International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences

Vol-8, Issue-3; May-Jun, 2023

Journal Home Page Available: https://ijels.com/

Journal DOI: 10.22161/ijels

Awareness and Compliance of the Students, Faculty, and,

Staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste
Management Program
Cherry Ann D. Bona, Melanie S. Manuel

Tabuk City, Kalinga, Philippines

Received: 11 Apr 2023; Received in revised form: 04 May 2023; Accepted: 11 May 2023; Available online: 19 May 2023
©2023 The Author(s). Published by Infogain Publication. This is an open access article under the CC BY license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Abstract— This study looks into the awareness and compliance of the students, faculty, and staff of Kalinga
State University on the Solid Waste Management Program. The level of awareness and extent of compliance
of the respondents with the provisions of the solid waste management program along the segregation, 3Rs
(reduce, reuse, recycle), and disposal was looked into. Therelationship between the awareness and
compliance of the respondents with the provisions of the solid waste management program was also
identified. A total of three hundred sixty-seven (367) respondents participated in the study and was
participated by the faculty, staff and students who finished their Environmental Science. Result shows that
the majority of the respondents were students. The study revealed that solid waste management program
were not really practiced and observed by the respondents. Respondents are somewhat aware of the
provision of solid waste management according to segregation or separation and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse,
recycle) incuding disposal. Based on the results, it is recommended to have a mass implementation of the
program since results show that the respondents are partially aware and never comply with the provisions
of the solid waste management program according to disposal. Follow-up evaluation on awareness and
compliance of the respondents should be done to detect decay in retention and performance. Disseminate
concepts/techniques of segregation, recycling, and composting to the respondents. Information
dissemination campaign to proper storage and pilling of waste at their house as well as to their environment.
Increase public awareness of the negative impacts of solid waste management. Coordinate with adjacent
barangays to be able to establish a common materials recovery facility.
Keywords— awareness and compliance, reduce, reuse, recycle, Solid Waste Management.

I. INTRODUCTION Many awareness-raising activities are going on

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY presently with the need for Solid Waste Management
practices and support recycling in the Philippines, still there
Management of waste is a vital issue to ensure the
exists a lack of awareness about the importance of Solid
protection of the people through the maintenance of a safe
Waste Management. This is one of the reasons why there is
environment. Global concern about solid waste
a lack of motivation for young people towards helping with
management as an important fact of environmental hygiene
segregation, proper waste disposal, and recycling. Waste
needs to be integrated with total environmental planning.
disposal is thus a major issue confronting local government
Waste disposal, therefore, is everybody’s concern at the
units. It has become a high priority due to the health and
barangay, municipal, provincial, and national levels.
environmental risks associated with waste. Waste likely
contains pathogens, which commonly cause infections.

IJELS-2023, 8(3), (ISSN: 2456-7620) (Int. J of Eng. Lit. and Soc. Sci.)
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Bona Awareness and Compliance of the Students, Faculty, and, Staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste
Management Program

