of the property as a whole. Additionally,
each component part needs to demonstrate
refuge areas to eventually cover large parts of
integrity at the local level by representing the full
the European continent. During this expansion suite of natural forest development processes in
process, which is still ongoing, beech formed its particular geographical and ecological setting
within the series. Most of the component parts are
186
3. JUSTIFICATION
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
of sufficient size to maintain such natural processes by forest management plans (with regulations
necessary for their long-term ecological viability. ensuring no logging in old-growth forests) however
in four component parts the full area inscribed is
The most significant threats to the property not fully covered with the highest legal protection
are logging and habitat fragmentation. Logging status necessary to ensure non-intervention
activities in the vicinity of component parts management. As it is of uppermost importance
can cause microclimatic changes and nutrient- to guarantee strong protection status in the long
mobilising effects, with negative impacts on the term, the protection status will be improved where
integrity of the property. Land use change in the needed.
surrounding landscapes can lead to increased
habitat fragmentation, which would be of particular
concern for smaller component parts. Infrastructure
development is a potential threat only in the
surroundings of a few component parts. Climate
change already poses a risk to some component
parts and further impacts can be anticipated,
including changes in species composition and
habitat shifting. However, it should be noted that
one of the attributes of the Outstanding Universal
Value of the property is its demonstration of the
ability of beech to adapt to different ecological and
climatic regimes throughout its range. Therefore,
potential future changes need to be monitored and
documented in order to better understand these
processes.
To ensure the viability of the four component
The above-mentioned threats may affect the
parts smaller than the established minimum size
integrity of the component parts to a different
of 50 ha, an enlargement of the component parts
extent and in different ways, for example
with further non-intervention management will be
through the reduction of structural diversity,
considered by the States Parties. Additionally, an
fragmentation, loss of connectivity, biomass
effective management of buffer zones to protect
loss and changed microclimate, which reduce
the property from external threats and to safeguard
ecosystem functionality and adaptive capacity as a
its integrity is of uppermost importance.
whole. To cope with these threats, buffer zones are
established and are managed accordingly by the The integrity of each component part is the
responsible management bodies. responsibility of the relevant local management
units. For the coherent protection and
management of the property, as well as to
coordinate activities between the 61 management
3.3.d Statement of authenticity for units and the 20 States Parties, a functional
properties nominated under organisational structure should be established.
To ensure this aspect, an Integrated Management
criteria (i) to (vi) System was developed during the nomination
Not relevant, as this property is nominated under process and will be maintained to allow effective
criterion (ix). and coordinated management and protection of
the property as a whole. The Joint Management
Committee, comprising representatives of all
3.3.e Requirements for protection States Parties, formulated a Joint Declaration of
and management Intent. This Declaration regulates and structures
the cooperation between all the States Parties
A strict non-intervention management is essential whose territory is included in the property and
for the conservation of the Outstanding Universal ensures the commitment to protect and strengthen
Value (OUV) of this serial property across all its the Outstanding Universal Value of the property.
component parts. 99 out of 108 component parts The position of a coordinator will be established
are protected by law as strict forest reserves, and maintained to support the Joint Management
wilderness areas, core areas of biosphere reserves Committee and the States Parties in their work.
or national parks (IUCN category I or II). Five
component parts are protected and managed
187
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Integrated management plans will ensure a

non-intervention management approach for
the component parts while the buffer zones will
be managed to avoid negative impacts on the
Outstanding Universal Value of the property with
a specific focus on ensuring its integrity remains
intact. To harmonise the management approach
across the 108 component parts, the States Parties
will develop common objectives and coordinated
activities which will cover property and buffer zone
management, monitoring and research, education
and awareness raising, visitor management and
tourism as well as financial and human capacity
building. It is proposed to establish a coherent
monitoring system based on selected ecological
(proxy) indicators of integrity within all component
parts to compare long-term development. It is
imperative that each State Party provide clear and
committed long-term funding arrangements, to
support consistent national site management as
well as coordinated management.
Special attention is required to ensure the

configuration of the property such that each
component part retains ongoing viability to evolve
with unimpeded ecological and biological processes
and without the need for substantial interventions.
This includes the integration of surrounding forest
ecosystems to provide sufficient protection and
connectivity, especially for small component parts.
All component parts have buffer zones of various
configurations including surrounding protected
areas (national parks, nature parks, biosphere
reserves and others). These buffer zones will be
regularly monitored to ensure protection under
changing environmental conditions such as climate
change. The boundaries of buffer zones should,
where possible, be aligned with existing protected
area boundaries and should be expanded to
connect components where they are in close
proximity. Finally, where appropriate, special
ongoing emphasis is needed to ensure effective
ecological connectivity between beech forests and
the surrounding complementary habitats to allow
natural development and adaptation of the forest
to the environmental change.
188
3. JUSTIFICATION
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
189
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4. STATE OF CONSERVATION AND FACTORS

AFFECTING THE PROPERTY
4.a Present state of conservation system to assess naturalness, but the approach
is too general to determine different stages of
naturalness within beech forests. The Kalkalpen
Assessing the naturalness (or wilderness) of a National Park in Austria, one of the already
beech forest is a difficult task, as natural ecosystems inscribed component parts, has implemented a
present a huge variety in structure and species monitoring system on permanent plots where
composition. The definition of wilderness from naturalness is measured by 11 indicators according
the European Guidelines on Wilderness in Natura to the hemeroby approach described by Grabherr
2000 (European Commission 2013) can serve as et al. (1998). This concept allows for monitoring
target development stage (if not already reached) the development process from formerly managed
for the component parts: ‘A wilderness is an area to natural beech forest ecosystems (Mayrhofer
governed by natural processes. It is composed et al 2015). For the existing World Heritage Sites
of native habitats and species, and large enough in Germany, another comparative appraisal of the
for the effective ecological functioning of natural degree of naturalness by applying a methodology
processes. It is unmodified or only slightly modified that is both ecological and compatible with
and without intrusive or extractive human activity, monitoring (BuchenWaldinstitut in Bublitz 2005
settlements, infrastructure or visual disturbance.’ and Schneider 2008) is available to some extent.
There are several GIS-based studies which Degrees of naturalness were rated on a one-
measure wilderness based on wilderness quality hectare sample area according to precisely defined
on a regional, national or even global scale features specific for natural and/or primeval
(Orsi et al. 2013; Plutzar et al. 2013; Carver beech forests, with the primary parameters being
et al. 2011; Fisher et al. 2010; Fritz et al. 2000; population structure, dynamics and deadwood
McCloskey & Spalding 1989). However, assessing quantities (Schneider 2008).
and monitoring wilderness (or naturalness as one To obtain comparable baseline data for monitoring
indicator of wilderness) on site level is a challenging the integrity and the state of conservation on a
task. Machado (2003) gives examples for a general similar methodological approach for all component
190
4. AFFECTING
4. STATE OF CONSERVATION AND FACTORS STATE OF CONSERVATION
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
parts of the existing and extended World Heritage of Central Europe, have adapted. Therefore, only
component parts, the concerted action of all a complete development cycle can illustrate the
responsible monitoring institutions in the 20 entire functional and biological diversity of a beech
countries will be needed. This is defined as one forest.
important objective in the Integrated Management A summary of the naturalness of the component
System. parts is given in the table below. Table 54 gives
The more natural a beech forest, the more an overview of the history of the sites; if they
complete is its development cycle: this is a result of are primeval or if historic timber exploitation was
the formation of ecosystems that have shaped the given but the current state is close to natural now
beech forests over the last millennia. The small- (ancient).
scale endogenous rhythm in the beech’s cycle of
growth and decay, as well as the seasonal rhythm
allow for the formation of mosaics of rather sunny
and shady, as well as richly structured areas, to
which the variegated fauna and flora, characteristic
Table 54:
State Party Component part/cluster State of naturalness State of natu-
ralness of the
Bosnia and Herzegovina Prašuma Janj Majority vigin forest component
Switzerland Forêt de la Bettlachstock Old-growth forest parts
Switzerland Valli di Lodano, Busai and Old-growth forest

Soladino Forest Reserves
Czech Republic Jizera Mountains Old-growth forest
France Aigoual Old-growth forest with fragments of virgin forest
France Chapitre Old-growth forest
France Chizé Old-growth forest
France Fontainebleau Old-growth forest
France Grand Ventron Old-growth forest
France Massane Old-growth forest
France Py-Pas de Rotja Old-growth forest
France Sainte-Baume Old-growth forest
France Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre Old-growth forest
Italy Pollino National Park Old-growth forest
Italy Foresta Umbra Old-growth forest
Italy Valle Infernale Old-growth forest
Montenegro Biogradska Gora Majority vigin forest
North Macedonia Dlaboka Reka Old-growth forest
Poland Bieszczady Majority vigin forest
Serbia Fruška gora - Papratski do i Old-growth forest

Ravne
Serbia Kopaonik - Kozje stene Majority vigin forest
Serbia Tara - Zvezda i Rača Majority vigin forest
Slovakia Poloniny Majority vigin forest
Slovakia Vihorlat Old-growth forest
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Table 55:
Duration Component
ID State Party Processes under Legal Protection since Remarks
of process Part/Cluster
protection in
the nominated Bosnia and Prašuma Janj Since 1951 (a major part) and since Component part and
component Herzegovina 2012 respectively (whole area). This protection buffer sub-
parts/cluster natural resource in the territory of zone: human use at no
Šipovo municipality is protected under time in the past, inside
the highest category Ia, according to landscape conservation
IUCN classification. buffer sub-zone ~one
century.
Switzerland Forêt de la The forest reserve Bettlachstock- No forestry interventions

Bettlachstock Hasenmatt is a natural forest reserve have taken place in the
according to the Swiss federal law on area of Bettlachstock,
forests (category I IUCN Protected Area since 1985, in the area of
Categories System). It obligates the Rosselzholen since 1998,
forest owners to a complete waiver of in the area of Ebenimatt
use within the forest reserve. Gäschler Bettlachstock
Südrand since 1999 and
in the Impeeri area since
2001/2002.
Switzerland Valli di Component and protection buffer sub- Natural evolution in the
Lodano, Busai zone: Riserva forestale Valle di Lodano: last 60–80 years, in the
and Soladino created in 2010, extended in 2016. inaccessible areas in the
Forest Riserva forestale Valli Busai e Soladino: last 150–250 years.
reserves creation 2019. The natural forest
reserves are strict protection reserves
(Cat. IUCN 1b).
Czech Jizera The proposed component and its The NNR itself (i.e. the
Republic Mountains protection buffer sub-zone are a part proposed property)
of the National Nature Reserve core has not been used by
area: the NNR (IUCN category Ib) was humans since 1960,
declared on August 16, 1999. The thus displaying the
proposed landscape management zone characteristics of the
is a part of both NNR´s core area and Central European type
its buffer zone. of ancient/old-growth
beech forest. The fact is
reflected by the presence
of the old trees there.
France Aigoual The Brèze Beech Forest and its The Brèze biological strict
protection buffer sub-zone are reserve protects an old-
protected under biological strict growth and partly relict
reserve status (IUCN Ia) preventing beech forest. The present
any use of the forest. The landscape state of the forest is a
conservation buffer sub-zone is part result of an important
of the national forest also managed by reforestation program
the National Forest Office. and of natural evolution
without any use for more
than 70 years.
France Chapitre The nominated component and Silvicultural use ended

its protection buffer sub-zone are 70 years ago for the
protected under biological strict Chapitre Forest and 100
reserve status (IUCN Ia) preventing years ago for the Brouas
any use of the forest. The landscape forest. Both forests have
conservation buffer sub-zone is part evolved naturally from
of the national forest also managed by this time.
the National Forest Office.
192
4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
Component
Part/Cluster
France Chizé The Chizé Beech Forest and the overall The forest was left to
forest area included in the protection natural processes for
buffer sub-zone are part of the large more than 30 years (2
Sylve d’Argenson biological strict component parts). The
reserve (2579 ha). creation of the reserve
in 2006 (the creation of
the RBI) marks the end
of all activities except
research over the entire
protection buffer sub-
zone.
France Fontainebleau The component and its protection The present state of
buffer sub-zone are protected under the forest is a result of
biological strict reserve status (IUCN Ia) long-lasting protection
preventing any use of the forest. The without any exploitation
landscape conservation buffer sub- (more than 150 years).
zone is part of the national forest also Out of 248 ha of the
managed by the National Forest Office. nominated component,
230 ha have not been
exploited since the mid-
19th century.
France Grand The beech forests are protected under Oldest traces of
Ventron National Nature Reserve status (IUCN exploitation in the
cat.1 equiv.) and included in a regional forests of Grand Ventron
nature park (cat.5). The protection date from the end of
ensures the free evolution of the the 17th century, last
forest, prohibiting any modification and interventions were
any silvicultural activity. carried out 70 years ago.
The duration of non-
exploitation could reach
300 years for certain
areas.
France Massane The forest is protected under National Oldest traces of

Nature Reserve status (IUCN cat. exploitation in the
4). The protection ensures the free Massane forests date
evolution of the forest, it prohibits any from the end of the 19th
modification or any silvicultural activity. century. The duration
The component is a non-intervention of non-exploitation is
area (IUCN cat. I equiv.) estimated at 140 years.
France Py-Pas de The beech forests are protected under The average age of the
Rotja National Nature Reserve status (IUCN stands is estimated to
cat.1 equiv.) and included in a regional 140 years with areas not
nature park (cat.5). The protection exploited for at least 170
ensures the free evolution of the years. The last sectors
forest, prohibiting any modification and exploited north of the
any silvicultural activity. component are a century
old.
193
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PrimevalFORESTS
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Component
Part/Cluster
France Sainte-Baume The St Baume Beech Forest and Silvicultural use ended at
its protection buffer sub-zone are least 50 years ago. Sainte
protected under biological reserve Baume forest has evolved
status (IUCN cat. 4) preventing any naturally from this time
use of the forest. The landscape except for interventions
conservation buffer sub-zone is part for the improvement of
of the national forest also managed by natural habitats carried
the National Forest Office. out until the 1990s.
France Saint-Pé-de- Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre Beech Forest is Except for a few parcels,

Bigorre protected under the biological strict Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre
reserve status (IUCN Ia cat.). forest has evolved under
natural processes since
1920 (100 years). The age
of the oldest stands is
estimated at 160 years.
Italy Pollino Area protected between 1986 and No logging in the last
National Park 1993 during the establishment of the 80 years because of the
National Park. Since 1993 protected by remoteness of the area.
the Pollino National Park. In the past this forest
may have been used as
forest pasture.
Italy Foresta Sfilzi, Falascone and Foresta Umbra are In most forests
Umbra State Reserves, established in 1971 or harvesting stopped in
1977, protected by the National Forest the 60s and 70s (no
Service. The National Park, established use for c. 50 years). In
in 1991, protects all those areas as small, accessible areas,
strict reserves (corresponding to IUCN I silvicultural use was
protection level). restricted to cutting out
dry wood or coppice
conversion to high forest;
part of Foresta Umbra
was used for cattle
grazing.
Italy Valle Infernale Since 1994 the area is protected by No logging in the last
Aspromonte National Park (IUCN II). 55 years. A very small
Forests subjected to hydrogeological portion of the forest
and landscape constraint (ex RD no. between 1,450–1,520 m
3267/1923). was cut in 2009 as part of
a research experiment to
create 9 gaps of 200–600
m2.
Montenegro Biogradska Informal protection dates back to 1878, In the period prior to
Gora when Montenegrin ruler Prince Nikola 1878, the area of the
Petrović protected the area around Biogradska Gora NP was
Lake Biograd. In the year 1952 it was influenced by man and
proclaimed as the ‘Biogradska Gora the forest was used for
National Park’. firewood for the houses
on the pastures (katuns)
in the upper part of the
NP. Since 1878 only very
limited use of the forest
took place.
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4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
Component
Part/Cluster
North Dlaboka Reka Mavrovo NP was proclaimed in 1949 There are no concrete
Macedonia according to the Constitution of the data for its usage for
Peoples Republic of Macedonia on these last 100 years.
11,750 ha and re-proclaimed in 1952
on 73,088 ha. At the moment there
is an ongoing process for proclaiming
the NP according to the new legislative
framework.
Poland Bieszczady Some component parts have been Submitted forests have
protected since 1958, since 1991 the never been subject
whole area has been protected as to regular forest
the Bieszczady NP (II IUCN category). management. In the
Component parts and the protection lower parts there could
buffer sub-zone are strictly protected. be occasional cutting
Since 1992 - the core zone of the ‘East of trees, and near the
Carpathians’ Biosphere Reserve. border with alpine
meadows some grazing
activities.
Serbia Fruška gora - In 1955 Papratski do was first Ancient forests of

Papratski do i protected, preventing any natural Papratski do and Ravne
Ravne resources use or nature disturbance. have been nationally
Together with Ravne locality, it was protected for decades.
incorporated in Fruška gora NP when Papratski do has been
it was established in 1960 as the first under strict Protection
National Park in Serbia. Regime for more than six
decades, while the strict
protection in Ravne has
been in force since 2004.
Serbia Kopaonik - In 1981, Kozje stene became part of Forests in Kozje stene
Kozje stene Kopaonik National Park, to be defined Level I Protection Regime
by Spatial Plan of Kopaonik NP as Level (strictest national
I Protection Regime locality in 1989. protection level) locality
of Kopaonik NP form in
extremely inaccessible
terrains, thus have never
had any significant
human influence,
allowing these areas
to grow as primeval,
virgin forests, protected
nationally for several
decades.
195
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Ancient and BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS OF EUROPE
Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
4.a.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina:

Prašuma Janj (BH-JANJ-01)
1. Current Status
Already in 1951 an area of 195 ha was proposed management. This management shall preserve
as forest reserve. This decision was confirmed in natural ecosystem composition and sustain the
1954 by the BiH government and a nature reserve high biodiversity of the site. The forest enterprise
for scientific purposes was established by national in charge of the management has a long tradition
legislation. In 1960, the reserve was extended to and experience in this minimum intervention
315 ha and the conservation status was included management (e.g. single tree selection, timber
in the forest management plan but through logging skidding by horses). In both sub-zones of the
activities the size of the reserve was reduced again buffer zone the monitoring and timely removal of
to 294.6 ha. New forest roads were constructed invasive non-native species is applied to protect
in the 1990s on the eastern and western sides of the component part from negative influences.
the reserve. Although in the bordering area of the
Federation harvesting activities took place, the
reserve on the territory of the Republic of Srpska
remained undisturbed.
1. Trends
The nominated property covers the whole surface

of the total wilderness area. Large parts of the
area are characterised by mixed forests of beech, Information on state protection
fir and spruce, which have been exempt from any
human use for at least 150 years. The management
of the area does not implement any management Through the process of implementing the
measures in this part of the wilderness area (with Habitat Directive in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
the exception of the forest road). Thus, no pre- the property was proposed as part of one
determined status of the area is being conserved, of in total 101 Natura 2000 sites, named
but natural processes and dynamics can take place ‘Raduša-Janj-Vukovsko polje’ pSCI+SPA RS. This
without any human influence. proposed Natura 2000 site is located on both
entities (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
In the buffer zone measures are limited to sanitary and Republika Srpska), with a total size of
cuttings. 36,104.52 ha.
In the landscape conservation buffer sub-zone
selective cuttings is the allowed silvicultural
196
4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
4.a.2 Switzerland: Forêt de la

Bettlachstock (CH-BETT-01)
1. Trends
1. Current Status The Forest Reserve Bettlachstock-Hasenmatt
already stands out in many respects distinctly from
The property covers an area of 195 ha, of which the managed forest (basal area, number of trees
81% are covered by natural beech or fir-beech and deadwood). However, the stock of wood, the
forests. On a further 6% of the core zone, the beech amount of deadwood and the abundance of tree
is not one of the dominant tree species due to the giants are still low compared to primeval forests
extreme site conditions, but still accounts for 40% of and will increase in the future.
the stock. The wooded areas of property lie within
the 408.5 ha large forest reserve Bettlachstock- According to models, vegetation altitudinal
Hasenmatt. 35% of the property are state forests, layers will shift from 500–700 m up to the end
which the cantonal government council put under of the twenty-first century, so that the area of
protection in 1985. In 1998 and 2002 the forest Bettlachstock will be in the sub- to submontane
reserve was expanded to its present size. For this elevation, which is likely to have far-reaching
purpose, a complete waiver of use of a further 58% consequences for the flora and fauna composition
of the property was agreed with the respective and could potentially cause the death of trees.
forest owners. The remaining 7% of the core zone The no longer cultivated former meadows and
is state land that has not been farmed since 2001. pastures on the Bettlachstock will be marked by
Previously, it was used for agriculture. In 2014 and scrub encroachment by natural succession and
2015 the forest condition of the area was recorded develop slowly to forest. This process will however
in 147 sample areas. On average 735 living trees per be slowed down by the browsing effect of chamois.
hectare come with a diameter at breast height of
more than 7 cm. The most common tree species is Information on state protection
the beech, with a 39% share of the species; spruce
and fir each have a share of 14%. The basal area is
36.1 m2 / ha and the wood supply is 371 m3 / ha. The forest reserve Bettlachstock-Hasenmatt
In the forest reserve there is little deadwood (35 is a natural forest reserve according to the
m3 / ha) and giant trees (<2 trees with diameter at Swiss federal law on forests (category I IUCN
breast height of more than 80cm / ha) compared to Protected Area Categories System). In the
primeval forests. The oldest trees are around 200 natural forest reserve, the natural development
years old. In contrast, trees with habitat structures toward the natural forest with no human
are common. There are 45 cave trees per hectare. intervention is permitted in the long term. In
the forest reserve, however, neither access nor
hunting is generally restricted.
197
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Ancient and BEECH
4.a.3 Switzerland: Valli di Lodano,

Reserves (CH-LODA-01)
1. Trends
1. Current Status As far as mature beech-woods and almost all beech-
woods are concerned, we are in the presence of
The important natural obstacles represented by the evolutionarily stable climax types. As far as adult
gorges of the Lodano, Busai and Soladino streams mountain beech-woods are concerned, the degree
have made this area difficult to access, holding of mixing of the silver fir should increase slightly
back forest and agricultural use. in the coming decades, while other broad-leaved
Furthermore, the socio-economic evolution that trees such as birch and mountain maple will tend
took place in the second half of the last century and to decrease.
the loss of interest in the economic exploitation In general it can be assumed that in the future
of the forests, had as consequence that after the the beech will be able to slowly settle even at
beginning of the 60s of the last century no relevant higher and lower levels than the current ones;
cuts were carried out in the entire area (property already now there is a certain spread of beech in
and buffer zone). This has resulted in the presence the abandoned chestnut woods of the hills. The
of very mature stands of beech forest with protection area of the forest reserves is destined
specimens of considerable size (estimated average for natural evolution and as such the execution of
age 150 years with different specimens of over 250 forest cuts and the collection of wood is prohibited;
years). the only exceptions are punctual security cuts and
The high integrity of the nominated component the management of very small infrastructures
part and of the protection buffer sub-zone is already present on site.
given by the high level of naturalness reached: Information on state protection
some inaccessible areas have probably been free
from human influence for several centuries while,
following the almost total abandonment of forest The nominated component part of the Lodano,
utilization and due to the diminished pressure Busai and Soladino Valleys is a continuous
on the free pasture, in the last 60–80 years the wooded area completely covered with beech
forest cover has progressively regenerated itself and fir-beech forests completely included in
completely naturally, even in the areas once the protection area of the forest reserves of
managed. the Lodano Valley and the Busai and Soladino
Valleys, and as such is destined for natural
evolution with an IUCN protection equivalent
of category Ib. The whole area, including the
buffer zones, is a cantonal landscape protection
area.
198
4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
4.a.4 Czech Republic: Jizera

Mountains (CZ-JIZE-01) 1. Trends
In the proposed World Heritage component part
and its protection buffer sub-zone, the management
activities have stopped since 1960. Therefore, the
1. Current Status
Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. Beech Forest structural
At present, ancient/old-growth mountain beech- attributes are comparable with other primary/old-
dominated forest covers approx. 95% of the growth beech forests.
Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. Beech Forest NNR, i.e.
the proposed property. Moreover, forest growths The abandonment of all management activities in
are structurally heterogenous here, harbouring the WHS property will continue. It can be assumed
many large and old trees, multi-layered canopies that the deadwood accumulation process will be
and a high variation in tree size and age. Other continuing and even accelerating here. Models
structural characteristics of stands (e.g., density on changes in woody species distribution in the
of large and old trees) are also comparable with Czech Republic under continuing projected climate
protected reserves of old-growth European beech- change show that although there will decline in
dominated forests. The average stand age is 196 European beech forest distribution (vegetation
years, but the oldest tree (a European beech tree) zone 4) across the country, due to the altitude
is 289 years old. Tree age analysis revealed that within the Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. Beech Forest
the age distribution was multimodal, a pattern National Nature Reserve, no dramatic shifts in the
commonly found in old-growth beech-dominated forest ecosystem are expected. In the landscape
forests in Central Europe. The annual mortality rate development zone to the proposed World Heritage
was 0.43% for all tree species, and the U-shaped component part, close-to-nature or nature-based
distribution indicating size-dependent mortality measures shall be applied.
is likely an important process that is balanced by
the turnover of new tree recruitment. Prior to Information on state protection
1960, for at least 200 years, selective logging was
implemented in the NNR. Since 1960 the NNR has The proposed property is a National Nature
been left to spontaneous development. Since that Reserve, pursuant to Act No. 114/1992 on
time soft active management, including selective Nature Conservation and Landscape Protection,
logging, deadwood removal and banding of trees as amended later, the Specially Protected Area
was conducted throughout the NNR buffer zone, with the most strict conservation regime.
i.e. in the landscape conservation buffer sub-zone Therefore, it is classified as the IUCN category
of the property. Ib, i.e. Wilderness Area. In addition, the site
is both a Special Protection Area (SPA) and
The flagship species occurring at the site include
Special Area of Conservation (SAC) under the
Lilium martagon, Dactylorhiza majalis, Astacus
EU Birds and Habitats Directives, thus being a
fluviatilis, Salamandra salamandra, Ciconia nigra
EU Natura 2000 ecological network site.
and Aegolius funereus.
199
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Ancient and BEECH
4.a.5 France: Aigoual (FR-AIGO-01)
1. Current Status 1. Trends

Forest stands have been free of silvicultural Current trends are toward further maturation
use for over 70 years and comprise very large of the beech forest. Despite a rather favourable
individuals over 150 years old. The absence of fir altitudinal setting, the reserve being located on the
trees at montane level over the Cévennes area middle to upper montane climatic level, climate
shows nevertheless the effect of ancient forest change poses a threat at mid to long term.
management.
Greater vigilance must be given to stands located
The forest habitats of the Aigoual Beech Forest are in lower altitudes, directly threatened by global
in a good state of conservation. They are strongly warming.
dominated by native species and in particular by
Beech stands are generally healthy. Foliar losses
beech as the climax species. There are very few
are fairly generalized of the order of 15 to 25%, far
exotic species, scattered and without dynamics.
from being alarming. This could have been caused
Stands have been maturing and renaturing
by regular hydric stress over the last few years.
continuously since the 1940’s. Resulting from a
coppice treatment (with more or less reserves) Even though beech is not the most vulnerable
and having evolved into high forests on stumps, species, fauna-flora imbalances represent a chronic
they remain dense and still have little regeneration threat to Cévennes forests, rich in cervidae and still
by sowing due to natural gaps. Significantly, the very poor in natural predators.
richness of saproxylic beetles is not exceptional,
but it nevertheless reflects both the character Information on state protection
of old-growth forest, the age of the stands, their The biological strict reserve protection status
richness in micro-habitats, with an already high ensures the following principles:
level of naturalness and an even more interesting
potential for evolution. • prohibition of all logging and forestry work,
excepting:
• the securing of marked hiking trails or paths
along or crossing the reserve (no extraction
of deadwood)
• the elimination of exotic species (no potential
threat and no proven need at this time)
• the possible regulation of ungulates in case
of insufficiency of natural predators; small
game hunting is banned. Status is set by the
State for an unlimited time.
200
4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
4.a.6 France: Chapitre (FR-CHAP-01)
1. Trends
1. Current Status
Current trends are toward the continuation of
The forest habitats of Bois du Chapitre and Bois de the maturation of stands and the transition from
Brouas have a high level of naturalness and are in a linear dynamic maturation to a more natural
a good state of conservation. They are composed cyclical dynamic renewal. Climate change is a
of indigenous species and dominated by the two threat in the mid to long term. The vegetation of
climax species, beech and fir. the area is facing unpredictive climatic extreme
The remarkable richness in saproxylic beetles and events, such as the drought of 2003 that induced a
mushrooms testifies particularly to this very high high mortality of fir trees. At the same time, these
level of naturalness. climatic evolutions should favour the colonization
of the highest parts of the reserve by the forest
(provided that these have sufficiently developed
soils).
Fauna-flora imbalances represent a threat in a

massif where natural predators are present (wolf,
lynx) but still rare. Exotic species can be considered
as a potential threat (invasive alien species or at
least introduced forest species, whose regeneration
dynamics may upset that of indigenous species).
Information on state protection

The biological strict reserve protection status
ensures the following principles:
• prohibition of all logging and forestry work,

excepting:
of deadwood)
201
ANCIENT
Ancient and BEECH
4.a.7 France: Chizé (FR-CHIZ-01, -02)

The habitats of the component are in a good state The current trend corresponds to the spontaneous
of conservation, considering the criteria of typicity reconstitution of stands following the storm of 1999,
of the suite of species. On the other hand, the the maturation of stands: progressive replacement
level of naturalness is still relatively low since the of pioneer species by those of maturation phases,
exploitations only stopped at the beginning of the in particular beech, and the aging of all stands.
1990s.
Climate change is a definite threat to this lowland
The richness in deadwood is high, but it is especially beech forest in the medium to long term.
the product of particular recent extreme events, in
particular the storm of 1999.


excepting:
of deadwood)
202
4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
4.a.8 France: Fontainebleau

(FR-FONT-01)

The forest habitats of the Gros Fouteau et Hauteurs Current trends are toward further maturation of
de la Solle are in a very good state of conservation. the beech forest. In the mid to long term, climate
They are largely dominated by native species and change could lead to the decline of beech in
in particular the climax species beech. There are favour of oaks (sessile on acid soils, pubescent on
few exotic species, scattered and without dynamics limestone).
(Scots pine, introduced in the eighteenth century
and naturalized, and a species of heliophile that Although beech is not the most vulnerable species,
does not threaten the beech forest). fauna-flora imbalances represent a chronic threat
to the Fontainebleau forest, rich in deer and
Originally dominated by oak, which had been wild boar and devoid of natural predators. The
favoured by management, the stands underwent regulation of ungulates is therefore entirely based
a linear silvigenetic maturation which resulted in on hunting, a rather difficult task, due to the very
a broad dominance of beech and a beginning of high number of visitors in this peri-urban forest.
cyclic dynamics, which corresponds to a level of
maturity reached in no other biological strict forest
reserve in the lowland and rarely even in montane
environments.
The structural pyramid (HOTYAT 1990 and 2012)

demonstrates the predominance of beech in all Information on state protection
storeys, whereas oak is important only in the high The biological strict reserve protection status
storey (with individuals 350 to 400 years old) and ensures the following principles:
weakly present or absent in all other storeys.
excepting:
of deadwood)
203
ANCIENT
Ancient and BEECH
4.a.9 France: Grand Ventron

(FR-GRAN-01) 1. Trends
The significant increase in the number of ungulates
in the past may have locally compromised forest
regeneration (primarily on firs). Grain scattering is
1. Current Status now prohibited on the 1,700 ha of the reserve, the
Throughout the Vosges massif, the Grand Ventron regulation of the ungulates is framed by the hunting
Beech Forests are considered to be best preserved plan approved by the State. The spontaneous return
and a reference site in terms of functionality and of the great natural predators, in 2011 for the wolf
stability (CLOSSET-KOPP 2004) (CLOSSET-KOPP ET and in 2015 for the lynx, allows a combined and
AL., 2006). In spite of past silvicultural activities, complementary action to the cynegetic samples.
the current stands remain representative of the These dynamics are favourable to a reduction of
old and mature beech forests of the montane ungulates (deer, chamois, roe deer).
and subalpine levels (altitudinal gradient of 800
to 1,200 m). The old trees and large diameter and In the face of climate change, beeches should
the amount of lying and standing deadwood attest maintain and could even progress locally at the
to their naturalness. These forests are very stable expense of firs above 750 m on north-facing slopes
in terms of environmental conditions and have (PIEDALLU ET AL., 2009). Due to a large altitudinal
a stratified architecture strongly linked to their gradient on a granitic substratum, the component
steep environment. This architecture shows a fine is complementary to the three neighbouring
mosaic of eco-units at different heights, composed component parts in the Hercynic region for the
of several tree species reaching quite remarkable observation of these dynamics (Betlerstock,
dimensions (SCHNITZLER ET AL., 2004). Hainich and Kellerwald-Edersee).
The component is crossed by a forest road which is

closed to traffic. Some sections of skid trails in the Information on state protection
buffer zone are being closed. Pedestrian attendance
is well controlled. Other long-standing, protected, Ancient forests are protected under National
non-exploited beech forests are located near the Nature Reserve status (IUCN cat. I equiv.),
component. The presence of bio-indicator species no silvicultural intervention is allowed. The
(fungi, lichen, bryophytes, saproxylic beetles), durability and integrity of forests is ensured by
umbrellas (birds, mammals) and keystones (wolf, the strongest regulatory protection in France
lynx) testify to a complete ecosystem. The quality in the National Nature Reserve. The public
of the forest structures indicates an optimal state authority is fully empowered to control any
of conservation, except for indicators related to use in the buffer zone: logging and pastoral
deadwood. This parameter can be explained by activities, tourism infrastructures, hunting and
the abiotic conditions of the site (climate, station, fishing. The State finances the management as
altitude, exposure, topography) and the stability well as the compensation of the municipalities.
of the Grand Ventron stands (SCHNITZLER ET AL.
2004).
204
4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
4.a.10 France: Massane

1. Trends
(FR-MASS-01)
The Massane Beech Forest is monitored by a forest
monitoring system since 2001 on 30 ha of the forest
(15% of the population) with more than 50,000
1. Current Status trees monitored on their sanitary and physiological
The observatory covering 30 ha makes it possible state: presence of mushroom, descent of crown and
to highlight some interesting characteristics for the browning of branches. It also allows monitoring of
naturalness and the degree of functionality of the the regeneration and mortality dynamics as well as
forest. Of the 30 ha of exhaustive forest mapping, the fine observation of the life cycle of deadwood.
trees larger than 70 cm in diameter generally have
interesting dendro-microhabitats. There are 378 Several hypotheses on the evolution of the
trees of this size for 30 ha, with an average density climate, notably on the resistance to the episodes
of 13 large trees/ha of remarkable biological of drought and the progressive increase of the
interest. Other mature trees of smaller diameter average temperatures have been studied. Ongoing
also have interesting dendro-microhabitats. There research on the modeling of beech mortalities in
are also 154 standing dead trees from 50 cm in the Mediterranean seems to indicate drought as
diameter on these 30 ha (5 trees/ha). the most determining factor.
If we look at the cavities of trees favourable to The main threat to the Massane Beech Forest is
Osmoderma eremita, considered as an umbrella climate change. With a current mortality rate 6
species for many saproxylic species, we see that times higher than other beech forests’ average, the
out of 10 ha, there are 128 cavities of trunks and continuous trends of warming, scarcity of water
only 19 are occupied by Osmoderma eremita. reserves and longer droughts may threaten the
beech forest in the mid and long term.
The component is stated as a non-intervention

area and protected under National Nature
Reserve status (IUCN cat. I equivalent). The
durability and integrity of forests is ensured by
the strongest regulatory protection in France
in the National Nature Reserve. The public
authority is fully empowered to control any
use in the buffer zone: logging and pastoral
activities, tourism infrastructures, hunting and
fishing. The State finances the management as
well as the compensation of the municipalities.
205
ANCIENT
Ancient and BEECH
4.a.11 Py-Pas de Rotja (FR-PYPA-01)

The forest has an estimated average deadwood The state of conservation of forest stands
volume of 44 m3/ha, characteristic of a mature monitoring and analysis carried out in 2007 (PSDRF)
forest left in free evolution. Other indicators of clearly indicates a significant development toward
naturalness are the high average living volume even more advanced states of maturity. Average
estimated at 503 m3/ha, and the fact that 22% of living volume is estimated at 503 m3/ha, of which
the volume is made of trees with large or very large 22% of the volume consists of large or very large
diameters. In addition, the forest is home to a large woods. The average ratio of deadwood to total
and diverse saproxylic fauna. No fewer than 22 biomass is likely to increase in the mid-term.
indicator species were listed. Forests have a wide
variety of decay stages of deadwood, including the Current global warming and cumulative evolution
most advanced stages. There is also a high density of the Mediterranean and Atlantic climate regimes
of micro-habitats of high ecological value (cavities, will have a certain influence on the future of the
cracks, dehiscence bark etc.). beech population of the component. The Py old-
growth forest will play an important strategic role
The Rotjà Forest is representing a core of greater in the maintenance of the beech population, acting
forest maturity within the nature reserve. The as a relay site for the Massane Forest. Further
wooded state of the forest of Rotjà is documented monitoring campaigns are planned in 2022 and
at least since the publication of the Cassini maps 2028 in order to precisely document the dynamics
in 1815. But it is very likely that some rather of this beech forest.
inaccessible parts have remained wooded for Information on state protection
much longer. Forest exploitation until 1918 has
regularly rejuvenated the stands, but the wooded The component is protected by a set of
condition of some areas has probably persisted. national status: protection forest, classified
The delineated property is representing the forest site and National Nature Reserve (IUCN cat.
stands of highest age within the broader beech I equivalent). No silvicultural intervention is
forest landscape. Ongoing pastoral activities taking allowed, the protections allow land control to
place in the landscape conservation buffer are ensure free forest evolution. The State finances
leading to a rejuvenation of stands, mainly around the management as well as the compensation
transhumance trails and some open grazing areas. of the concerned owners communes. The
Regional Nature Park and the reserve also
cover the buffer zone to regulate all uses:
logging, pasture, tourist reception, hunting and
fishing.
206
4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
4.a.12 France: Sainte-Baume

(FR-SABA-01)

The Sainte-Baume Beech Forest shows an The regeneration problems of the beech forest
exceptional level of naturalness. The evaluation have been known for a long time, resulting in the
of its state of conservation poses however a very creation of the biological reserve in 1973.
particular problem: a difficulty of regeneration
of the beech, due in particular to the thick Climate change is considered a real potential
understorey of yew and holly (which is also found in threat to beech, although the extremely southern
some old-growth beech forests of Fontainebleau), location in the Mediterranean climatic region is
which is itself a result of this exceptional level of offset locally by altitudinal effects, exposure and
naturalness. In any case, the reserve provides a edaphic conditions. These conditions allow for the
unique opportunity to study this situation where beech forest to be considered a mesophilic beech
beech is confronted with the ‘super-dryad’, which forest habitat rather than a ‘dry beech forest’.
are yew and holly.


excepting:
of deadwood)
207
ANCIENT
Ancient and BEECH
4.a.13 France: Saint-Pe-de-Bigorre

(FR-SAPE-01)

Habitats are in a good state of conservation and The current trends of the forest are to the
have a very high level of naturalness for a Pyrenean maturation of the stands, the progressive renewal
hardwood forest. They are dominated by climax of high forest and of old coppice structure and the
species such as beech and lime. On the other hand progressive redevelopment of fir-trees. Climate
the fir tree is rare, which is the mark of forest over- change is a threat in the mid to long term, although
exploitations of past centuries. In the same way, conditions are currently very favourable for the
the stands have a structure which remains partly beech species.
showing former coppice selection system.


excepting:
of deadwood)
208
4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
4.a.14 Italy: Foresta Umbra

(IT-FUMB-01*)
1. Trends
1. Current Status The favourable site conditions in these low-
elevation forests sustain very fast turnover rates. In
Almost all the area within the component the next decades, the ongoing process of natural
is occupied by old-growth beech forests, mortality will open many new gaps that will allow
characterised by an uneven-aged structure typical the forest to evolve toward a more advanced
of the advanced demographic transition, or by structure.
mature pure or mixed beech forests left to natural
dynamics and interspersed by occasional natural Thanks to the predominant flatness of the area,
canopy gaps. abundant quantities of dead biomass are expected
to be produced to sustain the detritus chain and
Huge biomass accumulation (600–1000 m3/h) is the associated biodiversity. The numerous small
possible thanks to site fertility, testified by the high gaps opened, together with the ruggedness of the
forest stature (tree heights above 40–45 m) and microtopography, will favour the persistence in the
the abundance of very large trees, often reaching forest of all the many tree species with different
100–120 cm. ecological requirements.
Beside beech, the canopy is often occupied by Falascone is totally fenced and allows the study
exceptionally large tree species, like Taxus baccata, of Mediterranean forest dynamics under the
Sorbus torminalis and Acer campestre. A widespread exclusion of domestic and wild grazing (only wild
regeneration of yew and holly accompanies that of boars are observed in the reserve).
beech. Total deadwood amounts are within the
range of values reported for old-growth forests of Information on state protection
the Mediterranean mountains (70 m3/ha), mainly
as coarse woody debris on the ground. Large (DBH
The area is managed as strict nature reserve
≥ 50 cm) standing dead trees are relatively frequent
(equivalent to IUCN I or IUCN II, respectively),
(4 per ha).
set aside to protect biodiversity and the
karst landscape. The Gargano National Park
recognises it as part of its strict conservation
zone. Human visitation, use and impacts
are strictly controlled and limited to ensure
protection of the high conservation values.
Scientific research, environmental monitoring
and education are planned by the Park and
Forest Service.
209
ANCIENT
Ancient and BEECH
4.a.15 Italy: Pollino National Park

