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MCA 20402 SEMINAR

REPORT ON
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF DEGREE
PROGRAM

Master in Computer Application

(SANT GADGE BABA AMRAVATI
UNIVERSITY,Amravati)
SESSION:2021-23

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT
Prof. R.R.Sherekar

SUBMITTED TO
Prof. V.A.Sinha

SUBMITTED BY
Sarthak Pawar

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CERTIFICATE

Certified that the seminar report entitled “SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT” is a bonafied work carried out by
Sarthak Pawar (1204300013) for the award of
Post Graduation in Master in Computer Application
during the year 2021-2023. The report has been approved as
it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of seminar
work prescribed for the Masters in Computer Application.

Head Of Department Guided By.

Prof.R.R.Sherekar Prof.V.A.Sinha

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to

Prof.R.R.Sherekar, HOD, Department of Master in Computer
Application, for his generous guidance, help and useful suggestions.

I express my sincere gratitude to Prof.V.A.Sinha , Dept. Master in

Computer Application for his stimulating guidance,
continuous encouragement and supervision throughout the
course of present work.

I also wish to extend my thanks to my colleagues for

attending my seminars and for their insightful comments and
constructive suggestions to improve the quality of this report.
They are very motivative and creative, and I am sure I have
learnt a lot from them.

(Sarthak Pawar)

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ABSTRACT

Solid waste management is one among the basic essential services

provided by municipal authorities in the country to keep urban
centers clean. However, it is among the most poorly rendered
services in the basket. The systems applied are unscientific,
outdated and inefficient ; population coverage is low ; and the poor
are marginalized. Waste is littered all over leading to insanitary living
conditions. Municipal laws governing the urban local bodies do not
have adequate provisions to deal effectively with the ever- growing
problem of solid waste management. With rapid urbanization, the
situation is becoming critical. The urban population has grown
fivefold in the last six decades with 285.35 million people living in
urban areas as per the 2001 Census.

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INDEX

Sr.No Content Page No.

1 Introduction

2 Component Diagram

3 Nature of Solid

4 Methods of processing

5 Advantages and
Disadvantages

6 CASE STUDY

7 purpose

8 Conclusion

9 Reference

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INTRODUCTION

The improper disposal of municipal waste has a serious and

dangerous impact on a wide range of areas. Garbage thrown in the
street or in open spaces creates a public health hazard, while waste
dumped near rivers, lakes and streams contaminates the water
supply. Rubbish that is burned in the open rather than disposed of
properly creates pollution and releases toxic fumes into the
environment. Nonbiodegradable materials thrown into open drains
make their way into the sewerage system, clogging pipelines and
damaging infrastructure. The hazards posed by the dumping of
untreated hospital and industrial waste are even greater, with the
release of pathogens and toxic compounds posing a grave threat not
just to human life but also to plants and animals. Garbage dumped
in the countryside is not simply an eyesore; entire landscapes are
ruined and unique habitats for flora and fauna are lost.

All of these problems are common in India, where vast quantities of

solid waste remain uncollected in the streets, along major roads, in
empty plots of land, down hill slopes and in illegal dumps.

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Component Diagram

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NATURE OF SOLID WASTE

Per capita waste generation ranges between 0.2 kg and 0.6 kg per
day in the Indian cities amounting to about 1.15 lakh MT of waste
per day and 42 million MT annually. Also, as the city expands,
average per capita waste generation increases.

Waste Generation per Capita in Indian cities

Population range Average per capita waste
generation
(in million) gms/ capita/ day

0.1 to 0.5 210

0.5 to 1.0 250

1.0 to 2.0 270

2.0 to 5.0 350

5.0 plus 500

The waste generation rates in India are lower than the low-income
countries in other parts of the world and much lower compared to
developed countries. However, lifestyle changes, especially in the
larger cities, are leading to the use of more packaging material and
per capita waste generation is increasing by about 1.3 per cent per
year. With the urban population growing at 2.7 per cent to 3.5 per
cent per annum, the yearly increase in the overall quantity of solid
waste in the cities will be more than 5 per cent. The Energy and
Resources Institute (TERI) has estimated that waste generation will

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exceed 260 million tonnes per year by 2047—more than five times
the present level.
Cities with 100,000 plus population contribute 72.5 per cent of the
waste generated in the country as compared to other 3955 urban
centers that produce only 17.5 per cent of the total waste and
practices continue to be outdated and inefficient. No serious efforts
are made to adapt latest methods and technologies of waste
management, treatment and disposal. Though a large portion of the
municipal budget is allotted for solid waste management, most of it
is spent on the wages of sanitation workers whose productivity is
very low. There are no clear plans to enhance their efficiency or
improve working conditions through the provision of modern
equipment and protective gear. Unionization of the workers,
politicization of labour unions and the consequent indiscipline
among the workforce are all results of bad working conditions and
inept handling of labour issues.