Garbage piles, besides being foul and unsightly, are The researchers were motivated to perform the
breeding grounds for vermin and insects, which carry study since Tabuk City’s higher education institutions have
human diseases. a problem with on-campus garbage management.
Improperly discarded waste can contaminate
sources of drinking water, they can be carried by rivers to II. CONCEPTUAL/THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
the sea and adversely affect fisheries, tourism, and the
“ I am a rubber and you are a glue, what comes out
health of coastal communities. Solid waste disposal is
of you bounces of me and stitches on you” This familiar
proving to be a complex and controversial issue- with local
saying applies to all individuals. What is to be done now is
government units facing limited options for addressing this
what will be reaped soon. As garbage is disposed of
concern.
improperly, the future generation will experience
Landfills are being promoted as alternative means environmental problems and issues. Therefore to have a
of disposal, but finding landfill sites has been difficult due better and healthier place to live in, must take good care of
to economic constraints, public health concerns, and social our environment. This study zeroed in to the awareness and
acceptability issues. There is a need, therefore, for other extent of compliance of the faculty, staff and students of
solid waste management and pollution control strategies Kalinga State University. It also tried to look into the among
that credence waste released to the environment. The the provisions of Solid Waste Management has the highest
government has recognized the severity of the garbage level of awareness and compliance among the respondents.
problem and has given priority to establishing appropriate
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
measures to address it. The most comprehensive piece of
legislation dealing with this problem is Rethe public Act This study aims to determine the level of
(RA) 9003, knas tas the Ecological Solid Waste awareness and extent of compliance of students, faculty,
Management Act of 2000. It assigns the primary task of and staff of Kalinga State University’s solid waste
implementation and enforcement to Local Government management program.
Units. It emphasizes the importance of minimizing waste Specifically, it sought to answer the following
using techniques such as recycling, resource recovery, reuse questions:
,and composting.
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of
Republic Act 9003 is an act providing for an age, gender, civil status, and educational
Ecological Solid Waste Management Program, creating the attainment?
necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, 2. What is the level of awareness of the respondents
declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, with the provisions of the solid waste
appropriating funds, therefore, and for other purposes better management program along the segregation, 3Rs
known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of (reduce, reuse, recycle), and disposal?
2000 that provides a systematic, comprehensive, and 3. What is the extent of compliance of the
ecological solid waste management program in the country respondents with the provisions of the solid waste
to ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, management program along the segregation, 3Rs
storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the (reduce, reuse, recycle), and disposal?
formulation and adaptation of the best environmental 4. Which among the provisions of Solid Waste
practice in ecological waste management excluding Management has the highest level of awareness
incineration. This is one of the problems of every place in and compliance among the respondents?
the PhilippineEveryery Higher Education (HE’s) they have
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
their oay of handling theiritse to lessen this problem.
The government has started the War on Waste
Proper waste management is important, and the
initiative to raise awareness among all citizens about the
assessment of solid waste management can help in
risks that wastes represent to human health, the potential
evaluating the effectiveness of the Local Government Solid
sources of waste, and the correct disposal of waste.
Waste Management Plan in promoting and ensuring
environmental practice on waste management. Their perspectives and attempts to address the
problems with solid waste management will gain focus and
The majority of the time, students’ careless trash
purpose due to the findings of this study, which will broaden
disposal in schools verges on indiscipline and presents
their horizons.
health and environmental dangers. Wastes are an
unavoidable byproduct of any human settlement and the
activities that go along with it.

IJELS-2023, 8(3), (ISSN: 2456-7620) (Int. J of Eng. Lit. and Soc. Sci.)
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Bona Awareness and Compliance of the Students, Faculty, and, Staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste
Management Program

To Society and the community, this research will

help them to emphasize the significance of safe waste
disposal;

Process
Input

Output
Demographics of the Self-evaluation/ Record
Participants as to: survey thru Google
form respondent’s
*age awareness and
*gender extent of
*marital status Informal interview to compliance on the
be done virtually
*educational attainment provisions of the
solid waste
level of awareness of the management
respondents with the program along the
provisions of the solid segregation, 3Rs
waste management (reduce, reuse,
program along the
segregation, 3Rs recycle), and
(reduce, reuse, recycle), disposal
and disposal

the extent of compliance

of the respondents with Baseline data on
the provisions of the awareness and
solid waste management
program along the extent of
segregation, 3Rs compliance on SWM
(reduce, reuse, recycle), by KSU
and disposal