1. Trends
(IT-POLL-01, 02)
Only research and monitoring activities are allowed
in the strict reserve of Pollinello forest, therefore
1. Current Status no human alteration of the property will occur
in the future. In the patches of secondary-old-
The Pollinello Beech Forest core extends over an growth forests, with the accumulation of repeated
area of about 478 ha (altitudinal range 1,620–2,000 natural disturbances, the dominant cohort will
m) in the Municipality of Castrovillari (CS), Morano progressively fade away as the forest will enter the
Calabro (CS), Cerchiara di Calabria (CS), on the late demographic transition-steady state stages.
Calabria side of the park and in the Municipality of The beech forests will also be free to expand into
Terranova di Pollino (PZ) on the Basilicata side of the upper grasslands in the future, should climate
the park. The site is a strict reserve of the National warming continue.
Park, where the natural environment is preserved in
its integrity (IUCN Ia). This old-growth beech forest A permanent management body protects this strict
is characterised by a rotated sigmoid diameter (IUCN I) reserve along with the Carabinieri Forest
distribution, with the oldest cohort composed of Service. Past monitoring of the carabid beetle
large trees 400–600 years old. The establishment of communities showed that cooler forest types, such
new cohorts follows natural disturbance dynamics. as the Asyneumati-Fagetum, are not being replaced
The stand has 360–560 trees/ha with a maximum as the dominant species, however thermophilic
height of 25 m. One third of the total volume is carabids have begun to appear. Dendroecological
concentrated in large trees. The absence of human research also showed no important decreasing
activity for many decades (at least 80 years) has trend or dieback in response to climate warming.
produced widespread deadwood with many large
snags and logs and old-growth indicator species
(e.g. Lobaria pulmonaria). Information on state protection
Monte Pollinello remains far from any road, so

that even wood gathering by local inhabitants can
be excluded. The richness of both standing and
down dead trees, as well as its abundance in plant, Cozzo Ferriero and Pollinello became a strict
wood-inhabiting insects and bats makes this high- reserve (IUCN Ia) in 2011, after the approval of
mountain forest unique in Southern Italy. Many the national park’s management plan. In 2014
flagship species indicators of the old-growth status the park received the EUROPARC certification
are present: Barbastella barbastellus, Dryocopus for the European Charter for Sustainable
martius, Dendrocopos medius, Ficedula albicollis, Tourism in Protected Areas.
Rosalia alpina and Cucujus cinnaberinus, Lobaria
pulmonaria and many fungi. This area is also of
interest due to the presence of Canis lupus and the
wild cat Felis silvestris.
210
4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
4.a.16 Italy: Valle Infernale

1. Trends
(IT-VALL-01)
The recently approved National Park Plan
recognised a strict reserve in Valle Infernale in
1. Current Status collaboration with the long-term protection by
the Carabinieri Forest Service, prohibiting future
Valle Infernale extends over an area of about human alteration. Valle Infernale, like most of the
321 ha (elevational range 1127–1537 m) in the Aspromonte, is an active tectonic area prone to
Municipalities of Samo and San Luca (RC) in the erosion and landslides that initiate successional
Calabria region. The site is a strict reserve of processes. Following large disturbances, pine, oak,
Aspromonte National Park, where the natural maple – but also silver fir – find wide competitive
environment is preserved in its integrity (IUCN space, forming a complex forest mosaic of light-
Ia). This early-transition old-growth beech forest demanding stands and late-successional beech
is characterised by an uneven-aged diameter ecosystems. Together with the accumulation of
distribution, with the oldest cohort composed of repeated natural disturbances, Valle Infernale will
very large trees (150–400 years old). The forest acquire a more complex old-growth structure as
shows a variable stature (15–40 m) due to high the forest enters the late demographic transition-
environmental heterogeneity; tree density is 600 steady state stages. Until now the beech forest has
trees/ha. More than one third of the total volume responded well to climate change, representing
is concentrated in large trees. Some parts of the a strategic habitat for the conservation of many
forest were managed in the past; however, the threatened species; future monitoring will allow us
absence of human activity for many decades (at to describe its impact in an old-growth forest at the
least 50 years) has allowed a diffuse rewilding, rear edge of beech.
producing large amounts of deadwood (>20 m3/
ha) and, in particular, very large snags and logs of
beech, oak, pine and fir. The beech forest and the Information on state protection
mosaic of other patches co-dominated by pines,
firs and oaks are ecologically functional and the
regeneration of beech and other tree species is
Valle Infernale became a strict reserve (IUCN
diffuse. Valle Infernale remains far from any road.
Ia) in 2009, after the approval of the national
The richness of very large habitat trees with park’s management plan. However, most of the
suspended soils guarantees the conservation area was managed as a strict reserve by the
of many plants and animals, especially wood- Carabinieri Forest Service since 1968. In 2014
inhabiting insects, making this forest unique in the park received the EUROPARC certification
Southern Italy for the beech ecosystem integrity for the European Charter for Sustainable
and for the ongoing ecological processes. Many Tourism in Protected Areas.
flagship species indicators of the old-growth status
are present and indicate the long continuity of the
forest cover (see flora and fauna).
211
ANCIENT
Ancient and BEECH
4.a.17 Montenegro: Biogradska Gora

(ME-BIOG-01, 02)

The Biogradska Gora NP covers an area of 5,650 The strict Protection Regime prohibits any human
ha and the Virgin Forest Reserve covers an area activities except for scientific research, monitoring
of 2,844 ha (altitude range 850–1,850 m a.s.l.). In of natural processes and strictly controlled visits to
the park area, beech forests occupy 37.5%, fir and the Virgin Forest Reserve of Biogradska Gora NP. In
beech mixed forests occupy 35.4%, and fir, spruce this way, the forests are effectively protected from
and beech mixed forests occupy 10.4% of the total the influence of visitors.
forest area. Other forest types with mixed forests of
hop-hornbeam, manna ash, fir and spruce occupy Monitoring of the health status of the forests
16.7% of the total forest area. in Biogradska Gora NP from 2017 indicated a
favourable state of the overall forest ecosystem,
The mean diameter of the forests in the NP is 45.4 which is a good indicator of its resilience to climate
cm and the average height of the trees is 24.3 m. change as well as negative abiotic and biotic
The canopy coverage ranges from 90–100% (for pressures.
36% of forests) and 70–80% (for 37% of the forests),
which corresponds with the virgin forest character
of the forests in the park. Young trees below 1.3
m represent about 35.5% of all trees in the NP.
Young trees occur in about 2,500 ha or 69.4% of
the forests in the NP, which is characteristic of the
virgin forest character of the reserve. Information on state protection
Monitoring of the health status of the virgin forest

was conducted in 2017. This survey revealed that
most trees (86.7%) were healthy and showed no The Biogradska Gora National Park was
signs of defoliation. Only 6.7% showed some degree declared a national park in 1952 and within it
of defoliation (up to 10%) and poorer conditions a strict virgin forest reserve was established.
were about 6.7% of the forest (defoliation of No intervention is allowed in the reserve (core
11–25%). On 19.4% of the trees damage occurred zone of NP). This compares to Category Ib of
due to the following abiotic factors: frost, lack of IUCN management categories. The National
moisture, damage due to snow load and storms. Park is declared an IUCN Category II according
to the World Database of Protected Areas
(status 18.12.2019).
212
4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
4.a.18 North Macedonia: Dlaboka

Reka (MN-DLAB-01)

The core area (primeval beech forest) ranges in Dlaboka Reka Beech Forest is located on inaccessible
altitude from 1,250 to 1,900 m a.s.l. The buffer terrain and perhaps this is the main reason why it is
zone spreads from 1,150 to 2,400 m a.s.l. The in such a natural condition without human activity
size of property is 437.6 ha and it is in the strict at the moment. Due to the fact that it is in a strict
protected zone. protected zone, it has retained its original natural
character and according to the law no activities are
allowed here.
Over the last 50 years there were no activities in

the core area, except for forest fires which happen
sometimes, but the NP did not allow any fire to
come closer than 3 km from the core area.
The property is located 3km east of the mountain

ridge, which forms the Albanian-North Macedonian
border line. On the Albanian side there is a
complementary protection status which decreases
the number of threats significantly.
The significance of this area has been

recognised since its proclamation as a NP in
1949. While preparing the new management
plan in 2012 it was also recognised as a beauty
with high importance and it was marked as a
strict protected area. Only scientific research
is allowed according to our law on nature, all
other land use is forbidden.
213
ANCIENT
Ancient and BEECH
4.a.19 Poland: Bieszczady

(PL-BIES-01, -02, -03, -04)

The total area of submitted beech forest of primeval Nominated forests represent 12% of the total area
character is 3,472 ha. The buffer zone consists of of the Bieszczady National Park. They represent
the remaining part of the main complex of the only a small part of the large area covered by the
Bieszczady National Park with a total area of 24,331 protection of natural ecological processes (69% of
ha. Bieszczady National Park was established in the park is strictly protected).
1973, however, initially only on a small area. Most
of the nominated forests became part of the park in A predominate proportion of the forested areas
1991. The altitude in the component parts ranges is occupied by forests in their natural condition
from 700–1,260 m a.s.l. (75%), where forest felling was carried out in the
way that did not alter the proportions in species
In the component parts, the following habitat composition typical to particular communities.
types are occurring (according to the EU-Habitats
Directive): 9,130 Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests, The aim of the primeval forest protection is
9,110 Luzulo-Fagetum beech forests, 9,140 Medio- preservation of the natural cycle of development
European subalpine beech woods and 9,180 through strict protection. It consists of abandoning
Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines any human intervention, merely supervising and
(sporadically). These forests are characterised observing the dynamic processes occurring in
by the structure and dynamics typical of natural forest stands.
processes.
Due to the high altitude the richness is not very high
and ranges from 300 m3/ha at the upper limit of the
forest to 600 m3/ha in the lower parts. Deadwood Like most Polish national parks Bieszczady
is an average 12% of the biomass of living trees, National Park also has the second category,
which is associated with the rejuvenation of the according to the criteria of the International
stands due to the harsh winter of 1928/1929. Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN II).
However, it has the largest acreage of strictly
Flagship species include large predators like brown protected forests in Poland (18 thousand
bear, wolf, lynx and wildcat, but also the large hectares). There is no action undertaken in
populations of their prey: red deer, wild boar and this area, including conservation measures and
roe deer. BNP protects natural relations between human presence is limited to touristic traffic on
these species without regulating wildlife numbers. designated hiking trails and scientific research.
214
4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
4.a.20 Fruška gora - Papratski do i

Ravne (RS-FRUS-01, -02)
1. Trends
Forestry research has long been conducted in
1. Current Status Papratski do locality, due to the long-lasting strict
Protection Regime, showing a constant increase in
The area of Fruška gora NP where the component
volume of beech, which has had the most successful
cluster is located is dominated by submontane
renewal process. Beech dominates the locality
beech forest with silver linden (Tilio-Fagetum)
by wood volume, with dominance of the thickest
and mixed forest of sessile oak and hornbeam
trunk diameter trees and linden by tree count,
(Querceto-Carpinetum). Forest in Papratski do
but with the thinnest trunk diameter trees. Said
locality is strictly protected since 1955, aged about
situation indicates a possible spread of the linden
160 years and is for the most part of natural, seed
within pure beech stands in the locality, due to the
origin. Forest associations in the component cluster
vegetative spread characteristics of this species.
include: Querco–Carpinetum, Querco–Fagetum,
Experimental plots of 20 x 20 m are set within the
Tilio-Fagetum submontanum and Fagetum
locality, in both pure stand and mixed beech forest
submontanum. The beech has made a constant
types, to monitor trends of natural regeneration.
increase in volume, with the largest share of thickest
There is a documented succession from sessile
trunk diameter trees, while silver linden may be
oak to beech and linden forest. The management
more numerous, but with dominance of thinnest
goal is to preserve natural values of the sites
trunk diameter trees. Beech has the most successful
and its natural dynamics, with no-intervention
natural regeneration, with the highest amount of
management applied unless necessary for the
offspring, indicating the optimal habitat conditions
preservation of the natural values, at which point
for this species, on the north exposed, deep and
minimal interventions are undertaken.
wet soil around the Tekeniški stream. Ravne
locality is located in the near vicinity of Papratski Information on state protection
do, on a mild inclination plateau sheltered by the Fruška gora NP is a nationally protected area
mountain ridge above. This well-preserved forest, in the II IUCN category of PAs, spreading on
with closed complexion and high productivity, 26.654 ha, out of which 72% is owned by the
was under protected Level II Protection Regime State. It is the first established National Park
since 1989 to be put strictly protected under Level in Serbia (1960). Both component parts are
I Protection Regime in 2004. The following forest protected under the Law on National Parks, Law
associations are present: Querco–Carpinetum, on Nature Protection and Decree on Protection
Querco–Fagetum, Tilio-Fagetum submontanum. By Regimes. The strict Level I Protection Regime
the current legislation, the localities are protected localities of Fruška gora National Park prohibit
under the Law on National Parks, Law on Nature the use of natural resources, construction
Protection and the Decree on Protection Regimes. and all human activities, except for scientific
The Level I Protection Regime localities of Fruška research and monitoring, controlled visits and
gora National Park prohibit any human activities implementation of protective measures.
except for scientific research, monitoring of natural
processes and controlled visits of educational or
cultural purpose.
215
ANCIENT
Ancient and BEECH
4.a.21 Serbia: Kopaonik - Kozje stene

1. Trends
(RS-KOPA-01)
The strict Protection Regime prohibits all human
activities except for scientific research, monitoring
of natural processes and controlled visits of
1. Current Status educational or cultural purpose. Visitors must
Forests growing in gorges and canyons have comply with the rules of conduct, which are to
hardly ever had any significant human influence, not step off paths or trails, not disturb or collect
due to their extreme inaccessibility. Since they any organisms and to leave no trace behind. The
were surrounded by much more accessible and management goal is to preserve natural values of
exploitable forest, these areas preserved virgin, the sites and their natural dynamics. If necessary,
primeval forest ecosystems. Aside from being minimal interventions are undertaken, but no
preserved by being inaccessible and unexploitable, wood is extracted, unless it can be expected
in 1981 this area was first nationally protected by that it will lead to a disease spread and cause
the establishment of Kopaonik National Park, to further forest ecosystem damage. Managers can
receive strict Level I Protection Regime status in only apply sanitary measures after acquiring the
1989. Kozje stene locality, a state-owned property, permits and expert opinions from the Ministry
is the largest Level I Protection Regime locality of Environmental Protection and the Institute for
of Kopaonik National Park, formed around the Nature Conservation of Serbia. The Management
Samokovska River Gorge. Plan of Kopaonik NP for 2019–2028 periods is
currently in force. It foresees the reintroduction
Located on the north-western part of Kopaonik of Rupicapra rupicapra in the Kozje stene locality,
National Park, this locality of strong refugial which was found to be the most suitable in a 2010
character covers the slopes of the Samokovska Feasibility Study.
River Gorge, Kozje stene Reef and Jadovnik Hill with
Kukavica Peak. The inaccessibility of these forests, Information on state protection
along with long-lasting national protection, has Kopaonik NP is a nationally protected area in
prevented any exploitation works. In the Kozje stene the IUCN category II of PAs, spreading over
locality, beech forests are mostly concentrated 11.969,04 ha, out of which 9.862,6 hа is state-
around the Samokovska River Gorge, while the owned property. The Kozje stene component
eastern slopes of Jadovnik Hill are covered with is protected under the Law on National Parks,
coniferous forests, including relict associations the Law on Nature Protection and the Decree
Erico-Piceetum excelsae and Erico-Piceto-Abietum. on Protection Regimes. As the strict Level I
Beech forests spread north of Kozje stene locality Protection Regime locality Kopaonik National
into Level II and III Protection Regime forested Park prohibits the use of natural resources,
landscape. By the current legislation, Kozje stene construction and all human activities, except
component is protected under the Law on National for scientific research and monitoring,
Parks, Law on Nature Protection and the Decree on controlled visits and implementation of
Protection Regimes, as a Level I Protection Regime protective measures.
locality of Kopaonik National Park.
216
4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
4.a.22 Serbia: Tara - Zvezda i Rača

1. Trends
(RS-TARA-01, -02)
The strict Protection Regime prohibits any
human activities except for scientific research,
monitoring of natural processes and controlled
1. Current Status visits of educational or cultural purpose. Visitors
Forests growing in gorges and canyons have must comply with rules of conduct, which are to
hardly ever had any significant human influence, not disturb or collect any organisms, to leave no
due to their extreme inaccessibility. Since they trace behind and to not step off paths or trails.
were surrounded by much more accessible and The management goal is to preserve natural
exploitable forest, these areas preserved virgin, values of the sites and their natural dynamics. If
primeval forest ecosystems. necessary, minimal interventions are undertaken,
but no wood is to be extracted, except if it can
Zvezda locality is one of the oldest protected and be expected to lead to a disease spread and
the largest Level I Protection Regime locality of Tara further forest ecosystem damage. Managers can
National Park, covering the right bank of the Drina only apply sanitary measures after acquiring the
River Canyon and parts of Zvezda Mt. Populations permits and expert opinions from the Ministry
of Serbian spruce are the most significant feature of Environmental Protection and expert opinions
of this Zvezda component part. Most of this locality from the Institute for Nature Conservation of
is under very steep inclinations, the preferred Serbia. Currently, the Management Plan of the
habitat of Serbian spruce, which form relict forest Tara NP for the period 2018–2027 is in force, which
association on the canyon tops. foresees the adoption of the Forest Management
A drying process was observed in Serbian spruce Plan of the Forest Management Unit Zvezda for the
populations on part of the locality called Drlije in period 2022–2031 period in 2021.
recent years. The main forest type is mixed beech- Information on state protection
fir-spruce forest, a characteristic phytocenosis of
the park. Rača River Gorge is one of the deep river Tara National Park is a nationally protected
gorges, located in the eastern part of the park, area in the IUCN category II of PAs, spreading
forming a Level I Protection Regime locality of Tara on 24.991 ha, out of which 13.588 hа is
National Park called Klisura Rače. Here beech forms state-owned property. Both Zvezda and Rača
a relict association with walnut, growing on the component parts are protected under the
lowest levels of the gorge, reflecting the refugial Law on National Parks, the Law on Nature
character of the site. Protection and the Decree on Protection
Regimes. As a strict Level I Protection
By the current legislation, the locality’s component Regime locality Tara National Park prohibits
parts are protected under the Law on National the use of natural resources, construction
Parks, Law on Nature Protection and the Decree and all human activities, except for scientific
on Protection Regimes, as strict Level I Protection research and monitoring, controlled visits and
Regime localities of Tara National Park. implementation of protective measures.
217
ANCIENT
Ancient and BEECH
4.a.23 Slovakia: Poloniny

1. Trends
(SK-POLO-01, -02, -03, -04*)
The area of the 4 component parts represents
approximately 8% of the total area of the Poloniny
National Park. The prevailing part is covered by
1. Current Status existing strictly protected natural reserves. No
The cluster Poloniny consists of 4 component active forest management is allowed. This area is
parts. Three of them Havešová, Rožok and Stužica- used for research only. Several marked tourist trails
Bukovské vrchy have been inscribed on the UNESCO are here as well. Natural processes in these forest
World Heritage List since 2007. This is a proposal stands can continue without any interruption.
for boundary modification. The component Udava Those parts of the component parts, which are not
was also part of the original component Stužica- designated under strict protection by now, will be
Bukovské vrchy which was later on cut out, due included in new strict reserves. The designation
to the disagreement of private owners. The total of the new or the extension of existing reserves is
area of this cluster after modification comes to already in process and is expected to be finalised in
2,440.54 ha with a buffer zone of 14,123.26 ha. the first half of 2020. The tree species composition
of those stands is very good, its natural composition
The whole cluster belongs to the Poloniny National has not declined substantially. The beech as a tree
Park, except for a part of the component Udava species is so vital that no measures are necessary
which belongs to the Protected Landscape Area in forest stands which were changed by humans in
Eastern Carpathians. The lowest elevation of 445 m the past. These forests can develop without human
a.s.l. can be found in the component Havešová intervention. There is no supposition that the area
and the highest elevation is marked by the point of this component will increase in the future.
Kremenec, 1,210 m a.s.l., in the component Stužica-
Bukovské vrchy. In the cluster the following habitat
types are present (according to the EU-Habitats Information on state protection
Directive): 9130 Asperulo-Fagetum beech forests,
9140 Medio-European subalpine beech woods, Natural reserves included into this cluster fit
9180* Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and the IUCN category Ib. There is a plan to create
ravines and the lowest percentage has 9110 Luzulo- two new natural reserves of the same category.
Fagetum beech forests. Natural reserves included The Poloniny National Park belongs under
in the cluster Poloniny belong to the most valuable IUCN category V by IUCN categorisation. It has
primeval forest in Europe. The forest stands have also been awarded the European Diploma for
natural structure and deadwood is also present in Protected Areas and it is also protected under
all degrees of decomposition. Approximately 80% the EU Birds Directive and the EU Habitat
is covered by pure beech stands, the remaining Directive. It belongs to the Transboundary
20% is a mixture of beech with silver fir or other Biosphere Reserve East Carpathians. The
tree species. Large carnivores – brown bear, wolf, component parts are already inscribed into the
lynx and wildcat live here. Of even-toed ungulates World Heritage list.
there is a wild population of European bison.
218
4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
4.a.24 Slovakia: Vihorlat

1. Trends
(SK-VIHO-01, -02*) The proposed component part Vihorlat is situated
in the Vihorlat Protected Landscape Area while
the component part Kyjovský Prales is as separate
1. Current Status strictly protected reserve outside the Vihorlat
Protected Landscape. A big part of the component
The area is an example of primary beech forest, part Vihorlat is covered by existing strictly protected
with distinctively variable diameter and height natural reserves where no management is allowed.
structure. Typical selection structure is very rare, This area is used for research and soft tourism
occurring only in small patches of forest where only. Natural processes in these forest stands can
senescence is very gradual and characterised continue without any interruption. A proposal for
by the dying of individual trees. Due to this fact, the new Natural Reserve Vihorlatský Prales was
the regeneration stage in the forest exceeds 60 worked out, which is expected to be adopted
years. Most often, the senescence stage lasts less in a short time. In this natural reserve, which
than 60 years, and thus the stands often have a covers the whole area of the component part, the
two-layer structure. These two-layered stands same regime as in the existing reserves will be
are characterised by a richly differentiated lower established. The tree species composition of these
overstorey and a sparsely represented upper stands has not deteriorated significantly from its
overstorey in the latter phases of the senescence natural state. The physical condition of the stands
stage. The whole developmental cycle of these has not been considerably degraded by humans in
forests lasts 220–230 years, out of which 50–70 the past. No silviculture is necessary. These forests
years are in the senescence stage, 90–110 years can develop without human intervention. There
are in the maturation stage, and 60–80 years are in is no supposition that the area of this component
the optimum stage. parts will increase in the future.
Natural reserves included into this cluster fit
the IUCN category Ib. They are under strict
protection. The entrance and movement
of visitors in the forest is strictly regulated
and allowed only on marked tourist trails to
minimise human impact. A proposal for the new
Natural Reserve Vihorlatské vrchy was already
elaborated and is in the state of approval. By
designation of this reserve in short time (first
half of 2020), the full area of the two component
parts of this cluster will be protected according
to IUCN category Ib. The territory of the Vihorlat
Protected Landscape outside the strict Natural
Reserves corresponds to IUCN category V.
219
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
4.b Factors affecting the ecosystem and is therefore considered as highly

relevant for buffer zone design and management.
property ‘Invasive & other problematic species, genes
and diseases’ are presently rated as being of low
At present, the nominated component parts are relevance. However, for more than 25% of the
not subject to any substantial factors that might protected areas these threats are of relevance for
have a direct impact on the beech forests or their the future. Threats related to climate change
integrity. Most of them are subject to some type of are rated as being of low to medium relevance
long-term protection as large-scale protected areas to the current situation and of medium to high
(see chapter 5). Furthermore, all of the component relevance regarding the future expectation and
parts are free of silvicultural exploitation. the potential impact on the forest ecosystems.
A survey of the already inscribed component parts It becomes evident that in particular droughts
of the existing property ‘Ancient and Primeval and temperature are expected to become
Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other more relevant in the future. Droughts and
Regions of Europe’ delivered a list of threats, which temperature are also rated to cause the
the experts and site managers expect to play an highest impact on the forest ecosystem and
important role in the future development of beech are considered as highly relevant for buffer
forests. The survey was based on a questionnaire on zone design and management.
current and future threats to the property, asking
experts of all component parts for their assessment The direct influences are averted by appropriately
of a list of current and future threats and their designed buffer zones, which are subject to the
relevance, based on the IUCN Threat Classification regulations of the protected areas as well as the
Scheme (Version 3.2), which is closely related to stipulations contained in the management plan.
the list of factors affecting the World Heritage that For the management of the property and its buffer
provides a standard list of threats/factors affecting zone it is important to understand in which way
the Outstanding Universal Value of World Heritage threats might influence the Outstanding Universal
(for details see State Party Report on the State of Value (see chapter 5).
Conservation of the Ancient and Primeval Beech
Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of (i) Development pressures
Europe, submitted in December 2018).
Most of the nominated component parts are
embedded into ample forest landscapes merging
into areas which are, at most, sparsely populated
with minor villages. In the process of the selection
of suitable sites for the extension, the time being
exempt of any use was a key criterion. Thus, the
areas had already been mostly exempt from
any development pressures even before their
selection. With the exception of Fountainebleau,
Chizé (France), Fruška Gora (Serbia) and
Bettlachstock (Switzerland), there are no big cities
near the nominated component parts. Especially
the component parts adjacent to bigger cities
and villages have been strictly protected for a
long period of time. The population identifies
with these protected areas, which also decreases
development pressure from the surroundings.
The experts considered the current and future
The buffer zones largely consist of wooded areas
relevance of each threats in three categories: high,
that are often almost unmanaged, especially in
medium and low. Most experts rating ‘Infrastructure
the vicinity of the component parts. The current,
development – tourism & recreation areas’ as the
already mostly very strict conservation status of
main threat but with rather low relevance, affecting
the component parts, the proposed buffer zones
only small parts of the component parts with little
and the fact that most component parts are part
impact on the beech forest ecosystem. ‘Extraction
of a larger protected area ensure that eventual,
of natural resources – logging & wood harvesting’
unforeseen development pressures or changes
were rated as medium relevant in the future,
in the surrounding rural areas are cushioned or
although it has a very high impact on the forest
rendered ineffective.
220
4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
In the survey carried out in the already existing (ii) Environmental pressures
property, development pressure such as residential Figure 41:
and commercial development, including Climate change Map from the
commercial and industrial areas and housing There is no known environmental pressure
DISMED project
(Desertification
and urban areas was rated as a low to medium significantly jeopardizing the beech forests Information
threat today and as a medium threat for the contained in the nominated component parts. System for the
future. The construction of tourism and recreation However, a certain risk could be related to climate Mediterranean)
areas was rated more problematic, with 25% of change, particularly if precipitations further showing the
the experts questioned estimating the potential decrease in component parts which are already sensitivity to
future situation as medium relevant, more likely at the lower limit concerning annual precipitation. desertification
to happen and affecting significant parts of the Continuous aridity during the vegetation period and drought
component part – but still having little impact on as defined by
might be detrimental to the beech’s vitality; the Sensitivity
the beech forest. however, the existence as beech forest with its to Desertifica-
In general, the construction of infrastructure may biodiversity as such is not threatened. A study tion Index (SDI)
have low influence on the extent to which the (MANTHEY et al. 2007) has revealed that Fagus based on soil
value of the property is affected, as within the sylvatica most definitely is, under all climatic quality, climate
component parts non-intervention management conditions relevant to the Fagus genus, the most and vegetation
competitive in comparison with all Fagus species. parameters.
is in place. Nevertheless, it may cause severe http://eusoils.
stress to the forest ecosystem inside the property The climatic amplitude of Fagus sylvatica is such
jrc.ec.europa.
if it occurs in the buffer zone. Therefore, related that it will not be maxed out by the climate change.
eu/SOER2010/
activities should be avoided or strictly limited in the However, Figure 9 indicates a realistic risk of images/
development of buffer zones. desertification in the Mediterranean region, which Map%202.9%20
Soil_SO113_
Biological resource use, especially logging and also may affect the component parts in South and
v1.png; Source:
wood harvesting were rated as medium relevant Southeastern Europe. DOMINGUES &
for the future. This threat has a very high impact on In the survey, threats related to climate change FONS-ESTEVE
the forest ecosystem and is therefore considered were rated as being of low to medium relevance 2008
as highly relevant for buffer zone design and
management. Stresses caused by logging and
wood harvesting include the reduction of structural
diversity (horizontal/vertical) and biomass loss.
Further stresses in this context are fragmentation/
isolation of stands (reduced connectivity), soil
degradation (erosion, landslides, decrease in
cumulative water storage capacity, soil compaction)
and changes in microclimatic conditions. As a result,
the total ecosystem functionality is decreased and
the adaptive capacity is reduced (reduced drought
resilience, increased vulnerability to pests and
diseases).
Threats related to agricultural development were

rated with a low relevance for the current situation.
Nomadic grazing and small-holder grazing,
ranching or farming were only considered with low
relevance and by only 25% of site managers for the
current and future situation.
Threats related to energy production and mining

were rated as being of low relevance for individual
component parts presently as well as in the future. to the current situation and of medium to high
relevance regarding the future expectation and
Transportation and service corridors (e.g. roads
the potential impact on the forest ecosystems.
& railroads) were rated as being of low to medium
It becomes evident that in particular droughts
relevance for the property in the future.
and temperature are expected to become more
relevant in the future. Both threats were rated
as medium/highly relevant by protected areas
221
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
situated in various Beech Forest Regions. no profound deleterious effects on the beech
The above-mentioned threats are also rated to stands resulting from element input have so far
cause the highest impact on the forest ecosystem been observed in the nominated component parts.
and are considered as highly relevant for buffer zone Also, the questioned experts rated pollution as
design and management. Especially in the southern being of low relevance to the current situation in
Beech Forest Regions stresses related to drought the property, while a few component parts expect
(Jump et al., 2006) and increasing temperatures medium relevance for the future. The main threats
(Peñuelas & Boada, 2003) are already observed. Of currently occurring are acid rain, garbage and solid
course, these threats can hardly be avoided by a waste as well as soil erosion and sedimentation.
buffer zone, but their impacts on the forests in the Expected future threats rated as medium relevant
component parts can be buffered by large areas of would only have a minor impact on the forest
undisturbed functional forest ecosystems. ecosystems of the component parts.
Figure 42: Maps
showing changes Atmospheric element input The nominated beech forests are not assumed
in the extent to to be in acute peril, for beech ecosystems are
which European Being an integral part of the more recent forest considered to be rather stable in terms of nitrogen
ecosystems are development in Europe, the atmospheric element deposition and are sufficiently buffered against
exposed to acid input from anthropogenic sources (predominantly acid deposition. The European air pollution control
deposition (i.e. agriculture, industry, the energy sector and traffic) policy in force is expected to lead to a further
where the critical
has been impacting the growth of forests in Europe reduction in the emission of pollutants and nitrogen
load limits for
since the very first days of industrialization, but in particular, which is thought to bring about an
acidification are
exceeded). In have been constantly decreasing since the 1980s additional improvement of the load situation in
1980, areas with (Figure 10). natural and near-natural terrestrial ecosystems.
exceedances of Element input is found to exceed the critical loads
critical loads for acids and/or nitrogen in many of the deciduous Game density
of acidity (i.e. woodlands, particularly in Central and Eastern Game density is high, particularly in smaller
higher than Europe. Element input is currently dominated by patches of forests in Western or Central Europe,
1,200 equivalent nitrogen compounds, which also holds true for
per ha and due to missing large predators such as wolf or lynx
acid deposition. Relevant quantities of sulphur and through feeding in wintertime by man. Thus,
year, shaded
compounds will not find their way into the forest in certain cases, wildlife management around
red) cover large
parts of Europe. ecosystems anymore, thanks to a successful air and sometimes inside the component parts may
By 2010, the pollution control policy. Despite being located become necessary, but without undermining
areas where remote from industrial and traffic sources, the the strict non-intervention policy within the
critical loads are nominated component parts are yet impacted by component parts. Larger component parts which
being exceeded acidifying and eutrophent developments. However, stretch across Eastern Europe rarely face problems
have shrunk
significantly
compared to
1980. These
improvements
are expected
to continue to
2020, although
at a reduced
rate; Source:
Deposition
data collected
by European
Monitoring
and Evaluation
Programme
(EMAP); Maps
drawn by
Coordination
Centre for Effects
(CCE); EEA 2010.
http://eusoils.
jrc.ec.europa.
eu/SOER2010/
StateTrends.html
222
4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
related to game density due to the presence of the basic understanding of natural processes and
large predators such as wolf or lynx. dynamics, these natural disasters are an integral
part of the natural processes to be conserved by
At present, there are no developments to be made the component part. Natural disasters initiate gap
out that might have a negative impact on the dynamics by opening up individual areas within the
beech forests in the nominated component parts tree canopy for processes of rejuvenation.
and their integrity.
Thus, the nominated component parts are not
Invasive species exposed to an increased risk of destruction by
Furthermore, invasive species are becoming natural disasters. Moreover, local natural disasters
increasingly problematic across Europe (Figure 11). are an integral part of free-flowing natural
Due to buffer zones and rather intact ecological processes to be protected by the component part.
structures, there are no immediate risks or threats Only smaller component parts should be protected
related to invasive species within the component from human-introduced fires or increased
parts. However, given the dynamics related to wind exposure by opening the canopy in the
invasive species dispersal, neobiota should be neighbouring forest stands by harvesting timber.
closely monitored in the nominated components. The questioned experts also do not rate events like
the future by the experts of the property. avalanches or landslides as relevant for the future,
as those are natural dynamics which do not impact
iii) Natural disasters and risk the integrity of the forests.
preparedness (earthquakes, floods,
fires etc.) The beech forests of the noinated component parts
are not seriously threatened by natural disasters.
Being situated all across Europe, the nominated
component parts are exposed to different natural (iv) Responsible visitation at World
disasters reaching from eventual wildfire risk in Heritage Sites
Southern Europe, drought in areas with continental
climate, extreme cold at the upper limit of the Most of the protected areas encompassing the
beech range to the risk of snowbreak or avalanches nominated component parts allow visitors to
in mountainous areas. Storm-related windfall is experience primeval or ancient beech forests with
the most frequent threat across many component their typical structure and species composition.
parts. Also, landslides, slopes and floods occur in In most of the components, selected hiking trails
the nominated component parts. However, given allow tourists to experience nature as day visitors
or holiday guests and to pursue sound nature
Figure 43:
Estimation of
invasion of alien
plant species in
Europe (Copy-
right holder:
European
Environment
Agency (EEA).
http://www.
eea.europa.
eu/data-and-
maps/figures/
European-map-
estimating-
the-level/
European-map-
estimating-the-
level/Map3-
3_v1.eps.75dpi.
png/download)
223
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
leisure activities such as hiking. However, some

components are even completely closed for
visitors and only guided excursions or researchers
are allowed to enter the area. Conclusive visitor
statistics of the protected areas and information
facilities are detailed in chapter 5.h., showing a
wide range of visitor numbers and infrastructures.
Visitor numbers range from 30 to 10,000,000 per
year, but mostly refer to the complete protected
area or buffer zone surrounding the component
parts. Consequently, none of the nominated
component parts shows significant disturbances of
the beech forests caused by visitors.
The survey of the existing property showed that

more than half of the questioned experts rate
recreational activities as a threat of low relevance
(currently and future expectations). Additionally,
almost 25% rated it as being of medium relevance
in the future.
To ensure sustainable and responsible visitation,

several components have visitor management
plans, visitor monitoring or restrictions regarding
the number of visitors in place. Usually visitors
do not have any significant impact on a forest
ecosystem in comparison with logging or intensive
browsing by increased game populations, as there
is almost no impact by visitors on the flow of
materials or the regeneration success. However,
there might be a significant risk of neobiota being
introduced by visitors.
v) Number of inhabitants within the

component part and the buffer zone
The component parts and their buffer zones are in
general completely uninhabited. Eventual seasonal
human activity (e.g. shepherds) may occur in the
buffer zone.
Visitation in the protected areas does not affect

the beech forests in the nominated component
parts at a significant level. There are no discernible
influences that might have a direct and substantial
impact on the integrity of the nominated beech
forests.
224
4. AFFECTING
THE
2. DESCRIPTION
PROPERTY
225
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
5. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE

PROPERTY
5.a Ownership Serbia, Montenegro, North-Macedonia, Poland)
and can consequently be considered publicly
Permanent protection of the property is ensured owned. Private property plays no noteworthy
by the ownership structure of the component role and is only relevant in small parts or certain
parts. Most of the nominated component parts are component parts. Only in Slovakia in Poloniny (9%)
entirely publicly owned. The owners are either local, and Vihorlat (20%) private ownership is of relevant
regional or provincial administrations, particularly size. In the case that there is private property,
in countries of Eastern and Southeastern Europe. contractual arrangements or legislative protection
Some component parts are managed by state ensures long-term conservation.
enterprises (e.g. Slovakia, Bosnia-Herzegovina,
Table 56: Name of the Percen-

Ownership of ID Owner Area
Component/Cluster tage
the compo-
nent parts BH-JANJ Prašuma Janj State: Janj Reserve 295.0 ha 100.0%
Forêt de la Community/Municipality: ‘Bürgergemeinde’
CH-BETT 76.8 ha 39.0%
Bettlachstock Bettlach
Community/Municipality: ‘Bürgergemeinde’
35.6 ha 18.0%
Selzach
Community/Municipality: Solothurn City 81.6 ha 42.0%
Private: Berghof Brüggli 1.4 ha 1.0%
226
5. PROTECTION
5. PROTECION AND MANAGEMENT
AND MANAGEMENT REQIREMENTS
2. DESCRIPTION
Name of the Percen-

ID Owner Area
Valli di Lodano, Busai
Community/Municipality: Patriziato di
CH-LODA and Soladino Forest 414.0 ha 51.3%
Lodano
Reserves
Community/Municipality: Patriziato di Someo 393.0 ha 48.7%
Region: Repubblica e Cantone Ticino 1.0 ha 1.0%
CZ-JIZE Jizera Mountains State: State 444.9 ha 100.0%
FR-AIGO Aigoual State: State 78.0 ha 100.0%
FR-CHAP Chapitre State: State 275.0 ha 100.0%
FR-CHIZ Chizé State: State 174.0 ha 100.0%
FR-FONT Fontainebleau State: State 238.0 ha 100.0%
Community/Municipality: Fellering
FR-GRAN Grand Ventron 12.0 ha 3.5%
Municipality
Community/Municipality: Kruth Municipality 234.7 ha 68.0%
Community/Municipality: Wildenstein
98.0 ha 28.5%
Municipality
Community/Municipality: Argelès sur mer
FR-MASS Massane 108.0 ha 100.0%
Municipality
FR-PYPA Py-Pas-de-Rotjà SCP écureuil 112.0 ha 45.0%
State 134.0 ha 55.0%
FR-SABA Sainte-Baume State 119.0 ha 100.0%

National unidivided Forest
FR-SAPE Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre 924.71 ha 100.0%
Forest (State and Communal Co-ownership)
Community/Municipality: Cozzo Ferriero:
IT-POLL Pollino National Park 92.0 ha 100.0%
Property of the Municipality of Rotonda
Community/Municipality: Pollinello: Property
424.0 ha 88.8%
of the Municipality of Castrovillari (CS)
of the Municipality of Cerchiara di Calabria 1.1 ha 0.2%
(CS)
49.7 ha 10.4%
of the Municipality of Morano Calabro (CS)
of the Municipality of Terranova di Pollino 2.9 ha 0.6%
(PZ)
IT-UMBR Foresta Umbra Region: Region Puglia 798.2 ha 77.0%
Foresta Umbra State: State Property (Demanio) 238.1 ha 23.0%
Community/Municipality: Municipality of San
IT-VALL Valle Infernale 37.0 ha 11.6%
Luca (RC)
State: State (Demanio Statale), Samo, (RC) 284.0 ha 88.4%
ME-BIOG Biogradska Gora Private: Private Land 4.0 ha 0.2%
State: Public Enterprise National Parks of
2,301.0 ha 99.8%
Montenegro (Government of Montenegro)
MN-DLAB Dlaboka Reka State: State ownership 428.6 ha 100.0%
State: Owned by the State in perpetual
PL-BIES Bieszczady 3,472.4 ha 100.0%
usufruct of the Bieszczady National Park
227
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
Name of the Percen-

ID Owner Area
Fruška Gora - Papratski State: Papratski do component is a state-
RS-FRUS 71.4 ha 100.0%
do i Ravne owned property - Republic of Serbia
State: Ravne component is a state-owned
95.7 ha 100.0%
property - Republic of Serbia
State: Kozje stene component is a state-
RS-KOPA Kopaonik - Kozje stene 485.2 ha 100.0%
owned property - Republic of Serbia
Church: Right bank of Rača River is owned by
RS-TARA Tara - Zvezda i Rača 148.9 ha 49.3%
Serbian Ortodox Monastery Rača
State: Left bank of River Rača is state-owned -
152.9 ha 50.7%
Republic of Serbia
State: Zvezda locality is a state-owned
2,030.2 ha 100.0%
property - Republic of Serbia
SK-POLO Poloniny Private: Bestry, s.r.o. (private - Ltd. company) 207.7 ha 8.5%
Private: Pozemkové spoločenstvo ROŽOK,
1.7 ha 0.1%
Uličské Krivé (land owners association)
Private: Pozemkové spoločenstvo urbárska
9.8 ha 0.4%
spoločnosť Ulič (land owners association)
State: State ownership - Usufructuary right:
1,765.4 ha 72.4%
Lesopoľnohospodársky majetok Ulič, š.p.
Lesy Slovenskej 453.7 ha 18.6%
respubliky, š.p. Banská Bystrica
SK-VIHO Vihorlat Private: Bestry, s.r.o. (private - Ltd.) 270.9 ha 14.7%
Private: Lesopasienková spoločnosť ROVENKY
- pozemkové spoločenstvo Stakčín (land 12.9 ha 0.7%
owners association)
Private: Urbárska spoločnosť obce Poruba
pod Vihorlatom, pozemkové spoločenstvo 72.6 ha 4.0%
(land owners association)
128.3 ha 7.0%
Lesopoľnohospodársky majetok Ulič, š.p.
Lesy Slovenskej respubliky, š.p. Banská 686.2 ha 37.3%
Bystrica
668.8 ha 36.4%
Vojenské lesy a majetky SR, š.p. Pliešovce
228
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
5.b Protective designation