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METHODS FOR PROCESSING, TREATMENT AND

DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE

The main technological options available for processing/ treatment

and disposal of MSW are composting, vermicomposting, anaerobic
digestion/ biomethanation, incineration, gasification and pyrolysis,
plasma pyrolysis, production of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), also
known as pelletization and sanitary landfilling/landfill gas recovery.
Not all technologies are equally good. Each one of them has
advantages and limitations.

COMPOSTING :- Composting is a technology known in India

since times immemorial. Composting is the decomposition of
organic matter by microorganism in warm, moist, aerobic and
anaerobic environment. Farmers have been using compost made
out of cow dung and other agro-waste. The compost made out of
urban heterogeneous waste is found to be of higher nutrient value
as compared to the compost made out of cow dung and agro-waste.
Composting of MSW is, therefore, the most simple and cost effective
technology for treating the organic fraction of MSW. Full-scale
commercially viable composting technology is already demonstrated
in India and is in use in several cities and towns. Its application to
farm land, tea gardens, fruit orchards or its use as soil conditioner in
parks, gardens, agricultural lands, etc., is however, limited on
account of poor marketing.

Main advantages of composting include improvement in soil

texture and augmenting of micronutrient deficiencies. It also

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increases moisture-holding capacity of the soil and helps in

maintaining soil health. Moreover, it is an age-old established
concept for recycling nutrients to the soil. It is simple and
straightforward to adopt, for source separated MSW. It does not
require large capital investment, compared to other waste
treatment options. The technology is scale neutral. Composting is
suitable for organic biodegradable fraction of MSW, yard (or garden)
waste/waste containing high proportion of lignocelluloses materials,
which do not readily degrade under anaerobic conditions, waste
from slaughterhouse and dairy waste.

This method, however, is not very suitable for wastes that may be
too wet and during heavy rains open compost plants have to be
stopped. Land required for open compost plants is relatively large.
Also, issues of methane emission, odour, and flies from badly
managed open properly carried out there is possibility of toxic
material entering the stream of MSW.

VERMI-COMPOSTING :- Vermi-compost is the natural

organic manure produced from the excreta of earthworms fed on
scientifically semi-decomposed organic waste. A few vermi
composting plants generally of small size have been set up in some
cities and towns in India, the largest plant being in Bangalore of
about 100 MT/day capacity. Normally, vermi-composting is
preferred to microbial composting in small towns as it requires less
mechanization and it is easy to operate. It is, however, to be ensured
that toxic material does not enter the chain which if present could
kill the earthworms.

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ANAEROBIC DIGESTION AND BIOMETHANATION :-

Biomethanation is a comparatively well-established technology for
disinfections, deodorization and stabilization of sewage sludge,
farmyard manures, animal slurries, and industrial sludge. Its
application to the organic fraction of MSW is more recent and less
extensive. It leads to bio-gas/power generation in addition to
production of compost (residual sludge). This method provides a
value addition to the aerobic (composting) process and also offers
certain other clear advantages over composting in terms of energy.

This method is suitable for kitchen wastes and, other putrescible

wastes, which may be too wet and lacking in structure for aerobic
composting. It is a net energy-producing process (100–150 kWh per
tonne of waste input). A totally enclosed system enables all the gas
produced to be collected for use. A modular construction of plant
and closed treatment needs less land area. This plant is free from
bad odour, rodent and fly menace, visible pollution, and social
resistance. It has potential for co-disposal with other organic waste
streams from agro-based industry. The plant can be scaled up
depending on the availability of the waste.

INCINERATION :- This method, commonly used in developed

countries is most suitable for high calorific value waste with a large
component of paper, plastic, packaging material, pathological
wastes, etc. It can reduce waste volumes by over 90 per cent and
convert waste to innocuous material, with energy recovery. The

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method is relatively hygienic, noiseless, and odourless, and land

requirements are minimal. The plant can be located within city
limits, reducing the cost of waste transportation.