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION need to create the necessary institutional mechanisms and
This study was conducted to determine the level of incentives, as well as imposes penalties for acts in violation
awareness and extent of compliance of students, faculty, of any of its provisions. The implementing rules and
and staff of Kaliga State University on the regulations of R.A No. 9003 are contained in DENR
Baseline data on
Administrative Order No. 2001-34. (Eleventh Congress,
provisions of the solid waste management program
Third Regular Session July 2000).
the coping
according to segregation, mechanisms of KSU
Section 12 of R.A 9003 City and Municipal
students as theySolid Waste
3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle), and disposal. This study
Management Board. combat stress
involved students who were enrolled in Environmental
Scinece and Science, Technology and Society courses. brought
Each City or municipality shallbyform
the a City or
Municipal Waste Managementpresent learning
Board that shall prepare,
conducted fro March 2022 to December 2022.
submit and implement a plan for scheme
the safe and sanitary
management of solid waste generated in areas under its
III. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE geographic and political coverage. (Eleventh Congress,
Third Regular Session July 2000).
Legal Bases
Section 25 of R.A 9003. Guidelines for Transfer Stations.
Republic Act No. 9003 or the “Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act” Transfer stations shall be designed and operated
for efficient waste handling capacity and in compliance with
Provides the legal framework for the country’s systematic,
environmental standards and guidelines set under this act
comprehensive and ecological solid waste management
and other regulations. Provided, that no waste shall be
program that shall ensure the protection of public health and
stored in such station beyond twenty-four (24) hours. The
the environment. It underscores, among other things, the

IJELS-2023, 8(3), (ISSN: 2456-7620) (Int. J of Eng. Lit. and Soc. Sci.)
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Bona Awareness and Compliance of the Students, Faculty, and, Staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste
Management Program

siting of the transfer station shall consider the land use plan, Solid waste presents a serious problem because
proximity to the collection area, and accessibility of haul most of the methods used to dispose of this trash are
routes to the disposal of the facility. The design shall give environmentally damaging. ( Santiago, Dorado et. Al 1996).
primary consideration to size and space sufficiency in order According to Chiras D.D (1992), waste
to accommodate the waste for storage and vehicles for management is designed for scientists, engineers, and
loading and unloading waste. (Eleventh Congress, Third managers, regardless of their discipline, who are involved
Regular Session July 2000). in scientific, technical,l and other issues related to solid
Article 2 Segregation of Waste Section 22 of R.A 9003 waste management. Emphasis is placed on integrated
Mandatory Segregation of Solid Wastes approaches. These approaches require the blending of
The LGUs shall evaluate alternative roles for the technical and non-technical factorAlthoughoug the
public and private sectors in providing collection services, dissemination and application of innovative technical
type of collection system, or combination of systems, that information is extremely important, the implementation of
best meet their needs: Provided, that segregation of waste sustainable waste management practices also requires a
shall primarily be conducted at the source, including thorough understanding of the pertinent legal,social,
household, institutional, industrial, commercial and economic, and regulatory issues involved.
agricultural sources. ( Eleventh Congress, Third Regular Eric O. Torres said that the biggest challenge to
Session July 2000) growing LGUs is to come up with solid waste and pollution
Article 4 Recycling Program Section 26 of R.A 9003 control strategies that would effectively reduce the rubbish
Inventory of Existing Markets for Recyclable Materials. released to the environment. Unfortunately, this challenge
cannot be effectively addressed by each LGU alone. LGUs
The DTI shall within six months from the effect of
need to combine their technical and engineering expertise,
this act and in cooperation with the Department, the DILG,
and their regulatory and enforcement powers with public
and, other concerned agencies and sectors, publish a study
education, awareness, and involvement campaigns to be
of existing markets for processing and purchasing
able to properly implement solid waste and pollution control
recyclable materials and the potential steps necessary to
programs. Finally, a good solid waste and pollution control
expand these markets. Such study shall include, but not be
strategy will not be an effective one until it is fully
limited to, an inventory of existing markets for recyclable
implemented, accepted, and institutionalized by the people
materials, product standards for recyclable and recycled
and institutions. As noted by several local chief executives
materials, and a proposal, developed in conjunction with
with exemplary solid waste programs, their strategies were
appropriate agencies, to stimulate the demand for the
not about good engineering and slogans but rather strong
production of products containing post-consumer recovered
political will in implementing what is good for the
materials shall refer to the discharge, deposit, dumping,
environment and the people. (www.bayawancity.gov.ph).
spilling, leaking or pl,acing of any solid waste into or in a
lan (Eleventh Congress, Third Regular Session July 2000) The Environmental Protection Agency has
determined a three-tiered approach for managing solid
Concepts of Solid Waste Management
waste. Each of these should be practiced to reduce the
Science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke noted that amount of material headed for final disposal. They in order
“ solid waste are only raw materials were too stupid to use”. of importance: REDUCE, the best way to manage solid
In a technical note, the term solid waste is used to waste. Don’t create waste in the first place! Buy only what
include all non-liquid wastes generated by human activity you need. Use all that you buy. Avoid heavily packaged
and a range of solid waste materials resulting from the products. Avoid disposable items like paper plates and
disaster, such as general domestic garbage such as food plastic silverware. Buy the largest size package for those
waste, ash, and packaging materials: human feces items that you are often. REUSE is the better way to manage
disposed of in garbage: emergency waste such as plastic solid waste. Reuse items and use them over and over until
water bottles and packaging from other emergency they are completely worn out. RECYCLE, is a good way to
supplies; rubble resulting from the disaster; mud and manage solid waste. Recycling means taking something old
slurry deposited by the natural disaster; and Allen trees and making it into something new. In Seminole Country, all
and rocks obstructing transport and communications. residents who live in a single-family homes can recycle
Other specialist wastes, such as medical waste from right in front of their houses. Those residents who live in
hospitals and toxic waste from industry, will also need to apartments or condominiums can drop off their recyclables
be dealt with urgently, but they are not covered by this at several different locations. Old newspapers,#1 and #2
technical note (World Health Organization), 2011). plastic bottles, green, clear, and brown glass bottles and jars,