All of the nominated component parts are centuries, the protective designation has already
protected by national legislation. They are of proved to be efficient and able to preserve the
superior importance for conservation and thus respective component parts.
many of them have already been protected for a Table 58 provides a comprehensive overview
long time by national legislation and international of the protective designations of the individual
conventions and treaties. component parts.
19 out of 24 component clusters are designated
and recognised Natura 2000 or Emerald sites (see
Table 57).
Considering the fact that only component parts
were selected for the nomination which had
already been exempt from any use for decades or
Table 57:
Natura
0verview of
ID Name of the Component/Cluster PA Category 2000/
the Pro-
Emerald
tected Area
BH-JANJ Prašuma Janj Nature Reserve (IUCN Ia) no Category and
CH-BETT Forêt de la Bettlachstock Nature Reserve (IUCN Ib) no Natura 2000/
Valli di Lodano, Busai and Emerald Net-
CH-LODA Forest Reserve (IUCN Ib) no work status
Soladino Forest Reserves
Forest National Nature Reserve (IUCN Ib) within
CZ-JIZE Jizera Mountains yes
Protected Landscape (IUCN V)
Biological Strict Reserve (IUCN Ia) within National
FR-AIGO Aigoual yes
Park
FR-CHAP Chapitre Biological Strict Reserve (IUCN Ia) yes
FR-CHIZ Chizé Biological Strict Reserve (IUCN Ia) yes
FR-FONT Fontainebleau Biological Strict Reserve (IUCN Ia) yes
National Nature Reserve (IUCN I) within Nature Park
FR-GRAN Grand Ventron yes
(IUCN V)
FR-MASS Massane National Nature Reserve (eq. IUCN I) yes
National Nature Reserve (eq. IUCN I) within Natur
FR-PYPA Py-Pas de Rotjà yes
Park (IUCN IV)
FR-SABA Sainte-Baume Biological Strict Reserve (IUCN IV soon IUCN Ib) yes
Biological Strict Reserve (IUCN Ia) within Nature
FR-SAPE Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre yes
Reserve (IUCN IV)
IT-POLL Pollino National Park National Park (IUCN II) yes
Forest Reserves (IUCN I) within National Park (IUCN
IT-UMBR Foresta Umbra yes
II)
IT-VALL Valle Infernale National Park (IUCN II) yes
ME-BIOG Biogradska Gora National Park (IUCN II) no
MN-DLAB Dlaboka Reka no
II)
PL-BIES Bieszczady National Park (IUCN II) yes
Fruška Gora - Papratski do i Forest reserves (IUCN I) within National Park (IUCN
RS-FRUS yes
Ravne V)
RS-KOPA Kopaonik - Kozje stene yes
II)
RS-TARA Tara - Zvezda i Rača yes
II)
SK-POLO Poloniny yes
V)
National Nature Reserve (IUCN Ia) within Protected
SK-VIHO Vihorlat yes
Landscape (IUCN V)
229
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
Table 58:
Name of the
Overview on ID Document Year
Component/Cluster
the protec-
tion status of BH-JANJ Prašuma Janj Decision of Ministry of Forestry in the Goverment of B&H 1951
the compo-
nent parts Decision of the B&H Goverment, through Forest Management 1954
Plan
Decision of the State Institute for protection of cultural and 1956
natural rarities in FR BiH
Decision of the B&H Goverment 1960
Management Plan for forest with special purpose 1966–1975 1965
Management Plan for forest with special purpose 2001
Decision of the Goverment of Republic of Srpska 2012
Management plan for strict natural reserve 2014–2029. 2014
CH-BETT Forêt de la Bettlachstock The Ordinance on the Federal Inventory of Landscapes and 1977
Natural Monuments obliges the canton of Solothurn to
implement the protection of the Weissenstein landscape in the
cantonal plan
The Government Council Decisions of 18.06.1985 and 1985
11.08.1998 as well as the four Agreements 11.074A, 11.074D,
11.084 and 11.100 obligate the forest owners to a complete
waiver of use within the forest reserve perimeter. The
exceptions are: • Maintenance of the water system by the
municipality • Road maintenance as well as logging to ensure
safety on the Bettlachbergstrasse, Brügglistrasse, access road
Bützen and the marked hiking trails. On the maintenance of all
other forest roads is waived. • Keep the castle ruins Grenchen
free of woody plants, archaeological excavations at the castle
ruins Grenchen. The forest reserve remains basically freely
accessible to the public. However, it is only allowed to set up
fire pits and make fires in specially designated places.
The cantonal priority area ‘Grenchenberg - Weissenstein - 1999
Balmberg’, established for the first time in the 1999 reference
plan, aims to preserve and enhance the habitat of animals and
plants worthy of protection and to preserve the typical Jura
landscape.
The cantonal nature reserves ‘Bettlachstock’ and 1999
‘Lochbachschlucht’, also established in 1999, aim to preserve
and enhance the communities of animals and plants worthy of
protection.
CH-LODA Valli di Lodano, Busai and Creation of the forest reserve Valle di Lodano – Decisione 2010
Soladino Forest Reserves Consiglio di Stato Canton Ticino
Extension of the Forest Reserve Valle di Lodano – Decisione 2016
Consiglio di Stato Canton Ticino
Forest Reserve Valli Busai e Soladino – Decision of the Consiglio 2019
di Stato Canton Ticino
Zona protezione del paesaggio – Modifica Piano direttore 2019
cantonale
CZ-JIZE Jizera Mountains Decree No. 13.853/67-II/2 on Declaring the Jizerské hory/Jizera 1967
Mts. Protected Landscape Area
Act No. 114/1992 on Nature Conservation and Landscape 1992
Protection, as amended later
Protocol No. OOP/6650/95 on delineation of the specific nature 1995
conservation zones in the Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. Protected
Landscape Area
230
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
Name of the
ID Document Year
Component/Cluster
Decree No. 200/1999 on declaring the Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. 1999
Beech Forest National Nature Reserve
FR-AIGO Aigoual creation decree National Park (IUCN cat. 2) https://inpn.mnhn. 1970
fr/espace/protege/FR3300004
Cévennes biosphere reserve 1984
Creation order La Brèze biological strict reserve (IUCN cat. Ia) 2006
https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espace/protege/FR2400197
creation order N2000 SAC FR9101371 Massif de l'Aigoual et du 2016
Lingas
FR-CHAP Chapitre Natura 2000 Special Area for Protection Bois du Chapitre 2003
FR9312004 https://inpn.mnhn.fr/site/natura2000/FR9312004
Special Area of Conservation Natura 2000 Dévoluy - Durbon - 2010
Charance - Champsaur FR9301511 https://inpn.mnhn.fr/site/
natura2000/FR9301511
Chapitre-Petit-Buëch biological strict reserve (IUCN cat. Ia) 2014
FR-CHIZ Chizé Sylve d'Argenson Biological strict reserve - Réserve biologique 2006
intégrale https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espace/protege/FR2400196
Special Area of Conservation (SAC) FR5400450 - Massif forestier 2007
de Chizé-Aulnay https://inpn.mnhn.fr/site/natura2000/
FR5400450
FR-FONT Fontainebleau Creation order of Fontainebleau Forest classified site for 1939
landscape protection (IUCN cat.3)
Creation Fontainebleau and Gâtinais Biosphere reserve http:// 1998
www.biosphere-fontainebleau-gatinais.fr/
Creation Order N2000 Special Area for Conservation 2010
FR1100795 Massif de Fontainebleau https://inpn.mnhn.fr/site/
natura2000/FR1100795
Modification Order Gros Fouteau - Hauteurs de la Solle Biological 2014
strict reserve (IUCN cat. Ia) first created on 09/10/1953 https://
inpn.mnhn.fr/espace/protege/FR2400241
FR-GRAN Grand Ventron 890713- Creation Order Ballon des Vosges Regional Nature Park 1989
(IUCN cat.5) https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espace/protege/FR8000006
890522 - Creation Order Grand Ventron National Nature 1989
Reserve (IUCN cat.4 strict reserve eq. cat.1) https://inpn.mnhn.
080317 - Creation order N2000 FR4100196 Special area for 2008
conservation massif du Grand Ventron https://inpn.mnhn.fr/
site/natura2000/FR4100196
FR-MASS Massane Creation order Massane National Nature Reserve (IUCN cat. 4) 1973
890522 - Creation Order Grand Ventron National Nature 1989
Reserve (IUCN cat.4 strict reserve eq. cat.1) https://inpn.mnhn.
150306 - Creation order N2000 FR9101483 Special Area for 2015
Conservation Massif des Albères
FR-PYPA Py Pas-de-Rotjà Creation Order Py National Nature Reserve (IUCN cat. 4) 1984
Creation Order Pyrénées Catalanes Regional nature Parc (IUCN 2004
cat. 5) https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espace/protege/FR8000044
231
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
Name of the
ID Document Year
Component/Cluster
FR-SABA Sainte-Baume Sainte-Baume Biological Reserve (IUCN cat. 4 to be extended 1973
and converted to cat. Ia by 2021) and National Forest https://
inpn.mnhn.fr/espace/protege/FR2300014
N2000 Special Area of Conservation Massif de la Sainte-Baume 2014
FR9301606 https://inpn.mnhn.fr/site/natura2000/FR9301606
Sainte Regional Nature Park (IUCN cat. 5) https://inpn.mnhn.fr/ 2017
espace/protege/FR8000053
FR-SAPE Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre Massif du Pibeste-Aoulhet Regional Nature Reserve (IUCN cat. 2012
4) https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espace/protege/FR9300101
Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre Biological Strict Reserve (IUCN cat. Ia) 2016
IT-POLL Pollino National Park National Law on Protected Area (394/91 English Abstract) 1991
National Law on Protected Areas (394/91 Italian) 1991
National Law Establishing the National Park (Italian) 1993
National Law establishing the National Park (English Summary) 1993
Natura 2000 Sites Designation (Directive 92/43/CE) 2014
Natura 2000 Sites Designation (Directive 92/43/CE English) 2014
Forest fire prevention plan (Piano AIB 2018-2022) 2019
Forest fire prevention plan (Piano AIB 2018-2022) (English 2019
version)
IT-UMBR Foresta Umbra National Law establishing the Strict Reserve ‘Sfilzi’ 1971
National Law on Protected Area (394/91 English) 1991
National Law on Protected Areas (394/91 Italian) 1991
National Law estabilishing Gargano National Park (Italian) 1995
National Law estabilishing Gargano National Park (English) 1995
Regional Law estabilishing SPAs (Dir_79/409/CE English version) 2005
Regional Law estabilishing SPAs (Dir_79/409/CE Italian) 2005
Natura 2000 Sites Designation (92/43/CE English) 2014
Nature 2000 Sites Designation (92/43/CE Italian) 2014
IT-VALL Valle Infernale Acquisition by the State property (ASFD) (English version) 1951
Acquisition by the State property (ASFD) 1951
Calabria National Park (lex 504/1968) (English version) 1951
Calabria National Park (lex 504/1968) 1968
Framework Law on Protected Areas (394/91)(English Summary) 1991
Framework Law on Protected Areas (394/91) 1991
National Law establishing the Aspromonte National Park 1994
National Law establishing the Aspromonte National Park 1994
(English version)
Regional law for protection of forest heritage from fires (English 2017
version)
Regional law for protection of forest heritage from fires 2017
Aspromonte National Park regulation 2017
Aspromonte National Park regulation (English version) 2017
Natura 2000 Sites Designation (Directive 92/43/CE) (English 2018
version)
Natura 2000 Sites Designation (Directive 92/43/CE) 2018
ME-BIOG Biogradska Gora Decree on Law about establishment of Lovćen, Biogradska Gora 1952
and Durmitor National Parks_Original_ME
232
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
Name of the
ID Document Year
Component/Cluster
Decree on Law about establishment of Lovćen, Biogradska Gora 1952
and Durmitor National Parks, Translation and Transcript_EN_
ME
Important Plant Area Biogradska Gora NP 2005
Protected Species List of Montengro - Montenegrin Version 2006
Protected Species List of Montengro - English Translation 2006
(without species names)
Law on National Parks - Montenegrin Version 2014
Law on National Parks - English Translation 2014
Law on Nature Protection - Montenegrin Version 2016
Law on Nature Protection - English Translation 2016
MN-DLAB Dlaboka Reka Law on Nature protection - English 2004
Law on Nature protection - Macedonian 2004

Management Plan of NP Mavrovo 2011
PL-BIES Bieszczady Council of Ministers Regulation dated 4 August 1973 on the 1973
establishment of the Bieszczady National Park
November 10, 1992 - the official establishment of the 1992
UNESCO two-sided, Polish-Slovak Biosphere Reserve ‘Eastern
Carpathians’ including, among others, Bieszczady National Park
December 11, 1998 - the official establishment by UNESCO 1998
trilateral, Polish-Slovak-Ukrainian Biosphere Reserve ‘Eastern
Carpathians’ including, among others, Bieszczady National Park
Council of Ministers Regulation of 3 November 1999 changing 1999
the regulation on the Bieszczady National Park
RS-FRUS Fruška Gora - Papratski Decision No. 345 of the Institute for Protection and Scientific 1955
do i Ravne Research in Natural Rarities of the People's Republic of Serbia
on the State Protection of Papratski do, issued on 15.11.195
Law on National Park Fruška Gora (‘Official Gazette of PRS’, No. 1960
53/60)
Decree on Ecological Network (‘Official Gazette of RS’, No. 2010
102/2010) - in force
Decree on Protection Regimes (‘Official Gazette of RS’, No. 2012
31/12) - in force
Law on National Parks (‘Official Gazette of RS’, No. 84/2015) – in 2015
force
Law on Nature Protection (‘Official Gazette of RS’, No. 36/09, 2016
88/10, 91/10 and 14/16) - in English
88/10, 91/10, 14/16 and 95/18) – in force
Decision of Provincial Assembly on Spatial Plan of Special 2019
Purpose Area of Fruška Gora NP (‘Official Gazette of Vojvodina
Province’, No. 8/19) – in force
RS-KOPA Kopaonik - Kozje stene Law on National Park Kopaonik (‘Official Gazette of SRS’, No. 1981
41/81)
Spatial Plan of Kopaonik National Park (‘Official Gazette of FRS’, 1989
No. 4/89)
102/2010) - in force
233
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
Name of the
ID Document Year
Component/Cluster
31/12) - in force
force
88/10, 91/10 and 14/16) – in English
Decree on Spatial Plan of Special Purpose Area of Kopaonik 2016
National Park (‘Official Gazette of RS’, No. 89/2016) – in force
88/10, 91/10, 14/16 and 95/18) –in force
RS-TARA Tara - Zvezda i Rača Decision No. 13126/49 of the Ministry of Forestry of the 1949
People's Republic of Serbia on the permanent protection of
forest complex Zvijezda, issued on 24.05.1949.
Decision of the Institute for Protection and Scientific Research 1950
in Natural Rarities of the People's Republic of Serbia on the
State Protection of Zvezda Reserve, issued on 14.10.1950.
Decision No. 2907/1 of the Assembly of Bajina Bašta 1971
Municipality on the State Protraction of Nature Reserve Zvezda,
issued on 22.10.1971.
Law on National Park Tara (‘Official Gazette of SRS’, No. 41/81) 1981
Spatial Plan of Tara National Park (‘Official Gazette of FRS’, No. 1989
3/89)
102/2010) - in force
Decree on Spatial Plan of Special Purpose Area of Tara National 2010
Park (‘Official Gazette of RS’, No. 100/2010) – in force
31/12) - in force
force
88/10, 91/10 and 14/16) - in English
88/10, 91/10, 14/16 and 95/18) – in force
SK-POLO Poloniny A decision of the Slovak National Parliament Comittee for 1965
School System and Culture No. 26 from 28 June 1965 about the
establishment of the State Nature Reserve Rožok
The Decree of the Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic 1988
No. č. 1160/1988-32 about establishment of the State Natural
Reserves Havešová and Pľaša
Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic Regulation No 1993
83/1993 Coll. about state natural reserves
Decree of the Slovak Government Nr 258/1997 Coll. by which is 1997
established the Poloniny National Park
Ministry of Environment of the Slovak Republic Regulation 2003
No 17/2003 Coll. by which the national natural reserves are
enacted; the list of natural reserves is published
Regulation of the Regional Office of Environmental Protection 2005
in Prešov No. 5/2005 on establishment of the Udava Nature
Reserve
Decree of the Slovak Government Nr 6/2016 Col. by which is 2016
established the Natural Reserve Borsukov vrch
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5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
Name of the
ID Document Year
Component/Cluster
SK-VIHO Vihorlat Regulation of the Ministry of Environment of the Slovak 1999
Republic No. 111/1999 on the establishment of the Vihorlat
Protected Landscape Area
Regulation of the Regional Office of Environmental Protection 2007
in Prešov No. 1/2007 on the establishment of the Kyjovský
Prales Nature Reserve
5.c Means of implementing Enforcement of non-intervention

protective measures policy
In the component parts of the property, a strict
Effective protection within the component parts non-intervention policy is implemented. As forest
and their buffer zones is generally ensured by management, such as extraction of biomass
by logging, changing structure by thinning or
• the designation of protected areas by law or harvesting timber and driving on forest floors with
ordinances, heavy machinery, has the most relevant impact
• the administrative bodies responsible for the on the natural process cycle, it is of uppermost
management of the component, and importance that these forest management
• the management plans specifically devised for activities are effectively prohibited.
the protected areas including the component
parts. Grazing or impact of anthropogenically increased
Since primeval or ancient beech forests as such game populations are strictly avoided. Grazing
only require limited active management, the main and game browsing of natural forest regeneration
task is to enforce a strict non-intervention strategy has a long-term influence on the regeneration
in place in all of the nominated component parts. success of different tree species. Thus, grazing
has to be fully excluded from the component
The implementation of individual measures parts. In most of the larger component parts, in
remains within the responsibility of the respective regions with existing predator populations, game
management bodies at the component part level, regulation is redundant. Smaller component parts
approved by the State ministries, but they are also embedded into managed forest systems and
of multilateral interest. lacking predator populations might require active
The responsibility to coordinate the management of game management measures to control the game
the respective national component parts including population on a close to natural level.
the required reporting resides with a steering Construction of any new infrastructures like roads,
group made up of representatives of the States houses, pipelines, power lines, cell phone towers
Parties including, where applicable, the respective and others is prohibited in the component parts. In
regional authorities, the so-called national steering some cases, there is existing infrastructure such as
groups, which are an integral part of the Integrated hiking paths, information boards, old forest roads
Management System (see Chapter 5e). and similar. Maintenance of existing infrastructure
All protective endeavours undertaken in the is possible, as long as no significant negative impact
component parts follow an ecosystem approach. on the property is to be expected, but, if possible
They are intended to safeguard the ongoing the long-term goal is to remove infrastructure from
evolutionary and natural dynamic processes to the property.
preserve the entire biological diversity of the beech
Visitor management (if visitors have
forests.
access to the area)
In general, measures of the responsible authorities
Visitors can enter the component parts as long
and management bodies include, for instance:
as there are no adverse impacts on the property.
• Enforcement of non-intervention policy Hiking on existing trails is possible. However, a
• Visitor management (if tourism and recreation dense network of new hiking trails needs to be
occur in the property) avoided. A visitor management concept should
• Buffer zone management coordinate the activities to guide visitors in such
• Stakeholder involvement a way that negative disturbance is reduced to a
235
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minimum. If possible, trails and information boards 3. To integrate the World Heritage property/
should be placed in the buffer zone. protected area within landscape scale
conservation with community initiatives
Buffer zone management for sustainable use practices including
The buffer zone management described in this catchment protection, the conservation of
nomination dossier is applicable only for the healthy environments and the realization of
component parts included in this file. Other sustainable livelihoods.
already inscribed component parts of this property To guarantee the functionality of the buffer
still have existing regulations based on their zone, all of the buffer zones have to be located
nomination dossier. The development of a joined on land that is under direct or indirect control
common guidance document for all inscribed and of the management authority in charge of the
future component parts is in preparation. component part(s) or is under direct control of
the State Party (e.g. state-owned forest areas). In
All component parts are fully or partly surrounded
the case that a strictly protected forest reserve is
by buffer zones.
directly bordering on private forest without legal
regulation, the buffer zone needs to be located
inside the strict reserve to guarantee full control of
the buffer zone management.
Not all functions have to be realised in the buffer

zones of each component part. Obligatory is the
protective function of the buffer zone that is to be
implemented for all component parts.
To provide the different functions, the buffer zones

require different management. To avoid confusion
and to be clear, which management regulation has
to be applied to which part of the buffer zone, it is
necessary to spatially separate two different sub-
zones of buffer zones (see detailed description
below):
1. Buffer zone with protective function

(protection buffer sub-zone or p-buffer)
2. Buffer zone with landscape conservation and
UNESCO has published in 2009 a World Heritage connectivity function (landscape conservation
Paper 25 on World Heritage and Buffer Zones buffer sub-zone or l-buffer)
(Martin & Piatti (Ed.) 2009). This document While the protection buffer sub-zone serves the
includes an IUCN Position Paper (p. 51–57). In protective function, the landscape conservation
this important document, IUCN considers that the buffer sub-zone serves the connectivity function
following functions are required within an effective as well as the landscape conservation and
buffer zone: sustainable use function. As different management
1. The effective management of buffer zone lands approaches need to be applied, these functional
to maximize the protection of the values of buffer sub-zones may need individual zonation and
the protected area (including the Outstanding clear delineation in the field, so that rangers, site
Universal Value of a World Heritage property) managers and land users can recognise the borders
and their resilience to change. of each sub-zone in the field.
2. To maximize the connectivity of the World An analysis of threats shows that not all of them
Heritage property/protected area with other can be avoided or reduced by buffer zones. Climatic
natural lands in a landscape as a basis for change or negative impact through human-
responding to climate change caused biome introduced emissions are beyond the protective
shifts of fauna, flora and habitats – and to function of buffer zones. However, buffer zones
maximize landscape connectivity, habitat and adequate management of these buffer zones
connectivity, ecological connectivity and can mitigate negative impact caused by human
evolutionary process connectivity (Worboys land use practice in adjacent areas.
et al. 2008).
236
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
Protection buffer sub-zone Spittlehouse et al. (2004) shows that openings

of less than one tree height in diameter have no
The protection buffer sub-zone has a rather strict significant impact on the microclimate of the
Protection Regime and is located around the surrounding forest stands.
component part. The protective function is closely
related to the threats that have local origin and a Figure 44:
short distance effect. Small forest
gaps do not
If the component parts are close to agricultural show severe
lands, buffer zones can protect from the impact of impact on
pesticides or fertilisers. In cases where the property stand climate
is bordering economically managed forests, the in neighbour-
most likely negative impact on the property is ing stands
caused by forest activities leading to a significant (source Spit-
reduction of the canopy of adjacent forest stands. telhouse et
al., 2004)
Clear-cuts and shelter wood cutting may cause
these reductions of the canopy, which has impacts
on the microclimatic regime in a forest stand. The
opening of the canopy of adjacent stands leads to
a change in light regime, microclimate and wind
exposure. This might have direct negative impacts
on trees inside the property by sunburn, wind
throws or unnatural changes in regeneration and
herbal plant layer.
This micro-climatic impact is well documented This provides important information on the
by several studies: Matlack (1993) describes maximum human introduced gap size in buffer
microclimatic effects up to 50 m from the forest zones close to the property to avoid negative
edge. Jemali et al. (2017) document impact on microclimatic impacts.
temperature up to 50 m and humidity 40–60 m
from the forest edge. Schmidt et al. (2017) expect Based on these scientific studies, recommendations
altered conditions in soils of transition zones from on the management of the protection buffer sub-
the forest edge to be 10–20 m with a maximum of zone have been developed.
50 m, and 25–50 m for above-ground space with
a maximum of 125 m. Davies-Colley et al. (2000) To protect the beech forests in the component
have observed changes in temperature up to 50 m parts from these negative, man-made influences
inside the forest stand. Gehlahusen et al. (2000) by forest management, generally a buffer zone
document edge effects on microclimate 40–80 with protective function with a minimum width
m into the forest stand and observe an invasion of 100 m was established toward economically
of exotic species up to 25 m into the forest. managed forests and agricultural lands. To protect
These studies give important information on the from other threats, larger buffer zones have been
minimum distance between the property and established, depending on the requirements.
human-introduced canopy openings.
Figure 45:
Opening
the canopy
has effects
on microcli-
mate and
soil moisture
(source: R.
Sluiter & N.
Smit 2001)
237
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Figure 46:
Clear cuts
closer than
50–80m to
the property
can have ef-
fects on the
microclimate
inside the
property The management in the protection buffer sub- In some exceptions, a protection buffer sub-zone
zone is limited to very small-scaled interventions: less than 100 m was established because of specific
single trees might be removed for phytosanitary local site configurations. Such cases are described
purposes, to protect the property from invasion in the description of the component parts.
of foreign pests. Gaps created by management
must not exceed the size of the height of a tree Landscape conservation buffer sub-zone
in diameter. Human activities must not bring the While the protection buffer sub-zone is designed to
crown cover below the minimum of 80% compared protect from direct local threats like microclimatic
to the natural tree cover. impacts, pesticides or fertilisers, the landscape
A protection buffer sub-zone is obligatory for each conservation buffer sub-zone is addressed to
component part and is only missing if no negative protect the forest landscape of the surrounding
impacts are to be expected from adjacent areas. area as an important buffer of the meso-climatic
This may be the case if the border is located on the situation and to provide good connectivity between
steep ridge of a mountain and if it is very unlikely component parts included in the same buffer zone
that negative impacts will occur in the forest of the as well as to the surrounding ecosystems.
component part beyond the ridge. When a river/
lake forms the border and there is no evidence Landscape conservation function
of potential negative impacts across the river, The more forest cover can be found in the
protection buffer sub-zones might not need to be surrounding areas of the component parts and the
established. higher the biomass of these forests, the higher is the
The geomorphology must be taken into buffer capacity against climatic changes inside the
consideration in the design of the protection buffer forest and at a landscape level. The management
sub-zones. Disturbances have a wider reach in the need to ensure that the micro- and meso-climate in
downhill direction of a slope (release of nutrients, the forests in the component parts is not disturbed
human-induced avalanches caused by removing by human activities outside the component part.
forest stands etc.). Therefore, the buffer zone on To enhance this meso-climatic buffer function, it is
the uphill side of the property should be wider important to protect the adjacent landscapes from
than on the downhill side. negative developments. This includes:
Figure 47:
The landscape
conserva-
tion buffer
sub-zone
should protect
the wider
landscape
from negative
developments
238
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
• Conserving or decreasing the extent of and promotes the natural structure and tree
settlements, industrial zones, tourism and composition of forest ecosystems specific to the
traffic infrastructures local site conditions. The management should strive
to preserve a quantity of deadwood, preserving Figure 48:
• Conserving or decreasing the extent of
or developing uneven-aged stands, maintaining Schematic
extraction of minerals or infrastructures of the design of
energy sector (wind parks, dams, powerlines, natural gap structure or disturbance dynamics
a World
pipelines etc.) and natural regeneration of all tree species of Heritage
the potential natural forest type. In the case of component
• Decreasing the intensive industrial agricultural
managed forests, the average biomass (living part with dif-
land use and promoting organic agriculture
and dead) should be increased to come closer to ferent buffer
• Decreasing large scale forest exploitation and natural biomass levels. sub-zones
replacing it by close-to-nature, low impact
forestry including aspects of forest restoration
ecology or new forest reserves
• Support development of natural elements,
structures and functions (e.g. large deadwood,
habitat trees) to enhance biodiversity in the
buffer zone
• Increasing protected areas and their protection
status.
Details on the regulations of land use are found in
Annex 5.c.3.
It is recommended to integrate this sub-zone into
the legal framework of spatial planning on the
national and local level.
It is not obligatory for a component part to have a
landscape conservation buffer sub-zone.
Connective function Management regulations

To ensure a harmonisation of the regulation and
Since only the oldest and undisturbed forest
the quality of the component parts and their buffer
stands within a protected area are selected for the
zones of the extension, the States Parties have
component parts, several of these stands need to
defined a common guideline (see Annex 5.c.3).
be connected by buffer zones. In many cases the
This document serves as a framework to every
buffer zone covers the entire protected area in
state to check and adapt the protection status, the
which the component parts are located. It connects
management and regulations of the nominated
the beech forests with other ecosystems within the
areas as well as the buffer zones. It defines
protected area.
general rules for different activities that should be
This extension nomination and boundary regulated. This common and shared general vision
modification includes 9 clusters with 2–4 has then been applied through the legal framework
component parts. To ensure connectivity between of every States Party for all the component parts
these component parts with the cluster, the and buffer zone.
connective function of the buffer zone is of high
importance. Stakeholder involvement to ensure
favourable local perception
Buffer zones that will provide a connective function
should contain (in descending priority): The involvement of relevant stakeholders, such
as NGOs, forest management representatives
• Ancient and/or primeval beech forests or forest administrations, hunting and tourist
• Managed beech forests associations as well as representatives of local
• Other natural forest ecosystems landowners and communal administrations need
to help to ensure a positive local perception of
• Other managed forest ecosystems the World Heritage property and to increase the
• Natural landscapes (alpine, subalpine zone, respect for the necessary protection measures. The
natural grass/shrubland, rock and scree fields Integrated Management Panels (see chapter 5.e)
etc.) are local platforms of communication between the
To enhance the connective function, the forest component part management and stakeholders.
habitats shall be managed in a way that preserves
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Implementation of the protective Switzerland: Valli di Lodano, Busai and Soladino

measures in the individual Forest Reserves (CH-LODA-01)
component parts The forest reserves are financed by the federal office
Having ratified the World Heritage Convention, the for environment on the basis of 4 to 5 yearlong
countries committed themselves to implementing contracts with the canton. The means are secured
the regulations of the Convention. Within political for the time of the protection contract for the forest
and administrative structures of the respective reserve (50 years). Other means can be requested
countries, the countries are responsible to for sensibilisation and research measures on the
ensure proper provisions of the management bases of article 14 a of the national law for nature
and protection of the individual nominated and landscape protection.
component parts. The responsibility for the Czech Republic: Jizera Mountains (CZ-JIZE-01)
concrete implementation on site resides with
the individual protected area managements or In the proposed component part as well as in its
regional administrations. The immediate execution protection buffer sub-zone, nature has been left
of the protective instruments of the individual to spontaneous development. In the component´s
component parts is ensured by the protected landscape conservation buffer sub-zones, some
area administrations based on their capacities of parts (NNR core areas) are also strictly protected,
public administration. The direct responsibility to in the rest there are limited interventions, which
implement the provisions contained in the laws and fully respect the envisaged UNESCO World Heritage
ordinances on conservation lies with the respective rules.
national or regional authorities.
Pursuant to Act No. 114/1992 on Nature
For the most part, there are detailed plans relating Conservation and Landscape Protection, as
to the administration of each area. The plans amended later, within the Jizerské hory/Jizera
guarantee the protection of the areas and, among Mts. Beech Forest National Nature Reserve,
others, govern in detail the fields of, for instance, protective measures are applied through the
visitor management, forest management, wildlife NNR´s management plan implementation. The
management, risk management, public relations current management plan is valid from 1 January
and biodiversity conservation. 2012 to 31 December 31 2020 and it includes in
detail measures to be applied in various parts of
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Prašuma Janj (BH-JANJ-01) the area in these fields: forest management, water
The objective of protecting the Janj Rainforest is management, areas outside forest management,
to enable the continuous development of beech, wild flora and fauna management and abiotic
fir and spruce stands and the scientific study of environment management. For the Ministry of
succession in stands, as well as the conservation of the Environment of the Czech Republic, the site is
habitat and overall biodiversity. The purpose of the managed by the Nature Conservation Agency of the
reserve, accordingly, is scientific research, with the Czech Republic, its Jizerské hory/Jizera Mountains
ability to perform some strictly controlled activities Protected Landscape Area Administration based in
to maintain and improve the condition of stands of Liberec, in close cooperation with the Forest of the
beech, fir and spruce. The concept of landscaping Czech Republic State Enterprise.
and use within the reserve is therefore reduced to France: Aigoual (FR-AIGO-01)
the occasional presence of people and equipment
for scientific research, as well as possible limited The protection and management status of the
visits and excursions under the control and Brèze biological strict reserve ensures its natural
organisation of the manager. evolution and therefore, on assumption, the
maintenance or the improvement of its state
Protection and promotion measures are clearly of conservation. The Protection Regime on the
and thoroughly elaborated (permitted and component and the protection buffer sub-zone
prohibited activities) as guidelines for management ensures the highest level of protection (cat. Ia). The
service, too. In the new management plan the key long-term protection and full expression of natural
consulting role is given to the Faculty of Forestry processes of the forest is guaranteed. The forest
Banja Luka. is embedded in wider state-owned forests and is
Switzerland: Forêt de la Bettlachstock (CH-BETT-01) managed by the same public management unit
(ONF). Beyond the limits of the strict protection
The owners have 53,000 CHF/year for the buffer sub-zone, the state forest is managed
protection of the forest in the nominated area. sustainably under PEFC conditions and according
240
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
to Natura 2000 SAC conservation goals set by the • the Gap Chaudun State Forest (the
management plan. management plan 2010–2029 sets the
principles and goals for the management of
The protection status cannot ensure an overall the state forest surrounding the reserve)
protection from global threats, except for the
overall improvement of the ecosystem resilience • the special conservation area (Habitats, fauna
through preventing any direct human degradation and flora directive) FR9301511 ‘Dévoluy-
and for the sustainable management of the Durbon-Charance-Champsaur’
surrounding national forests (senescence plots). • the special protection area (Birds Directive)
See details in ‘Information on state protection’. FR9312004 ‘Bois du Chapitre’
Mushrooms collecting is authorized and regulated
in the limited general framework (at 5L per person The management plan of the component aims at:
per day) by article R. 163-5 of the Forest Code. • monitoring bird flagship species populations
The Brèze biological strict reserve is included in: • monitoring/managing the impact of ungulates
and their effects on birdlife
• the Aigoual National Forest
• monitoring species of interest in the buffer
• the Cevennes National Park core zone (IUCN zone.
cat. 2), recognised as a biosphere reserve in
1984
• the Natura 2000 Special Conservation Area
(Habitats, fauna and flora directive) FR9101371
‘Aigoual and Lingas Massif’.
In addition, the Aigoual Forest has been designated
an ‘Exceptional Forest’ as a national recognition
of the management quality and efficiency of the
forest. This national award was issued to about
fifteen prestigious state forests, emphasising a
widely shared local governance, with the aim of
highlighting the forest and all its aspects: natural,
cultural, historical, forestry, heritage tourism etc.
France: Chapitre (FR-CHAP-01)
The Petit-Buëch old-growth beech-fir forest was France: Chizé (FR-CHIZ-01, -02)
protected under biological reserve status in 1990,
then converted to a biological strict reserve in The protection and management status of the
2005, at this time the protection was extended to Sylve d’Argenson Biological Strict Reserve ensures
the Brouas forest. its natural evolution and therefore, on assumption,
the maintenance or the improvement of its state
The protection and management status of the of conservation. The protection status cannot
Petit-Buëch biological strict reserve ensures its ensure an overall protection from global threats
natural evolution and therefore, on assumption, mentioned above, except for its size and for the
the maintenance or the improvement of its overall improvement of the ecosystem resilience
state of conservation. The protection status through preventing any direct human degradation.
cannot ensure an overall protection from global See details in ‘Information on state protection’.
threats mentioned above, except for the overall
improvement of the ecosystem resilience through The Sylve d’Argenson Biological Strict Reserve is
preventing any direct human degradation and included in:
for the sustainable management of surrounding • the Chizé National Forest
national forest (senescence plots). See details in
‘Information on state protection’. • the special conservation area (Habitats, fauna
and flora directive) ‘Massif forestier Chizé-
Fishing is allowed in the Petit-Buëch river, only Aulnay’ FR5400450.
catch and release is permitted.
The Chapitre Petit Buëch biological strict reserve is

included in:
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France: Fontainebleau (FR-FONT-01) France: Grand Ventron (FR-GRAN-01)
The Fontainebleau old-growth beech forest The management conditions ensure natural
component including the protection buffer sub- development of the old-growth beech forests of the
zone is part of the Gros Fouteau et Hauteurs de component, it prohibits any logging or deadwood
la Solle biological strict reserve (Cat. Ia IUCN cat. extraction. 3⁄4 of the area are protected as an
Ia). The protection and management status of integral forest reserve and 1⁄4 is classified as no-
the biological strict reserve ensures its natural take under contract for 30 years. The municipalities
evolution and therefore, on assumption, the concerned (Kruth and Wildenstein) have committed
maintenance or the improvement of its state of to renewing the contract to maturity.
conservation. The protection status cannot ensure
an overall protection from global threats mentioned Bilberry picking is allowed up to 3 litres per day
above, except for the overall improvement of and per person and exclusively for personal
the ecosystem resilience through preventing any consumption. Mushroom picking is tolerated under
direct human degradation and for the sustainable the same conditions.
management of the surrounding national forest Hunting as a way of regulating ungulates is
(senescence plots). See details in ‘Information on allowed. Regulation hunting is framed according to
state protection’. specific conditions within protected forests in the
The reserve is included in: wilderness area. A convention between the State,
the PNRBV (reserve manager since 1991) and the
• the Fontainebleau national forest National Forest Office (public forest manager)
organises the governance of the site.
• the Biosphere Reserve Pays de Fontainebleau
(created in 1998), the reserve is part of the The management plan (2019–2024) identifies 3
central area goals for the preservation of beech forests: Ensuring
• the Protection Forest of Fontainebleau Massif optimum natural development of the sub-natural
(2002) forest ecosystem; maintaining the intactness of the
massif; and promoting the natural character and
• the N2000 Special Conservation Area and optimal biodiversity inside the reserve.
the Special Protection Area (birds directive)
FR1100795 ‘Massif de Fontainebleau’. The PNRBV contributes to the strengthening of
ecological and forest connectivity and exemplary
In addition, the forest has been designated an
management of protected areas. It oversees the
‘Exceptional Forest’ as a national recognition of
taking into account of all preservation goals in
the management quality and efficiency of the
strategic and planning documents (Natura 2000,
forest. This national award was issued to about
Forest Plans and others).
fifteen prestigious state forests, emphasising a
widely shared local governance, with the aim of France: Massane (FR-MASS-01)
highlighting the forest and all its aspects.
Only for scientific purposes special permissions are
granted. The protection status prohibits fishing,
hunting, camping, fires, circulation of motor
vehicles (see creation decree of the National
Nature Reserve).
Various impacts due to exceptional climatic

phenomena have already been evaluated, the
combined events of drought and heat wave in
2003 were monitored. Monitoring to measure
the impacts of climate change is ensured by the
implementation of different protocols (monitoring
of biological indicators (stoc, shoc, indicator
species, steli, amphibian monitoring, flora
monitoring etc.), an observatory of 50,000 trees,
various instrumentations (weather monitoring
station since 1959, cameras for phenology, plot
for regeneration, material recovery, atmospheric
deposits recovery (heavy metals analysis).
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5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
Only two trails are marked along the periphery of • the State Forest of Saint-Baume (whose
the reserve, neither of them enters the reserve or management plan 2019–2038 defines the
the component part itself. management of the state forest surrounding
the reserve)
France: Py-Pas de Rotja (FR-PYPA-01)
• the Sainte-Baume Regional Nature Park (IUCN
Personnel of the reserve are commissioned. All cat. 5)
types of activities are prohibited except on special
decision issued by the representative of the State. • the Special Conservation Zone (Habitats, fauna
and flora directive) FR9301606 ‘Massif de la
The component is protected according to 3 strong Sainte-Baume’.
national protections, which ensure a protection
In addition, the national forest of Sainte-Baume
of the land prohibiting any change of use or any
has been designated an ‘Exceptional forest’ as a
mode of occupation likely to compromise the
national recognition of the management quality
conservation or the protection of afforestation and
and efficiency of the forest. This national award was
thus guaranteeing the durability of the wooded
issued to about fifteen prestigious state forests,
state. Forests are free from any silvicultural activity,
emphasising a widely shared local governance,
thus ensuring the free evolution of the forest
with the aim of highlighting the forest and all
massif.
its aspects: natural, cultural, historical, forestry,
Access to the reserve is allowed from the network heritage, tourism etc.
of hiking trails.
There is a new management plan in preparation to
The new management plan valid until 2028 covers extend the reserve to 318 ha.
all activities of the reserve.
France: Saint-Pe-de-Bigorre (FR-SAPE-01)
Any plant or animal sample is prohibited unless
The protection and management status of the
authorized by the State for scientific purposes.
Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre Biological Strict Reserve
Prohibitions of fishing, hunting, camping, fires
ensures its natural evolution and therefore, on
and circulation of motor vehicles are stated in the
assumption, the maintenance or the improvement
reserve status.
of its state of conservation. The component is
Some transhumance trails are crossed by some protected under cat. Ib for an unlimited time by
breeders, the entire massif is protected by steep national protection. For the protection buffer sub-
slopes and its accessibility is reduced to a footpath zone, a non-intervention regime is set by the forest
and some forest tracks in the southern limit of the management plan, which, in its current version,
massif. No forest road crosses the component, is valid until 2029. As the forest is owned by the
the pedestrian path is very hidden and very rarely State and managed by the National Forest Office,
frequented (50–100 visitors/year). It is also used by there is no risk that the management regime will
transhumant livestock breeders on their passages be changed in future updates of the management;
twice a year. The main access is located south of the long-term non-exploitation of these forests will
the component (forest road access). be ensured.
France: Sainte-Baume (FR-SABA-01) The protection status cannot ensure an overall

protection from all global threats (e.g. global
The reserve is encompassed by state forest, under warming), except for its size and for the overall
the same management authority (National Forest improvement of the ecosystem resilience through
Office), other boundaries are protected by natural preventing any direct human degradation. See
topography. The reserve first created as a means details in ‘Information on state protection’. Fishing
to undertake habitat conservation interventions is allowed inside the reserve and access to pastures
from the mid-1970’s to the 1990’s is being partially is allowed (crossing twice a year) to authorized
converted to a strict biological reserve. Part shepherds.
of the reserve will remain a ‘simple biological
reserve’ because of minimum interventions for The Reserve of Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre is included in:
the conservation of genetic resources in a specific
• the undivided National Forest of Saint-Pé-de-
area designated as a Beech Genetic Resources
Bigorre (management plan 2010–2029)
Conservatory unit (occasional work in the
understorey to facilitate beechnut harvesting). • the Regional Natural Reserve (RNR) of Pibeste-
Aoulhet
The biological reserve of Saint-Baume is included
in:
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Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
• the Special Area of Conservation (Habitats (corresponding to IUCN I) for Cozzo Ferriero and
Directive) FR 7300920 ‘Granquet, Pibeste et Pollinello. No human intervention is allowed, and
Soum d’Ech’. the area may be accessed exclusively by hiking
trails. No mountain bikes, climbing or horse
Italy: Foresta Umbra (IT-FUMB-01*)
trekking is allowed in strict reserves. In addition,
The component parts include three State reserves, collecting flowers, mushrooms and wild berries,
Sfilzi, Falascone and Foresta Umbra, established hunting, fishing and free camping are prohibited.
in 1971 or 1979 (managed by the National Forest The Park Management Plan is currently under
Service, Carabinieri Biodiversità). It includes also evaluation of the regional administration. Cozzo
one of the oldest strict reserves in Italy (Pavari, Ferriero component falls within the Natura 2000
1952). The Gargano National Park, established SCI ‘Fagosa-Timpa dell’Orso’ whilst the Pollinello
by National Law in 1995, includes the area of all candidate component falls within the SCI ‘Cima del
reserves. The National Law on Protected Areas Monte Pollino’. The Habitat Directive management
(n. 394) in 1991 defined the criteria according indications have been adopted by the regional
to which the National Park zonation must be administration through specific regional acts
established. This zonation has been implemented (Deliberazione della Giunta Regionale della
in the management plan of the National Park Basilicata n. 2454 of 22/12/2003 and n. 655 of
(2010), that prescribed for the component parts 06/05/2008).
the status of strict reserves (corresponding to IUCN
Italy: Valle Infernale (IT-VALL-01)
I), or to reserves where unmanaged mature forests
are naturally developing to old-growth status. No The Forest of Valle Infernale has been protected
human intervention is allowed, and the area may since 1968 when the area was incorporated
be accessed exclusively on excursion trails. Tourists into Calabria National Park. Valle Infernale is in
can visit the area, remaining on trails and without Aspromonte National Park, established by national
damaging the flora and fauna. No access is currently law in 1994 (DPR 14/01/1994). It is therefore
possible to Falascone reserve. The management subject to the National Law on Protected Areas (n.
plan will be valid until 2020. 394) of 1991, which defined the criteria according
to which the National Park zonation must be
established. This zonation has been implemented
in the management plan of the National Park,
that prescribed the state of strict reserve
(corresponding to IUCN I) for the component. No
human intervention is allowed and the area may be
accessed exclusively on hiking trails. No mountain
biking, climbing or horse trekking is allowed in
the component area (strict reserves), neither are
the collection of flowers, mushrooms and wild
berries, hunting, fishing and free camping. Parts
of the component fall within the Natura 2000
SCI ‘IT9350157 Torrente Ferraina’, ‘IT9350155
Montalto’, ‘IT9350178 Serro d’Ustra e Fiumara
Butrano’ and the SPA ‘IT9310069 Parco Nazionale
della Calabria’. The Habitat Directive management
All the component parts fall within the Natura 2000
regulations have been adopted by the regional
SCI ‘Foresta Umbra’ and the SPAs ‘Promontorio del
administration through specific regional acts
Gargano’, ‘Foresta Umbra’ and ‘Falascone’, but a
(Deliberazione della Giunta Regionale della Calabria
Natura 2000 management plan is not yet available.
n. 948 of 09/12/2008).
Italy: Pollino National Park (IT-POLL-01, 02)
Montenegro: Biogradska Gora (ME-BIOG-01, 02)
Pollino National Park, was established by National
In the Virgin Forest Reserve (core zone of NP)
Law in 1993 (DPR 15/11/1993). It is therefore
it is prohibited to perform other activities than
subject to the National Law on Protected Areas
visiting for the purpose of education, research and
(n. 394) of 1991, which defined the criteria
monitoring nature. A visit to the core zone can be
according to which National Park zonation must be
made on the basis of approval by the manager,
established. This zonation has been implemented
with the prior consent of the management body.
in the management plan of the National Park,
There is only one public footpath passing through
that prescribes the state of a strict reserve
244
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
the core zone. In the proposed buffer zone of the The buffer zone area covering the remaining part
property foot paths and only one local road is of the Bieszczady National Park includes areas
present (partly asphalted). NP Biogradska Gora under strict protection – the protection buffer
is managed by the Public Enterprise National sub-zone, 70% and active protection – actively
Parks of Montenegro. The management body of managed buffer zone, 30%. Strict protection in the
the park has the legal obligation to develop five- buffer zone means no human activity in the area.
year management plans and annual management Active protection applies to the reconstruction of
programmes. Management plans as well as the forest species composition distorted by the former
programmes have to define activities aiming for management of forests and meadow ecosystems
monitoring of the status of nature in the park, as (mowing, grazing). The landscape protection
well as implementing management measures to area in the BPN (small areas of public roads and
protect its nature and biodiversity. In protecting settlements) was excluded from the buffer zone.
the entire area of the National Park, it is significant
to emphasise that the land of the park is owned by The National Park is a part of the core as well of
the State. Since 1977, the Tara River Basin is also buffer zone of the Eastern Carpathians Biosphere
part of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve ‘Tara River Reserve.
Basin’. The core zone of the park resembles also the
core zone of the Biosphere Reserve and the rest
of the park is in the buffer zone of the park. The
surroundings resemble the transition zone, which
connects the Durmitor National Park and Komovi
Nature Park in the Biosphere Reserve.
North Macedonia: Dlaboka Reka (MN-DLAB-01)
The property is located in the area of the National