This method, however, is least suitable for disposal of chlorinated

waste and aqueous/high moisture content/low calorific value waste
as supplementary fuel may be needed to sustain combustion,
adversely affecting net energy recovery. The plant requires large
capital and entails substantial operation and maintenance costs.
Skilled personnel are required for plant operation and maintenance.
Emission of particulates, SOx , NOx, chlorinated compounds in air and
toxic metals in particulates concentrated in the ash have raised
concerns.

PELLETIZATION :- It is basically a processing method for

mixed
MSW, which can be very effective in preparing an enriched fuel feed
for thermal processes like incineration or industrial furnaces.

The RDF pellets can be conveniently stored and transported long

distances and can be used as a coal substitute at a lower price. As
pelletization involves significant MSW sorting operations, it provides
a greater opportunity to remove environmentally harmful materials
from the incoming waste prior to combustion.

The process, however, is energy intensive and not suitable for wet
MSW during rainy season. If RDF fluff/pellets are contaminated by
toxic/hazardous material, the pellets are not safe for burning in the
open or for domestic use.

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SANITARY LANDFILLS AND LANDFILL GAS

RECOVERY :- Sanitary landfills are the ultimate means of

disposal of all types of residual, residential, commercial and
institutional waste as well as unutilized municipal solid waste from
waste processing facilities and other types of inorganic waste and
inerts that cannot be reused or recycled in the foreseeable future.

Its main advantage is that it is the least cost option for waste
disposal and has the potential for the recovery of landfill gas as a
source of energy, with net environmental gains if organic wastes are
landfilled. The gas after necessary cleaning, can be utilized for power
generation or as domestic fuel for direct thermal applications 1.
Highly skilled personnel are not required to operate a sanitary
landfill.

Major limitation of this method is the costly transportation of

MSW to far away landfill sites. Down gradient surface water can be
polluted by surface run-off in the absence of proper drainage
systems and groundwater aquifers may get contaminated by
polluted leacheate in the absence of a proper leacheate collection
and treatment system

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES IN

PRESENT SOLID WASTE MANGEMENT
SERVICES

No Storage of Waste at Source :- There is no practice of

storing the waste at source in a scientifically segregated way.
Citizens have not been educated to keep domestic, trade, and
institutional bins for storage of waste at source and stop littering on
the streets.

No System of Primary Collection from the Doorstep

:-

There is no public system of primary collection from the source of

waste generation. The waste discharged here and there is later
collected by municipal sanitation workers through street sweeping,
drain cleaning, etc. Street sweeping has, thus become the principal
method of primary collection.

Irregular Street Sweeping :- Even street sweeping is not

carried out on a day-to-day basis in most cities and towns in India.
Generally commercial roads and important streets are prioritized
and rest of the streets are swept occasionally or not swept at all.

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Generally, no sweeping is done on Sundays and public holidays and

a back log is created on the next working day.

The tools used for street sweeping are generally inefficient and out
dated. For instance, the broom with a short handle is still in use
forcing sweepers to bend for hours resulting in fatigue and loss of
productivity.

Traditional handcarts/tricycles are used for collection, which do not

synchronize with the secondary storage systems. Waste is deposited
on the ground necessitating multiple handling.

There are no uniform yardsticks adopted for street sweeping.

Though, some states/cities have prescribed work-norms, these are
not very scientific. Most of the cities allocate work to sanitation
workers on ad hoc basis. The work distribution ranges between 200
metres to 1000 metres of street sweeping each day. Some sanitation
workers are found under worked while some over burdened.

Waste Storage Depots :- As waste is collected through

traditional handcarts/tricycles that can carry only a small quantity of
waste at a time, there is a practice to set up depots for temporary
storage of waste to facilitate transportation through motorized
vehicles. Generally, open sites or round cement concrete bins,
masonry bins or concrete structures are used for temporary bulk
storage, which necessitates multiple handling of waste. Waste often
spills over which is both unsightly as well as unhygienic.

Transportation of Waste :- Transportation of waste from

the waste storage depots to the disposal site is done through a

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variety of vehicles such as bullock carts, three-wheelers, tractors,

and trucks. A few cities use modern hydraulic vehicles as well. Most
of the transport vehicles are old and open. They are usually loaded
manually. The fleet is generally inadequate and utilization in
optimal. Inefficient workshop facilities do not do much to support
this old and rumbling squad of squalid vehicles. The traditional
transportation system does not synchronize with the system of
primary collection and secondary waste storage facilities and
multiple manual handling of waste results.