IJELS-2023, 8(3), (ISSN: 2456-7620) (Int. J of Eng. Lit. and Soc. Sci.)
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Bona Awareness and Compliance of the Students, Faculty, and, Staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste
Management Program

and aluminum and steel cans can all be recycled at the curb. Biodegradable waste- including organic waste, e.g. kitchen
Simply rinse out containers and remove lids. That’s it,: its waste, vegetables, fruits, flowers, leaves from the garden,
very simple and very worthwhile. Not only does it keep and paper.
items out of landfill, but recycling also conserves natural Non-biodegradable waste- can be further segregated into:
resources (Seminole Country Government, 2012).
a) Recyclable waste- plastics, paper, glass, metal, etc.
Australia may be a large country, but we live in a b) Toxic waste- old medicines, paints, chemicals,
throw-away society that is rapidly filling it with our waste. bulbs,, spray cans, fertilizer and pesticide
Our insatiable desire to constantly upgrade disposable containers, batteries, and shoe polish.
technology and consume over-packaged products has c) Soiled- hospital waste such as cloth soiled with
continued unabated for decades. At the same time, however, blood and other body fluids.
there has been a trend away from both burning waste in Toxic and soiled waste must be disposed
incinerators and burying it in landfills. Waste management of with utmost care.
policies now seek to minimize waste disposal by reducing (http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwa
its generation and by reusing and recycling. This book ste/segre.htm)
reveals the extent of our growing waste problem and
Segregation of waste is indispensable to
examines the waste and recycling practices of households,
optimizing waste reduction and lightening the load on
and includes many tips on how to reduce, reuse and recycle.
landfills as many components of domestic waste can be
Topics include green waste, plastics, glass, paper, metal,
recycled. This lies at the heart of sustainability and resource
and electronic waste (Healy,2010).
management as recycling counterbalances excessive
There are many stringent regulations governing the consumption of natural resources by reintroducing the finite
treatment and disposal of waste in the UK, both onshore and materials into use. (By Gulf News May 16, 2014).
offshore, and in most other countries as well. Facilities
Reduce.
involved in waste transfer and treatment require licenses,
and all personnel who work at such facilities require the According to Sheryl Eisenberg “reduce” means
proper kind of training that goes with the handling of waste using fewer resources in the first place. This is the most
which can be often dangerous if not handled properly. effective of the three R’s and the place to begin. It is also, I
Waste management facilities also need to be able to respond think,the hardest because it requires letting go of some very
quickly to emergency situations. By their very nature there American notions, including: the bigger the better, new
is rarely any warning that an emergency is about to occur. trumps old and convenience is next to godliness.
For that reason emergency response teams need to be on (http://www.mixitproductions.com)
standby every hour of every day, and everyday of every Santiago, Dorado et.al (1996) reducing the amount
year. Waste management disposal and treatment can of garbage is the first step in easing the waste disposal
originate from both domestic and industrial sources (Rose, problem. This may mean any of these practical activities:
2009). use both sides of a sheet of paper, purchase whenever
Solid Waste Management Solutions: possible products in large containers, tape over used videos,
resole shoes instead of buying new ones, bring ot used
Waste Segregation/Separation
shopping bags and refuse to accept new ones, leave behind
According to Santiago, Dorado et . al (1996), waste the box that contained the shoe, avoid using disposables