Park and covered by strict protection under the
Law of Nature Protection from 2004. The strict
protection means а part of the protected area
with the highest protection interest, which is
characterised by genuine, unchanged ecosystem
characteristics, or has very small changes as a
result of traditional management practices. In Serbia: Fruška Gora - Papratski do i Ravne (RS-
the zone of strict protection, it is possible to FRUS-01, -02)
distinguish between: 1) natural spaces, without
any human intervention; and 2) spaces with Fruška Gora NP is managed by the Public Enterprise
limited intervention, where the traditional way of ‘Nacionalni park Fruška gora’, with headquarters in
management is still present and serves to maintain the town of Sremska Kamenica. Both component
the natural values of the zone. Scientific research parts are strictly protected as Level I Protection
activities in the zone for strict protection are Regime localities of Fruška Gora NP, by the Law
allowed, provided that they do not contradict the on National Parks, Law on Nature Protection and
primary goal of protecting the area. Decree on Protection Regimes, with no human
activities allowed, except for scientific research,
Poland: Bieszczady (PL-BIES-01, -02, -03, -04) monitoring of natural processes and controlled
visits for educational and cultural purposes. All
The nominated forests are located in the area
visits must be conducted in accordance with the
covered by strict protection in Bieszczady National
managers, to assure that the visitors comply with
Park (69% of the park). Under Polish law (Act of
the rules of conduct, which are not to step off paths
16 April 2004 on Nature Conservation Journal
or trails, not to disturb or collect any organisms
of Law 2004, No. 92, item. 880), strict protection
and to leave no trace behind. There are no hiking
means ‘complete and permanent cessation of
tracks within the component parts and some low-
direct human interference in ecosystems, wildlife
intensity hiking tracks in the buffer zone. Minimal
components and natural processes’. In this area
necessary interventions can be undertaken by the
non-invasive scientific research and tourist traffic
managers, but no wood is to be extracted, except if
on designated trails is allowed.
it can be expected to lead to a disease spread and
This area is also the central zone of the ‘Eastern further forest ecosystem damage. Managers can
Carpathians’ biosphere reserve. only apply these sanitary measures after acquiring
the permits and expert opinions from the Ministry
245
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
of Environmental Protection and the expert boards in place, which leads from Rača monastery
opinions from the Institute for Nature Conservation to the Lađevac thermal spring, located at the
of Vojvodina Province. entrance of the Rača River Gorge. Two more hiking
trails enter only on small sections the locality, one
Serbia: Kopaonik - Kozje stene (RS-KOPA-01) leading to the view point Sokolarica on top of
Kopaonik NP is managed by the Public Enterprise the Rača River Gorge, over the sharp bend in the
‘Nacionalni park Kopaonik’, with headquarters river course, with views of the entire gorge, and
in Suvo Rudište, the touristic centre of Kopaonik Gradina fortress ruin, an archeological site above
Mt. Kozje stene component is a Level I Protection the Rača River Gorge with foundations of a fifth–
Regime locality, protected under the Law on sixth century Byzantine church. Besides its cultural
National Parks, Law on Nature Protection and significance, this is another viewpoint of the Rača
Decree on Protection Regimes. This is a strict River Gorge.
protection, where no human activities are allowed, Slovakia: Poloniny (SK-POLO-01, -02, -03, -04*)
except for scientific research, monitoring of natural
processes and controlled visits for educational and The prevailing part of the component cluster is
cultural purposes. All visits must be conducted in covered by the existing natural reserves. New natural
accordance with the managers, to assure that the reserves should be designated in the remaining
visitors comply with rules of conduct, which are to part of the component cluster in the near future.
not step off paths or trails, to not disturb or collect The management regime of the protected areas
any organisms and to leave no trace behind. There in Slovakia is regulated by the Act No. 543/2002
is a hiking trail in Kozje stene locality leading to Coll. on Nature and Landscape Protection. This act
natural viewpoints on Kozje stene Reef and Kukavica specifies that the strictest, fifth level of protection
Peak (1,726 m a.s.l.), passing by Mijatovića jaz, is applied in these natural reserves. This prohibits
which is of cultural significance, as well. Recently, any forest management activities (including salvage
an educational hiking route, Barska reka-Kukavica- logging), game management activities, fishing,
Kadijevac, was established, with strict-regime- construction etc. Putting up tents or bivouacking
appropriate visitor infrastructure (bridges, fences, is not allowed, either. For other activities, such as
resting points) and bilingual (Serbian and English) scientific research, building and marking tourist
information boards. Although the managers have trails and nature trails etc., it is necessary to
regular tours on this trail, numerous organised obtain permission. Visitors may move along the
mountaineers use it without supervision, but in marked tourist trails only. In relation to the above-
contact with the managers. For this reason, many mentioned facts, it is possible to say that natural
conduct instruction signs and warnings are set up processes in this component cluster take place
on the trail, in addition to the educational info without significant human influence.
boards.
Slovakia: Vihorlat (SK-VIHO-01, -02*)
Serbia: Tara - Zvezda i Rača (RS-TARA-01, -02)
The area of the proposed component parts is
Tara NP is managed by the Public Enterprise partly owned by the State, and partly by private
‘Nacionalni park Tara’, with headquarters in the landowners. The area outside of the existing
town of Bajina Bašta. Both component parts are natural reserves was managed in accordance
Level I Protection Regime localities of Tara NP, with the valid legislation in the field of forestry.
protected under the Law on National Parks, Law There were valid forest management plans that
on Nature Protection and Decree on Protection were developed and approved for ten years. Part
Regimes. No human activities are allowed, except of the proposed property is located within the
for scientific research, monitoring of natural Valaškovce Military Territory. In the area a special
processes and controlled visits for educational and legislation superordinated to other legislation is
cultural purposes. All visits must be conducted in valid. Defense of the State is superordinated also to
accordance with the managers, to assure that the nature protection legislation. Ministry of Defense
visitors comply with rules of conduct, which are to SR and its sectoral institution, the Military Forests
not disturb or collect any organisms, to leave no and Estates of the Slovak Republic responsible for
trace behind and to not step off paths or trails. No the Valaškovce Military Territory take the need
paths or trails exist in Zvezda locality, but several for nature protection into consideration. They
do lead to the viewpoints which border the locality. communicate and cooperate with the Vihorlat
Klisura Rače locality is also inaccessible for the Protected Landscape Area Administration.
most part, but there is a hiking trail with visitor
infrastructure (bridge, fence) and information The management regime in the area of existing
strictly protected natural reserves is non-
246
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
interventional in accordance with the valid

legislation in the field of nature protection. The
5.d Existing plans related to
same regime will be apllied in the proposed Natural municipality and region
Reserve Vihorlat. No military training activities
are carried out inside the proposed property and
in which the proposed
its buffer zone. The real Military Training Centre property is located (e.g.
Valaškovce is outside of this area. The forests
included into the Vihorlat cluster and its buffer regional or local plan,
zone belong to the protective zone of the Military
Training Centre Valaškovce.
conservation plan, tourism
development plan)
The national and international Protection Regimes
for the component parts, outlined in chapter 5.b, are
part of strongly varying political and administrative
contexts. Given this high diversity in administrative
organisation, there are a considerable number of
different plans, strategies, programmes and action
plans in place.
Table 51 provides an overview of the most relevant
plans and strategies.
Component Part/ Table 51:

ID State Party Level Existing Plans, Strategies Year Overview
Cluster
of relevant
Strategy for Sipovo
Bosnia and plans and
BH-JANJ-01 Prašuma Janj Municipality Municipality Integrated 2018
Herzegovina strategies
Development
Management plan for strict
natural reserve ‘Old grown
Entity 2014
forest Janj’ for period
2014–2029
Spatial Plan for Republic of
Entity 2015
Srpska
Valli di Lodano,
CH-LODA-01 Switzerland Busai and Soladino Canton Landscape protection zone 2020
Forest Reserves
Planification for the forest
Canton reserve Valli Busai e 2019
Soladino
Planification for the forest
Canton 2017
reserve Valle di Lodano
Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts.
Czech Sub-national/ Protected Landscape Area
CZ-JIZE-01 Jizera Mountains 2010
Republic regional Management Plan for
2011–2020
National Biodiversity
National Strategy of the Czech 2016
Republic 206 - 2025
Jizerské hory/Jizera
Mts. Beech Forest
Local National Nature Reserve 2010
Management Plan for
2012–2020
Aigoual State Forest
FR-AIGO-01 France Aigoual National 2010
Management Plan
Cévennes National Park
National Management Plan (2013– 2013
2025)
247
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
Component Part/
ID State Party Level Existing Plans, Strategies Year
Cluster
N2000 SAC FR9101371
European Massif de l'Aigoual et du 2016
Lingas Management Plan
Gap-Chaudun National
FR-CHAP-01 France Chapitre National Forest Management Plan 2010
(2010–2029)
Biological strict reserve
National 2010
Management Plan
Special Area for
Conservation Natura
2000 FR9301511 Devoluy-
European 2003
Durbon-Charance-
Champsaur Management
Plan
Special Area for protection
Bois du chapitre Natura
European 2010
2000 FR9312004
Management Plan
Management Plan for the
FR-CHIZ-01, Sylve d'Argenson Strict
France Chizé National 2020
-02 Biological Reserve 2018–
2035 (yet to be approved)
SCA N2000 FR5400450
Massif forestier de Chizé
Aulnay management
document http://www.
European nouvelle-aquitaine. 2012
developpement-durable.
gouv.fr/docob-charente-
charente-maritime-deux-
sevres-a1544.html
Gros Fouteau et Hauteurs
FR-FONT-01 France Fontainebleau National de la Solle Management 2014
Plan
Fontainebleau and Trois
Pignons State Forest
National 2015
Management Plan (2016–
2035)
Special Area for
Conservation and
Preservation FR1100795
Massif de Fontainebleau
Management Plan http://
European 2013
seine-et-marne.n2000.
fr/natura-2000-en-seine-
et-marne/le-massif-de-
fontainebleau/documents-
a-telecharger
Ballon des Vosges Regional
FR-GRAN-01 France Grand Ventron Regional Nature Park management 2012
plan (2012–2027)
Grand Ventron National
Nature Reserve
National 2018
management plan (2018–
2022)
financial agreement State
and Kruth commune
National 2012
compensation for non-
exploitation of the forest
248
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
Component Part/
Cluster
N2000 FR4100196 Special
area for conservation
European 2014
massif du Grand Ventron
Management Plan
Massane National Nature
Reserve management plan
FR-MASS-01 France Massane National (2017-2027) http://www. 2017
rnnmassane.fr/sample-
page/publications/#
2010 - N2000 FR9101483
and FR9112023 Special
Area for Conservation
and Site of Community
Importance Massif des
European 2016
Albères management plan
http://www.occitanie.
gouv.fr/docob-massif-des-
alberes-a2603.html
Py Pas-de-Rotjà National
FR-PYPA-01 France Py Pas-de-Rotjà National 2017
Nature Reserve plan
Sainte-Baume Regional
FR-SABA-01 France Sainte-Baume Regional Nature Park Management 2017
Plan (2017–2029)
Sainte-Baume National
National Forest Managment Plan 2019
2019–2038
N2000 Special Area of
Protection Massif de
la Sainte-Baume FR
9301606 management
plan http://www.side.
gouv.fr/EXPLOITATION/
European 2001
DRPACA/doc/IFD/
IFD_REFDOC_0509292/
document-d-objectifs-
docob-site-natura-2000-
fr9301606-massif-de-la-
sainte-baume-ce-site-est-
100-terr
Massif du Pibeste-Aoulhet
Regional Nature Reserve
Management Plan http://
FR-SAPE-01 France Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre Regional 2016
www.rnr-pibeste-aoulhet.
com/images/pdf/PG%20
complet_Web.pdf
National Biological Strict Reserve 2016
Management Plan
National Forest
National 2012
Management Plan (2010–
2029)
N2000 SAC FR7300920
Granquet-Pibeste et Soum
European d'Ech Management Plan 2005
http://valleesdesgaves.
n2000.fr/granquet/docs_05
249
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
Component Part/
Cluster
Gargano National Park
IT-FUMB-01* Italy Foresta Umbra National Park Management Plan (abstract 2010
English)
Gargano National Park
National Park 2010
Management Plan (Italian)
Regional law on Forest
regulation for the areas of
IT-POLL-01,
Italy Pollino National Park Regional the Natura 2000 network 2008
02
(Basilicata Region Law, n.
655, 06/05/2008)
Regional law on Forest
regulation for the areas of
Regional 2008
the Natura 2000 network
(English version)
Forest Fire Prevention Plan
National Park (Piano AIB 2018-2022) 2019
(English version)
National Park 2019
(Piano AIB 2018-2022)
Pollino National Park
National Park Management Plan (abstract 2011
English)
Pollino National Park
National Park 2011
Management Plan
Forest managemento
Municipality of the Municipality of 2008
Rotonda (English Summary)
Forest management of the
Municipality Municipality of Rotonda 2008
(Italian)
Regional Forest Plan (2014-
IT-VALL-01 Italy Valle Infernale Regional 2016
2020)
Regional Forest Plan (2014-
Regional 2016
2020) (English version)
Aspromonte National Park
National Park 2016
regulation (English version)
National Park 2018
(2018–2022)
National Park 2009
Plan (English version)
National Park 2016
Regulation
National Park 2009
Plan
Forest Fire Prevention
National Park Plan (2018–2022) (English 2018
version)
English Summary Special
ME-BIOG-01, Governmet of Purpose Spatial Plan
Montenegro Biogradska Gora 2010
02 Montenegro Biograska Gora NP 2010–
2020
Special Purpose Spatial
Government of
Plan Biograska Gora NP 2010
Montenegro
2010-2020_ME
250
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
Component Part/
Cluster
North
MN-DLAB-01 Dlaboka Reka NP Mavrovo Management Plan 2019
Macedonia
National Law of Nature Protection 2019
Environmental Protection
PL-BIES-01, Programme of the
Poland Bieszczady Regional 2017
-02, -03, -04 Podkarpackie Voivodeship
for 2017–2019
A draft of Protection Plan
for period of twenty years,
National Park 2015
which is currently subject
to legal proceedings
Protection tasks approved
National Park by the Minister of the 2018
Environment
The programme of
conservation and
sustainable use of
Country 2015
biological diversity, along
with the Action Plan for
2014–2020
Vojvodina
Spatial Plan of Special
RS-FRUS-01, Fruška Gora - Province of
Serbia Purpose Area of Fruška 2019
-02 Papratski do i Ravne Republic of
Gora NP
Serbia
Kopaonik - Kozje Municipalities of
RS-KOPA-01 Serbia Purpose Area of Kopaonik 2016
stene Raška and Brus
National Park
RS-TARA-01, Municipality of
Serbia Tara - Zvezda i Rača Purpose Area of Tara 2010
-02 Bajina Bašta
National Park
SK-POLO-01, Adopted
The Poloniny National Park
-02, -03, Slovakia Poloniny by Slovak 2017
Management Plan
-04* Government
Strategy of development
SK-VIHO-01,
Slovakia Vihorlat Košice Region of tourism in the Košice 2015
-02*
Region until 2020
Action Plan of
District of Snina Development of the 2016
Disctrict of Snina
5.e Property management plan to preserve it for present and future generations.
Based on this thoroughly shared understanding of
or other management the property, the conservation of the Outstanding
Universal Value and the integrity of the property
system and the nominated component parts is already
secured and will be secured in the future by an
Protection of the attributes of the nominated effective multilateral management system. This
component parts can be guaranteed by well- aims at protecting the evolutionary and biological
established local management bodies and an processes in accordance with the criterion
efficient multilateral management system. applied for in chapter 3. Foundational for this is a
harmonised general principle for the protection of
All States Parties representing the existing a common World Heritage Property.
World Heritage Property are well aware of the
Outstanding Universal Value of the World Heritage The ‘Integrated Management System’ (IMS) is
Property ‘Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of based on the existing and approved IMS of the
the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe’. 2010 inscribed World Heritage Property ‘Primeval
Due to this responsibility, they jointly undertake Beech Forests of the Carpathians and the Ancient
251
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ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
Beech Forests of Germany’ and the corresponding Outstanding Universal Value of the property.
Joint Declaration of Intent between the Ministry The main objective of the management
of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine; the is to leave the component parts to their
Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature spontaneous self-regulating development, free
Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety of the of anthropogenic intervention. Designated
Federal Republic of Germany; and the Ministry buffer zones can be subject to regulatory
of the Environment of the Slovak Republic management measures aimed to secure and
concerning the Cooperation on the Protection and enhance ecological stability of forest stands
Management of the Joint World Heritage property and to protect the property from negative
‘Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians (Slovak impacts from outside.
Republic and Ukraine) and the Ancient Beech • National level: On a national level, there is
Forests of Germany (Germany)’ (signed on 14 May the need for cooperation and communication
2014 in Bonn). between all national component parts/
protected areas. A National Steering Group
The new version of the Joint Declaration of ensures this communication and represents
Intent was extended to the new States Parties the national agenda on an international level.
and was signed by all States Parties in July 2019
(one signed copy was also sent to UNESCO). The • International level: On its second level, the
Integrated Management System covers the
Joint Declaration of Intent serves as basis for the
overall management of the serial property as a
international cooperation of all inscribed States
whole with specific objectives, organisational
Parties and will be signed by the new nominated
instruments and an appropriate management
ones shortly after inscription.
structure described below.
The Integrated Management System (hereinafter
Objectives of the IMS
referred to as IMS) for the serial nomination shall
not be seen as a closed document. In the course of General Objectives
time it will be updated, adjusted and corrected if
necessary in the process of its implementation. The Based on the results of the previous processes of
IMS is a key tool for the transfer of the knowledge World Heritage nomination and the requirements
acquired by scientific methods into the real world defined by the Operational Guidelines, a set of joint
of nature conservation to identify and implement clear objectives for an integrated management
steps and measures to maintain the long-term system has been agreed by all participating States
integrity and communication of nominated Parties. The proposed IMS for the present extension
localities. The IMS quality and implementation of the serial World Heritage Property builds upon
efficiency depends on the support of the these previous experiences. The general objectives
involved stakeholders and parties. The integrated are shared by all involved States Parties and are as
management system is based on the extension follows:
and development of existing instruments and
mechanisms supposed to ensure and promote i. To ensure the most effective conservation
the long-term conservation of the primeval and of the property with all abiotic and biotic
ancient beech forests as a serial property. components, geo- and biodiversity and
ecological processes to secure a lasting
The management of the component parts takes homeostasis and self-reproduction of
place on three different levels: the respective ecosystems and their
• Protected area level: All of the component protection against both anthropic and
parts nominated as extension to the existing anthropogenic factors.
World Heritage property have legally approved
management and monitoring plans in place. ii. To maintain and expand the existing,
These plans are based on a strict non- ecologically connected complex of
intervention policy. States Parties guarantee primeval and natural beech forests
the strict level of protection for the inscribed that encompass and connect (link) the
property (equivalent to IUCN Category I component parts in 20 European countries.
(wilderness area) or core zone according to This should be achieved through the
IUCN Category II (National Park) or other conservation of other remaining natural
appropriated categories of national protected beech forests within proposed corridors
area systems. The aim of the management and/or stepping stones connecting the
is the protection and conservation of the component parts and measures supporting
252
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
the succession of managed semi-natural System (IMS). Much more, it is oriented toward
beech forests adjacent to and between specific transboundary issues and coordination
the component parts. In the long term, of activities (e.g. mobilization of public resources,
the expanded area should turn into a awareness raising campaigns, research, monitoring
continuous buffer zone, encompassing and reporting, knowledge exchange etc.).
the component parts that will support the
exchange of biological information between Because the territory of the serial property is
the properties. This network is supposed embedded into varying specific legal, executive and
to serve as a system of stepping stones, administrative systems, the management of the
facilitating the exchange between species, serial property requires superior structures that are
keeping the genetic reservoir and enabling supported locally, nation-wide and internationally
an ongoing migration process of species. on a political level. The JMC has been entrusted
to further develop and adjust the integrated
management, as well as its coordination. Given the
iii. To use the serial property of ancient and
considerably increasing number of countries that
primeval forests for scientific research
are part of the property, a permanent coordination
to acquire knowledge transferable and
will be established to coordinate the individual
applicable on the level of sustainable, close-
component parts.
to nature and continuous-cover forestry
through the mimicking of selected The Integrated Management System (IMS)
primeval forest patterns; at the same time is based on a combination of both the top-
also serve the call for enhancement of down, government-driven and bottom-up, local
landscape ecological stability not only on a population-driven approach. The top-down
national but also on a European level. approach with the so-called Joint Management
Committee (JMC) as its main channel is supported
iv. To use the natural heritage for the by National Steering Groups (NSGs). It focuses on
enhancement of ecological and the conservation issues and the maintenance of
environmental education, awareness of the serial properties’ overall integrity, as this basic
ancient and primeval forests and their principle may not be compromised by any further
intrinsic, innate values in communities on a deliberations. So-called Integrated Management
local, national and global level. Educational Panels (IMP) focus on benefiting the local
activities should be carefully chosen to population through activities that comply with
maintain the integrity and conservation the IMS objectives and at the same time address
of the component parts, to preserve their issues of local development, mainly in the areas
naturalness and uniqueness and to avoid of forestry, ecotourism, label development or
devastation or degradation. marketing.
A functioning IMS requires certain steering

v. To allow for the sustainable use of natural
and management structures to account for the
resources in the broader region through
management requirements of UNESCO WHC,
the support of traditional crafts, products
ensure bottom-up participation of stakeholders
and ecotourism without compromising
and to coordinate the large number of countries
the conservation objectives. The latter
and component parts.
has the beech primeval forests as one of its
attractions and thus may serve as a source of Thus, the management system consists of the
income for the nearby communities. following committees or groups:
Organisation of Management • Joint Management Committee for the
Given the large number of component parts Integrated Management of the ‘Ancient and
and States Parties, the integrated management Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians
structure for the proposed extended serial property and Other Regions of Europe’ (JMC)
must be kept as simple and as transparent as • National Steering Groups
possible to ensure efficiency. Because existing legal
• Integrated Management Panels for
frameworks are able to secure the conservation
stakeholder participation (IMP)
of the property and the nominated component
parts, sheer conservation of the property is not • Thematic Experts
the sole objective of the Integrated Management
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Figure 49:
Combined
top-down and
bottom-up
IMS model
International Management Members of the JMC:

Joint Management Committee for the Integrated Each State Party nominates its representatives
Management of the ‘Primeval Beech Forests of the for the JMC. Participants of the JMC should be
Carpathians and other Regions of Europe’ (JMC) representatives of the Ministries for Environment
and/or Nature Conservation on a national level,
The principal mechanisms of the cooperation between
and in Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina,
the countries in the management of the proposed
Germany, Spain and Switzerland on the level of
multilateral serial property are based on the concepts
federal state or autonomous communities, cantons
and guidance documents developed and facilitated
and/or representatives of the relevant protected
by the Joint Management Committee. This includes
areas and/or experts. Irrespective of the number of
regular meetings and consultations, permanent email
representatives, any State Party has only one vote
contact among the JMC members and participation of
when decisions or recommendations are made.
the JMC members in cross-border cooperation.
Function:
If a need arises, the JMC can bring outstanding issues
to the attention of the respective ministries. • Representing the World Heritage property to
UNESCO
The JMC meets once a year and prepares reports on
the state of the properties on a 6-year basis, according • Coordination of UNESCO reporting and of
to the World Heritage periodic reporting cycle. transnational activities
It coordinates the serial nomination monitoring • Strategic planning
based on a unified methodology and reports to • Information exchange between the activities of
the ministries and national UNESCO committees on the individual component parts and countries
emerging problems in the pursuit of the integrated
• Initiation of projects and information about
management goals. The JMC initiates steps necessary
multilateral funding opportunities for working
to assure scientific research and monitoring. The
groups
committee is responsible for the implementation of
the serial properties’ integrated management policy • Lobbying at an international level to ensure
into practice, both in terms of the conservation support for and awareness of the property
management and the foreseen expansion of the Within the first three years after designation of the
buffer zones. statute of the JMC, the legal basis and the financing
scheme is agreed between all member states in
Decisions will be made by consensus of all multilateral agreements. A Joint Declaration of
participation countries. When voting, each State Party Intent was already developed and has been signed
has one vote. by all States Parties in July 2019.
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5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
It is planned to have one regular meeting per year Heritage property)

(and additional extraordinary meetings if required • Develop and maintain its own GIS-aided
and by prior consent of all States Parties). The chair database, containing all necessary layers
of the Joint Management Committee is assumed pertaining to the World Natural Heritage
by a State Party on a rotational basis. The meeting status
venue is to be proposed by the chair.
The Coordination Office is hosted in one of the
The meetings should be held in English unless countries for a period of 3–4 years. The duration
agreed otherwise and decisions will be made by can vary according to the specifics of funding
consensus. programmes and calls. The hosting country
supports the Coordination Office by significant
International Coordination Office (project-based) support in resources (office, staff, means of
communication). Belgium offered to host the
In order to achieve the assigned tasks, a
Coordination Office in the Sonian Forest for the
Coordination Office has been established to
next period (starting 2020), which was welcomed
coordinate the activities of the JMC and to support
by the other countries.
the cooperation and project development between
the local managements of the component parts. National Management
Function: National Steering Group
• Contribute to the development of common In order to ensure political support on both
standards for management planning, data municipal and State levels and to ensure adequate
collection, reporting participation at a national level, all States Parties
• Coordinate the elaboration of guidance have established national steering groups. This
documents becomes even more important given the fact that
• Coordinate the research and monitoring of many countries have more than one component.
the serial property, the buffer zones and the The existing coordinated management of the German
connecting corridors/stepping stones component parts (‘koordiniertes Management
• Implement public relations work (including für die deutschen Nominierungsgebiete’) remains
maintenance of a webpage for the World unaffected.
Figure 50:
Organisational
structure of
the IMS
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Responsibilities and Tasks steering groups are designed based on the specific
needs of each country.
The National Steering Group is the national
structure for the coordination and communication
Function:
of the World Heritage Sites at a national level.
The National Steering Group also has the task of • Discuss relevant issues and threats at a national
representing and expressing national interests and level
concerns to the international Joint Management
Committee. • Give recommendations to JMC and IMPs
The National Steering Group therefore performs • Lobby at national and subnational/regional level
the following tasks: to ensure support for and awareness of the
• The National Steering Group coordinates the property
national component parts. Members of the National Steering Groups are
• The National Steering Group acts as a link persons:
between the national component parts and the • representing the national political level
international Joint Management Committee. responsible for UNESCO World Heritage issues;
• Representatives of the National Steering Group • representing each of the protected areas as
take part in the annual Joint Management part of the UNESCO World Heritage property.
Committee Meeting and represent the
national interest there. The National Steering Group meets at least
once a year. In the interim months, additional
• Representatives of the National Steering coordination can be made by telephone and email.
Group represent the national component In order to keep the concerns and points of view of
parts at international meetings related to the component parts to be represented as up-to-
World Heritage issues. date as possible at the international meeting of the
• The National Steering Group supports the Joint Management Committee, the meetings of the
component parts on a national level. National Steering Group should take place as close
• The National Steering Group prepares the as possible to this meeting.
communication with IUCN and UNESCO and
delivers/receives the information according to The Thematic Experts serve the National Steering
national procedures. Group as advisors. They may be part of the
meetings of the National Steering Group; in any
• The National Steering Group prepares case, the work programme to be drawn up by the
an annual national work programme in National Steering Group must be coordinated in
coordination with the Thematic Experts. advance with the Thematic Experts.
• The National Steering Group takes over
the national contributions to the periodic The Integrated Management Panel has an advisory
reporting and, if requested by the World function for the protected areas and the Thematic
Heritage Committee, to the ‘States Parties Experts. National effective concerns and views of
State of Conservation Report’ (in English) on the Integrated Management Panel are to be noted
current and potential threats, planned projects at the meetings of the National Steering Group,
and activities as well as the achievement of discussed together and included in the report.
the management objectives of the national Representatives of the Integrated Management
component parts toward the international Panel may be invited to attend meetings of the
Joint Management Committee. Furthermore, National Steering Group.
the National Steering Group reflects and
Reports on the meetings of the National Steering
gives feedback on official statements of IUCN
Group shall be prepared (in English) and forwarded
or UNESCO (IUCN SoC Report, Conservation
to the International Coordination Office.
Outlook etc.).
Members, Meeting and Working Methods Thematic Experts
These steering groups comprise representatives of International Thematic Experts are the main
ministries (nature conservation, forestry, defense, working tool of the JMC. These experts and
foreign affairs etc.), representatives of protected professionals of the individual component parts of
areas administrations of World Heritage Sites as the property work on specific topics and projects.
well as stakeholders from local communities and
scientists from research institutions. The national
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Responsibilities and Tasks IMP: Integrated Management Panels for Stakeholder

Participation
The Thematic Experts are representatives of/
experts for the protected area managements in A JMC-assisted creation of Integrated Management
at least five superordinate task areas. The tasks Panels (IMP) on the local level of the component
correspond to thematic sections for the periodic parts is foreseen in order to achieve a balanced
reporting to UNESCO (the old thematic areas representation of the interests of all stakeholders
according to the nomination dossier are listed in willing to participate in the pursuit of IMS objectives.
brackets). The panel will integrate the management of the
component parts with the local stakeholders in a
• Scientific studies and research projects participative manner. In many component parts,
(Research & Monitoring) such participative structures are already established
• Monitoring (Research & Monitoring) as part of the existing management structures (e.g.
• Education, information and awareness building in National Parks, Biosphere Reserves etc.). The
(Public Awareness Raising & Environmental objectives of the IMS regarding the World Heritage
Education) will be integrated into the existing participative
• Visitor management (Public Awareness Raising structures. If missing, these structures have to be
& Environmental Education) built up. The JMC will provide the panel with the
vital information on the opportunities for both
• Financial human resources (Capacity Building sensitive and sensible utilization of the World
& Training) Natural Heritage label, as well as the goals and
The Thematic Experts basically perform the criteria to be met. A commercial label in different
following tasks: languages was elaborated by the existing World
Heritage States Parties to support commercial
• Thematic orientation of the individual
activities. The IMP will be active mainly in the
tasks in the individual protected areas and
fields of forestry, public relations and lobbying, and
development of the annual projects in the area
ecotourism (transportation, services), for which it
• Advice to the National Steering Group and will set up dedicated working groups.
consideration of the concerns and interests of The IMPs are organised locally, more or less
the Integrated Management Panel one for each component part. In Germany, for
• Scientific cooperation (national and instance, they are to be congruent with the
international) existing advisory councils of the component
• Participation in the development of common parts (Nationalparkbeirat/Förderverein des
standards for e.g. management, data Biosphärenreservates). If the IMPs want to meet
collection, reporting, monitoring activities bi- or multilaterally, they will announce this to the
JMC.
• Development and further development of
joint projects (national and international)
Responsibilities and Tasks
• Knowledge exchange (national and
participation in working meetings of the The Integrated Management Panel has an advisory
international thematic working groups). function for the Thematic Experts and the National
Steering Group.
The Integrated Management Panel basically
Members, Meeting and Working Methods
performs the following tasks:
The Thematic Experts are part of the international • Representation of interests at the local level
Thematic Working Groups, which jointly promote • Development and promotion of local activities
project and knowledge exchange on a national and to enable sustainable development in the
international level. region around the World Heritage Sites
• Representation of interests and advice from
Chairmanship and Decision-Making the point of view of the most important
For each protected area, a coordinator will be stakeholders and actors in the region
appointed who will act as the main contact for
national and international World Heritage enquiries Members, Meeting and Working Methods
with his or her own email address (worldheritage@
protectedarea.com). At least one member of the most important
stakeholders in the region will meet in a (at least)
annual meeting with the local management unit of
the respective protected area.
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Chairmanship and Decision-Making 5.e.1 Institutional work plan

The Integrated Management Panel meets at least Derived from general objectives, a number of specific,
once a year and is timed on an individual basis. interrelated objectives are within the responsibility
of the integrated management system. A working
The meetings are documented and the most
plan will be developed in the first three years after
important agreements are recorded in minutes
(this minutes are relevant also for the for periodic designation under the leadership of the JMC and the
reporting). Coordinator of Transnational Joint Management.
The Integrated Management Panel has a purely Given the recommendations of UNESCO and the large
advisory function and represents the interests of number of countries taking part in the serial property,
the region to the Thematic Experts, the protected the IMS is required to meet a number of challenges
area management and the National Steering at a multilateral level. The working plan will thus
Group. provide specific activities and target values to reach
the following objectives:
Management of component parts
• Objective I: Coordinating joint activities
Practical management mechanisms of component concerning the serial property and facilitation
parts of knowledge exchange, research activities
Practical conservation management of the individual and communication between the individual
component parts is continuously realised by the component parts and countries
competent authorities/administrations of regional • Objective II: Ensuring the most effective
authorities/States Parties and is not within the conservation of the serial property by common
responsibility of the JMC. Special heritage-specific standards for conservation and coordinating
activities in the areas of nature conservation, monitoring activities
science, awareness raising and territorial planning • Objective III: Promoting sustainable land
are coordinated by the JMC and are carried out resource management in buffer zones,
by the responsible local administrations through
connecting ecological corridors and stepping
the available legal framework. However, relevant
stones of the serial property
results of their activities are reported annually to
the JMC. • Objective IV: Strengthening institutional and
human resources capacities
Besides State and regional budgets, JMC and • Objective V: Promoting environmental education
working groups are supposed to prepare and submit and awareness
projects for various schemes, in particular those
The Joint Management System is evaluated in
supposed to promote international cooperation,
regular cycles, with the results being presented and
such as the EU-funded programmes INTERREG
discussed by national and multilateral boards and
or LIFE. These projects will aim at the elaboration
forums and, if required, adjusted and optimised
of feasibility studies, management plans,
based on the evaluation results. There is a Joint
rehabilitation of habitats, ecotourism development,
Management Committee (JMC) meeting at regular
development of eco-corridors and other activities.
intervals for the purpose of harmonisation and
Funds for scientific research will be aggregated
coordination at the multilateral level.
from dedicated scientific projects. Multilateral
research and cooperation projects will be prepared
and submitted e.g. within the EC Horizon 2020
framework programme, INTERREG, LEADER and
others.
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5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
5.f Sources and levels of finance projects will be borne by the nation states involved.
Furthermore, there are EU funds such as INTERREG
The long-term funding of the nominated or Horizon 2020 available for selected projects. The
component parts is guaranteed by corresponding already inscribed component parts were able to
allowances in the national budgets of the establish an INTERREG Project (‘Beech Power’, 1.9
countries including implementation, monitoring, Mio €) and a coordination project, funded within
environmental education and research. Any funds the Rural Development Fund (0.6 Mio €) within 2
for the necessary and specific collaboration at the years. Additional international project proposals
multilateral level are provided by the individual are already in preparation. Further financial
nation states. Currently, all component parts have means for specific projects will be available from
management in place which is able to preserve the foundations, municipalities, nature conservation
OUV and manage the component part. This usually organisations (e.g. for educational projects,
comprises nature conservation authorities and monitoring, land acquisitions) and from donations.
protected area management bodies with a fixed
annual budget. Costs for specific, bi- or multilateral
Table 60: Level

Personnel Material of finance in
Sum in
cost in cost in
ID Country Component Part/Cluster thousand component
thousand thousand parts/clusters;
euro
euro euro -*for Biologi-
Bosnia and cal reserves
BH-JANJ Prašuma Janj 0 t€ 0 t€ 0 t€
Herzegovina in France the
CH-BETT Switzerland Forêt de la Bettlachstock 53 t€ 0 t€ 53 t€ total budget is
5 Mio Euro per
Valli di Lodano, Busai and year (personal
CH-LODA Switzerland 130 t€ 140 t€ 270 t€
Soladino Forest Reserves + material
CZ-JIZE Czech Republic Jizera Mountains 5.89 t€ 8.44 t€ 14.33 t€ costs) and has
FR-AIGO France Aigoual -* to be shared
between 233
FR-CHAP France Chapitre -*
reserves
FR-CHIZ France Chizé -*
FR-FONT France Fontainebleau -*
FR-GRAN France Grand Ventron 103 t€ 35 t€ 138 t€
FR-MASS France Massane 90 t€ 10 t€ 100 t€
FR-PYPA France Py-Pas de Rotja 70 t€ 10 t€ 80 t€
FR-SABA France Sainte-Baume -*
FR-SAPE France Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre -*
IT-FUMB Italy Foresta Umbra 1,440 t€ 33 t€ 1,473 t€
IT-POLL Italy Pollino National Park 2,000 t€ 2,115 t€ 4,115 t€
IT-VALL Italy Valle Infernale 5,279 t€ 695 t€ 5,974 t€
ME-BIOG Montenegro Biogradska Gora 176 t€ 25 t€ 201 t€
MN-DLAB North Macedonia Dlaboka Reka 705 t€ 110 t€ 815 t€
PL-BIES Poland Bieszczady 3,829 t€ 974 t€ 4,803 t€
Fruška Gora - Papratski do i
RS-FRUS Serbia 1,113 t€ 420 t€ 1,533 t€
Ravne
RS-KOPA Serbia Kopaonik - Kozje stene 480 t€ 480 t€ 961 t€
RS-TARA Serbia Tara - Zvezda i Rača 1,538 t€ 1,267 t€ 2,804 t€
SK-POLO Slovakia Poloniny 248 t€ 90 t€ 338 t€
SK-VIHO Slovakia Vihorlat 273 t€ 80 t€ 353 t€
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5. PROTECTION
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5.g Sources of Expertise and administrations organise frequent trainings for their
staff. Furthermore, there are numerous exchange
Training in Conservation opportunities within international umbrella
organisations, such as EUROPARC or IUCN. Training
and Management usually aims at enhancing specific competences
fit to the individual context and challenges of the
Based on professional expertise, research component parts.
cooperations, staff training and citizen involvement,
the administrative bodies of the reserves are in In the case of a successful nomination, the working
a position to guarantee that management plans groups of the IMS provide a vital source of training
are implemented in line with the protection of the and knowledge exchange within the European
Outstanding Universal Value. network of beech forest component parts. The
partners within this extension can benefit from
The protected area administrations and the the experience gathered by the already inscribed
nature conservation authorities responsible for partners.
the nominated component parts all have in-depth
knowledge in the subject matter. The employees Many component parts consider local
involved in the protection and management of representatives and stakeholders as well as
the nominated component parts are highly skilled citizens a vital source of information on the area.
graduates. Also, the personnel involved in the day- Thus, respective arrangements for participation
to-day management has long-standing experience were established in the past in order to provide
in nature conservation and management. additional local expertise and often workforce for
Moreover, in many component parts there is a the support of the property, as well.
long-time tradition of ecological research in the Given the significance of the component parts
territories. for science in general, most component parts
The texts below provide an overview of the have a long history of cooperation with external
individual expertise and training situations in the institutions such universities, private research
component parts. institutions and NGOs. These well-established
cooperation enables quick access any expertise
In order to maintain this extraordinary expertise, eventually needed and ensure the continuous
most protected area or regional nature conservation investigation of this natural heritage.
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5.g.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina:

Cooperation with research institutions Citizen participation
In the new management plan the key consulting No data available.

role is given to the Faculty of Forestry Banja
Luka. This institution was a leading stakeholder in
researching, planning and protecting the property
after the war. A part of the teaching process takes
place regularly on this reserve, so every generation
of students has visited this property. Moreover,
the faculty did a lot of international research on
the reserve with colleagues from abroad. Some of
them were included in research studies since its
establishment (see 6.c).
Beside this faculty, sometimes scientists from other

faculties from Banja Luka (architectural, goedetic,
natural-mathematical etc). have been guests on
the property, as well.
Publications
There is no journal dedicated to this property.