Processing of Waste :- Generally no processing of municipal

solid waste is done in the country. Only a few cities have been
practising decentralized or centralized composting on a limited
scale using aerobic or anaerobic systems of composting. In some
towns unsegregated waste is put into the pits and allowed to decay
for more than six months and the semi-decomposed material is sold
out as compost. In some large cities aerobic compost plants of 100
MT to 700 MT capacities are set up but they are functioning much
below installed capacity. A few towns are practising vermi-
composting on a limited scale.

Disposal of Waste :- Disposal of waste is the most neglected

area of SWM services and the current practices are grossly
unscientific. Almost all municipal authorities deposit solid waste at a
dump-yard situated within or outside the city haphazardly and do
not bother to spread and cover the waste with inert material. These
sites emanate foul smell and become breeding grounds for flies,
rodent, and pests. Liquid seeping through the rotting organic waste

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called leachate pollutes underground water and poses a serious

threat to health and environment.

Landfill sites also release landfill gas with 50 to 60 per cent methane
by volume. Methane is 21 times more potent than carbon dioxide
aggravating problems related to global warming. It is estimated by
TERI that in 1997 India released about 7 million tonnes of methane
into the atmosphere. This could increase to 39 million tonnes by
2047 if efforts are made to reduce the emission through
composting, recycling, etc.

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CASE STUDY: INTIATIVE TAKEN BY STATE

GOVERNMENTS TO HANDLE SOLID
WASTE

Karnataka :- Karnataka formulated the state policy for

implementation of Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)
based on MSW Rules 2000 laying down guidelines for all the
activities under MSWM, defining roles and responsibilities of all the
stakeholders namely, ULBs, elected representatives, waste
generators, NGOs, CBOs, SHGs, etc. It created the post of
Environmental Engineers in 123 local bodies to build technical
capability. SWM Action Plan and Management Plans for 56 cities
were prepared based on data pertaining to concerned ULBs. The
state also prepared technical manuals on (a) design and
specifications of the tools and equipment for SWM and (b)
treatment and landfill operations. To promote SWM practices at the
local level it prepared a short film and issued six short books on
MSWM for educating stakeholders. A series of workshops was
conducted for the local body officials, elected representatives,
NGOs, etc., for preparation of action plan, adoption of state policy,
identification of best practices, carrying out of Information,
Education and
Communication (IEC) activities and identifying suitable landfill sites
for treatment and disposal of waste.

The state has issued orders for transfer of government land free of
cost to the 226 local bodies for sanitary landfills, issued guidelines

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for identification and purchase of private land for this purpose and,
if required, provides 100 per cent financial assistance to purchase
the identified land from a budget allocation of Rs 16.1 crore. The
government initiated action to develop scientific landfill sites in eight
class 1 cities on BOT basis.

Gujarat :- Government of Gujarat has set up a state level

committee headed by the Principal Secretary, Urban Development
and Urban Housing Department and a sub-committee headed by a
subject expert to identify systems for solid waste management. All
cities and towns have been advised to implement the recommended
systems. Regional and state level workshops have been conducted
to provide training to all responsible officers of ULBs and action
plans have been prepared for almost all the cities through the
Gujarat Municipal Finance Board, a nodal agency of the state
government and City Manager’s
Association, Gujarat. The state government has given Rs 22 crore
since 2000 to ULBs of class I cities/towns for the procurement of
tools and equipment.

Government of Gujarat has passed a resolution to allot land to

municipal corporations at 25 per cent of the market value and to
smaller local bodies on a token lease rent for a period of 30 years for
treatment and disposal of waste. Thus, 147 out of 149 cities and
towns have been able to earmark appropriate land and these sites
have been duly authorized by the state pollution control board for
treatment and disposal of waste.

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The year 2005 has been declared the Year for Urban
Development. Under this initiative, construction of treatment and
disposal sites in all the 141 municipalities, has been taken up
centrally using expert agencies, state government funds and central
government grants. For this purpose, the state government has
formed a core committee of administrative and technical experts
and identified the Gujarat Urban Development Company as a nodal
agency to facilitate the construction of treatment and disposal sites
through qualified contractors. The work is proposed to be taken up
simultaneously in four regions of the Gujarat state.