separation means segregating between wet and dry and such as diapers, plastics, cups, paper plates and paper
inorganic waste at the source level. napkins.
Frederika Rentoy, Quezon City’s Environment According to Department of Environmental
Protection, and Waste Management Division chief said, “ Protection, the best way to discover where you can reduce
Waste segregation is the mother program because the idea waste is to actually sort through your trash. What does each
of waste segregation is not just waste segregation per se. family member throw away? What material take up the most
The idea behind this is to really minimize or reduce the space? Is anything reusable or repairable? Can you reduce
volume of garbage. We are dumping at our landfills but then the amount of disposable products you use? Can you
at the same time, we still want people to learn how to substitute products and packaging made of reusable,
manage their own garbage.” (The Philippine Star by recyclable, or nonhazardous materials? If you are throwing
Rhodina Villanueva December 2012). away unusable leftover products, can you give them to
Waste can be segregated as Biodegradable and someone else,or buy these things in smaller sizes
Non-biodegradable. ([email protected])

IJELS-2023, 8(3), (ISSN: 2456-7620) (Int. J of Eng. Lit. and Soc. Sci.)
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Bona Awareness and Compliance of the Students, Faculty, and, Staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste
Management Program

Reuse always as straight forward as they could be.

Before you recycle or dispose of anything, (http://www.mixiproductions.com)
consider whether it has life left in it. A jam jar can store Recycling means using something again.
leftovers. Food scraps can become compost. An old shirt Newspapers can be used to make new newspapers.
can become a pajama top. An opened envelop can become Aluminum cans can be used to make new aluminum cans.
a shopping list. A magazine can be shared .DVDs can be Glass jars can be used to make new glass jars. Recycling
traded. A dishwasher can be repaired.A computer can be often saves energy and natural resources. Natural resources
upgraded.A car can be resold. A cell phone can be donated. are things of value provided by the earth. Natural resources
Returnable bottles can be , well.. returned ( S.Eisenberg, include land, plants, minerals, and water. By using materials
http://www.mixiproductions.com) more than once, we conserve natural resources. It almost
Santiago, Dorado et al (1996) in their study, most always takes less energy to make a product from recycled
plastics and glass products materials than once, we conserve natural resources. It
almost always takes less energy to make a product from
▪ Are reusable. Make sure you don’t break your soft
recycled materials than it does to make it from new
drink or beer bottle. Not only you recover your
materials. Using recycled aluminum scrap to make new
deposit. You help save energy. Glass making is a
aluminum cans, for example, uses 95% less energy than
highly intensive energy process because high
making aluminum cans from bauxite ore, the raw material
temperatures are necessary to mold glass. At home,
used to make aluminum. In the case of paper, recycling
we must set side the plastic containers.Sauce
saves trees and water. Making a ton of paper from recycled
markers buy these from the junks, take note of your
paper saves up to 17 trees and uses 50% less water
new house-hold batteries. Do not throw them right
(http://www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=environment_r
away. Normally these battteries , even ordinary
ecycling-basics)
batteries-especially those used at high energy
consumer gadgets like flashlights, toys, and tape Communities should attempt to recycle as much
recorders, can be recharged once or twice. Usually, trash as possible, but they must also realize that recycling
only the exciting charge is used up, but not its full alone cannot solve the growing waste problem. (Santiago,
potential. A cheap battery charger can do the trick. Dorado 1996)