Beside scientific papers, the property is presented
in 3 leaflets, 2 popular science books, 1 project
report, 1 general encyclopedia and 1 educational-
documentary-promotional movie.
Capacity building and training for the staff
Department and Forest Enterprise staff often

attend seminars to advance their knowledge, be
trained to transmit new scientific breakthroughs,
and keep up with the current state of research and
management. In general, area management sees
itself as a key point of contact for specific training.
262
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
5.g.2 Switzerland: Forêt de la

Office for Forests, Hunting and Fishing (AWJF)
Bettlachstock (CH-BETT-01) and the cantonal Office of Spatial Planning (ARP)
introduce the value of natural forest reserves to
the population. The experts of the AWJF and the
Cooperation with research institutions ARP are required to acquire the current level of
knowledge.
In 1995, the Swiss Federal Research Station for
Forest, Snow and Landscape (WSL) set up a research Citizen participation
area for long-term forest ecosystem research.
57% of the core zone is owned by the
On the basis of regular measurements, the WSL
Bürgergemeinden Bettlach and Selzach. The citizen
examines the state of the forest and its response
communities regularly carry out forest walks for the
to natural and anthropogenic stress on the 19
population or community gatherings in the forest.
permanent observation areas of the programme.
The citizens of Bettlach actively help to maintain
The programme is part of a network of around
the summer pastures on the Bettlachberg.
750 sites across Europe. Within the framework of
the project ‘Monitoring Natural Forest Reserves
Switzerland’ of Swiss Federal Institute for Forest,
Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), the Federal
Office for the Environment (FOEN) and the Swiss
Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), with the
support of the Office for Forestry, Hunting and
Fishing of the Canton of Solothurn (AWJF) in
cooperation with the Hasspacher office & Iseli
GmbH in the years 2014/2015 an extensive sample
inventory has been carried out. A repetition of the
recordings is scheduled for 2024.
Publications
WSL research within the LWF programme is

published in several scientific journals (e.g., Nature
Ecology & Evolution, Naure, Global Change Biology
etc.).
The Bettlachstock belongs to a network of 39 forest

reserves in which ETH Zurich, in collaboration
with the WSL, regularly offers master’s theses on
natural forest research. On excursions, experts
from the Forstbetrieb Leberberg, the Cantonal
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5.g.3 Switzerland: Valli di Lodano,

Cooperation with research institutions regular contact with the scientific environment
(e.g. meetings with researchers, participation in
Within the Lodano Valley Forest Reserve since conferences). For the Lodano Valley Forest Reserve,
2019 a monitoring of the xylobionti insects and thematic information documents have been
fungi financed by the Swiss federation (FOEN) has prepared, which serve as support to the organisers
been underway, supported organisationally by the of guided tours.
Canton Ticino and implemented by the Federal
Research Institute for forest, snow and landscape Citizen participation
(WSL) and the HAFL University of Applied Sciences
in Zollikofen. Furthermore, for both forest reserves, The participation and consultation of the population
specific long-term monitoring is to be carried out has been ensured during the nomination by the
based on the Forest Reserve Monitoring Concept processes linked to the creation of the forest
developed by WSL and ETHZ Federal Institute of reserves (owners) and by the processes of the
Technology in Zurich. Finally, between 2012 and creation of the landscape buffer zone and linked
2015, in the Lodano Valley, a scientific research landscape protection area (consultation of the
programme was carried out in the naturalistic whole local population linked to the adaptation of
sector in close collaboration with the Vallemaggia the planning law).
Nature Centre. Activities are also planned for the With the inscription as a natural World Heritage
next 2–3 years for the Valli Busai Forest Reserve property, the Swiss government (FOEN) requires
and Soladino. In general, scientific research in the participation of the population.
forest reserves is coordinated by the Forest Section
of the Canton Ticino in collaboration with university
research institutes.
Publications
There are no scientific publication specific to these

forests, but the Patriziato of Lodano has published
a popular book entitled ‘Scents of woods and
pastures’, which collects the results of historical,
forestry and naturalistic scientific research carried
out in the Lodano Valley in recent years.
A capacity building model is envisaged to ensure

adequate ongoing training of staff through
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5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
5.g.4 Czech Republic: Jizera

Cooperation with research institutions and its buffer zone. They are regularly trained
in various courses organised by the Nature
The Jizerské hory/Juzera Mountains Beech Forest Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic (new
NNR has been studied by the following institutions: trends in nature conservation, public administration
(1) Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty procedures, public relations, foreign languages,
of Forestry and Wood Sciences: long-term research information technologies, safety at work etc.).
on ancient beech forest patterns and dynamics in
time and space and on applying nature-based and Citizen participation
environmentally friendly forest management in the
NNR´s buffer zone (2) North Bohemian Museum Citizens can participate in the proposed WH
Liberec: research on species diversity and numbers, component management as volunteers through
e.g. in vascular plants, insects and birds (3) Charles various national and local non-profit organisations/
University Prague, Faculty of Science: research registered charities, e.g. Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts.
on geology, soil biology and bryology (4) Czech and Mt. Ještěd Mountain Association, Suchopýr/
Society for Ornithology: quantitative research on Odrichov v Hajich Ecocentre, Jizerka Czech Union
the selected bird species bionomics and on avian for Nature Conservation Local Branch, Czech Union
communities/assemblages structure, patterns and for Nature Conservation Junior Rangers and Society
dynamics (5) Mendel University Brno, Faculty of for Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. They are involved i.a.
Forestry and Wood Technology: research on forest both in management of the buffer zone and public
ecosystem patterns including its dynamics. awareness.
Publications
The results of research in the Jizerské hory/Jizera

Mts. Beech Forest NNR are regularly published
in national (e.g., Acta Musei Bohemiae Borealis,
Scientiae Naturales, Ochrana prirody/Nature
Conservation) and in international journals, both
on forest ecology and conservation biology (e.g.
iForest Biogeosciences and Forestry).
In total, eight staff members of the Jizerské

hory/Jizera Mts. Protected Landscape Area
Administration and five nature guards/rangers deal
to various extents with the proposed component
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5.g.5 France: Aigoual (FR-AIGO-01)
Cooperation with research institutions The reserve is dedicated primarily as a protected

area for research purposes. However, the
Cooperation is mainly developed through the ‘Exceptional Forest’ label is an opportunity to
naturalist networks of the National Forest Office develop shared governance of the forest with local
(ONF). Cooperation with the Cevennes National stakeholders.
Park also plays an important role, even if the park
is not considered a research institution per se. The
Brèze Reserve has been involved in the national
Forest Management, Naturalness and Biodiversity
programme (called GNB) led by the National
Research Institute of Science and Technology for
the Environment and Agriculture (IRSTEA).
Publications
The biological strict reserve does not have any

means of its own. Communication is ensured
on a national scale by the National Forest Office
(https://www.onf.fr/onf/lonf-agit/+/27a::reserves-
biologiques-des-espaces-naturels-remarquables-
en-foret-publique.html).
Staff involved in the management of the biological

strict reserve benefit from continuing education
opportunities offered to all National Forest Office
staff, from general to specialised knowledge
training (especially for naturalist networks).
Citizen participation
Citizen participation is expected on a participatory

basis during public consultations, for the
implementation of biological reserves management
plans as well as for forest management. Beyond the
legal framework, there are no specific measures for
citizen participation in the day-to-day management
of the reserve.
266
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2. DESCRIPTION
5.g.6 France: Chapitre (FR-CHAP-01)
Cooperation with research institutions management. Beyond the legal framework, there
are no specific measures for citizen participation in
Cooperation is mainly developed through the the day-to-day management of the reserve.
naturalist networks of the National Forest Office.
The reserve remains dedicated primarily as a
The Chapitre Forest was the site of an important protected area for research purposes.
multidisciplinary programme of GIP ECOFOR at the
end of the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s. At
the same time, the Gap-Chaudun forest was one of
the study sites of a LIFE project on forest biocultural
heritage. Today the forest is part of several national
standardised monitoring programmes, inventories
are carried out by the naturalist network of the
National Forest Office.
Publications

means of its own. Communication is ensured on
a national scale by the National Forest Office. All
naturalist data are published in the Nature Heritage
National Inventory (French Biodiversity Agency and
National Museum of Natural History).
Staff involved in the management of the Biological

Strict Reserve benefit from continuing education
staff, more or less general or specialised (especially
for naturalist networks).

basis during public consultations, in particular
for the implementation of biological reserves
management plans as well as for forest
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5.g.7 France: Chizé (FR-CHIZ-01, -02
Cooperation with research institutions The reserve remains dedicated primarily as a

protected area for research purposes, the network
In general, cooperations for research purposes of paths or small forest roads inherited from
are done through the naturalistic networks of the former hunting reserve is to be preserved,
the National Forest Office. Since its creation, the the two subcomponents are not crossed by any
Sylve d’Argenson Reserve has benefited from its infrastructure of this type.
cooperation with local teams of ONCFS and CNRS
(specialised in the study of wildlife).
In addition, Sylve d’Argenson Reserve was involved

in the national programme Forest Management,
Naturalness, Biodiversity (GNB) led by the National
Institute for Research in Science and Technology
for the Environment and Agriculture (IRSTEA).
Publications

Staff involved in the management of the Biological

Strict Reserve benefit from continuing education
Public access to the Sylve d’Argenson Reserve

is possible under supervision, guided tours
are operated by Zoodysée, which supervises
communication to the public (https://www.
zoodyssee.fr/decouvrir-le-parc/foret-de-chize/).
268
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
5.g.8 France: Fontainebleau

(FR-FONT-01)
Cooperation with research institutions implementation of biological reserves management

The biological reserves of the Fontainebleau Forest legal framework, there are no specific measures for
have long been the subject of numerous scientific citizen participation in the day-to-day management
studies. Recently, they have been involved in the of the reserve.
programme Forest Management, Naturalness,
Biodiversity (GNB) led by the National Research The reserve is dedicated primarily as a protected
Institute of Science and Technology for the area for research purposes. However, the
Environment and Agriculture (IRSTEA). ‘Exceptional Forest’ label is an opportunity to
develop shared governance of the forest.
Cooperations are also developed through the
naturalist networks of the National Forest Office
(ONF).
Many studies and inventories were carried out in

the 1990s and early 2000s to extend the biological
reserves network.
Publications



basis during public consultations, for the
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5.g.9 France: Grand Ventron

(FR-GRAN-01)
Cooperation with research institutions Capacity building and training for the staff
Many partnerships exist with the Universities of The Regional Scientific Council of the Natural
Strasbourg, Nancy-Metz and Franche-Comté for Heritage of the Great East advises the manager
academic work and theses. A new partnership on the orientations and the relevance of the
is being formed with the University of Franche- management of the reserve. The Nature Reserves
Comté to study the environmental history of the National Network provides professional support
natural environments of the reserve. and training on scientific knowledge and legal
procedures, education on the environment,
The reserve participates in several regional and sustainable development (700 professionals over
national networks: 350 reserves nationally). The French Biodiversity
- the Atmo Grand Est network on the Agency offers specialised training for the
characterization of air quality by bio-indicators, in management of protected areas.
particular lichens Citizen participation
- the programme Forest Management, Naturalness, At least one on-site participatory initiative has been
Biodiversity brings together 3 French component organised each year in the reserve since 2012, with
parts: Grand Ventron, Sylve d’Argenson and the participation of middle school students and
Fontainebleau members of associations. The initiative, which
- the national observation and monitoring network is a great success, raises awareness about the
of the ‘Observatory of Sentinel Forests’ (OFS, 2018– management of ecosystems on the reserve.
2021). Capitalizing on the data and experiences The Nature Initiation Centre is located near the
gained (PSDRF, 2005–2018 see section 6), the reserve. It offers exhibitions, animations, thematic
OFS will create standardised tools for knowledge conferences on natural environments/species.
and management and produce reliable data for The association participates in public awareness
research and forestry strategies. actions.
Publications
The Reserve has its own website, a “management

plan” brochure for the public, several leaflets
“Winter route recommendations” and “Carnet de
la Réserve Naturelle du Massif du Grand Ventron”,
a biodiversity bag.
270
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
5.g.10 France: Massane

(FR-MASS-01)
Cooperation with research institutions sorting of Hymenoptera, lichens etc.). Trainings

are approved and funded by the French Agency of
The Arago Laboratory in Banyuls/mer was Biodiversity.
established in 1882 (currently entitled Ocean
Observatory of Banyuls). Since this time researchers The reserve is involved in postgraduate and
have been invited to work on site. The forest graduate trainings at different universities in France
was protected in 1973, emphasising the research and as a partner of the annual Ecomed workshop in
purpose of protecting this old-growth forest. Banyuls/Mer.
Research has never ceased on the site, covering all
fields from cultural to ecological and naturalistic Citizen participation
studies. For twenty years, the reserve has worked Numerous radio and television broadcasts, in
closely with some research teams, building long- particular with Gilles Boeuf, president of the
lasting partnerships (OOB, INRA, CNRS, ISEM, management team, who is very involved in raising
UPVD and many renown scientists). The reserve is awareness for the need to protect biodiversity.
involved in many networks (NWA, WWF, Medforval
etc.) and is engaged in research consortia on The reserve is very involved in the process of
important programmes (Beechgenome, Poctefa territorial charters for biodiversity conservation,
alberapastura, Medforval etc.) building a network of old-growth natural forests of
a minimum size of 20 ha.
More than 100 scientific partners contributed to
the last management evaluation of the reserve.
Publications
The reserve publishes its own magazine with more

than 100 issues up to now.
All scientific contributions and publications can

be downloaded from the reserve’s website (5,539
visits, 10 countries): Http://www.rnnmassane.fr/.
Two travelling exhibits on biodiversity conservation

were produced in 2019.
The reserve provides naturalist trainings on various

scientific and naturalist knowledge (hoverflies,
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5.g.11 France: Py-Pas de Rotja

(FR-PYPA-01)
Cooperation with research institutions knowledge and legal procedures, education on

the environment, sustainable development (700
Cooperation with research institutions are made professionals over 350 reserves nationally). The
through the Reserves Catalanes and/or National French Biodiversity Agency offers specialised
Reserves networks. training for the management of protected areas.
Publications Citizen participation
The biological strict reserve does not have any Public concertation is conducted with all main
means of its own. Communication is ensured on a stakeholders, especially shepherds using pasture
regional scale by the Reserves Catalanes Network: meadows around the component.
http://www.catalanes.espaces-naturels.fr/.
The Nature Reserves National Network provides

professional support and training on scientific
272
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2. DESCRIPTION
5.g.12 France: Sainte-Baume

(FR-SABA-01)
The forest of Sainte-Baume has been studied by Citizen participation is expected on a participatory
scientists from various institutions for a long time, basis during public consultations, in particular
in particular: Provence University, the Museum of for the implementation of biological reserves
Natural History in Marseille, the National Institute management plans as well as for forest
of Agricultural Research (INRA) and the Forest management. Beyond the legal framework, there
Genetic Resources Commission (MTRC). are no specific measures for citizen participation in
the day-to-day management of the reserve.
Collaboration with research institutions is also
carried out via the naturalist networks of the The reserve remains dedicated primarily as a
National Forest Office. protected area for research purposes.
Other actors involved on the site (within the

framework of the biological reserve or Natura 2000)
are: the Office for the Insects and their Environment
(OPIE), the Chiroptera Group of Provence (GCP),
the Nature Areas Conservatory (CEN) of Provence-
Alpes Côte d’Azur, the National Mediterranean
Botanical Conservatory, the Entomological Studies
Mediterranean Group (GEEM) and others.
Publications
The biological reserve does not have any means of

its own. Communication is ensured on a national
scale by the National Forest Office. All naturalist
data are published in the Nature Heritage National
Inventory (French Biodiversity Agency and National
Museum of Natural History).
Staff involved in the management of the

biological reserve benefit from continuing training
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5.g.13 France: Saint-Pe-de-Bigorre

(FR-SAPE-01)
Cooperation with research institutions
Cooperation is mainly developed through the

naturalist networks of the National Forest Office.
Scientific partners (at various levels and fluctuating
over time) include: the expert group of the old
Pyrenean forests, ONCFS (National Agency for
wildlife), the National Botanical Conservatory of
the Pyrenees and Midi-Pyrenees, the Chiroptera
Group of the Midi-Pyrenees, the Bird Protection
League etc.
Publications

means of its own. Communication is ensured on
a national scale by the National Forest Office. All
naturalist data are published in the Nature Heritage
National Inventory (French Biodiversity Agency and
National Museum of Natural History).


basis during public consultations, in particular for the
implementation of biological reserve management
legal framework, there are no specific measures for
citizen participation in the day-to-day management
of the Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre reserve.
274
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
5.g.14 Italy: Foresta Umbra

(IT-FUMB-01*)
The research projects within the National Park are

almost exclusively conducted with universities,
such as the universities of Bari, Foggia and Viterbo.
The Italian Institute for environmental protection
and research (ISPRA) has been involved in genetic
analyses of the wolf population. The park is certified
EMAS, which requires for its annual confirmation a
report on the realised studies and research.
Publications
Research results are publicized through a dedicated

section of the National Park’s website, and using
social networks. Essays related to specific research
topics are also printed. The park can organise
or participate in conferences to disseminate the
results of research within its territory.
The National Park’s personnel is periodically trained

through specific courses on important topics (e.g.
wolf monitoring), organised by itself or by other
institutions, such as the Ministry of Environment,
the region and others.
Citizens can attend free events/conferences

organised by the National Park to disseminate
the research results. The park has a specific office
which is responsible for interactions with citizens.
The park can inform and interact with citizens even
through social networks. In the Community of the
Park, representatives of the citizens (mayors of the
municipalities which fall within park limits) can
interact with the park’s administration.
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5.g.15 Italy: Pollino National Park

(IT-POLL-01, 02)
The park cooperates with many research Citizens are invited to participate in the park’s
institutions on a variety of different research topics, activities through open seminars or technical
such as: ‘Germoplasm conservation of Bosnian meetings with stakeholders. Citizens of local
pine’ (University of Florence) Dencroecological communities are represented by the so-called
study of beech and Heldreich’s pine (University Community of the Park, which includes the mayors
of Tuscia); ‘Constitution of an old-growth forests of the 56 municipalities of the park. It can be
network (coordinated by the Interuniversity Centre consulted for specific needs and cooperates on
for Biodiversity, Phytosociology and Landscape the Economic Development Plan of the park. On
Ecology of Rome); or the LIFE Project MAKING specific topics, the park can address the interested
GOOD NATURA (coordinated by the Interuniversity stakeholders directly, through a public consultation.
Consortium for Socioeconomic and Environmental
Research, University of Molise). The park has
limited resources to perform field research with its
own personnel and focuses on monitoring priority
animal species like the wolf and the otter.
Publications
The park doesn’t possess a dedicated journal to

publish the main results of its activities, but it has a
specific section on its website (www.parcopollino.
gov.it) dedicated to disseminating the results of
research activities.
The park annually organises courses/seminars for

its personnel about administration jurisprudence,
environmental protection and protected areas
management. Also, park personnel working on
different topics can attend seminars/workshops
organised by other institutions. The park holds free
courses and seminars on its activities to inform the
community and schools within its area.
276
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
5.g.16 Italy: Valle Infernale

(IT-VALL-01)
The park cooperates with several research The park annually organises courses/seminars for
institutions, including (but not limited to) the its personnel about administration jurisprudence,
universities of Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Messina, environmental protection and protected areas
Tuscia, Florence and Molise; the Interuniversity management. Also, park personnel working on
Centre for Biodiversity, Phytosociology and different topics can attend seminars/workshops
Landscape Ecology; and ISPRA. With its personnel, organised by other institutions. The park offers free
expertise and/or financial contributions, the courses and seminars on its activities to inform the
park promotes research activities, including communities and the schools in the area.
undergraduate and PhD programmes, around the
following strategic lines of inquiry: Citizen participation
• Mapping, monitoring and restoration of Citizens are invited to participate in the park’s
threatened species, habitats and populations; activities through open seminars or technical
meetings with stakeholders. Citizens of local
• Long-term monitoring of bird migrations communities are represented by the so-called
through the Messina strait; Community of the Park, which includes the mayors
of the 37 municipalities of the park. It can be
• Conservation genetics of threatened and consulted for specific needs and cooperates on
narrowly endemic vertebrate species; the Economic Development Plan of the Park. On
• DNA barcoding of cryptic freshwater specific topics, the park can address the interested
macroinvertebrates of conservation and stakeholders directly, through public consultation.
biomonitoring importance;
• Veterinary parasitology and ecotoxicology of

large mammals and freshwater fishes of socio-
economic importance;
• Monitoring of old-growth forests network.
Publications
The park has a specific section on its website

(http://www.parcoaspromonte.gov.it/studi-e-
ricerche/) dedicated to disseminating the results of
research activities.
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5.g.17 Montenegro: Biogradska

Gora (ME-BIOG-01, 02)
NP Biogradska Gora, as an organisational unit of In the five-year management plan and the annual
the Public Enterprise for National Parks, cooperates work programmes for the NP Biogradska Gora,
with a number of national and international the training programmes for NP staff is laid out.
scientific institutions as well as non-governmental Particular attention is paid to the training and
organisations dealing with nature protection. improvement of the work of the ranger service.
Among the organisations are the following: In addition, employees of the Departments for
Museum of Natural History of Montenegro, Faculty the Protection of Natural and Cultural Heritage
of Natural Science (University of Montenegro), and Sustainable Development as well as the
Institute of Forestry A.D. - Podgorica, Agency for Department for Promotion, Education and Tourism
Nature and Environmental Protection, Faculty of attend various seminars and workshops to improve
Biology (University of Belgrade, Serbia), IUCN, their work.
WWF, NGO CZIP (Centre for the Protection and
Study of Birds), NGO Park Dinarides (Network of Citizen participation
Protected Areas of the Dinarides) and others. In 2017, the Socio-Economic Council of the NP
The staff of the Public Enterprise NP Montenegro Biogradska Gora was formed as an advisory body,
participates, promotes or supports the realization in which, in addition to the representatives of the
of various projects and research activities in the Public Enterprise National Parks, representatives of
park area. Particular attention has been paid to the local authorities, relevant inspection bodies, local
study of forest vegetation, large mammals, bats communities, hunter and fishermen’s associations,
and birds. local communities, as well as representatives of the
tourism industry actively participate. The activities
Publications of the representatives of the council is linked to the
National Park.
On the website nparkovi.me information on the NP
can be found. The national parks of Montenegro
are present on the following social media channels:
• facebook.com/Nparkovi/
• YouTube: youtube.com/channel/
UC4EWG_4OQ0_qDY8oIKyuljA
• and via the Android application ‘National

Parks of Montengro’.
278
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
5.g.18 North Macedonia: Dlaboka

Reka (MN-DLAB-01)
In order to provide complex scientific research

studies, Mavrovo NP collaborates with the
Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning,
the Department for Nature, the University St.Cyril
and Methodius in Skopje (Faculty of Forestry and
Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics).
Publications
The NP does not publish any publications, except

for some tourist leaflets and the monograph for its
anniversary.
But there are scientific papers related to the

biodiversity and some diploma theses from the
students of UKIM Faculty of Forestry and Institute
for Biology.
The main focus of capacity building was on training

employees on environmental policy (especially
Natura 2000) and on equipping tour guides.
The rangers also participated in many workshops in

order to gain more knowledge and skills for forest
protection. The same is true of tour guides.
Due to the fact that NP Mavrovo occupies about

93% of the territory of municipality Mavrovo-
Rostusha, there are a lot of cultural and sporting
events where they cooperate. The fact that 10
members of the local population are educated as
tour guides shows that they cooperate well. Also,
the NP organises workshops and other events for
the local population, such as collecting NWFP etc.
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5.g.19 Poland: Bieszczady

(PL-BIES-01, -02, -03, -04)
Bieszczady National Park, like other Polish national

parks, has a scientific council consisting of 20
specialists representing a variety of scientific areas.
In the park, including the nominated forests, with
the approval of the park director some scientific
research, undertaken by scientists from external
scientific institutions is conducted. Annually there
are about 30–40 different research studies which
are conducted. These studies cannot harm wildlife.
The park also has its own research laboratory aimed
primarily at the monitoring of natural resources.
Publications
Bieszczady National Park issues two series of

scientific publications:
‘Annals of Bieszczady’ issued every year since 1992

(27 volumes) and ‘Monographs of Bieszczady’ (16
volumes). In addition, the park has issued so far
dozens of publications of a popular character.
The park organises regular training for employees

on various fields of nature as well as organisational
and legal issues. Training also includes the use of
new technologies. In addition, employees of the
park, depending on their function, participate in
various external trainings.
Representatives of local communities participate in

the Scientific Council of Bieszczady National Park,
which is an advisory body to the director of the
park.
280
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
5.g.20 Serbia: Fruška Gora - Papratski

do i Ravne (RS-FRUS-01, -02)
Cooperation with research institutions sustainable tourism development, seminars on

forest protection, management and planning etc.
Fruška Gora NP has been thoroughly researched, Recently, the staff was involved in trainings and
due to its exceptional biodiversity, accessibility workshops within the WWF project ‘Protected
and location just outside Novi Sad and an hour Areas for Nature and People’.
drive from Belgrade, one of the main research
centres in Serbia. In recent years, there has been Citizen participation
active collaboration with the following institutions:
Faculty of Biology. University of Belgrade; Faculty In February 2019 the Board of Protected Area Users
of Forestry, University of Belgrade; Department for was established with 10 members representing
Biology and Ecology and Faculty of Natural Sciences, some of the main stakeholders of the park and
University of Novi Sad; Institute of Lowland outside of the park area, including Municipalities
Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad; of Sremska Mitrovica and Irig, the Mountaineering
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad; Association ‘Železničar’ from Novi Sad, the
Institute for Biological Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, Beekeeper Association ‘Jovan Živanović’ from
University of Belgrade; and Institute of Forests Novi Sad, the Tourism Organisation of Vojvodina
and Forestry, University of Belgrade. Managers Province etc.
are predominantly trained foresters, so the forest
management and monitoring are conducted by the
staff. In addition, there is a biologist employed, who
is responsible for monitoring different organisms,
but is predominately researching fungi.
Publications
Many scientific papers and research theses

have been produced for Fruška Gora NP. Several
thematic monographs have been published by
now, alongside a wide range of promotional and
educational publications, pamphlets, hiking maps
etc.
Employees have many opportunities for attending

organised trainings for rangers, educational
workshops on protected area management and
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5.g.21 Serbia: Kopaonik - Kozje stene

(RS-KOPA-01)
Due to the significance of Kopaonik NP and The management staff has many opportunities for
its research opportunities, the managers have trainings and educational workshops on protected
an active collaboration with several research area management, monitoring of protected
institutions in the country: Faculty of Biology, species, forestry planning, management and
University of Belgrade; Faculty of Forestry, protection, sustainable tourism development and
University of Belgrade (UoB); Institute of Forests ecosystem services. As the establishment of the
and Forestry, UoB; Institute for Biological Research, Board of Protected Area Users is an obligation set
‘Siniša Stanković’, UoB; Institute of Lowland by the Law on National Parks (2015), WWF has
Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad; organised workshops for the managers of Serbian
Faculty of Agriculture, UoB; Faculty of Natural National Parks about the Board’s role and how it
Sciences, University of Kragujevac; Faculty of functions.
Natural Sciences, University of Niš; Geographical
Institute ‘Jovan Cvijić’ Serbian Academy of Sciences Citizen participation
and Arts; Natural History Museum in Belgrade; and There is an ongoing collaboration of the managers
the Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia. and the other stakeholders in the park, including
Managers are predominantly trained foresters, the municipalities of Raška and Brus, PE ‘Skijališta
so the forest management and monitoring is Srbije’, hiking and mountaineering clubs and
conducted by the staff. The monitoring priorities organisations, mushrooming societies, organised
are spruce and fir forests in Level I Protection gatherers of the natural products, tourism
Regime localities Jankove bare, Samokovska reka organisations etc. The process for the establishment
and Vučak, where the forest drying process has of the Board of Protected Area Users is ongoing,
been ongoing since 2012. with expectations to be done by 2020.
Publications
Many scientific papers and research theses have

been produced for Kopaonik NP. Several books
have been published, along with a wide range
of promotional and educational publications,
pamphlets, hiking maps, guides etc. The results
of the last 7 years of butterfly monitoring will be
published in 2020 by the managers.
282
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
5.g.22 Serbia: Tara - Zvezda i Rača

(RS-TARA-01, -02)
In accordance with the significance of Tara NP The management staff has attended trainings
and its research opportunities, the managers and educational workshops on protected area
have an active collaboration with several research management, monitoring of protected species,
institutions in the country: Faculty of Biology, forestry planning, management and protection,
University of Belgrade; Faculty of Forestry, sustainable tourism development and ecosystem
UoB; Faculty of Agriculture, UoB; Institute of services. Capacity building for the tour-guiding
Forests and Forestry, UoB; Institute for Biological rangers includes development of interactive
Research ‘Siniša Stanković’, UoB; Institute of thematic informative programmes for both
Lowland Forestry and Environment, University national and international tourists.
of Novi Sad; Geographical Institute ‘Jovan Cvijić’;
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts; Natural Citizen participation
History Museum in Belgrade; and the Institute In November 2018 the Board of Protected Area
for Nature Conservation of Serbia. Managers are Users was established. Currently, it consists of 14
predominantly trained foresters, so the forest members and several meetings were held in 2019.
management and monitoring is conducted by the Members of the board represent some of the main
staff. The monitoring priorities are Serbian spruce stakeholders of the park, including Municipality
and its habitats, but also the forest drying process Bajina Bašta and local communities, the Sport and
and harmful insects monitoring, especially of bark Tourism Centre in Bajina Bašta, the Hiking Club
beetles (Scolytinae). Other kinds of monitoring Tara, the Rača Monastery, the Hydro powerplant
are conducted in collaboration with research Bajina Bašta, as well as agricultural, hunting and
institutions, primarily the Faculty of Biology, UoB. crafts organisations.
Publications
Many scientific papers and research theses have

been produced for Tara NP. Several books have been
published, along with a wide range of promotional
and educational publications, pamphlets, hiking
maps etc. In 2020 a monograph on Tara NP will be
prepared with the Institute for Nature Conservation
of Serbia.
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5.g.23 Slovakia: Poloniny

(SK-POLO-01, -02, -03, -04*)
Although the role of the Poloniny National Park Personnel of the Poloniny National Park consistently
Administration is not aimed at scientific research, increases its knowledge and experience. It is partly
the staff is engaged in monitoring and research done by autodidactic or internal learning sessions
activities and participates in the publishing of and partly by participating in various courses
research results. The area of the cluster Poloniny or trainings. Some of them are external and
and the whole National Park attract a lot of some of them are organised by the State Nature
scientific institutes or universities, thanks to their Conservancy of the Slovak Republic. There are also
values. Despite the fact that this region is situated regular meetings of rangers from all protected
in a remote area in the eastern part of the country areas in Slovakia which are also fruitful.
in the north-eastern corner of Slovakia, often at
great distance from their seats, the number of Citizen participation
institutions which have conducted research here The World Heritage property does not have any
is rather high. Also students conduct research for cooperative body established at present, where
their theses related to this area. the citizens could participate. The cluster Poloniny
The inventory of flora, fungi, avifauna and some is also a part of East Carpathians Transboundary
invertebrate taxa and also the assessment of Biosphere Reserve (TBR), which has the Slovak
species was done. A basic survey of the flora and Coordination Council as a consultative advisory
phytosociology has been completed. Important body. Mayors of local municipalities are involved as
forestry research has also been undertaken. stakeholders on this council.
There are permanent research plots to study the
structure and dynamics of beech and fir-beech
primeval forests.
Publications
Results from some elementary research focused

on the collection of information and knowledge
mostly of specific groups of plants and animals were
published by the administration of the Poloniny NP
in six monographs. Some results were published by
researchers in scientific journals.
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5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
5.g.24 Slovakia: Vihorlat

(SK-VIHO-01, -02*)
Cooperation with research institutions management plan, they will be involved directly in
concrete activities.
The Vihorlat Protected Landscape Area cooperates
with many research institutions (Východoslovenské
múzeum/Eastern Slovakia Museum, Zemplínske
múzeum/Zemplín Museum, Slovak Academy of
Sciences, municipalities, districts, governmental
authorities, NGOs) and universities (Prešovská
univerzita v Prešove/University of Prešov, Univerzita
Komenského/Comenius University, Univerzita
Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach/University of
Pavol Jozef Šafárik in Košice). The results of studies
are published in scientific journals. The results of
monitoring and research activities are continuously
collected at the Vihorlat Protected Landscape Area
Administration.
Publications
The results of research activities are published in

scientific journals, local media and their websites,
and also on the Vihorlat Protected Landscape Area
website (http://chkovihorlat.sopsr.sk/).
The members of staff take part in training courses

annually. They also participate in courses or
seminars organised by NGOs. All employees except
rangers have a university degree.
Citizens are not currently involved in any activities.

They will be actively (discussion, consultations,
meetings) involved in the preparation process of
the management plan for the Vihorlat Protected
Landscape Area. During implementation of the
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5.h Visitor facilities and an efficient, target-group oriented and successful

presentation and experience of the property and
infrastructure its OUV without requiring larger investments.
Experienced professionals allow for an optimal
Environmental education and a nature-sound presentation of the property to visitors and a
experience of nature is possible in most of the professional integration into the visitor offer of
nominated component parts. Visitor facilities are protected areas.
located outside.
The nominated component parts are mostly
embedded in larger protected areas, which
National parks, nature parks, protected landscapes have the explicit task to carry out environmental
and biological and biosphere reserves are held in education and provide offers for recreation and
high esteem by recreation seekers and tourists. experiencing nature. Most component parts
Travellers increasingly consider ‘experiencing dispose of a wide range of different visitor facilities
nature’ an important holiday motivation and infrastructures. However, these are usually
(Forschungsgemeinschaft Urlaub und Reisen e.V. located in the surroundings of the component
– travel analysis 2007). Thus, many protected parts or in the buffer zones. In the nominated
areas offer a broad range of guided tours, trails area of the component parts, only marked hiking
and visitor facilities to provide an opportunity to trails and disperse shelters exist. Visitor facilities
get to know and learn to appreciate outstanding to accommodate for larger visitor numbers are
natural values. Given the motivations of visitors of located outside of the nominated component
protected areas e.g. to experience nature, they are parts. Consequently, visitor management usually
also amongst the key target groups for experiencing also deals with the entire protected area as such
the European ancient or primeval beech forests. and is able to address the specific requirements for
conservation with regard to wilderness and visitors
Existing visitor facilities and offers in and around
in a greater context.
the component parts create a unique synergy for
Table 61: Total number of visitors Total number of

Number of visi- Component
ID Total number of visitors per year on guided tours per individual visitors
tors in the nomi- Part/Cluster
year per year
nated component The biggest group was in 2012, as part of
parts (n.a. = data the jubilee conference on the occasion Since the re-establishment of
not available) of 20 years of the Faculty of Forestry in the property, there were on
BH-JANJ-01 Prašuma Janj
Banja Luka – there were ~100 scientist average 1–4 tours per year,
(two buses) from 24 countries on the with 20-30 visitors in group.
property, plus TV-crew members.
Forêt de la
CH-BETT-01 5,000 100 5,100
Bettlachstock
Valli di Lodano,
Busai and
CH-LODA-01 2,900 100 3,000
Soladino Forest
Reserves
CZ-JIZE-01 Jizera Mountains 150,000 n/a 150,000
The reserve is located 2 km from the
summit of Aigoual, which attracts
some visitors from May to September. There are no guided tours Only pedestrians.
FR-AIGO-01 Aigoual Nevertheless, the reserve itself is not organised in the reserve (no Number of visitors is not
affected by numerous visitors due to secure access). available.
being offset from hiking trails and other
access routes.
Some guided tours are
organised by the National
Visitors can only access the reserve by Forest Office, and walk in the
following the GR93 hiking trail in lower reserve along the GR93 which Number of visitors is not
FR-CHAP-01 Chapitre
parts of the forest along the Petit-Buëch is the only public access. available.
river. Number of visitors is not available. Tours are organised from May
to September for about 200
visitors per year.
Overall attendance is limited
due to limited access to
Visitors are allowed in the reserve the reserve. The number
only on guided tours operated and of visitors on guided tours No visitors are allowed
FR-CHIZ-01,
Chizé supervised by the Zoorama association. in the reserve is several except on planned and
-02
Total attendance is estimated to several thousands over the 2,579 ha organised guided tours.
thousands per year. of the reserve (nominated
component and protection
buffer sub-zone included).
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5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
Total number of visitors Total number of

Component
Part/Cluster
year per year
Minimum estimate of
attendance over the
forest is 3,420,000 visits,
maximum estimate
Data available give an overall attendance Guided tours attendance is
is 10,330,000 visits
estimate of 10,330,000 visitors per year estimated around 37% of the
per year. There is no
FR-FONT-01 Fontainebleau over the entire Fontainebleau forest. total attendance over the
data available on the
Attendance is concentrated on weekends entire Fontainebleau Forest
component itself,
during which 50% of visits take place. (about 4 million per year).
although the reserve is
located away from the
main accessible and
visited areas.
About 10,000 visitors
The number of visitors
The number of visitors to the reserve is are entering the
discovering the reserve on
FR-GRAN-01 Grand Ventron estimated at about 10,000 hikers (stable reserve, not all of
organised tours is estimated
visitor attendance over the last 15 years). them are entering the
to about 250 people per year.
component.
The reserve organised 37
35,000 visitors visit the area every year guided tours mainly for
with two main attraction sites, the GR10 specialised audiences (nature Main sites of attraction
hiking trail and the Massane Tower conservation associations, are located outside
FR-MASS-01 Massane ,both located outside the reserve. Very forest professionals, students the reserve, very few
few visitors enter the reserve, there is in ecology or forestry visitors enter the
no marked trail crossing the protected curricula). Organised tours reserve.
forest. account for about 3,000
visitors per year.
FR-PYPA-01 Py-Pas de Rotja Only 50 to 100 visitors per year. None 100 per year.
The entire Sainte-Baume forest is visited
About 200,000 visitors
every year by 500,000 people. According
cross the reserve (and
to data from the Forest Visitorship
FR-SABA-01 Sainte-Baume No data available. the component) every
Observatory, less than half of the total
year along two paths,
number of visitors visit the reserve,
which cross the reserve.
mainly from March to November.
About 150 visitors. Guided
tours are organised by the
Only pedestrians along the two main
Saint-Pé-de- Tourist Office. Visits are
FR-SAPE-01 hiking trails cross the reserve. Number of
Bigorre supervised by mountain
visitors is not available.
guides of the Hautes-Pyrénées
during the summer season.
IT-FUMB-01* Foresta Umbra 67,000 7,000 74,000
Pollino National
IT-POLL-01, 02 140,000 50,000 90,000
Park
IT-VALL-01 Valle Infernale 392,291 Data not available Data not available
no data, this
ME-BIOG-01, no data, this differentiation is
Biogradska Gora 27,968 differentiation is not
02 not made
made
MN-DLAB-01 Dlaboka Reka 4,600 3,600 1,000
100,000 (including 500,000 (including
600,000 (including approximately 60
PL-BIES-01, approximately 75,000 visitors approximately 53,000
Bieszczady thousand visitors in the area of the
-02, -03, -04 in the area of the component visitors in the area of
component part)
part) the component part)
There is no estimated
number of individual
visitors, but individual
It is estimated that Fruška gora NP has
visitors hold a significant
280,000 visitors annually. Beside said Guided tours are numerous,
percentage of total
Fruška Gora - number, it should be noted that a local including the ones organised
RS-FRUS-01, number of visitors.
Papratski do i road passes through the park, across the by the managers, but the
-02 Local manifestations
Ravne main ridge, with relatively high traffic. exact number of visitors is
organised by the
The road does not cross the component unknown.
managers or local
parts.
stakeholders attract a
great number of visitors
every year.
Since 2017, on entry
check-points on
In 2018, 850 visitors of three access roads
Kopaonik NP have been on to Kopaonik NP the
In 2018, the number of domestic visitors
guided tours by the managers, managers charged
of Kopaonik touristic centre was 105,760,
81 of which visited Kozje stene an entry fee for all
Kopaonik - Kozje with 423,999 nights spent at tourist
RS-KOPA-01 locality. Additionally, summer motor vehicles and
stene accommodations, while the foreign
schools and educational monitored the number
tourist number was 26,320 with 111,595
programmes for 390 primary of visitors. In 2018,
nights spent at tourist accommodations.
school kids were co-organised 76,900 cars, 9,228 vans
by the managers. and 1,440 buses and
freight vehicles visited
Kopaonik NP.
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Total number of visitors Total number of