Besides bearing the full cost of construction of treatment and

disposal facilities, using 12th Finance Commission grant and Urban
Renewal Mission fund the state government now proposes to give
financial support ranging between 50 and 90 per cent to
municipalities for tools and equipment for collection, secondary
storage, and waste transportation facilities. The entire venture is
expected to cost the government of Gujarat Rs 346 crore. The 141
urban local bodies in the state (other than the corporations) have
been grouped in four to six categories and cost estimates have been
prepared for the construction of landfill sites and compost plants of
standard designs for different levels of cities/towns .

West Bengal :- The Government of West Bengal has launched a

‘West Bengal Solid Waste Management Mission’ registered under
the West Bengal Societies Registration Act 1961 on 18 May 2005.
The mission has been set up under the chairmanship of the Chief
Secretary to Government and a technical committee headed by the
Secretary, Department of Environment. Regulations have been
framed and the powers, duties and functions of the mission as well

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as technical advisory committee have been laid down. The objective

of the mission is to promote modernization of collection and
transportation of MSW and facilitate development of cost-effective
technology for treatment and disposal of the same in the state.
Provision of technical and financial support to municipal bodies,
PRIs, and authorities of the statutory area for setting up of regional
or common solid waste management facilities is proposed.

The technical committee has prepared an action plan for

implementing MSW Rules 2000 in the state. It has been envisaged
that 25 to 30 regional facilities would be constructed in the state to
cover 126 ULBs including six corporations. One regional facility
would serve about five ULBs and each city would share the O&M
cost in proportion to the waste delivered for treatment and disposal.

The state government’s technical committee has prepared a

tentative estimate of over Rs 395 crore for supporting municipal
authorities in the state if they agree to enter into a cost sharing
arrangement of a little over Rs 15 crore (cost estimates in Table 8.7).
Upgrading SWM services would include provisions for public
awareness, capacity building of the municipal authorities,
procurement of tools, equipment, and vehicles for primary
collection, secondary storage and transportation of waste,
construction of transfer stations, procurement of large hauling
vehicles for transportation, construction of regional as well as
individual compost plants and construction of about 25 regional
landfill facilities covering the entire state.

The state government proposes to use the funds allocated by the

12th Finance Commission as well as from the urban renewal fund for
this purpose. The government of India has allocated Rs 393 crore to

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the municipalities in the state out of which 50 per cent is earmarked

for solid waste management in urban areas. Besides another Rs
1271 crore have been allotted to panchayats out of which the state
expects to spend at least 10 per cent on solid waste management
making a total Rs 323.60 crore. Some additional funds would be
found from the urban renewal grant to be allocated by the
government of India and internal resources of the state as well as
local bodies.

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CONCLUSION

While SWM was completely neglected in past and is now receiving

some attention at the highest levels in several cities and states,
many are lagging behind and several have not bothered to make any
improvement at all. The national and state solid waste management
missions need to be created to ensure that municipal authorities
perform their obligatory duties regularly in compliance with MSW
Rules 2000 within a predetermined time frame.

Though levels of SWM services in the country have started

improving on account of active monitoring by the Supreme Court of
India, the central and state pollution control boards and finance and
technical support from proactive state governments there still is a
long way to go. Save the formalization of the MSW Rules 2000, state
action in this regard at many levels has been fairly uninspiring thus
far. While MSW Rules 2000 is a watershed document in India’s
history of effective SWM, implementation issues still overwhelm the
system.

A comprehensive nationwide programme needs to be actively

implemented keeping in mind possible future scenarios. Key
individuals within the governing system and the bureaucracy need
to be educated to the magnitude of the crisis and motivated to use
their power to influence the system and appropriately channelize
resources to actively promote effective and progressive SWM
projects and practices

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REFERENCES

--- Akolkar, A.B. (2005). Status of Solid Waste Management in India,

Implementation Status of Municipal Solid Wastes, Management
and Handling Rules 2000, Central Pollution Control Board, New
Delhi.

-- Asnani, P.U. (2004). United States Asia Environmental

Partnership Report, United States Agency for International
Development, Centre for Environmental Planning and
Technology, Ahmedabad.

(2005). Technical Committee Report, West Bengal SWM Mission

2005, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata.

CPCB (2000). Status of Municipal Solid Waste Generation,

Collection Treatment, and Disposal in Class 1 Cities, Central
Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Government of India, New Delhi.

GOI (2003). Report of the Technology Advisory Group on Solid Waste

Management, Government of India Publications, New Delhi.

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MOUDPA (2000). Manual on Solid Waste Management, Ministry of

Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation, Government of India
Publications, New Delhi.

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