Component
Part/Cluster
year per year
In 2018, around 40,000
Estimated annual number of Tara NP visitors have visited Tara
Number of individual
visitors is around 200,000. Positioning of NP on tours guided by
RS-TARA-01, Tara - Zvezda i visitors of Tara NP in
entry check-points on the main access tourist organisations and
-02 Rača 2018 has been around
roads will provide more precise data in around 10,000 have been
160,000.
the future. accompanied and guided by
the managers.
No statistical surveys were done. There is
no entrance fee for the visitors into the
Poloniny National Park, therefore there
SK-POLO-01,
Poloniny are no exact data about the number of No such data Approximately 20,000
-02, -03, -04*
visitors. It is only possible to estimate
that the number of tourists is ca 20,000
per year.
SK-VIHO-01,
Vihorlat 40,000 8,000 32,000
-02*
5.h.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina: for the increasing needs of tourism and must be
eliminated.
Description of visitor management 5.h.2 Switzerland: Forêt de la
Most visitors to the Janj property come by field Bettlachstock (CH-BETT-01)
van, formerly a Forest Enterprise bus. The reason is
the rather poor truck forest roads that connects to Description of visitor management
the property from three directions. Parking is the
The Bettlachstock is accessible by public
easiest and most common at the entrance to the
transportation. The nominated area is only a
core.
few kilometres away from the villages Bettlach
Group visits are previously arranged with the and Selzach and the city of Grenchen, which
management, which organises it through the are accessible by bus and train. Public bus lines
department. There are several trails and forest bring visitors from Grenchen via the western
paths that allow the visitors to enter the wilderness edge of the core zone (Bättlerchuchi, 956 m) to
individually. Untergrenchenberg (1,299 m a.s.l.) about one
kilometre west of the nominated area or from
The primary goal of wildlife conservation is to Bettlach to the edge of the forest below the
enable natural processes in the area without nominated area. Two public roads lead to the
any human disturbance. However, to increase mountain restaurants Bettlachberg and upper
awareness and understanding among visitors Brüggli. The little-used natural road on the
and the general public, it is crucial to ensure that Bettlachberg leads to the nominated area through
people can experience truly untouched nature. a rock tunnel. Visitor parking is available at the
mountain restaurants (outside the nominated
Visitor infrastructure
property), in the curve at Schauenburgschwang
There is an info board at the entrance to the core, and at the shooting range Lauacker in Bettlach.
appropriately designed and written in a popular The visitor number by car is very low. About one
but professional language. Another table is a little kilometre northeast of the core zone, a nature friend
further, halfway through the property. There is house offers simple accommodation for up to 60
also a small lovely canopy, for protection against people. In the natural forest reserve Bettlachstock,
inclement weather. Some popular and ecological natural processes should be as undisturbed as
advertising material is also found in the very halls possible. At the same time, the population should
of the Forest Enterprise, in the city of Šipovo. be able to explore the area in order to experience
The latest information boards and exhibitions are original nature, and thus be sensitised to its value.
planned at the Hunting Lodge, halfway from Šipovo Guided tours of the area take place. In addition,
to the property. the forest reserve is basically freely accessible to
the public. The canton ensures by appropriate
Forest truck roads (see 4.b (v)) are generally in information and care that predominantly forest
poor condition due to the utilization of forests, trails and marked hiking trails are used.
so off-road vehicles must be used to reach the
property. Only the road to the village Ljuša is a
little better. That is undoubtedly a limiting factor
288
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
Visitor infrastructure out of them. These conditions guarantee almost no

impact on the forest ecosystem.
The official hiking trails are regularly monitored
and maintained by the association Solothurner Visitor infrastructure
Wanderwege. On request, the Forstbetrieb
Leberberg offers forest guides for schools and In Lodano there is a small information centre
interested groups. Sporadically, the cantonal that serves as an information point for visits
office for forest, hunting and fishery as well as the and excursions in the Lodano Valley, where the
department of nature and landscape of the Office aforementioned book and leaflets in 4 languages
of Spatial Planning or the citizen communities are available with a descriptive map with 4
Bettlach and Selzach organise excursions through educational itineraries, while the naturalistic
the area. However, there are no signposted hiking specificities and history of the valley are presented
trails on the Bettlachstock itself. The existing through an exhibition and a series of mini
unpaved paths and forest roads (e.g., Stockweg) documentaries. The purpose of this information
are occasionally used by local hikers. They are centre is also to increase awareness of the value of
not maintained and there is a ban on driving the forest reserve among the local population and
on forest and forest roads with motor vehicles. visitors. Given the steep slopes, the Lodano Valley
The two mountain restaurants (in the landscape offers the possibility of staying overnight at the
buffer zone) Bettlachberg and upper Brüggli are Capanna Alp da Canaa (planned for an extension,
popular destinations for excursions. In winter, the 350 overnight stays) or in two simple bivouacs
Bettlachberg mountain restaurant prepares the (Pii and Tramon); while in Valle del Soladino the
access road as a toboggan run and provides free Capanna Alzasca is available (1,200 overnight stays
sledges. per year). All structures are located in the landscape
buffer zone and are accessible only by foot. It is
planned to upgrade the Lodano information centre
5.h.3 Switzerland: Valli di Lodano, to serve as a visitor centre for the entire nominated
Busai and Soladino Forest component part after the inscription. The creation
Description of visitor management
People interested in visiting the Lodano Valley
or the Busai and Soladino Valleys arrive at the
villages of Lodano or Someo by car (parking lots
are available) or by public transportation (bus). The
visit of these valleys takes place on mountain trails,
managed by the Regional Tourist Organisation and
the Municipalities. For the Lodano Valley 4 thematic
itineraries have been developed that allow the
visitors to discover the nature and history of the
valley, while for the Busai and Soladino Valleys the
thematic itineraries are in the planning phase. In
the Lodano Valley, two guided tours per year are
also offered and a trained guide is available for
guided tours, a concept that will be repeated in a
similar way also for the Busai and Soladino Valleys.
Furthermore, the Cantonal Forest Section, through of a specific thematic itinerary, special leaflets, a
the District Office, offers guided hikes in the two publication, an exhibition, audiovisual material and
forest reserves. Depending on the application, a an audio guide is also envisaged.
calendar of events is planned to offer visitors the
opportunity to take guided thematic excursions
as well as attend awareness-raising events, such 5.h.4 Czech Republic: Jizera
as conferences aimed at raising awareness of the
nominated component part or environmental
education activities in collaboration with the Description of visitor management
Vallemaggia nature centre. There is no prohibition
on leaving the official paths, but the harshness and The visitors should respect the rules for National
steepness of the terrain make it very difficult to get Nature Reserve attendance set out by the Act
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No. 114/1992 on Nature Conservation and risks when entering the reserve in the absence of
Landscape Protection, as amended later. In the safety-related intervention inside the reserve.
component part and its protection zone as well
as in some parts of its landscape conservation Visitor infrastructure
buffer sub-zones, it is prohibited to step or drive There are no marked hiking trails or other
off of roads and paths marked with an approval equipment for public access in the reserve. The
of a State Nature Conservancy nature protection perimeter of the reserve is marked by information
authority; to practice mountain climbing and flying boards and markers. At the top of Mount
on parachutes and hang gliders, to ride bicycles Aigoual (outside of the reserve perimeter) is a
off of roads, local roads and places assigned for meteorological observatory inaugurated in 1894.
this purpose with an approval of a State Nature Meteorological monitoring is now automated.
Conservancy authority; to camp and light fires Inside the observatory is a museum area open to
outside of places assigned for this purpose by a the public which will be transformed by 2020 into a
State Nature Conservancy authority; and to alter centre for interpretation and awareness of climate
preserved nature in contradiction to the detailed change.
conditions of protection of the National Nature
Reserve.
5.h.6 France: Chapitre (FR-CHAP-01)
Because nature-based tourism has had a long
tradition in the Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. including Description of visitor management
the Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. Beech Forest National
Visitorship in the reserve perimeter is low and
Nature Reserve, both traditional and current tools
very limited along marked hiking trails. The Petit-
have been applied here. The fact is reflected in the
Buëch beech forest (Bois du Chapitre + Bois de
development of environmentally friendly visitor
Brouas) is crossed by the GR93 hiking trail, which
infrastructure, at the same time providing tourists
follows the bottom of the valley of the Petit
with all necessary facilities. The component part
Buëch river. Other parts of the reserve are steep,
and its buffer zones are regularly watched by
wild and inaccessible. Apart from the GR93 trail,
professional and voluntary nature guards/rangers
other rare former forest and pastoral trails were
to ensure that visitors respect the rules, to inform
intentionally not marked. They can still be useful
them on the site and assist and help them.
for in-situ research campaigns. The overall Natura
Visitor infrastructure 2000 Dévoluy - Durbon - Charance - Champsaur
around the nominated component covers an area
In the proposed component and its protection of 35,530 ha, mainly accessible only by hiking trails.
buffer sub-zone, there are 9 information labels/
tables, a tourist bench, two lookouts, four marked The management plan outside the component is
tourist paths and an educational path/nature trial. aiming at:
The tourist infrastructure in the component´s
• the absolute preservation of the quietness of
landscape conservation buffer sub-zone includes
the are
12 information labels/tables, 27 tourist road
improvement facilities (stairs, wooden paths, • the monitoring of visitor attendance: setting
little bridges), 9 tourist benches, 6 lookouts, 15 up counting cells at the main entry points
marked tourist paths and 3 educational paths/
natural trails. The information tools are regularly • examining the option of limiting access to
updated. In management of the infrastructure, guided tours only and prohibiting access to
not only the Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. Landscape individual visitors
Area Administration staff, but also volunteers
• providing information boards on the sensitive
(NGO members as well as local people) have been
nature of the Chapitre reserve and its
involved throughout the whole year.
protection status.
5.h.5 France: Aigoual (FR-AIGO-01) Visitor infrastructure
Description of visitor management During winter snow cover makes the component
hardly accessible. The only access to the reserve
The main hiking trail (GR66) is set on the other slope is the GR93 hiking trail which crosses the reserve
of the ridge line, south of the reserve. Information at its lower portion near the northern limits of the
boards around the reserve notify visitors of the reserve. Two unmarked trails still exist, they are
no longer maintained or secured, as required by
the biological strict reserve status. They are very
290
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
few visitors in the reserve. There is a forest refuge other types of access in the reserve is prohibited,
located along the hiking trail about half a kilometre forest roads are closed to the public traffic of
away from the reserve. motorized vehicles. There is no available data
on the precise number of visitors visiting the
component.
5.h.7 France: Chizé (FR-CHIZ-01, -02)
For more than fifty years, mounted patrols have
been operating along the main trails to prevent
No vehicles are allowed to enter the reserve fires, littering and plant picking in the reserve. Their
(nominated component and buffer zone included). role is to raise awareness, inform the public and to
Pedestrian visitors are only allowed in the reserve ensure regulations. Patrols are operated by the
under supervision and on guided tours. No trails National Forest Office and partners.
or forest roads are located in the component. In
the large protection buffer sub-zone, light vehicles
are allowed for research purposes and for the The limits of the reserve are marked by information
regulation of ungulates only. The GR36 footpath boards on the edge of the reserve and small
‘main hiking trail’ is the main infrastructure for boundary signs on the perimeter. The reserve is
hiking, and crosses the reserve outside the buffer crossed by a network of old forest roads, trails and
zone in the western part of the reserve. paths that are open only to pedestrians and cyclers.
One public establishment is located near the
reserve: Zoodysée is a 25 ha animal park that
presents European fauna. Property of the
department of Deux-Sèvres, the Zoodysée has
a paramount educational vocation. It receives
nearly 55,000 visitors each year, 17,000 of whom
participate in guided tours or themed events,
including visits inside the reserve.
5.h.8 France: Fontainebleau

(FR-FONT-01)
The Fontainebleau forest, located about fifty
kilometres from Paris, has a long history (since the
mid-nineteenth century) of considerable tourist
attendance, with currently more than 15 million
visits per year. As part of the ‘Fontainebleau, The Fontainebleau Forest was equipped with
Forêt d’Exception’ label, an observatory of public 13 eco-counters in 2015, one counter gave an
attendance on the massif Fontainebleau was estimate of the number of visitors entering the
launched in April 2014. Placed under the guidance reserve ranging from 750 to 2,000 visitors per day.
of the National Forest Office and the Chamber
of Commerce and Industry Seine-et-Marne, this
observatory relies on a large partnership with local 5.h.9 France: Grand Ventron
stakholders: The Fontainebleau Forest Association,
the Seine-et-Marne Tourism Board and the
(FR-GRAN-01)
Fontainebleau Tourism Board. Description of visitor management
The Gros Fouteau et Hauteurs de la Solle Reserve 15 km of trails run along or cross the component
is located away from the busiest areas of the forest through walking trails. If several forest roads allow
but is crossed by some paths and trails (see below) visitors to approach the component, none of them
open to the public. cross it.
Only pedestrians and cyclers are allowed in the Given the principle of free forest evolution and the
reserve on marked trails (the ‘Blue trails’ were preservation of the Capercaillie, the target of the
developed in the 1850s) and small forest roads. All
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nature reserve in terms of attendance is very clear. In terms of infrastructure for visitors, there are
They aim to limit and supervise sporting and/or 2 lodges and a refuge located outside of the
leisure activities (objective 8 of the management component boundaries (reception capacity : 99 for
plan) in order to encourage maximum quietness, accommodation and 240 for catering).
especially from 1 December to 30 June.
The management plan defines 3 operational 5.h.10 France: Massane

objectives: (FR-MASS-01)
• Organise attendance with the priority Description of visitor management
objective being the preservation of the site
and its tranquility Shepherds in violation of the regulations are
reprimanded. The lease of the breeder currently
• Allow visitors on the site to discover a heritage in place is renegotiated at a frequency of 9 years,
‘nature environment’ preserved in optimal the next deadline is scheduled for 2021, when it
conditions without going against the previous is renewed. The objective of this consultation will
objective be to reduce the influence of the impacts of the
• Avoid any increase in the level of attendance activity.
and the number of events or activities on site. Visitor infrastructure
Attendance and visits of the site are organised Visitors usually enter the reserve following the
according to the regulations. Only hiking on GR10 hiking trail, going from Bayonne to Banyuls/
marked trails is allowed in principle. Two to three Mer. It crosses the reserve on the ridges south of
sports events (pedestrian events) are allowed per the component. This path is the main one used in
year on the basis of very strict specifications and all seasons. A variant proposed on the maps brings
are subject to authorization by the State. the visitors to the Couloumates, where a shelter
Reception and orientation of visitors are provided (simple hut), open all year, is intended for them.
by the staff of the reserve with the support of Information boards and signs exist at the borders
the agents of the Nature Park, as well as the Club of the reserve.
Vosgien in charge of trail marking and maintenance.
Information boards within the reserve provide

5.h.11 France: Py-Pas de Rotja
guidance and information to the public on the (FR-PYPA-01)
regulation of activities.
No management is needed inside the component.
The component is bordered or crossed by 4 trails
over a cumulative length of approximately 15 Visitor infrastructure
km. One of them is the Long Distance Trail 531. Information boards and signs exist at the borders
Access to the reserve is only allowed on foot. of the reserve.
To ensure maximum tranquility for Capercaillie
and wildlife during the winter and spring period,
visitors are only allowed on marked trails, 5.h.12 France: Sainte-Baume
marking is conducted by the Club Vosgien. (FR-SABA-01)
Appropriate signage is available on site, allowing
information on the existence of a protected area Description of visitor management
and its limits (30 “regulatory” signs), guidance and
information on authorized practices in the forest (20 The Sainte-Baume national forest, its beech forest
“reception and information ”) as well as to present and therefore the biological reserve, have the
the main natural environments (educational panels): unique peculiarity of combining an exceptional
Wildenstein municipality has a reserve center level of naturalness with a remarkable religious
with documentation on natural environments and cultural heritage (the two having a shared
and protected areas, as well as a Nature history: the forest owing its preservation to being
Initiation Center for information, education a sanctuary). About 200,000 visitors cross the
and public awareness near the reserve. reserve every year.
292
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
For more than twenty years, mounted patrols have on trails and without damaging the flora and fauna.
been operating along the main trails to prevent No access is currently possible to the Falascone
fires, littering and plant picking in the reserve. Reserve. One thematic trail in the Natura 2000
They raise awareness and inform visitors. Patrols network is being developed to allow the enjoyment
are operated by the National Forest Office and of the park by handicapped people. Specific rest
partners from April to October. areas are designed for stopping and eating.
Visitor infrastructure Visitor infrastructure
Visitors mainly use three trails to cross the forest: A visitor centre is available to tourists, where there
the chemins des rois, the chemin du Saint-Pilon is a scale-map of the National Park, a xilotheque,
and the chemin du Canapé. Only two marked trails geological samples, blow-ups representing the
are located inside the nominated component, emergent flora and fauna species and a taxidermic
including the hiking trail No. 9 (GR9). One of the collection. Some samples are even located close
two points of access is a road closed to the public, to parking areas or in the ‘Giocabosco’, a play area
with limited access by car for disabled visitors. dedicated to children, where they can play ‘inside
and with the forest’.
Several places of pilgrimage are located at the
bottom of the cliff outside the southern border of
the reserve: Mary Magdalene Grotto, Chapel of 5.h.15 Italy: Pollino National Park
Parisians and Oratories. These cultural places are (IT-POLL-01, 02)
not located in the biological reserve.
5.h.13 France: Saint-Pe-de-Bigorre Visitors can move through the entire park using
the official trail network, that has a map with trail
(FR-SAPE-01) descriptions. Some of the trails cross the strict
Description of visitor management reserves, but it is prohibited to leave marked trails.
No mountain biking, climbing or horse trekking
The public is allowed to access the reserve because is allowed in strict reserves. In addition, picking
neither natural habitats nor species are particularly flowers, mushrooms and wild berries, hunting and
threatened. free camping are also prohibited. Unauthorized
Fishing is allowed in the streams crossing the vehicles may not move off the official roads. Specific
reserve. environmental education projects are carried out
by local tour operators and schools. The park also
The crossing (exclusively) of the reserve by herds has an ecomuseum (with free access), where it is
for access to summer pastures is authorized only possible to virtually visit the entire territory of the
on marked trails (which are also historical pastoral park. The areas of Cozzo Ferriero and Pollinello
trails – there is no other access). have no official trails passing through them.
Visitor infrastructure Visitor infrastructure
There are few visitors in the reserve and they are Tourists can move freely within the park, or ask local
very concentrated on marked hiking trails: two tour operators/official guides to be accompanied on
trails cross the reserve starting at the bottom and excursions. The park has an ecomuseum to inform
permitting access to higher parts of the reserve. the visitors on specific topics: They can learn more
Other steep and wilderness areas of the reserve about the park’s territory, flora, fauna, history and
are not accessible. folklore. It also has a didactic farm and is building
a polyfunctional centre for the organisation of
conferences and events, close to the highway and
5.h.14 Italy: Foresta Umbra not far from the park’s headquarters. There are also
(IT-FUMB-01*) dedicated areas for open air activities, informative
panels and mountain refuges. Parking areas are
Description of visitor management available at the beginning of the most frequently
Visitors can freely access the National Park through visited zones.
roads with their cars or public transportation.
Excursion trails are widespread and marked with
specific signs. Tourists can visit the area, remaining
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5.h.16 Italy: Valle Infernale programme was elaborated in order to offer classes
for elementary school pupils in a ‘Green classroom’.
(IT-VALL-01) In order to reduce the impact of visitors arriving by
Description of visitor management private vehicle via the Kraljevo Kolo road to the
Biogradsko Lake during the summer season, two
Visitors can move through the entire park, using the tourist trains have been operating since 2019. The
official trail network, described on a map with the trains are also equipped with a ramp for disabled
provided itineraries or by freely downloadable GPS people. Visits to the Virgin Forest Reserve are
track file. Some of the trails cross the Valle Infernale only possible with the approval of the managing
strict reserves but it is forbidden to travel off trail. authority.
No mountain biking, climbing or horse trekking is
allowed in strict reserves, nor are picking flowers, Visitor infrastructure
mushrooms and wild berries, hunting and free
On the eastern shore of Biogradska Lake is a visitor
camping. Unauthorized vehicles may not move off
centre, which is equipped with an interactive
the official roads. Specific environmental education
exhibition and presents the natural and cultural
projects are carried out by local tour operators and
values of the park. Lectures and presentations are
schools.
also held here. Near the visitor centre there is a
Visitor infrastructure souvenir shop and twelve bungalows designed to
accommodate visitors for several days during the
Tourists can move freely within the park, or be tourist season, and at the very entrance to the
accompanied on excursions by local tour operators/ park, at Kraljevo kolo, a space for Mobil-homes
official guides. The park has several visitor centres has been made available. The visitor centre offers
to inform visitors on specific topics and where it is the possibility of renting boats, bicycles, walking
possible to learn more about the park’s territory, sticks, tents, snowshoes and kayaks. Six hiking trails
flora, fauna, history and folklore. Each structure are marked with standard signage. There are two
is equipped with an information point where marked trails for mountain biking in the park. The
visitors are provided accurate information for use circumference of Biograd Lake, 3.5 km in length,
of the park and interpretation and environmental provides an educational trail equipped with an
education activities. At the park visitor centres it interactive mobile phone, providing information on
is also possible to find information material on the the flora and fauna of the area. The thematic trail
protected area and purchase necessities, guides, ‘Summer on the Katuns – where our traditional
maps and publications on Aspromonte National products come from’ is installed in Dolovi Katun
Park. At the park’s headquarters there is also a (mountain pasture). The trail is 3.6 km long with
centre for the organisation of conferences and 6 thematic information stations and equipped
events. There are also dedicated areas for open with shelters and benches for resting. There are a
air activities, informative panels, mountain refuges number of lookout points in the park.
and parking areas in the most frequently visited
zones.
5.h.18 North Macedonia: Dlaboka
5.h.17 Montenegro: Biogradska Reka (MN-DLAB-01)
Gora (ME-BIOG-01, 02) Description of visitor management
Description of visitor management No data available.
Visitors can use the official hiking trails shown Visitor infrastructure
on the map of the National Park. This map is
available as an Android application. Hunting is The waterfall Duf, the cave Sarkova dupka, village
strictly prohibited in the park, while recreational Galicnik, monastery St. Jovan Bigorski, the peaks
fishing is permitted on the Tara river as well as Mal Krcin, Rudina, Golem Korab and part of the
in the Biogradsko and Pešić Lakes during certain Korab waterfalls named Projfel are the most visited
periods of the year, on certain days of the week. infrastructures in the park.
The most visited hiking and educational trail is the
one around Biogradsko Lake. The impact of visitors It has to be stressed that there are 40 hiking trails
on the trail is monitored and recorded. There is on Bistra and Shara and one bike trail on Bistra. At
a small visitor centre at the east end of the lake. the moment about 50 awnings are preparing for
Educational and thematic trails are set up and the the tourists and their recreation. Thus, the NP will
park staff also leads educational workshops, mainly be covered with a significant quantity of benches.
for school children. In this regard, an educational There are also picnic areas, especially near the lake.
294
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
5.h.19 Poland: Bieszczady 5.h.20 Serbia: Fruška gora - Papratski

(PL-BIES-01, -02, -03, -04) do i Ravne (RS-FRUS-01, -02)
Description of visitor management Description of visitor management
Through the area of the Bieszczady National Park In Level I Protection Regime localities, the strict
run two public roads available for traffic (landscape Protection Regime prohibits any human activities
protection part occupying 81 ha). There are a dozen except for scientific research, monitoring of natural
of parking lots located along the roads, from which processes and controlled visits of educational or
tourists can go on hikes on over 140 km of trails. cultural purpose. Managers are to be informed
Trails are equipped with various facilities such as a about the visits, especially group visits, and
rain shelters, resting shelters, information boards tourists are often accompanied by the rangers of
and so on. In the mountains it is not allowed to the park on their tours. All visitors must comply
camp overnight. Visitors can also visit the park with the rules of conduct and may not disturb or
using designated trails on horseback and in winter collect any organisms. However, due to the relative
ski. Much of the area of the park is not available vicinity of big cities and the accessibility by the
for tourism, in order to ensure calmness in animal local road across the mountain ridge, unsupervised
refuges. There are several sections of trails within individual visits to the Level I Protection Regime
the component part with a total length of 8.6 localities are possible. A total of 18 rangers are
km, including: 7 km of hiking trails and a rarely in charge of the protection of the natural values
used 1.6 km long horse trail. A further 7 km of of the park, including tourist management. Local
hiking trails are located just off the border of the manifestations organised by the managers or local
proposed component parts (including a common stakeholders attract a great number of visitors
Polish-Slovak border trail between the existing every year. Many traditional manifestations of
Slovak Stuzica component and the new Polish educational and recreational purpose are aimed at
component). The trails are equipped with small promoting the natural and cultural heritage of the
wooden architecture (several rain shelters, in some park. Besides, the numerous hiking trails and picnic
places handrails and stairs). There are absolutely locations in NP are frequently visited by individual
no trails in the Wolosatka stream valley and the visitors. On 9.5 km long educational route which
Terebowiec stream valley. leads from the visitor centre to Paragovo locality
and back again, 10 informative boards were
installed. The manager has provided the route track
BNP carries out a comprehensive environmental (gpx/kmz file) on its website, but even without the
education programme directed at teachers, tour GPS device people can easily orient themselves by
guides, students and visitors to the park. There using the information on the boards and following
are all sorts of workshops, lectures, educational numerous signs along the route.
activities and field work. In addition, the park
organises permanent and temporary exhibitions,
presenting the natural beauty of the region. As for The visitor centre in Fruška Gora NP is located
the technical infrastructure that is available: in the Iriški venac locality in the central area of
the park. The second visitor centre was recently
• 118.5 km of hiking trails within the park
constructed close by, with a natural history
• 10.4 km of education and walking trails exhibition and other touristic content. The old
centre is still in use, with an educational route
• 131 km of natural and historical paths (usually leading from there to the Paragovo locality and to
based on existing hiking trails). the viewpoint of Crni čot and back again, equipped
with 10 informative boards. The mycological
Of this, 17 km of hiking trails and educational paths
educational route with 20 informative boards will
are located in the area of the component part.
be installed in Fruška Gora NP in 2019. In Stražilovo
Trails are equipped with dozens of rain shelters, village, beside the monument of famous Serbian
resting places, 20 information and box office points poet Branko Radičević, a resource centre of the
at the entrances to trails, 11 sanitary facilities and Fruška gora-Danube Region is located, equipped
numerous information boards and educational with a conference and workshop centre dedicated
paths. All of these facilities are located in the buffer to the tourism development of the region. Eco-
zone. camp, a camping vacationing location on 1.7 ha
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is located in Stražilovo, as well. A visitor centre will be constructed, which will facilitate the
dedicated to the geological heritage of Fruška Gora presentation of natural values to wider audiences.
Mt. is located in Popov Čot locality. A fortress ruin Three entry check-points of the park serve as info-
from the thirteenth century exists near the village stations and are staffed by a total of 12 rangers,
Vrdnik. Within this locality, archeological artefacts who provide information and promotional material
from the third century have been discovered. A zip- to the visitors. There are 9 viewpoints: Kozje
line ‘Zmajevac-Vrdnik’ is also part of the touristic stene, Kukavica, Grada, Šiljak, Oštri krš, Bele stene,
infrastructure and content of Fruška Gora NP. Out of Nebeske stolice, Pančićev vrh and Karaman. All the
16 medieval (fifteenth–sixteenth century) Serbian viewpoints in Kopaonik NP are natural, with no
Orthodox monasteries in Fruška Gora Mt., 12 are infrastructure. Construction of a viewpoint above
located in the National Park. For this high density the Kozje stene locality is planned just off Jošanička
of monasteries, Fruška Gora Mt. is often referred to banja access road, according to the Management
as the Serbian Mount Athos, with religious tourism Plan of Kopaonik NP (2019–2028). Mountain peaks
well developed. of Gobelja, Suvo Rudište, Jadovnik, Karaman and
Kokorovac are used as paragliding takeoff points.
There are 10 hiking trails in Kopaonik NP: Barska
5.h.21 Serbia: Kopaonik - Kozje stene reka-Kukavica-Kadijevac, Metođe, Bele stene-
(RS-KOPA-01) Jelovarnik, Treska, Nebeske stolice, Oštri krš,
Samokovska reka, Kozje stene, Jankove bare and
Description of visitor management Markov kamen, as well as a mountaineering trail
In Level I Protection Regime localities, the strict called Mountaineering transversal ‘Josif Pančić’,
Protection Regime prohibits all human activities which is around 46 km long. Three infrastructurally
except for scientific research, monitoring of natural equipped picnic points exist in the park: Đorov
processes and controlled visits of educational or most, Kadijevac and Malo Metođe.
cultural purpose. Managers are to be informed
about the visits, especially group visits, and tourists
are often accompanied by the rangers of the park
5.h.22 Serbia: Tara - Zvezda i Rača
on their tours. All visitors must comply with the (RS-TARA-01, -02)
rules of conduct, which are to not step off paths
or trails, not disturb or collect any organisms and
to leave no trace behind. All trails in the Level I In Level I Protection Regime localities, the strict
Protection Regime localities are equipped with Protection Regime prohibits all human activities
information boards and conduct instructions, except for scientific research, monitoring of natural
because unsupervised access of those trails is processes and controlled visits of educational or
possible and individual visits are still common. cultural purpose. Managers are to be informed
There are three entry check-points (gates) in about the visits, especially group visits, and tourists
Kopaonik NP, near Rudnica, Jošanička banja (in the are often accompanied by the rangers of the park
vicinity of Kozje stene locality) and Brzeće towns, on their tours. All visitors must coply with the rules
where the managers charge an entry fee for motor of conduct, which are to not step off paths or trails,
vehicles and monitor the number of visitors. The not disturb or collect any organisms and to leave no
majority of tourist visits (~70%) of Kopaonik NP trace behind. All trails in Level I Protection Regime
are related to winter sports. Summer touristic localities are equipped with information boards
offers in Kopaonik NP are focused on presenting its and conduct instructions, because unsupervised
nature and landscape values. Two hiking trails lead access of those trails is possible and individual
through the Kozje stene locality, reaching Kukavica visits are still common. The Visitor Management
Peak and Kozje stene Reef, the natural viewpoints. Plan for Tara NP is currently under development,
A viewpoint of Kozje stene locality, with visitor incorporating the nature protection requirements
infrastructure, is to be set in 2020 just off the in sustainable tourism development in the park,
access road from Jošanička banja. Kukavica Peak is which will define needed infrastructural and staffing
used regularly by paragliders as a takeoff point. capacities. Two entry check-points (gates) in Tara
NP, which are under construction in Perućac town
Visitor infrastructure and in Kaluđerske bare village, will provide better
The headquarters of ‘Nacionalni park Kopaonik’ insight and control over visitors. Brown bear and
in Suvo Rudište, the touristic centre of Kopaonik chamois watching tours exist and will be further
Mt., are used as a visitor centre of Kopaonik NP. developed in the future, in collaboration with the
According to the Management Plan of Kopaonik Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, which is
NP (2019–2028), by 2025 a proper visitor centre conducting the monitoring of these species in Tara
296
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
NP. The mobile guide application for Tara NP in 4 cluster. The most visited locality is Stuzica National
languages is currently being developed. Nature Reserve with mountain Kremenec (meeting
point of PL-SK-UA borders).
There are 6 bike trails in the NP territory. No one
The visitor centre of Tara NP is located in the central cuts through the property.
area of the park, in Mitrovac village. Additionally,
there is one more visitor centre in Bajina Bašta Information kiosks were built in 6 villages.
town, as well as an info-station in Perućac town, Information panels about the World Heritage
just outside the park, near the dam of the same property were installed along the component
name. In total, there are 8 infrastructurally parts’ boundaries and in several villages in the
equipped viewpoints in Tara NP: Bilješka stena, region. Tourists have a possibility to stay overnight
Banjska stena, Crnjeskovo, Sokolarica, Sjenič, in 4 wooden shelters located in the surroundings of
Osluša, Janjač and Brana Lazići. Osluša viewpoint the property.
is used as a paragliding takeoff point. There are
5 educative hiking trails in Tara NP: Crveni potok, At present there are approximately twelve facilities
Sovina učionica, trails to Bilješka stena and Banjska providing accommodation.
stena, as well as the trail by the Rača River, renewal The administration of the Poloniny National Park
of which is foreseen by the current management runs an information centre in the village Nová
plan. This trail begins at the Rača Monastery, Sedlica. Tourists can also obtain information
one of the most significant medieval orthodox here about the World Heritage Property. The
monasteries in Serbia, and follows the Rača River administration also provides guided tours.
up to the Lađevac thermal spring, located at the
entrance to the Rača River Gorge, where a relict
association of beech and walnut can be seen. 5.h.24 Slovakia: Vihorlat
Viewpoints of Sokolarica and Gradina are located (SK-VIHO-01, -02*)
on the tops of the Rača River Gorge, providing
panoramic views of this locality. Zvezda locality and Description of visitor management
its Serbian spruce populations can best be seen
There are no buildings or structures used for
from the viewpoint Bilješka stena, equipped with
recreation purposes in the proposed property.
adequate safety infrastructure. Atop the Zvezda
The area is located outside of cities and villages.
locality several natural viewpoints exist: Drlije,
Part of the area is administrated by the Ministry
Vidača, Vranovina and Mirzini vidikovac. Besides
of Defense of the Slovak Republic. Special rules
educative hiking trails, there are 30 marked hiking
regarding tourism are valid in this area. The
trails of 290 km in total and 3 cycling trails of 75 km
nominated site is visited by both individuals and
in total.
also groups of visitors. They are allowed to walk on
educational and tourist trails. For monitoring and
5.h.23 Slovakia: Poloniny research activities in strictly protected reserves
within the nominated site, it is necessary to obtain
(SK-POLO-01, -02, -03, -04*) permission.
The Poloniny NP is the least visited national park
in Slovakia. The attendance of tourists is rather Visitor infrastructure consists of tourist and
low, so it is not necessary to regulate their number educational trails, relaxation sites and the
at present. Legislation allows for tourists to walk information centre Morské oko, situated in the
along the marked hiking trails only, bikers may area of Morské oko National Nature Reserve.
ride on cyclo trails only. These are outside of the
property. It is prohibited to enter the cluster area
by car. There are no entrance fees in this area.
It is necessary to obtain permission for building

new tourist trails.
There are 121 km of marked trails in the Poloniny

NP, of which 28 km are educational tourist trails.
Some tourist trails cut through the component
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5.i Policies and programmes These target groups are prioritized in the strategy
to properly communicate information about the
related to the presentation nominated property. The following objectives were
part of the German communication strategy in
and promotion of the the previous extension process. They remain valid
property key objectives for communication activities of the
present extension nomination:
The specific challenge in presenting and conveying Raising regional awareness: The population relates
the nominated component parts lies in the to the region and takes a conscious stance toward
particular features of jointly and with a uniform it. It will therefore look upon the nominated
appearance meeting their communicative function property favourably.
both in regional promotion and in connection with
the serial property. Informational balance: Shortcomings in subject-
specific education have been evened out with a
The joint communication strategy consequent harmonisation of the communication
structure within the areas.
A communication concept ‘World Heritage
Beech Forests’ was developed in the process of Creating areas of action: The population is
extending the property which then became the offered the opportunity to get actively involved in
‘Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and supporting the nominated property.
Ancient Beech Forests of Germany’ to ensure
the best possible information, presentation and Definition and reinterpretation of terms: Using
communication of the nominated component a target group-specific language, it is possible
parts. The communication strategy was aligned to ensure the communication between the
within the partners of the extension 2017. A protagonists and target groups to properly convey
comprehensive handbook on the Cooperate the meaning and purpose of the nominated
Identity of the WH ‘Ancient and Primaeval Beech property and its OUV. The notions of nature
Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of conservation are also understood by persons who
Europe’ is in preparation and will be available in are not active protagonists in nature conservation.
2020. The joint webpage will be ready as well in
Knowledge popularization: Knowledge and
2020 and is prepared for multi-lingual design. The
information have been popularized in terms of
component parts/clusters of this extension can
language and content to ensure that any alienation
make use of the handbooks, templates and the
through excessive knowledge and the resulting lack
webpage.
of interest is obviated.
This process identified relevant target groups,
Depending on the target groups, different means
which remain valid also for the existing extension
of communication are to be applied to reach the
nomination:
target groups in an optimal way. This may include
means of communication such as professional
• Local/regional population websites, press releases, stakeholder workshops,
public presentations and exhibitions.
• Children/adolescents
• Tourists
• Tourism businesses and associations
• Local/regional politicians and public

persons
• National population
Figure 51:
Commercial
• Multipliers Beech Forest logo
for the World
Heritage
298
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
5.j Staffing levels and expertise engineer. The employed technicians count: 33 in
forestry, 8 economics, per 2 agricultural, ecologist
(professional, technical, and geodesist, per 1 electrical engineering, laws,
manager of work safety and mechanical.
maintenance)
The activities in the nominated component parts 5.j.2 Switzerland: Forêt de la
are mostly carried out by bodies of the protected Bettlachstock (CH-BETT-01)
area managements or state administrations in
charge of the management of the areas. The Staffing levels and expertise
number of employees in all component parts is
The forest reserves are managed at the cantonal
sufficient to ensure proper management of the
level by a team of foresters.
nominated component parts. Based on a broad
range of qualifications, necessary activities in the
context of protection, administration, maintenance 5.j.3 Switzerland: Valli di Lodano,
of the area, public relations, visitor management
and monitoring are usually guaranteed. Busai and Soladino Forest
Due to the large diversity of the individual
component parts and countries staffing, expertise Staffing levels and expertise
and competences vary. Component parts are either
The forest is managed by the cantonal office for
managed by:
forestry.
• Protected area management staff of the
surrounding protected area 5.j.4 Czech Republic: Jizera
• Local/regional nature conservation
administration in case there is no Staffing levels and expertise
surrounding protected area with proper The Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. Protected Landscape
management Area Administration staff consists of 8 experts or
senior experts and five nature guards/rangers:
• Eventual management by local their professional experience in the State Nature
administrations in case the component Conservancy ranges from 4 to 25 years. The
parts are inaccessible or extremely professionals are both in the summer and winter
remote. supplied by volunteers, acting particularly as
nature guards/rangers and implementing various
Consequently, staffing levels vary between 5
activities in management of the component´s
and approximately 200 active employees in the
landscape conservation buffer sub-zone and in
nominated component parts and surroundings (as
communication with, education of and raising
per November 2019). Staff for instance comprise
awareness among both the general public and the
forest managers, protected area specialists,
target groups.
scientists, rangers or wardens, communication
officers or public administrators, depending
on the individual situation in the respective 5.j.5 France: Aigoual (FR-AIGO-01)
component parts, their specific challenges, tasks,
responsibilities and resources. Staffing levels and expertise
The biological strict reserves constitute a national
5.j.1 Bosnia and Herzegovina: network of more than 90 sites representative of
Prašuma Janj (BH-JANJ-01) the diversity of natural forest habitats, dedicated
to natural evolution and development of the
Staffing levels and expertise naturalness of forests, and to scientific studies.
Beech forests are the most represented habitats in
The compartment for the reserve counts 5
this national network.
employees (2 forest engineers, 1 biologist/
ecologist, and 2 forestry guardians). The Forestry National and regional commissions for biological
Company ‘Gorica’ (also in charge for the area of reserves were installed by ONF for both strategic
the property) otherwise has 259 employees, of and management planning and monitoring.
which 51 hold a bachelors degree and 1 master Commissions gather all stakeholders: nature
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conservation organizations, scientists, public recovery. Heads of territorial units coordinate

authorities and citizens. teams of heritage officers for the implementation
conservation activities according to different
The National Forest Office employs 9,000 people categories of protected areas.
in France to manage public forests. Its network is
structured in 9 territorial directions and more than
300 territorial units. ONF brings together all the 5.j.7 France: Chizé (FR-CHIZ-01, -02)
professions and expertise in forest management:
Staffing levels and expertise
heritage agents, site managers, forest workers,
naturalist foresters, managers, nature guides, The biological strict reserves constitute a national
forest engineers, heads of territorial units. network of more than 90 sites representative of
The heritage officer ensures sustainable
management of both public and private forests as
an essential function. He/She ensures field actions
for the management of protected areas and forests,
alerts in particular on phytosanitary risks, fires
or pollutions. Some forest workers are involved
in operations on natural hazards prevention and
recovery. Heads of territorial units coordinate
teams of heritage officers for the implementation
categories of protected areas.
5.j.6 France: Chapitre (FR-CHAP-01)

network of more than 90 sites representative of
the diversity of natural forest habitats, dedicated
naturalness of forests, and to scientific studies.
National and regional commissions for biological

reserves were installed by ONF for both strategic
and management planning and monitoring.
Commissions gather all stakeholders: nature the diversity of natural forest habitats, dedicated
conservation organizations, scientists, public to natural evolution and development of the
authorities and citizens. naturalness of forests, and to scientific studies.
The National Forest Office employs 9,000 people Beech forests are the most represented habitats in
in France to manage public forests. Its network is this national network.
structured in 9 territorial directions and more than National and regional commissions for biological
300 territorial units. ONF brings together all the reserves were installed by ONF for both strategic
professions and expertise in forest management: and management planning and monitoring.
heritage agents, site managers, forest workers, Commissions gather all stakeholders: nature
naturalist foresters, managers, nature guides, conservation organizations, scientists, public
forest engineers, heads of territorial units. authorities and citizens.
The heritage officer ensures sustainable The National Forest Office employs 9,000 people
management of both public and private forests as in France to manage public forests. Its network is
an essential function. He/She ensures field actions structured in 9 territorial directions and more than
for the management of protected areas and forests, 300 territorial units. ONF brings together all the
alerts in particular on phytosanitary risks, fires professions and expertise in forest management:
or pollutions. Some forest workers are involved heritage agents, site managers, forest workers,
300
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
naturalist foresters, managers, nature guides, 5.j.9 France: Grand Ventron

forest engineers, heads of territorial units.
(FR-GRAN-01)
management of both public and private forests as Staffing levels and expertise
an essential function. He/She ensures field actions No data available.
or pollutions. Some forest workers are involved 5.j.10 France: Massane
in operations on natural hazards prevention and (FR-MASS-01)
teams of heritage officers for the implementation Staffing levels and expertise
The management team is composed of 3 people for
2 full time equivalent positions. The Catalan Nature
Reserves Federation (FRNC) and the Massane Club
5.j.8 France: Fontainebleau Association are co-manager institutions bringing
together many volunteers who meet at board
(FR-FONT-01) meetings (general meetings are held several
Staffing levels and expertise times per year). The FRNC can rely on a scientific
advisory board. The Massane Club Association has
The biological strict reserves constitute a national many connections with the scientific community,
network of more than 90 sites representative of gathering many researchers carrying out research
the diversity of natural forest habitats, dedicated projects and acting as a collaborative scientific
to natural evolution and development of the platform, as well. The management relies also
naturalness of forests, and to scientific studies. on other partners: trainees, networks and
Beech forests are the most represented habitats in partnerships where the reserve is involved, citizens,
this national network. nature protection associations and others. The
National and regional commissions for biological FRNC is funded by the State for the management
reserves were installed by ONF for both strategic of the reserve as well as for the compensation of
and management planning and monitoring. municipalities.
Commissions gather all stakeholders: nature
conservation organizations, scientists, public 5.j.11 France: Py-Pas de Rotja
authorities and citizens.
(FR-PYPA-01)
The National Forest Office employs 9,000 people
in France to manage public forests. Its network is Staffing levels and expertise
structured in 9 territorial directions and more than Two full-time equivalents are allocated to the RNN
300 territorial units. ONF brings together all the de Py, divided into four agents. A half-time curator,
professions and expertise in forest management: two half-time technicians and a full-time technician
heritage agents, site managers, forest workers, (but with transversal missions to other nature
naturalist foresters, managers, nature guides, reserves).
The heritage officer ensures sustainable 5.j.12 France: Sainte-Baume

management of both public and private forests as (FR-SABA-01)
for the management of protected areas and forests, Staffing levels and expertise
National and regional commissions for biological

301
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Commissions gather all stakeholders: nature
conservation organizations, scientists, public
authorities and citizens.
The National Forest Office employs 9,000 people

in France to manage public forests. Its network is
structured in 9 territorial directions and more than
300 territorial units. ONF brings together all the
professions and expertise in forest management:
heritage agents, site managers, forest workers,
naturalist foresters, managers, nature guides,

management of both public and private forests as
5.j.13 France: Saint-Pe-de-Bigorre

(FR-SAPE-01)
Staffing levels and expertise or pollutions. Some forest workers are involved
this national network. 5.j.14 Italy: Foresta Umbra
National and regional commissions for biological (IT-FUMB-01*)
Commissions gather all stakeholders: nature The National Park has 23 permanent employees,
conservation organizations, scientists, public 7 with technical duties. There is a director and 2
authorities and citizens. people endorsed for promotion activities. The
remaining personnel is administrative staff. The
The National Forest Office employs 9,000 people realization and management of educational
in France to manage public forests. Its network is projects and the management of visitor centres are
structured in 9 territorial directions and more than given to external professionals.
300 territorial units. ONF brings together all the
professions and expertise in forest management: The National Forest Service – Office for the
heritage agents, site managers, forest workers, Protection of Biodiversity (Carabinieri Forestali
naturalist foresters, managers, nature guides, – Reparto Biodiversità) of Foresta Umbra is
forest engineers, heads of territorial units. responsible for the protection of the area. 5
permanent employees, depending directly on the
The heritage officer ensures sustainable Carabinieri, are in charge of the maintenance of
management of both public and private forests as the forest stands and the related infrastructure.
302
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
5.j.15 Italy: Pollino National Park 5.j.18 North Macedonia: Dlaboka

(IT-POLL-01, 02) Reka (MN-DLAB-01)
Staffing levels and expertise Staffing levels and expertise
46 permanent employees, among which 4 are They have 6 forest engineers and the other staff are
responsible for: the scientific, promotion and people with other expertise.
environmental education office, the administrative
office, the accounting office and the permits office. They have an accounting department, legal
14 people are experts on the scientific committee, department and workers in the field.
4 manage educational programmes and the
ecomuseum, 1 director. The remaining employees 5.j.19 Poland: Bieszczady
are administrative staff.
(PL-BIES-01, -02, -03, -04)
5.j.16 Italy: Valle Infernale Staffing levels and expertise
(IT-VALL-01) • The Directorate – 4 persons
Staffing levels and expertise • Department of the Implementation of Nature
Conservation – 28 persons
For the Aspromonte National Park there are
18 permanent employees, among which 4 are • Department of Accounting and Finance –7
responsible for the communication office; 4 are persons
responsible for the financial office; 5 are experts in
the for the biodiversity office; 4 are responsible for • Department of Environmental Education – 11
the administrative management office; 1 director persons
of the National Park. For the Carabinieri Forest
• Department of Public Access and
Service there are 52 officers and 1 administrative
Communication – 5 persons
officer.
• Department of Scientific Research and Nature
5.j.17 Montenegro: Biogradska Gora Conservation Planning – 7 persons
(ME-BIOG-01, 02) • Department of Administration and Property

Management – 10 persons
• Hutsul Horse Breeding Centre – 5 persons
NP Biogradska Gora has a total of 29 full-time
employees. The following staff is employed: 10 in • Rangers Service – 6 persons
the ranger service, 4 in the infrastructure service,
14 in the administrative and technical services • Independent Positions – 6 persons
division and one director. NP Biogradska Gora is
an organisational unit of the Public Enterprise for 5.j.20 Serbia: Fruška Gora -
the National Parks of Montenegro, which means
that in addition to the staff mentioned above, Papratski do i Ravne
the professional services of this Public Enterprise (RS-FRUS-01, -02)
employed in Podgorica carry out activities related
to the activities of nature conservation and Staffing levels and expertise
protection, sustainable tourism, promotion and The total number of employed staff of Public
education of the territory of the NP Biogradska Enterprise ‘Nacionalni park Fruška gora’ is 136. 44
Gora. Specifically involved are the Department for staff members have a higher education (university
the Protection of Natural and Cultural Heritage (8 degree), 16 of which are forestry engineers. 69
employees in total) and the Promotion, Education staff members have lower educations, including
and Tourism Service (5 employees in Podgorica and 51 forestry technicians. Workers and other helping
2 employees in the Biogradska Gora National Park). staff count 23 persons. The National Park Ranger
Service consists of 18 rangers.
303
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
5.j.21 Serbia: Kopaonik - Kozje stene guides and 3 support workers. The forest utilization
sector is divided into 4 work units and employs 8
(RS-KOPA-01) forestry engineers, 23 forestry technicians (forest
Staffing levels and expertise rangers) and 68 forestry and support workers. The
finance and economy sector employs 20 people
The total number of employed staff of PE with finance and econoics backgrounds and the
‘Nacionalni park Kopaonik’ is 71. Higher legal and human resources sector employs 13
management includes a director and 3 executive people with legal and administrative backgrounds.
directors: for legal and finance affairs; for ranging
service; and for protection and development of
natural values. The finance and economy sector 5.j.23 Slovakia: Poloniny
employs 16 people with finance, economics and (SK-POLO-01, -02, -03, -04*)
administrative backgrounds. The ranging sector
employs 30 people: 3 forestry engineers and 27 Staffing levels and expertise
forestry technicians in charge of overseeing the The Poloniny National Park Administration, which
state of natural values and controlling activities belongs under the State Nature Conservancy of the
in Kopaonik NP, as well as the management of Slovak Republic is responsible for the protection
tourists. These are 9 rangers in the park and 12 of nature in the component cluster Poloniny. The
rangers on the entry check-points, as well as 3 administration is composed of 15 employees. There
hunting and 2 fishing rangers. All rangers have are 5 rangers and experts in the field of geology
passed appropriate ranging and firefighting exams, (1), botany (1), forest ecosystems (1), zoology (2),
own a firearm permit and speak at least one foreign landscape ecology (1), GIS (1) and environmental
language. Besides the rangers, this sector includes education (1). Two remaining employees are a
a ranger-tour guide who has passed ranging, director and one clerk for accounting.
firefighting and tour guide exams and is fluent in
English and is primarily responsible for guiding There are other institutions which are responsible
tours. The protection and development of natural for forest management in the area. Prevailing part
values sector employs 21 people: 2 BSc biologists, 9 of the land in the cluster is under state ownership.
forestry engineers and 9 forestry technicians. These state forests are managed by two state
enterprises which were established by the Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Slovak
5.j.22 Serbia: Tara - Zvezda i Rača Republic. A small portion of the land is privately
(RS-TARA-01, -02) owned.

5.j.24 Slovakia: Vihorlat
The total number of employed staff of PE ‘Nacionalni
park Tara NP’ is 196. Higher management includes (SK-VIHO-01, -02*)
one director, his 4 advisors, each in charge of a
different sector, and the manager of the ranger
service. The four sectors of PE ‘NP Tara’ include: The area is managed by the State Nature
the forest planning, protection and development Conservancy of the Slovak Republic, Vihorlat
sector; the forest utilization sector; the finance Protected Landscape Area Administration. The
and economy sector; and the legal and human administration has 7 staff members: a zoologist,
resources sector. Sectors are divided into different a botanist, a forester, a landscape manager, an
work units or services, with lower management in agriculture manager and two rangers.
charge. The steering committee of Tara NP has 5
members named by the government. The ranger
service employs 10 rangers, in charge of overseeing
the state of natural values and controlling the
activities in Tara NP, as well as the management
of tourists. The forest planning, protection and
development sector is divided into 5 services
and employs 13 forestry engineers, 1 biologist, 1
agriculture engineer, 2 landscaping architects, 14
forestry technicians (out of which 4 are hunting
rangers), 4 forestry workers, 2 fishing rangers, 2
tourismologists, 1 BSc of political sciences, 4 tour
304
5. PROTECTION
2. DESCRIPTION
305
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
6. MONITORING
Monitoring essentially means a periodical, • II.3 Statement of authenticity and/or
systematic, and uniform investigation of integrity
natural parameters which are hallmarks of the
Outstanding Universal Value, as well as monitoring • II.4 Management
of the management of the property whether it • II.5 Factors affecting the property
continuously complies with the information and
criteria presented in the nomination dossier. Thus, Accordingly, monitoring exercises are supposed to
monitoring is required to fulfil two main purposes: substantially contribute to the standard reporting
procedures by providing clear and reproducible
• Main purpose management monitoring: data.
Provision of sufficient and reliable data
to provide evidence for the state of Key issues of management monito-
conservation of the property with specific ring
regards to the OUV
The key characteristic of ancient or primeval
• Main purpose scientific monitoring: beech forests is a strict policy of non-intervention
Systematic Collection of data on natural including measures which ensure a free and
parameters compromising the quality of undisturbed development of the property. Many
primeval forests to the benefit of science, of the areas are part of larger protected areas or
to provide information of the state of conservation areas. Consequently, indicators for
conservation and to have an early warning efficient monitoring encompass:
system regarding threats or adverse
trends • Organisational and structural
requirements: Number of JMC,
The reporting requirements of UNESCO require an national steering group and working
assessment and statement on the following issues: group meetings, available financial
• II.2 Statement of Outstanding Universal and human resources at JMC, country
Value
306
6. REQIREMENTS
5. PROTECION AND MANAGEMENT MONITORING
2. DESCRIPTION
and component level, number of The ecological monitoring scheme to report on

projects the status of the Outstanding Universal Value
will be based on the already agreed monitoring
• Stakeholder involvement, public of the existing property ‘Ancient and Primeval
awareness rising: Number of beech forests of the Carpathians and Other
stakeholder meetings, visitors, hits Regions of Europe’ (1133ter). Both the survey
on webpage, print materials, press methodology and the data management form are
articles, TV/radio broadcasts, etc. to be standardised. A corresponding methodology
• Efficiency of law enforcement and manual will be developed at multilateral level
implementation of regulations: after the extension nomination will have been
Number of incidences, updates on successfully inscribed.
laws and legal agreements
Building on existing monitoring
Key issues of scientific monitoring schemes
Following the approach presented and already Monitoring of the indicators, which are
agreed by the prior extension of the property, characteristic of the Outstanding Universal Value,
monitoring contents explicitly address four is based on representative sample areas in the
spheres, which are of tremendous scientific territories applying a consistent methodology.
interest. This type of monitoring has a long history Depending on indicator variability, they are
in many of the nominated component parts of determined on a daily or annual basis or, following
the extension, as they are often the only spots to the period of Periodic Reporting, at intervals of
observe and investigate late natural succession six years. Moreover, extensive monitoring and
stages. Thus, a large amount of (non-harmonised, research programmes are in place in all areas and
mostly site specific) monitoring activities already are implemented in collaboration with research
exists covering the following topics: institutes, universities or specialised institutions
of the States Parties. Furthermore, the collection
• Determination of the natural bases, of biotic data is ensured by specific obligations
species and biotopes (inventory) to undertake surveillance and to report within
the scope of the Natura 2000 network in several
• Permanent observation of natural
component parts (EU Habitats and Birds Directive).
processes and alterations in the ecosystem,
Hence, the data originate in particular from
natural forest development dynamics, and
the permanent monitoring programmes of the
its biocoenoses (monitoring)
protected areas as well as from the surveys carried
• Special scientific questions and projects out by the respective institutions. This is to be
(specific ecosystem research) continued to ensure comparability of the data sets.
Additional data are only collected in new surveys in
• Social significance, visitor development the case that there are no continuous current data
or behavior, tourism (socio-economic sets available. Additionally, existing inventories
research) of the areas serve as a starting point for further
monitoring.
Since the time of their establishment, most
component parts have well-established monitoring
systems in their territories to survey the most
important basic parameters.
Component Since Responsible Data Storage Table 62:

Country Type List of exist-
Code Year Person/Entity Location
Karel Chobot/Nature ing monitor-
Monitoring natural habitats and wild Nature Conservancy
Czech
CZ-JIZE-01 fauna and flora species listed in the EU 2004
Conservation Agency
Species Occurrence ing activities
Republic of the Czech Republic
Birds and Habitats Directives Finding Data Database within the
Prague
Monitoring, inventories and surveys on Pavel Vonička/North North Bohemian
state parties
Czech
CZ-JIZE-01 the selected taxa/ecological groups in the 1950 Bohemian Museum Museum collections and compo-
Republic
Jizerské hory/Jizera Mts. Liberec and databases nent parts
Faculty of Forestry
Miroslav Svoboda/
Czech Monitoring effects of disturbances on and Wood Sciences,
CZ-JIZE-01 2003 Czech University of Life
Republic mountain forest ecosystems Czech University of Life
Sciences Prague
Sciences Prague
Office for Insects and
the Environment (OPIE) Ballon des Vosges
France FR-GRAN-01 Saproxylic Coleoptera inventories 2000
and Ballon des Vosges Regional Nature Park
Regional Nature Park
307
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
Component Since Responsible Data Storage

Country Type
BLAM and Ballon des
Ballon des Vosges
France FR-GRAN-01 Lichens inventories 2015 Vosges Regional Nature
Park
Lorraine Natural Areas
Conservatory and Ballon des Vosges
France FR-GRAN-01 Fungi inventories 2005
Ballon des Vosges Regional Nature Park
Ballon des Vosges
Forest Stands (PSDRF: National Protocol
Regional Nature Park National Nature
France FR-GRAN-01 for the dendrometric monitoring of forest 2008
and National Nature Heritage Inventory
reserves)
Reserves Network
Forest Management, Naturalness, IRSTEA, Ballon des
Biodiversity (GNB) national inventory IRSTEA and Ballon des Vosges Regional
France FR-GRAN-01 programme: vascular flora, bryoflora, 2010 Vosges Regional Nature Nature Park, Nature
saproxylic coleoptera, fungi, birds and Park National Reserves
chiroptera) 2010-2014 Network
Ballon des Vosges
Regional Nature Park Ballon des Vosges
France FR-GRAN-01 Coleoptera Fomes Fomentarius 2011
and National Forest Regional Nature Park
Office
Sylva Environnement
Ballon des Vosges
France FR-GRAN-01 Chiroptera inventories 2016 and Ballon des Vosges
Ballon des Vosges
Regional Nature Park Ballon des Vosges
France FR-GRAN-01 Bryoflora inventories 2014
and National Forest Regional Nature Park
Office
National forest Office
France FR-FONT-01 saproxylic coleoptera 1990 and National Inventory
and scientific partners
for Nature Heritage
ANVL and National
France FR-FONT-01 lignicolous fungi inventory 2000 National Forest Office
Forest Office
National Forest Office
(ONF) and National
France FR-FONT-01 for the dendrometric monitoring of forest 2007 National Forest Office
Nature Reserve
reserves)
Network
Forest Management, Naturalness,
Biodiversity (GNB) national inventory
IRSTEA and National IRSTEA and National
France FR-FONT-01 programme: vascular flora, bryoflora, 2008
Forest Office Forest Office
saproxylic coleoptera, fungi, birds and
chiroptera
France FR-FONT-01 Chiroptera 1990 and National Inventory
for Nature Heritage
France FR-FONT-01 Birds 1990 and National Inventory
for Nature Heritage
National Forest Office (ONF) and Nature
France FR-AIGO-01 Saproxylic beetles 2007
(ONF) Heritage National
Inventory
Forest stands PSDRF: National Protocol National Forest Office
France FR-AIGO-01 for the dendrometric monitoring of forest 2012 and Nature Reserve
(ONF)
reserves) 2006 National Network
National Forest Office National Forest Office
France FR-AIGO-01 programme: vascular flora, bryoflora, 2008
(ONF) and IRSTEA (ONF) and IRSTEA
chiroptera
France FR-AIGO-01 Chiroptera 2010
Inventory
Visitor attendance in the landscape Massane National Massane National
France FR-MASS-01 2015
managment buffer (eco-counters) Nature Reserve Nature Reserve
Monitoring of the strict forest reserve/
Massane National National Nature
France FR-MASS-01 component (50,000 trees over 30 ha 2/3 2001
Nature Reserve Heritage Inventory
times/year)
France FR-MASS-01 Hydrology and weather monitoring 1984
Genomics, ‘Beechgenome’ project,
France FR-MASS-01 100 sequenced individuals, search for 2015
adaptation/genome links
308
6. REQIREMENTS
2. DESCRIPTION

Country Type
Forest stands monitoring (dendrometers,
France FR-MASS-01 physiology, modeling), impacts of climatic 2018
Nature Reserve Heritage Iventory
hazards
Forest habitat mapping: surveys of
France FR-MASS-01 microhabitats and indicators of heritage 2018
species
Beech demogenetics (productivity, Massane National National Nature
France FR-MASS-01 2015
growth, survival,...) Nature Reserve Heritage Inventory
Massane Nationale National Nature
France FR-MASS-01 350 indicator species monitoring 2015
France FR-CHAP-01 Mushrooms Inventory 2015
(ONF) Heritage Natioal
Inventory
France FR-CHAP-01 for the dendrometric monitoring of forest 2006
(ONF) Reserves National
reserves)
Network (RNF)
France FR-CHAP-01 Chiroptera Inventory 2011
Inventory
CNRS (National Centre
France FR-SABA-01 Lichens 1982 for Research and
(ONF)
Science)
OPIE, CEN, GEEM, ONF National Forest Office
and MNHN (National (ONF) and Nature
France FR-SABA-01 Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, other insects 2000
Museum of Natural Heritage National
History) Inventory
Forest stands (PSDRF: National Protocol
National Forest office (ONF) and Nature
France FR-SABA-01 for the dendrometric monitoring of forest 2006
reserves)
Inventory
GCP (Chiroptera Group (ONF) and Nature
France FR-SABA-01 chiroptera 2000
in Provence) Heritage National
Inventory
SBCO (Botanical National Forest Office
France FR-SABA-01 bryoflora 1982
Society) (ONF)
France FR-SABA-01 Birds 1983 University
(ONF)
GEVFP (Pyrenean GEVFP (Pyrenean
France FR-SAPE-01 Syrphid flies 2008 Old-growth Forests Old-growth Forests
Research Group) Research Group)
France FR-SAPE-01 Mushrooms 2003 CBNPMP CBNPMP
GEVFP (Pyrenean GEVFP (Pyrenean
France FR-SAPE-01 Lichens 2008 Old-growth Forests Old-growth Forests
Research Group) Research Group)
France FR-SAPE-01 for the dendrometric monitoring of forest 2016
reserves)
Inventory
France FR-SAPE-01 Chiroptera inventory 2008
Inventory
and GEVFP (Pyrenean
France FR-SAPE-01 Bryoflora 2008 and Nature Heritage
Old-growth Forests
National Inventory
Research Group)
France FR-SAPE-01 Birds 2009 and Nature Heritage
(ONF)
National Inventory
Forest Stands (PSDRF: National Protocol National Forest Office
France FR-CHIZ-01, -02 for the dendrometric monitoring of forest 2006 National Forest Office and Nature Reserves
reserves) National Network
IRSTEA and National IRSTEA and National
France FR-CHIZ-01, -02 programme: vascular flora, bryoflora, 2008
Forest Office Forest Office
chiroptera
France FR-CHIZ-01, -02 Chiroptera inventories 2011 National Forest Office and Natural Heritage
National Inventory
309
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE

Country Type
Aspromonte National Aspromonte National
Italy IT-VALL-01 Wolf’s genetic sampling and wolf-howling 2012
Park Park archive
Study and monitoring of mesofauna in Aspromonte National Aspromonte National
Italy IT-VALL-01 2016
protected areas Park Park archive
Aspromonte National
Aspromonte National
Italy IT-VALL-01 Species and habitats monitoring 2017 Park archive, Calabria
Park, Calabria Region
Region archive
Italy IT-VALL-01 Reintroduction of Italian roe deer 2008
Park Park archive
Aspromonte National
Park, Italian Ministry for
Old-growth forests structural and the environment, Italian Aspromonte National
botanical study Society of Botany, Park archive
Sapienza University of
Rome
Monitoring of the post-reproductive Aspromonte National Aspromonte National
migration of Diurnal birds of prey Park Park archive
Aspromonte National
Micro-mammals and anuras genetic Aspromonte National
Italy IT-VALL-01 2015 Park archive, Tuscia
sampling Park, Tuscia University
University archive
Aspromonte National
PNA archive, UNIFI
Italian hare (Lepus corsicanus L.) Park, University of
Italy IT-VALL-01 2019 archive, UNIRC archive,
monitoring and genetic samplings Florence, University of
ISPRA archive
Reggio Calabria, ISPRA
Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) monitoring of Aspromonte National Aspromonte National
presence/absence Park Park archive
Brown trout (Salmo trutta) nematode Aspromonte National Aspromonte National
Italy IT-VALL-01 Cysticoloidees ephemeridarum biological 2017 Park, University of Park archive, UNIME
cycle Messina archive
Italy IT-VALL-01 Brachycera diptera first monitoring 2018 Park, University of Park archive, UNICAL
Calabria archive
Italy IT-FUMB-01* Wolf 2014 University of Bari Park archive
Italy IT-FUMB-01* Roe Deer conservation 2008 University of Siena Park archive
Italy IT-FUMB-01* Roe deer 2009 Natural studies centre Park archive
Italy IT-FUMB-01* Roe deer 2014 University of Bari Park archive
Italy IT-FUMB-01* Chiroptera 2008 University of Bari Park archive
Italy IT-FUMB-01* Chiroptera 2009 Natural studies centre Park archive
Italy IT-FUMB-01* Amphibians, Reptiles and Fishes 2008 University of Bari Park archive
Italy IT-FUMB-01* Amphibians 2009 Natural studies centre Park archive
Italy IT-POLL-01, 02 Wolf monitoring 2012 Park body Park archive
Italy IT-POLL-01, 02 Old-growth forests Inventory 2012 Park body Park archive
Old-growth forest dendroecology Park body, University Park archive, University
Italy IT-POLL-01, 02 2017
monitoring of Tuscia of Tuscia archive
University of Pavia,
Italy IT-POLL-01, 02 Monitoring Pollino's endangered Flora 2011 Park archive
University of Calabria
University of Florence,
Italy IT-POLL-01, 02 Monitoring Bosnian pine 2011 Park archive
University of Tuscia
Italy IT-POLL-01, 02 Griffon reintroduction 2012 Park body Park archive
University of Siena
Italy IT-POLL-01, 02 Deer reintroduction 2003 University of Siena
archive, Park archive
Italy IT-POLL-01, 02 Carnivores monitoring 2012 Park body Park archive
Nikola Medenica,
Director of the Environmental
Annual Environmental Monitoring
Montenegro ME-BIOG-01, 02 2006 Environmental Protection Agency
Programme
Protection Agency of (EPA) of Montenegro
Montenegro
Mr Elvir Klica, director
Public Enterprise of
general of Public
Montenegro ME-BIOG-01, 02 Annual Activity Report 2006 National Parks of
Enterprise of National
Montenegro
Parks of Montenegro
Civil society
North
MN-DLAB-01 Monitoring of Lynx lynx 2017 Macedonian Ecological NP Mavrovo
Macedonia
Society
North Forest protection from diseases and UKIM Faculty of
MN-DLAB-01 2018 NP Mavrovo
Macedonia bioindicators Forestry
PL-BIES-01, -02, National park service National park service
Poland Xylobiont beetles 2015
-03, -04 and External experts and External experts
310
6. REQIREMENTS
2. DESCRIPTION

Country Type
PL-BIES-01, -02,
Poland Visitor-Monitoring 1997 National park service National park service
-03, -04
PL-BIES-01, -02, Rare and endangered species of vascular National park service National park service
Poland 2006
-03, -04 plants and External experts and External experts
PL-BIES-01, -02,
Poland Large carnivores and ungulates 2006 National park service National park service
-03, -04
Forest dynamic - the forest of the
PL-BIES-01, -02,
Poland primeval character (selected permanent 1991 External experts External experts
-03, -04
sample plots)
PL-BIES-01, -02, Forest dynamic (natural forest National park service National park service
Poland 1993
-03, -04 development) - statistical method and external experts and external experts
PL-BIES-01, -02, National park service National park service
Poland Fish and aquatic life 2000
-03, -04 and External experts and External experts
PL-BIES-01, -02, Evaluation of the effectiveness of
Poland 1998 National park service National park service
-03, -04 treatments active protection meadows
Significant plant species monitoring
includes Adonis vernalis, Anemone
Serbia RS-FRUS-01, -02 pulsatilla, Anemone pratensis, Anemone 2014 PE ‘NP Fruska gora’ PE ‘NP Fruska gora’
silvestris, Paragymnopteris marantae and
species of Orchidaceae family
Pphenology monitoring of the main tree
Serbia RS-FRUS-01, -02 species in the Park (flowering and fruiting 2014 PE ‘NP Fruska gora’ PE ‘NP Fruska gora’
time)
Institute for Nature Institute for Nature
Monitoring of natural forest regeneration Conservation of Conservation of
Serbia RS-FRUS-01, -02 2008
in Papratski Do Vojvodina Province, Vojvodina Province,
Novi Sad, Serbia Novi Sad, Serbia
Monitoring of fungi of Fruška gora, which
resulted in listing of over 1700 fungal Records are stored in
PE ‘NP Fruska gora’ - Dr
Serbia RS-FRUS-01, -02 species for Fruška Gora Mt. Around 200 is 2005 the fungarium of PE
Dragiša Savić
recorded in Papratski do and around 100 ‘NP Fruška gora’.
in Ravne component.
Monitoring of forest significant insect
species in Fruška Gora NP, with several Institute of Lowland
permanent and occasional experimental Institute of Lowland Forestry and
surfaces and traps. Paticular attention is Forestry and Environment University
dedicated to the monitoring of nesting Environment University of Novi Sad publishes
areas of Lymantria dispar and other of Novi Sad data in its annual
Lymantriidae species present in the Park, report
as well as the early spring defoliators
Institute of Lowland
Institute of Lowland Forestry and
Forest drying process is monitored on Forestry and Environment University
three experimental fields (16x16km) Environment University of Novi Sad publishes
of Novi Sad data in its annual
report
50 artificial nesting stations were installed PE ‘NP Fruška gora’ in
PE ‘NP Fruška gora’
on 5 localities of Fruška Gora NP in 2011, colaboration with Awls
Serbia RS-FRUS-01, -02 2012 and Awls Protection
and since 2012 the monitoring of Strix Protection Centre of
Centre of Serbia
aluco in Fruška Gora NP is conducted. Serbia
Water quality monitoring - chemical and
Serbia RS-KOPA-01 physical parameters of the water sampled 2017 PE ‘NP Kopaonik’ PE ‘NP Kopaonik’
from the main Park waterways
The habitats of Gentiana lutea and
Vaccinium myrtillus, which are exploited
Serbia RS-KOPA-01 2009 PE ‘NP Kopaonik’ PE ‘NP Kopaonik’
in the Park are monitored by the
mangers.
Monitoring of vascular flora. Priority
monitoring species of vascular flora in
Kopaonik NP are stenoendemic species
Sempervivum kopaonikensis (syn.
Jovibarba heuffelii var. glabrum), Viola
Serbia RS-KOPA-01 kopaonikensis and Cardamine pancicii. 2009 PE ‘NP Kopaonik’ PE ‘NP Kopaonik’
Besides, 50 rare, nationally protected
or endangered plant species in the Park
are monitored, with special attention on
Pancicia, Edraianthus and Orchidaceae
species.
The managers in
collaboration with Faculty of Natural
Serbia RS-KOPA-01 Monitoring of Salmo trutta 2009 Faculty of Natural Sciences University of
Sciences University of Kragujevac
Kragujevac
311
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE

Country Type
Monitoring of Mammal fauna using field
observations and automatic capturing
cameras set up over additional feeding
places for game species. There are
monitoring records of the following
species: Canis lupus, Capreolus capreolus,
Vulpes vulpes, Sus scrofa, Felis silvestris,
Martes foina and Sciurus vulgaris
The managers in
Institute for Nature
Monitoring of Canis lupus and other collaboration with
Serbia RS-KOPA-01 2019 Conservation of Serbia,
Mammal species Institute for Nature
Belgrade
Conservation of Serbia
Institute for Biological Institute for Biological
Monitoring of Batrachofauna and Research ‘Siniša Research ‘Siniša
Serbia RS-KOPA-01 2017
Herpetofauna Stanković’ University of Stanković’ University of
Belgrade Belgrade
The managers in
Monitoring of Aquila chrisaetos, Aegolius collaboration with
Serbia RS-KOPA-01 2019 Conservation of Serbia,
funereus and Strix uralensis Institute for Nature
Belgrade
Conservation of Serbia
The managers in
collaboration with Faculty of Natural
Faculty of Natural Sciences University
Monitoring of all butterfly species in the
Sciences University of Niš and Institute of
Serbia RS-KOPA-01 Park, with special attention on Colias 2012
of Niš and Institute of Lowland Forestry and
caucasica ssp. balcanica
Lowland Forestry and Environment University
Environment University of Novi Sad
of Novi Sad
The managers in
collaboration with Institute of Lowland
the Institute of Forestry and
Serbia RS-KOPA-01 Forest drying process monitoring 2012
Lowland Forestry and Environment University
Environment University of Novi Sad
of Novi Sad
Bird monitoring is primarily focused
on the following species: Aquila
chrysaetos, Circaetus gallicus, Pernis
aviporus, Falco peregrinus, Bubo bubo,
Aegolius funereus, Strix uralensis,
Eremophila alpestris, Alectoris graeca
and Dendrocopos leucotos. Monitoring
of nesting pair of Aquila chrysaetos is
done using camera set over the nest in
Vlajkovci locality.
Algal monitoring, which lead to the The managers in
discovery of two rare and nationally collaboration with Faculty of Natural
Serbia RS-KOPA-01 protected cold-water algal species, 2017 Faculty of Natural Sciences University of
Hildenbrandia rivularis and Hydrurus Sciences University of Kragujevac
foetidus Kragujevac
Water quality monitoring (physical and
chemical parameters) of the Park rivers
Serbia RS-TARA-01, -02 2013 PE ‘NP Tara’ PE ‘NP Tara’
and streams, using the existing sampling
stations network
Monitoring of the Serbian Spruce drying
Serbia RS-TARA-01, -02 process and its habitats conducted by the 2013 PE ‘NP Tara’ PE ‘NP Tara’
managing staff
Monitoring of mosses (Bryophyta), in
Detailed data at
particular species Buxbaumia viridis,
Faculty of Biology
Nowellia curvifolia and Tetraphis
Faculty of Biology University of Belgrade
Serbia RS-TARA-01, -02 pellucida, which inhabit decaying 2018
University of Belgrade and monitoring reports
wood Spruce forests and peat mosses
are provided to the
Sphagnum contortum, S. denticulatum
managers
and Rhodobryum ontariense
Detailed data at
Monitoring of 41 nationally protected,
Faculty of Biology
endangered or rare herbaceous higher
Serbia RS-TARA-01, -02 plant species, with special attention to 2014
endemic and relict species Cardamine
are provided to the
serbica
managers
Detailed data at
IR detection and/or satellite monitored
Faculty of Biology
markings on following species: Ursus
Serbia RS-TARA-01, -02 arctos, Rupicapra rupicapra, Canis lupus, 2013
Vulpes vulpes, Sus scrofa, Martes foina,
are provided to the
Capreolus capreolus and Sciurus vulgaris
managers
312
6. REQIREMENTS
2. DESCRIPTION

Country Type
Detailed data at
Habitat monitoring related to the open Faculty of Biology
habitats: grassplands, screes, dry rocks Faculty of Biology University of Belgrade
Serbia RS-TARA-01, -02 2013
and cliffs, wet rock and cliffs and marshes University of Belgrade and monitoring reports
and peat bogs are provided to the
managers
Detailed data at Bird
Bird monitoring directed to the following Protection and Study
species: Aegolius funereus, Glaucidium Bird Protection and Society of Serbia and
Serbia RS-TARA-01, -02 2013
passerinum, Strix uralensis, Dendrocopos Study Society of Serbia monitoring reports
leucotos and Picoides tridactylus. are provided to the
managers
The Slovak The Slovak
SK-POLO-01,
Slovakia Water quality monitoring 1987 Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological
-02, -03, -04*
Institute Institute
The Administration of The Administration of
SK-POLO-01,
Slovakia Monitoring of large carnivores 2010 the Poloniny National the Poloniny National
-02, -03, -04*
Park Park
SK-POLO-01, National Forest Centre National Forest Centre
Slovakia Health status of forest 1995
-02, -03, -04* Zvolen Zvolen
SK-POLO-01,
Slovakia European bison monitoring 2004 the Poloniny National the Poloniny National
-02, -03, -04*
Park Park
Technical University in Technical University in
SK-POLO-01, Dynamics and structure of natural Zvolen, The Faculty of Zvolen, The Faculty of
Slovakia 1960
-02, -03, -04* woodland ecosystems Forestry, Department of Forestry, Department
Silviculture of Silviculture
SK-POLO-01, Conservation status of species of
Slovakia 1980 the Poloniny National the Poloniny National
-02, -03, -04* conservation significance
Park Park
The Slovak The Slovak
SK-POLO-01,
Slovakia Climate monitoring 1920 Hydrometeorological Hydrometeorological
-02, -03, -04*
Institute Institute
SK-VIHO-01, Landscape protected
Slovakia Geology 2001 Žec
-02* area
Slovakia Fungi 2007 Adamčík
-02* area
SK-VIHO-01,
Slovakia Forest 1983 Prof. Ing. Štefan Korpeľ Kyjovsky Prales
-02*
Slovakia Flora 1991 J. Terray
-02* area
SK-VIHO-01,
Slovakia Flora 2005 Terray Kyjovsky Prales
-02*
Slovakia Fishes 2007 Koščo
-02* area
Slovakia Fauna 1997 Danko
-02* area
Slovakia Birds 1990 Š. Danko
-02* area
SK-VIHO-01, Protected landscape
Slovakia Bats and butterfly 2015 Kolesárová, Danko
-02* area
Switzerland CH-LODA-01 Reptilia 2014 Patriziato di Lodano Patriziato di Lodano
Switzerland CH-LODA-01 Mammals 2014 Patriziato di Lodano Patriziato di Lodano
Nature and Landscape Nature and Landscape
Switzerland CH-LODA-01 Lichens 2019
uniti at cantonal level uniti at cantonal level
Switzerland CH-LODA-01 Lepidoptera, Ortoptera 2012 Patriziato di Lodano Patriziato di Lodano
forest unit at coantonal
Switzerland CH-LODA-01 Insects and fungi xylobionts 2019 WSL
level
Switzerland CH-LODA-01 Fungi 2013 Patriziato di Lodano Patriziato di Lodano
Forest unit cantonal
Switzerland CH-LODA-01 Forest typologies 2014 Patriziato di Lodano
level
Switzerland CH-LODA-01 Flora 2012 Patriziato di Lodano Patriziato di Lodano
Switzerland CH-LODA-01 Fireflies 2014 Patriziato di Lodano Patriziato di Lodano
Switzerland CH-LODA-01 Coleoptera 2013 Patriziato di Lodano Patriziato di Lodano
Switzerland CH-LODA-01 Chiroptera 2012 Patriziato di Lodano Patriziato di Lodano
Switzerland CH-LODA-01 Birds 2012 Patriziato di Lodano Patriziato di Lodano
Switzerland CH-LODA-01 Ants 2013 Patriziato di Lodano Patriziato di Lodano
313
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE

Country Type
Forest unit Cantonal
Switzerland CH-LODA-01 Age of the Beech trees 2013 WSL
level
6.a Key indicators for measuring • Development of staffing and funding for
managing the property.
the state of conservation These indicators are suitable for a general
The two part monitoring scheme comprises assessment of the state of conservation of
management indicators as well as ecological the property and the general status of the
indicators, which aim to improve scientific management. Thus, they provide a sound basis
knowledge about the ecological dynamics and the for the required reporting exercises. However,
status of forests. existing ecological monitoring schemes across all
component parts go far beyond, addressing a wide
Following the operational guidelines of the World range of different ecological questions reaching
Heritage Committee and recommendations for from soil microarthropod community, carnivore
reporting, the key indicators are proposed as or specific beetle monitoring, frequent monitoring
follows: of forest development and plant communities to
climate and alien species monitoring.assessment
Key indicator related to ‘Statement of the state of conservation of the property and
of Outstanding Universal Value’ the general status of the management. Thus, they
• Representativeness of component provide a sound basis for the required reporting
parts and Beech Forest Regions (Do exercises. However, existing ecological monitoring
the component parts still give a schemes across all component parts go far beyond,
comprehensive overview of the European addressing a wide range of different ecological
beech forest development process?) questions reaching from soil microarthropod
community, carnivore or specific beetle monitoring,
Key indicators related to ‘Statement frequent monitoring of forest development and
of authenticity and/or integrity’ plant communities to climate and alien species
monitoring.
• Total area of forest in ha
• Average volume of deadwood (m³/ha)
Table 63 illustrates the indicators as well as related
• Intensity of game impact methodology and periodicity.
• Intensity of human impact (e.g.
The key indicators were selected in a way that
compliance with non-intervention policy;
they are largely congruent with the key variables
visitor numbers)
monitored in most of the nominated beech
• Impact of natural disasters (e.g. wildfire, forests. This should allow for the monitoring and
storms, neobiota etc.) direct comparison between the developments
• Climatic parameters (precipitation, in the beech forests of the individual component
temperature etc.)Climatic parameters parts. Especially the impact of climate change on
(precipitation, temperature, etc.) the nominated component parts can be tracked
this way. The structural dynamics of the forest
II.4 Key indicators for populations are the focus of the monitoring
„Management“ processes.
• Degree of stakeholder involvement and
In many component parts and States Parties, a
satisfaction
forest monitoring system is in place. Most forest
• Number of meetings of the IMS committee monitoring systems have a usual repetition cycle of
• Number of regional and transnational 10 years. This is meaningful, as changes in forest
projects (implementation and research ecosystems are often developing rather slowly.
projects) These forest monitorings are able to provide
• Number of acquired project funds (share information on age, forest structure and amount of
of third party funding) deadwood, for example. The given periodicity of 10
years may lead to the situation that updated forest
• Number of public awareness and PR data is not available for every UNESCO reporting
activities period.
314
6. REQIREMENTS
2. DESCRIPTION
Indicator Method Periodicity Table 63:

Key indi-
Key indicator for ‘Statement of Outstanding Universal Value’ cators for
Representativeness of component parts and GIS analysis and reports from component Every 6 years monitoring
Beech Forest Regions parts’ managements
Key indicators for ‘Statement of authenticity and/or integrity’
Total area of forest Ecological monitoring Every 6–10 years
Average volume of deadwood (m³/ha) Ecological monitoring Every 6–10 years
Game impact Ecological monitoring Every 6–10 years
Human impact (e.g. compliance with non- Visitor monitoring; reports from Once a year
intervention policy; visitor numbers) component parts’ managements
Fragmentation of sites Spatial analysis of average size of Every 6 years
continuous beech forest stands
Impact of natural disasters (e.g. wildfire, Reports from component parts’ Every 2–3 years
storms, neobiota, etc.) managements
Climatic parameters (precipitation, Statistical data of meteorological stations Every 2–3 years
temperature, etc.)
Key indicators for ‘Management’
Degree of stakeholder involvement and Focus group discussion/questionnaire Once a year
satisfaction
Number of meetings of the IMS committees Minutes of meetings/meeting Once a year
documentation
Number of regional and transnational Information from component parts’ Once a year
projects (implementation and research managements
projects)
Number of acquired project funds (share of Internal calculation Once a year
third party funding)
Number of public awareness and PR activities Information from component parts’ Once a year
managements
Development of staffing and funding for Information from component parts’ Once a year
managing the property managements
Management (effectiveness) moni- This allows, besides monitoring of ecological

toring processes and the management activity, for
documenting monitoring of how the property is
Data on management processes, activities and perceived locally.processes and the management
outcomes are part of the standard documentation, activity, for documenting monitoring of how the
which will be within the responsibility of the property is perceived locally.
Secretariat of the Transnational Joint Management.
Minutes of meetings, number of projects and General environmental and climatic
project funding as well as documentation of staffing parameters
and PR activities give a comprehensive overview
of the general activity and foci of the property Temperature, precipitation, wind directions
and their individual managements. It particularly and force as well as atmospheric humidity are
addresses the issue of transboundary activities. continuously monitored through a closely meshed
network of climate stations at national level. If
The perception of local stakeholders is considered there are no dedicated climate stations within the
a key indicator for a successful management and component part, the data of the nearest weather
consequently for the conservation of the property. station are evaluated.
Thus, the local members of each Integrated
Management Panel (IMP) will frequently evaluate Spatial parameters
local perception by following a short questionnaire Relevant parameters such as area size, degree
focusing on local acceptance, local problems as of fragmentation, and length of paths in every
well as local development processes and eventual component parts are monitored based on aerial
benefits related to the World Heritage Property.
315
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
images and existing GIS data supplied by the on the specific requirements of the species, i.e. their
cartographic institutes of the respective countries. temporal and spatial variability. Ground vegetation,
relevant natural forest indicators and endangered
Forest structure species of the natural beech forests are surveyed
in six-year cycles. Typical bird indicator species
In particular, the forest structure has been subject
in beech forests are evaluated in six-year cycles.
to intense dynamics up to the present day due to
Mammals are monitored periodically. According to
the peculiar history of the nominated component
European legislation, particularly relevant species
parts. This factor is taken into account in the
are subject to intensified surveillance (EU Habitats
monitoring. The forest structure is surveyed based
Directive). The species inventory is monitored on
on living trees and deadwood. Neither the living
an ongoing basis, e.g. in order to determine the
biomass nor the spatial arrangement of the trees
repopulation by plant or animal species as well as
or the deadwood mass remains constant. These
the development of their populations. This does
structural variables are subject to high natural
not only apply for invasive animals and plants but
cyclic dynamics especially in autochthonous natural
also for the natural reconstitution of biocoenoses
forests. Alongside with species monitoring, the
(e.g. wildcat, lynx). Species and population figures
natural structural cycles and developments rank
are determined and the extent e.g. of the damage
amongst the most important monitoring contents
to the forest community caused by game is already
to prove integrity of the component parts because
being monitored within the scope of regular wildlife
died-off vegetation, naturally decomposing
monitoring. As faunistic monitoring is very time
deadwood, forms the basis for the biodiversity
consuming, only selected component parts will
of subnatural beech forests. Large deadwood
implement a periodic monitoring of selected key
volumes and the wood being rapidly converted
species. Fundamental research is done on project
upon ground contact account for the significance
basis to reveal new knowledge in biocoenoses and
of deadwood for the nutrient regime in beech
species in beech forests.
forests, substantially affecting biodiversity.
Biocoenoses and species Tourism-related parameters

The registration of visitor numbers, hiking trail
Representative sample areas within the territories
development, and the touristic infrastructure in
are already monitored intensively with regards to
the nominated component parts provide important
biodiversity, with monitoring intervals being based
Table 64: Location of
Indicator Key responsibility Method Periodicity
Responsible records
parties actively JMC

Site
Mgmt
IMP
contributing Key indicator for “Statement of Outstanding Universal
to the periodic II.2 Value“
reporting Representativeness of component parts and beech GIS analysis and reports from
forest regions component parts’ managements Every 6 years JMC
Key indicators for “Statement of authenticity and/or
II.3 integrity”
Every 6–10 Component part
Total area of forest
Ecological monitoring years management
Average volume of deadwood (m³/ha)
Game impact
Human impact (e.g. compliance with non-intervention Visitor monitoring; Reports from Component part
policy; visitor numbers) component parts’ managements Once a year management
Impact of natural disasters (e.g. wildfire, storms, Reports from component parts’ Component part
neobiota, etc.) managements Every 2–3 years management
Statistical data of meteorological Component part
Climatic parameters (precipitation, temperature, etc.)
stations Every 2–3 years management
II.4 Key indicators for „Management“
Degree of stakeholder involvement and satisfaction Focus group disc./questionnaire Once a year Individual IMPs
Minutes of meetings/meeting
Number of meetings of the IMS committees
documentation Once a year JMC
Number of regional and transnational projects Information from component parts’
(implementation and research projects) managements Once a year JMC
Number of acquired project funds (share of third party
funding) Internal calculation Once a year JMC
Information from component parts’
Number of public awareness and PR activities
managements Once a year JMC
Development of staffing and funding for managing the Information from component parts’
property managements Once a year JMC
316
6. REQIREMENTS
2. DESCRIPTION
index numbers for the sites to be acknowledged Thus, the property will allow for an unprecedented
while also documenting the effects of tourism in opportunity for comprehensive primeval or
and around the area. ancient beech forest monitoring in Europe. Further
monitoring results will be available in future
resulting from new research activities.
6.b Administrative
arrangements for
monitoring property
The Outstanding Universal Value is monitored in
coordination between the component parts of the
World Natural Heritage property. The coordinator
keeps track of monitoring exercises and is in charge
of preparing respective reports.
A three level monitoring approach allows for

monitoring the management, the OUV and
conservation status as well as the local/regional
impact of the World Heritage Property.
The monitoring of the management in the

nominated component parts forms part of the
tasks of the JMC, which is in charge of collecting
the respective information by requesting it from
the individual component parts. Furthermore, the
coordinator is in charge of preparing the reports for
the periodic reporting.
Ecological monitoring in the nominated component

parts forms part of the continuous area monitoring
and therefore rests with the respective national
park or biosphere reserve administrations, which
will work on certain aspects of the monitoring
processes by themselves, collaborate with
technical authorities, universities and institutes,
and commission specialists correspondingly. The
development of a methodology manual to guide
area monitoring also includes a standard data
format yet to be specified to allow for a smooth
and quick exchange of results and information.
6.c. Results of previous

reporting exercises
Given the outstanding importance for ecological
research, the forest development has already
undergone intensive monitoring in most of the
nominated component parts. Inventory results and
special issues reach far beyond these designations.
Relevant monitoring activities for component
parts are listed in the annex (annex 6.c) showing
specific ecological or socio-economic monitoring
exercises, which vary strongly between the States
Parties. However, all monitoring exercises show a
strong link to the ecological quality of the property.
317
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
7 DOCUMENTATION
7.a Photographs and audiovisual image inventory and

authorization form
See digital annex 7.a for the authorization forms together with the photographs and images.
7.b Texts relating to protective designation, copies of property

management plans or documented management systems
and extracts of other plans relevant to the property
See digital annex 7.b for a table of contents and the appropriate records and other documents.
7.c Form and date of most recent records or inventory of

property
See digital annex 7.c for a table of contents and the original and summarized documents and records listed
in the table below.
Table 65: ID State Party Most recent records or inventory of property Date
Form and Principles of nature-based management in forest ecosystems in the Jizerské
date of CZ-JIZE-01 Czech Republic hory/Jizera Mts. Protected Landscape Area and the Krkonoše/Giant Mts. 2012
National Park
most recent
Fagus sylvatica L.-original. current and projected distribution in the Czech
records or CZ-JIZE-01 Czech Republic
Republic
2008
inventory of
IT-FUMB-01* Italy Gargano National Park Management Plan (Italian)
the nominat-
ed compo- IT-FUMB-01* Italy Gargano National Park Management Plan (Abstract English)
nent parts IT-POLL-01, 02 Italy Pollino National Park Management Plan (Italian)
IT-POLL-01, 02 Italy Pollino National Park Managament Plan (Abstract English)
Basic Forestry Study for National Park Biograska Gora. Suggestions for the
ME-BIOG-01, 02 Montenegro 2016-2020
management of the forests for 2016-2020 - Montenegrin
Basic Forestry Study for National Park Biograska Gora. Suggestions for the
ME-BIOG-01, 02 Montenegro 2016-2020
management of the forests for 2016-2020 - English Summary
MN-DLAB-01 North Macedonia Management Plan
PL-BIES-01, -02, -03, -04 Poland The popular conservation plan Bieszczady National Park (in English)
PL-BIES-01, -02, -03, -04 Poland NATURE IN THE BIESZCZADY NATIONAL PARK (polish-english version)
PL-BIES-01, -02, -03, -04 Poland Map o the component part - primeval forest in the Bieszczady National Park
RS-FRUS-01, -02 Serbia Monitoring Report for Strix aluco 2013 2013
RS-FRUS-01, -02 Serbia Monitoring Report for spiders 2013 2013
RS-FRUS-01, -02 Serbia Monitoring Report 2017 - PE ‘NP Fruška gora’ 2017
RS-KOPA-01 Serbia Viola kopaonikensis Protection Action Plan
RS-KOPA-01 Serbia Reptile and Amphibian monitoring in Kopaonik NP
RS-KOPA-01 Serbia Report on Moss and Lichen bioindicators in Kopaonik NP
RS-KOPA-01 Serbia Ichtyofauna and freshwater benthic fauna in Kopaonik NP
RS-KOPA-01 Serbia Feasibility Study on Chamois reintroduction in Kopaonik NP
RS-KOPA-01 Serbia Cardamine pancicii Protection Action Plan
RS-TARA-01, -02 Serbia Forest protection report 2018 2018
318
7. DOCUMENTATION
5. PROTECION AND MANAGEMENT REQIREMENTS
2. DESCRIPTION
ID State Party Most recent records or inventory of property Date

RS-TARA-01, -02 Serbia Forest protection report 2018 2018
RS-TARA-01, -02 Serbia Fora and Habitat Monitoring report 2018 2018
RS-TARA-01, -02 Serbia Cardamine sebica Protection Action Plan 2018 2018
RS-TARA-01, -02 Serbia Bird Monitoring Report 2018 2018
7.d Address where inventory, records and archives are held

Find the addresses where inventory, records and archives of the nominated component parts are held in
the table below.
ID Organisation Name Address Phone/Fax Email Table 66:

Via F. Zorzi 13, 6500 Phone: marco.molinari@ Addresses
CH-LODA-01 Canton Ticino Marco Molinari
Bellinzona +41 (0) 91 814 26 43 ti.ch where inven-
Nature Conservation tory, records
Agency of the Czech
Republic, Jizerské hory/ U jezu 10, CZ-46001 Phone:
and archives
CZ-JIZE-01 Jiri Husek [email protected] are held
Jizera Mts. Protected Liberec +42 (0) 482 428 974
Landscape Area
Administration
Phone:
Nature Conservation
Kaplanova 1931/1, CZ- +42 (0) 724 161 141 jan.plesnik@nature.
CZ-JIZE-01 Agency of the Czech Jan Plesnik
148 00 Praha 11-Chodov Fax: cz
Republic, Headquarters
+43 (0) 7584 36
Phone:
2, avenue de Saint- +33 (0) 01 40 19 58 00
(ONF) - direction
FR-AIGO-01 Olivier VINET Mandé 75570 Paris Fax: [email protected]
territoriale Midi
Cedex 12
méditerranée
+33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00
Phone:
2, avenue de Saint- +33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00
(ONF) - direction Laurent laurent.blanchard@
FR-CHAP-01 Mandé 75570 Paris Fax:
territoriale Midi BLANCHARD onf.fr
Cedex 12
méditerranée
+33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00
Phone:
ONF - direction 2, avenue de Saint-
+33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00 benoit.garnier@
FR-CHIZ-01, -02 territoriale Centre- Benoit GARNIER Mandé 75570 Paris
Fax: onf.fr
Ouest-Aquitaine Cedex 12
+33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00
National Forest Phone:
Office ONF - direction 2, avenue de Saint- +33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00
Sylvain sylvain.ducroux@
FR-FONT-01 territoriale Seine-Nord Mandé 75570 Paris
DUCROUX onf.fr
ONF - agence Ile-de- Cedex 12 Fax:
France Est +33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00
Phone:
Ballon des Vosges Laurent Place des verriers 68820 +33 (0) 3 89 82 22 13 l.domergue@parc-
FR-GRAN-01
Regional Nature park DOMERGUE WILDENSTEIN Fax: ballons-vosges.fr
+33 (0) 89 82 22 13
Phone:
Massane National
Joseph Laboratoire Arago, +33 (0) 3 80 48 94 75 rnn.massane@
FR-MASS-01 Nature Reserve http://
GARRIGUE 66650 Banyuls/mer Fax: espaces-naturels.fr
www.rnnmassane.fr/
+33 (0) 3 80 48 94 75
Nature reserve National Phone:
La Bourdonnerie 2 allée nicolas.debaive-
Network - Réserves Nicolas +33 (0) 3 80 48 94 75
FR-MASS-01 Pierre Lacroute – CS rnf@espaces-
Naturelles de France DEBAIVE Fax:
67524 21075 DIJON naturels.fr
(RNF) +33 (0) 3 80 48 94 75
Phone:
National Forest
2, avenue de Saint- +33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00
Office ONF - direction nathalie.patry@
FR-SABA-01 Nathalie PATRY Mandé 75570 Paris
territoriale Midi onf.fr
Cedex 12 Fax:
méditerranée
+33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00
National Forest Office Phone:
2, avenue de Saint-
(ONF) Direction Florence +33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00 florence.loustalot@
FR-SAPE-01 Mandé 75570 Paris
territoriale Midi LOUSTALOT Fax: onf.fr
Cedex 12
méditerranée +33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00
Complesso
Phone:
Monumentale
Pollino National +39 (0) 973669311 ente@parcopollino.
IT-POLL-01, 02 Pollino National Park Santa Maria della
Park Fax: it
Consolazione, 85048
+39 (0) 973667802
ROTONDA (PZ)
Via Aurora 1, 89057 Phone:
info.posta@
Aspromonte National Aspromonte Gambarie di Santo +39 (0) 965743060
IT-VALL-01 parcoaspromonte.
Park National Park Stefano in Aspromonte Fax:
gov
(RC), Italy +39 (0) 965743026
319
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
ID Organisation Name Address Phone/Fax Email

Reparto
Phone:
Carabinieri per Via del Torrione prol.
Carabinieri Forest +39 (0) 965369201 42827.001@
IT-VALL-01 la biodiversità n° 16, 89123 Reggio
Service Fax: carabinieri.it
di Reggio Calabria (RC), Italy
+39 (0) 965369201
Calabria
Nela Vešović
Dubak,
Assistant Phone:
Nacionalni parkovi Crne Director for 81000 Podgorica, Crna +382 (0) 20 60 10 15 nelavesovicdubak@
ME-BIOG-01, 02
Gore Protection, Gora, Montenegro Fax: nparkovi.me
Sustainable +382 (0) 20 60 10 16
Development
and Tourism
Phone 1:
+389 (0) 78495561
canepetrevski@
NP Mavrovo, Mavrovi
National Park yahoo.com,
MN-DLAB-01 Public institution Anovi, Republic North Phone 2:
Mavrovo tmateski@gmail.
Macedonia
com
+389 (0) 78495604
Phone:
PL-BIES-01, -02, Bieszczady National Ustrzyki Górne 19; 38- +48 (0) 13 461 06 50
Ryszard Prędki [email protected]
-03, -04 Park 713 Lutowiska Fax:
+48 (0) 13 461 06 10
Phone:
+381 (0) 214896301
Radnička Street No 20а,
RS-FRUS-01, -02 Conservation of Nikola Stojnić [email protected]
21101 Novi Sad Fax:
Vojvodina Province
+381 (0) 216616252
Phone:
+381 (0) 112093801
Institute for Nature dr Ivana Ribara 91,
RS-KOPA-01 Dragana Ostojić Fax: [email protected]
Conservation of Serbia 11070 Belgrade
+381 (0) 112093867
Phone:
+381 (0) 112093801
Institute for Nature dr Ivana Ribara 91,
RS-TARA-01, -02 Dragana Ostojić [email protected]
Conservation of Serbia 11070 Belgrade
Fax:
+381 (0) 112093867
Phone:
SK-POLO-01, -02, Administration of the Poloniny Ul. mieru 193, 06761 +421 (0) 577624424
[email protected]
-03, -04* Poloniny National Park National Park STAKČÍN, SLOVAKIA Fax:
+421 (0) 577624424
PLA Administration Fraňa Kráľa 1, 07101 Phone: chko.vihorlat@
SK-VIHO-01, -02* PLA Vihorlat
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Војин Буцало (2015) Историјски развој флоре и Републички завoд за заштиту културнo-
вегетације планине Јадовник у западној Босни. историјскoг и прирoднoг насљеђа Републике
Гласник Шумарског факултета Универзитета Српске (2012) Приједлог за заштиту строгог
у Бањој Луци 22: 23-31 / Vojin Bucalo (2015) резервата природе „Прашума Јањ / State
Historical development of flora and vegetation on Institute for the Protection of the Cultural,
Jadovnik Mt. in the western Bosnia. Journal of the Historical and Natural Heritage of Republika Srpska
Faculty of Forestry, University of Banja Luka 22: 23- (2012) Proposal for the Protection of the Strict
31 Nature Reserve ‘Virgin forest Janj’
Динић, А. (1996): Прилог проучавању Стевановић, В., Јовановић, С., Лакушић, Д. и

ендемизма Панчићеве оморике; Међународна Никетић, М. (1997): Diversity of Internationally
научна конференција ‘Шумски екосистеми Significant Species of vascular Flora in the national
националних паркова’. Бајина Башта. Parks of Serbia. In: Forest Ecosystems of the
National Parks. Ministry of Environment of the
Јовић, Н. (1978): Земљишта у шумама Панчићеве Republic of Serbia. Belgrade.
оморике на Тари. Екологија, Вол. 13, Но. 1,
Београд Стојановић, Љ. (1994): Еколошко-производне
карактеристике Панчићеве оморике и начин
Миколошко удружење MYCOBH / Mycological природног обнављања на карактеристичним
Society MYCOBH / https://www.mycobh.com/ налазиштима у Националном парку Тара -
prasume-u-bih-mikoloska-istrazivanja/ Omorika - Picea omorika (Pančić) Purkyne на
Милановић, Ђ., Ступар В., Брујић Ј. (2018) Шуме подручју Националног парка Тара, Монографска
Републике Српске. СФЦ „Шуме РС и Шумарски студија. Бајина Башта.
факултет Бања Лука / Milanović, Đ., Stupar V., Стојановић,Д, Ћурчић, С,Томић, Д. (2014): Фауна
Brujić J. (2018) Forests of Republic of Srpska. SFC Lepidoptera Националног парка ‘Тара’ део први
‘Šume RS’ & Faculty of Forestry Banja Luka Microlepidoptera . Бајна Башта-Нови Сад.
Мићић Б. (ур.) (1991) Јањ - прошлост и Туристичка организација општине Шипово
садашњост. Српска православна црква у / Tourist organisation of the municipality of
Глоговцу. Београд-Јањ. / Mićić B. (ed.) (1991) Janj Šipovo / http://sipovo-tourism.com/V2/prauma-
- Past and Present. Serbian Orthodox Church in janj/?lang=en/
Glogovac. Belgrade-Janj.
Шебез М, Говедар З. (2019) Карактеристике
Михајловић, Љ. (1994): Фауна инсеката оморике. подмлатка у прашуми ‘Јањ’ и привредним
Оморика - Picea omorika (Pančić) Purkynë на састојинама букве, јеле и смрче на подручју
подручју Националног парка Тара-монографска планине ‘Виторог’ у Републици Српској.
студија, Бајина Башта Шумарство 1-2: 53-68. Београд / Šebez M, Govedar
Мишић, В. (1994): Природни резервати у НП Тара Z (2019) Characteristics of the young growth in the
- Еколошко-фитоценолошка студија (стр. 1-128). old-growth forest of Janj and managed stands of
Завод за заштиту природе Србије, Београд. beech, fir and spruce in the area of mt.Vitorog in
the Republic of Srpska. Forestry 1-2: 53-68
Наташа Пјевић и Зоран Чанчар: (2013): Заштићена
подручја Републике Српске. Национални парк
‘Козара’, Национални парк ‘Сутјеска’ / Natasa
Pjevic and Zoran Cancar: (2013): Protected Areas
of Republika Srpska. Kozara NP, Sutjeska NP
Панић, Г., Наградић, С. (2019): Заштита природног

насљеђа у Републици Српској. Републички завод
за заштиту културно-историјског и природног
насљеђа Републике Српске, Бања Лука. / Panić,
G., Nagradić, S. (2019): Protection of natural
heritage in Republika Srpska. Republic Institute
for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and
Natural Heritage of Republika Srpska, Banja Luka.
349
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE
8. Contact information of
responsible authorities
8.a Preparer
Name and contact information of the coordinators
of the extension nomination ‘Ancient and Primeval
Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other
Regions of Europe’:
• Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft –
Bundesamt für Umwelt BAFU
The Swiss Federal Council – Federal Office
for the Environment FOEN
3003 Bern
Phone: +41 (0) 58 462 93 11
Fax: +41 (0) 58 462 99 81
Web: www.bafu.admin.ch
• E.C.O. Institute of Ecology

Lakeside B07 b, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria
Phone: +43 (0) 463 504 144
Fax: +43 (0) 463 504 144-4
Web: www.e-c-o.at
Table 67: ID Organisation Name Address Phone/Fax Email
Preparer of the Phone:
nomination Bosnia and +387 (0) 65 714 143
dossier of the University in Banja Luka, Jugoslav Hercegovina, Banja
BH-JANJ-01 [email protected]
Faculty of Forestry Brujić Luka, dr Jovan Rašković Fax:
single compo- St 93
nent parts +387 (0) 51 464 500
Phone:
Geri Hauptgasse 48, 4509 geri.kaufmann@kaufmann-
CH-BETT-01 Kaufman + Bader +41 (0) 32 622
Kaufmann Solothurn bader.ch
51 26
Phone:
Canton Ticino, forest Thomas Via Valmaggina 24,
CH-LODA-01 +41 (0) 91 816 [email protected]
office Schiesser 6675 Cevio
19 71
Phone:
Canton Ticino, forest Davide Via F. Zorzi 13, 6500
CH-LODA-01 +41 (0) 91 814 [email protected]
section Bettelini Bellinzona
28 45
Christian Phone: antenna.vallemaggia@
CH-LODA-01 Antenna Vallemaggia 6678 Lodano
Ferrari +41(0)91 753 20 89 locarnese.ch
Gecos sagl, Studio di Phone:
Raffaele Via al Pizzante 7, 6595
CH-LODA-01 ingegneria forestale e +41 (0) 91 760 [email protected]
Sartori Riazzino
consulenza ambientale 90 08
2, avenue de Saint- Phone/Fax:
Nicolas
FR-AIGO-01 National Forest Office Mandé 75570 Paris +33 (0) 3 83 17 [email protected]
DRAPIER
Cedex 12 74 28
Phone/Fax:
5 rue Girardet - CS +33 (0) 3 83 17
National Forest Office Nicolas
FR-CHAP-01 65219 54042 Nancy 74 28 [email protected]
(ONF) DRAPIER
cedex

FR-CHIZ-01, Nicolas
Office National des Forêts Mandé 75570 Paris +33 (0) 3 83 17 [email protected]
-02 DRAPIER
Cedex 12 74 28
Phone/Fax:
2, avenue de Saint-
National Forest Office Nicolas +33 (0) 3 83 17
FR-FONT-01 Mandé 75570 Paris [email protected]
(ONF) DRAPIER 74 28
Cedex 12
Phone/Fax:
Ballon des Vosges Laurent Place des verriers l.domergue@parc-ballons-
FR-GRAN-01
Regional Nature Park DOMERGUE 68820 WILDENSTEIN +33 (0) 3 89 82 vosges.fr
22 13
350
8. CONTACT INFORMATION
2. DESCRIPTION

Phone/Fax:
Massane National Nature Joseph Laboratoire Arago, +33 (0) 3 80 48 rnn.massane@espaces-
FR-MASS-01
Reserve GARRIGUE 66650 BANYULS/MER 94 75 naturels.fr
Phone/Fax:
Py Pas-de-Rotjà National Raul 9, Rue de Mahou, raul.pimenta@espaces-
FR-PYPA-01 +33 (0) 4 68 96
Nature Reserve PIMENTA 66500 Prades naturels.fr
29 37
5 rue Girardet - CS Phone/Fax:
National Forest Office Nicolas
FR-SABA-01 65219 54042 Nancy +33 (03) 83 17 [email protected]
(ONF) DRAPIER
cedex 74 28
National Forest Office Nicola
FR-SAPE-01 Mandé 75570 Paris +33 (0) 3 83 17 [email protected]
(ONF DRAPIER
Cedex 12 74 28
Phone:
Parco Nazionale del Carmela +39 (0) 884 568911 carmelastrizzi@
IT-FUMB-01* Località Foresta Umbra
Gargano Strizzi Fax: parcogargano.it
+39 (0) 884 561348
Phone/Fax:
IT-POLL-01, Dr. Giuseppe +39 (0) 972669353 giuseppedevivo@
Pollino National Park 85040 Rotonda (PZ)
02 De Vivo parcopollino.gov.it
89057 Gambarie Phone/Fax:

Aspromonte National Antonino antonino.siclari@
IT-VALL-01 di Santo Stefano in +39 (0) 965743060
Park Siclari parcoaspromonte.gov.it
Aspromonte (RC)
Slobodan Phone:
Stijepovic, +382 (0) 20 60
ME-BIOG-01, Nacionalni parkovi Crne Senior 81000 Podgorica, Crna 10 15 slobodan.stijepovic@
02 Gore Adviser for Gora, Montenegro Fax: nparkovi.me
protection of +382 (0) 20 60
forest 10 16
Til Dieterich,
Phone:
International
+382 (0) 67 468299;
Ministry for Sustainable Senior
ME-BIOG-01, IV Proleterske 19, +49 (0) 3834 [email protected], til.
Development and Adviser at
02 81000 Podgorica 318500 [email protected]
Tourism Directorate
Fax:
for
+382 (0) 20 446 200
Environment
Aleksandar
Mijović,
Head of the
Phone:
Department
+382 (0) 20 60
for the
ME-BIOG-01, Nacionalni parkovi Crne 81000 Podgorica, Crna 10 15 aleksandarmijovic@nparkovi.
Protection
02 Gore Gora, Montenegro Fax: me
of Natural
+382 (0) 20 60
and Cultural
10 16
Heritage and
Sustainable
Development
Ana Phone:
Pavićević, +382 (0) 20 446 239
Ministry for Sustainable Senior
ME-BIOG-01, IV Proleterske 19,
Development and Adviser at Fax: [email protected]
02 81000 Podgorica
Tourism Directorate
for + 382 (0) 20 446
Environment 200
prof. dr
UKIM Faculty of Forestry 16 Makedonska Phone: makedonka.stojanovska@
MN-DLAB-01 Makedonka
Skopje brigada 1 +389 (0) 023135033 gmail.com
Stojanovska
Phone:
+ 48 (0) 13 461
PL-BIES-01, Przemysław 03 50
Bieszczady National Park 38 - 713 Lutowiska 2 [email protected]
-02, -03, -04 Wasiak Fax:
+48 (0) 13 461
06 51
Phone:
+48 (0) 13 461
PL-BIES-01, Stanisław ul. Bełska 7, 38-700 10 91
Bieszczady National Park [email protected]
-02, -03, -04 Kucharzyk Ustrzyki Dolne Fax:
+48 (0) 13 461
30 62
Phone:
RS-FRUS-01, Institute for Nature Ivana dr Ivana Ribara 91, +381 (0) 112093801
[email protected]
-02 Conservation of Serbia Jovanović 11070 Belgrade Fax:
+381 (0) 112093867
Phone:
Institute for Nature Ivana dr Ivana Ribara 91, +381 (0) 112093801
RS-KOPA-01 [email protected]
Conservation of Serbia Jovanović 11070 Belgrade Fax:
+381 (0) 112093867
351
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE

Phone:
+381 (0) 112093801
RS-TARA-01, Institute for Nature Ivana dr Ivana Ribara 91,
[email protected]
-02 Conservation of Serbia Jovanović 11070 Belgrade
Fax:
+381 (0) 112093867
Phone:
+421 (0) 903298194
SK-POLO-01,
Administration of the Ul. mieru 193, 06761
-02, -03, Marián Gič [email protected]
Poloniny National Park STAKČÍN, SLOVAKIA Fax:
-04*
+421 (0) 577624424
SK-VIHO-01, PLA Administration Fraňa Kráľa 1, 071 01
PLA Vihorlat [email protected]
-02* Vihorlat Michalovce
8.b Official Local Institution/Agency

Official local Phone:
institutions/ Ministarstvo Bosnia and +387 (0) 51 338 415
agencies poljoprivrede, Hercegovina, Banja [email protected].
BH-JANJ-01 Ministry
šumarstva i Luka, Trg Republike Fax: net
vodoprivrede Srpske 1
+387 (0) 51 338 865
Phone:
+387 (0) 50 371-330
Bosnia and
BH-JANJ-01 Forest Company JPŠ Gorica - Šipovo Hercegovina, Šipovo, I -
Fax:
šipovačke brigade St bb
+387 (0) 50 371-286
Phone:
Bosnia and Hecegovina,
00387 (0)50 +387 (0) 65 993 132
BH-JANJ-01 management unit Šipovo, I šipovske -
371-286 Fax:
brigade St bb
+387 (0) 50 371-286
Phone:
Bosnia and +387 (0) 51 215 973
Muzej Republike Hercegovina, Banja
BH-JANJ-01 Museum [email protected]
Srpske Luka, Đure Daničića Fax:
St. 1
+387 (0) 51 215 973
Šume Republike Bosnia and
State Forest Phone/Fax:
BH-JANJ-01 Srpske a.d. Hercegovina, Sokolac, [email protected]
Enterprize +387 (0) 57 405 303
Sokolac Romanijska St 1/3
Šume Republike Phone/Fax:
State Forest Square of Republic of
BH-JANJ-01 Srpske a.d. +387 (0) 51 247 202 [email protected]
Enterprize Srpska
Sokolac
Cantonal Office for
Barfüsserstrasse 14,
CH-BETT-01 Forest, Hunting, - - -
4509 Solothurn
Fishing
Planification office Section nature Werkhofstrasse 59
CH-BETT-01 - -
Canton Solothurn and landscape 4500 Solothurn
info@
CH-LODA-01 Patriziato di Lodano - 6678 Lodano -
patriziatolodano.ch
ONF Direction
territoriale Midi-
Médite territoriale 2, avenue de Saint-
Phone/Fax:
FR-AIGO-01 Midi-Méditerranée Olivier VINET Mandé 75570 Paris [email protected]
+33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00
ONF Agence Cedex 12
départementale de
Lozère
National Forest
Office ONF -
direction territoriale 2, avenue de Saint-
Laurent Phone/Fax: laurent.blanchard@
FR-CHAP-01 Midi-Méditerranée Mandé 75570 Paris
BLANCHARD +33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00 onf.fr
ONF - agence Cedex 12
départementale des
Hautes-Alpes
ONF - direction
territoriale Centre- 2, avenue de Saint-
FR-CHIZ-01, Phone:
Ouest-Aquitaine ONF Benoit GARNIER Mandé 75570 Paris [email protected]
-02 +33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00
- agence territoriale Cedex 12
Poitou-Charentes
352
2. DESCRIPTION

National Forest
Office ONF -
2, avenue de Saint-
direction territoriale Phone/Fax: sylvain.ducroux@
FR-FONT-01 Sylvain DUCROUX Mandé 75570 Paris
Seine-Nord ONF - +33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00 onf.fr
Cedex 12
agence Ile-de-France
Est
National Nature
La Bourdonnerie 2
Reserves Network - Phone/Fax: nicolas.debaive-rnf@
FR-GRAN-01 Nicolas DEBAIVE allée Pierre Lacroute –
Réserves Naturelles +33 (0) 3 80 48 94 75 espaces-naturels.fr
CS 67524 21075 DIJON
de France
ONF - direction
territoriale Midi-
Méditerranée 2, avenue de Saint-
Phone/Fax: nathalie.patry@
FR-SABA-01 National Forest Nathalie PATRY Mandé 75570 Paris
+33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00 onf.fr
office (ONF) - agence Cedex 12
territoriale Alpes-
Maritimes - Var
National Forest
Office (ONF)
2, avenue de Saint-
Direction territoriale Florence Phone/Fax: florence.loustalot@
FR-SAPE-01 Mandé 75570 Paris
Midi-Méditerranée, LOUSTALOT +33 (0) 1 40 19 58 00 onf.fr
Cedex 12
Agence territoriale
Hautes-Pyrénées
Reparto Carabinieri Località Foresta Umbra
Phone/Fax: c.angeloro@
IT-FUMB-01* Biodiversità Foresta Claudio Angeloro - Monte Sant'Angelo
+39 (0) 884 560944 carabinieri.it
Umbra (FG)
Phone:
Complesso
+39 (0) 973669311
Monumentale
Pollino National
IT-POLL-01, 02 Pollino National Park Santa Maria della [email protected]
Park Fax:
Consolazione, 85048
ROTONDA (PZ)
+39 (0) 973667802
Phone:
Via Aurora 1 89057
Aspromonte Aspromonte +39 (0) 965743060 info.posta@
IT-VALL-01 GAMBARIE DI SANTO
National Park National Park Fax: parcoaspromonte.gov
STEFANO (RC)
+39 (0) 965743026
Milica Nikolić,
Secretary-
Phone:
General of the
ME-BIOG-01, Ministry of Culture Ulica Njegoševa, +382 (0) 41 23 25 99 milica.nikolic@mku.
Montenegrin
02 of Montenegro Cetinje, Montenegro Fax: gov.me
National
+382 (0) 41 23 25 72
Commission for
UNESCO
Ministry for Ivana Vojinović, Phone:
ME-BIOG-01, Sustainable Head of IV Proleterske 19, +382 (0) 20 446 232 ivana.vojinovic@mrt.
02 Development and Directorate for 81000 Podgorica Fax: gov.me
Tourism Environment + 382 (0) 20 446 200
Phone:
ME-BIOG-01, Nacionalni parkovi Elvir Klica, director 81000 Podgorica, Crna +382 (0) 20 60 10 15
[email protected]
02 Crne Gore general Gora, Montenegro Fax:
+382 (0) 20 60 10 16
Phone:
+48 (0) 13 461 06 50
PL-BIES-01, Bieszczady National Ustrzyki Górne 19; 38-
Ryszard Prędki [email protected]
-02, -03, -04 Park Authority 713 Lutowiska Fax:
+48 (0) 13 461 06 10

Phone:
Regional Directorate Regional
PL-BIES-01, ul. Bieszczadzka 2 38- +48 (0) 13 43 73 900 [email protected].
of State Forests in Directorate of
-02, -03, -04 400 Krosno Fax: gov.pl
Krosno State Forests
+48 (0) 13 43 73 902
Phone:
PL-BIES-01, District Office in ul Bełska 22, 38-700 +48 (0) 13 471 10 80 powiat@bieszczadzki.
District Office
-02, -03, -04 Ustrzyki Dolne Ustrzyki Dolne Fax: pl
+48 (0) 13 471 10 73
Phone:
+48 (0) 13 469 7124
PL-BIES-01, District Office in ul. Rynek 1; 38-600 poczta@powiat-
District Office
-02, -03, -04 Lesko Lesko Fax: leski.pl
+48 (0)13 469 7130

Public Enterprize Zmajev trg 1, 21208
RS-FRUS-01, Phone/Fax: office@npfruskagora.
‘Nacionalni park Dragiša Savić Sremska Kamenica,
-02 +381 (0) 21463666 rs
Fruška gora’ Serbia
Public Enterprize Phone/Fax:
Naselje Suvo Rudište, nacparkkop@open.
RS-KOPA-01 ‘Nacionalni park Predrag Šumarac +381 (0) 365471011
36354 Kopaonik telekom.rs
Kopaonik’
353
Ancient
ANCIENTand BEECH
PrimevalFORESTS
Beech Forests
OF EUROPE

Public Enterprize
RS-TARA-01, Milenka Topalovića 3, Phone/Fax:
‘Nacionalni park Milica Tomić [email protected]
-02 31250 Bajina Bašta +381 (0) 31863644
Tara’
Phone:
+421 (0) 903570217
Administration
SK-POLO-01, Mário Perinaj - Ul. mieru 193, 06761 mario.perinaj@
of the Poloniny
-02, -03, -04* director STAKČÍN, SLOVAKIA Fax: sopsr.sk
National Park
+421 (0) 577624424
Administration
SK-POLO-01, Poloniny National Ul. mieru 193, 06761 Phone/Fax:
of the Poloniny [email protected]
-02, -03, -04* Park STAKČÍN, SLOVAKIA +421 (0) 577624424
National Park
8.c Other Local Institutions

Other local Region Solothurn Hauptgasse 69, 4500 Phone:
CH-BETT-01 - [email protected]
institutions Tourismus Solothurn +41 (0) 32 626 46 46
Kirchstrasse 10, 2540 Phone:
CH-BETT-01 Grenchen Tourismus - [email protected]
Grenchen +41 (0) 32 644 32 11
Reparto Phone:
Carbinieri Forest Carabinieri via Polistena n.19 89132 +39 (0) 965591800
IT-VALL-01 [email protected]
Service Parco Nazionale Reggio Calabria (RC) Fax:
dell’Aspromonte +39 (0) 965591681
Phone:
Marshal Office al. Łukasza Cieplińskiego
PL-BIES-01, +48 (0) 17 850 1700
of Podkarpackie Marshal Office 4; 35-010 Rzeszów; skr. [email protected]
-02, -03, -04 Fax:
Voivodeship pocztowa 17
+48 (0) 17 850 1701
Phone:
Bieszczady Tourist Tourist
PL-BIES-01, +48 (0) 13 469 66 95
Information Centre Information Rynek 38-600 Lesko [email protected]
-02, -03, -04 Fax:
in Lesko Centre
+43 (0) 2542050520
Phone:
Bieszczady
PL-BIES-01, Promotion ul. Rynek 16, 38-700 +48 (0) 13 471 11 30
Information and [email protected]
-02, -03, -04 Centre Ustrzyki Dolne Fax:
Promotion Centre
+48 (0) 13 471 16 69
Phone:
SK-POLO-01, Správa Chránenej Duchnovičova 535,
Juraj Platko - +421 (0) 911390193
-02, -03, krajinnej oblasti 068 01 Medzilaborce, [email protected]
director Fax:
-04* Východné Karpaty Slovakia
+421 (0) 577480291
8.d Official Web address

worldheritage.e-c-o.at
354
2. DESCRIPTION
355
356
SIGNATURES
9. SIGNATURE ON BEHALF OF THE STATE PARTY
State Party Name and affiliation Signature
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Czech Republic
Republic of France
Republic of Italy
Montenegro
Republic of North
Macedonia
Republic of Poland
Republic of Serbia
Slovak Republic
Swiss Confideration
357
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This Nomination Dossier marks a milestone Jovanovic (RS), Ivan Koubek (SK), Daniel Kozák
in a long lasting ongoing process. It started at (CZ), Biljana Krsteski (RS), Stanisław Kucharzyk
the international conference “Natural Forests (PL), Trpe Mateski (MK), Aleksandar Mijović
in the Temperate Zone of Europe” in October (ME), Milica Nikolic (ME), Carlo Ossola (CH),
2003 in Mukachevo, Ukraine. There in the Ana Pavicevic (ME), Nevena Piscevic (RS), Jan
Carpathians the idea of nominating the last Plesnik (CZ), Makedonka Stojanovska (MK),
big remnants of primeval beech forest started. Miroslav Svoboda (CZ), Smiljka Teneva (MK),
The successful inscription of the “Primeval Smiljka Teneva (MK), Vlatko Trpeski (MK), and
Beech Forests of the Carpathians” in 2007 Przemysław Wasiak (PL).
was followed by the inscription of the first
extension by 5 component parts in Germany Special thank for the precise reviews, feedback
in 2011 in order to form the “Primeval Beech and input to Barbara Engels (DE), Dries
Forests of the Carpathians and the Ancient Desloover (BE) and Viktoria Hasler (AT)!
Beech Forests of Germany”. It would have been hard to comply with the
Following the recommendations of IUCN and formal UNESCO process without the support
UNESCO, Germany started immediately after and feedback from Alessandro Balsamo
the inscription a screening process covering (UNESCO World Heritage Centre). Important
whole Europe to come up with a list of the feedback on the management regulations in
most important and valuable Primeval and/or the property and buffer zone was given by
Ancient Beech Forests in Europe which ended members of the IUCN WH program, namely
up in the Vienna Shortlist. Elena Osipova, Mizuki Murai and Peter Shady.
We are grateful to Andrej Sovinc (IUCN-WCPA)
In autumn 2014, Austria took over the lead in for coordinating the activities in South-East-
the extension nomination process 2014-2017 Europe! Special thanks for the UNESCO
which led to a significant expansion of the delegation of Switzerland, represented by
series to 12 States Parties and 78 component Martin X. Michelet, for enabling the important
parts. coordination meeting at the World Heritage
Committee meetings in Bahrein (2018) and
But it wasn’t possible to include all important Baku (2019)!
beech forest sites from the Vienna Shortlist in
the series and therefore in 2018 Switzerland Last, but not least, we would like to express
took over the lead for another extension our special thanks to Hans-Dieter Knapp
including 8 new States Parties and 2 States (BfN, DE) for being the mentor of the whole
Parties with boundary modifications. This beech forest process, inviting the scientific
process was financed by the The Swiss Federal community several times to the island of Vilm
Council – Federal Office for the Environment and sharing his incredible knowledge and
FOEN and was coordinated by Carlo Ossola. experience with the whole group at all the
international meetings and excursions, Pierre
The preparation of the nomination would Ibisch, Peter Hobson and Marcus Waldherr
not have been possible without the support from the Eberswalde University for Sustainable
of the national coordinators, taking over the Development for their scientific support and
responsibility to steer the process on the motivation.
national level and to establish the link from
the component parts to us (in alphabetical With thanks to all that have contributed
order): (including those, we might have not listed
above) – it was a very pleasant work and
Simona Borárošová (SK), Wolfgang Borst (FR), wonderful experience to be embedded in the
Jugoslav Brujic (BH), Alfredo Di Filippo (IT), Til European Beech Forest Network!
Dieterich (ME), Jelena Dzomba (BH), Simona
Gusejnov (SK), Bozena Haczek (PL), Ivana For the coordination team
Hanns Kirchmeir & Anna Kovarovics & Carlo Ossola

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Nomination Dossier

Bosnia and Herzegovina Montenegro Slovakia Text parts from German

Specialised editing, layout, graphic design

Web-GIS and Web-Text-Editing-Tool

1 Identification of the Property 10

Ancient (beech) forests/old-growth (beech) forest

Natural (beech) forest

Primeval/virgin (beech) forest

State, Province or Region

Geographical coordinates to the nearest second

Coordinates Area of the Area of Overview names,

N 50° 51’ 30’’

N 44° 38’ 4’’

Chizé Component 1 North- N 46° 7’ 26’’

N 48° 25’ 29’’

N 47° 58’ 20’’

N 42° 28’ 58’’

N 42° 28’ 5’’

N 43° 19’ 45’’

Coordinates Area of the Area of

N 39° 54’ 19’’

N 42° 54’ 35’’

North N 41° 45’ 47’’

Border Ridge and Gorna N 49° 5’ 58’’

Polonina Wetlinska and N 49° 10’ 51’’

N 43° 20’ 19’’

N 43° 55’ 3’’

N 48° 58’ 40’’

N 49° 10’ 31’’

N 48° 51’ 5’’

N 48° 54’ 56’’

TOTAL 19,039.10 72,160.80

Textual description of the boundaries of the nominated property

Criteria under which property is nominated

Draft Statement of Outstanding Universal Value

Not relevant as this property is nominated under criterion (ix).

Requirements for protection and management

Name and contact information of official local institution/agency

• Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft – Bundesamt für Umwelt BAFU

• E.C.O. Institute of Ecology

1. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPERTY

1.b State, Province or Region

ID State Party Component Part Region/District

FR-SAPE-01 France Saint-Pé-de-Bigorre Pyrenaic-Iberian

1.c Name of Property

1.d Geographical coordinates

Table 2: Over- Coordinates Area of the Area of

Coordinates Area of the Area of

1.e Maps and plans, showing

Table 3: Name of the Component Included Component Parts Map

7a France Chizé FR-CHIZ-01 Chizé Component 1 FR-CHIZ-01-02

Name of the Component Included Component Parts Map

18 North Dlaboka Reka MN-DLAB-01 Dlaboka Reka MN-DLAB-01

23a Slovakia Poloniny SK-POLO-01* Havešová Primeval SK-

1.f Area of nominated property

1. Justification on boundary modifi- Contribution to the maintenance of the Outstan-

1. Justification on boundary modi- Piovesan, G., Biondi, F., Baliva, M., De

Area of the component ‘Cozzo Ferriero’ as Piovesan, G. (2019). A light-demanding

1.f.23 Slovakia: Poloniny (SK-POLO-01, -02, -03, -04)