To reuse is to use an item again after it has been Disposal

used. This includes conventional reuse where the item is Waste from our homes is generally collected by
used again for the same function, and new-life reuse where our local authorities through regular waste collection, or by
it is used for a different function. In contrast, recycling is special collections for recycling. Within hot climates such
the breaking down of the used item into raw materials which as that of the Caribbean, the waste should be collected at
are used to make new items. By taking useful products and least twice a week to control fly breeding and the harbouring
exchanging them, without reprocessing, reuse help save of other pests in the community. Other factors to consider
time, money, energy, and resources. In broader economic when deciding on the frequency of the collection are the
terms, reuse offers quality products to people and odors caused by decomposition and the accumulated
organixzations with limited means, while generating jobs quantities. Descriptions of the main types of collection
and business activity that contribute to the economy. systems are given in the table below.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wikiReuse) (Sourced from
Recycling http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/upgrading/issues-
According to Miller and Levine (1991), in the tools/issues/waste-collection.html#AnchorCollection-
process of recycling, certain kinds of solid wastes- 45656)
newspaper, bottles and metals or plastic cans for example
can be processed and used again. Recycling can make a big IV. DEFINITION OF TERMS
difference if enough people participate.
Solid Waste-refers to any material that is solid and is of no
Eisenberg S. in his study, recycling is the “R” that use like residues, garbage and trash.
has caught on the best. Partly, this is because there are so
Waste Management- refers to the systematic
many curbside recycling programs today (8,660 as of 2006,
administration of activities which provide for the source of
according to the EPA), which makes recycling so darned
separation, storage, collection, transfer, processing,
easy. What keeps it from being a total piece of cake is the
recycling, disposal reduction and re-use of solid wastes.
rules. Every municipality has its own, and they are not

IJELS-2023, 8(3), (ISSN: 2456-7620) (Int. J of Eng. Lit. and Soc. Sci.)
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Bona Awareness and Compliance of the Students, Faculty, and, Staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste
Management Program

Ecological Solid Waste Management- refers to the RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY

systematic administration of activities that provide for The respondents of the study are the faculty, staff,
segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, and students of Kalinga State University. All vacant
transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste Faculty and staff during the conduct of the study was
and all other waste management activities which do not included in the study. Students were pre-selected based
harm the environment. from their finished courses and must include the
Segregation- refers to a solid waste management practice Environmental Science course and the Science, Technology
of separating different materials found in solid waste in and Society subject.
order to promote the recycling and reuse of resources and to INSTRUMENTATION
reduce the volume of waste for collection disposal.
A survey questionnaire created through Google
Re-use- refers to the process of recovering materials Form was used to meet the objectives of the study. The
intended for the same or different purpose without the questionnaire was developed and tested from the research
alteration of physical and chemical characteristics. study of Gwen Manuel, 2011. The questionnaire consists of
Recycling- refers to the treating of used or waste materials two parts: Personal profile( age, gender, civil status, and
through a process of making them suitable for beneficial use educational attainment), and thirty (30) provisions on solid
and for other purposes, and, includes any process by which waste management program in terms of segregation, 3Rs
solid waste materials are transformed into new products in (reduce, reuse, recycle), and disposal. The content and
such a manner that the original products may lose their validity were established for the tool.
identity, and which may be used as raw materials for the DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
production of other goods or services.
The researchers wrote a letter to the school
requesting permission to perform the study. The updated
V. METHODOLOGY and modified questionnaire was utilized to collect the
LOCALE OF THE STUDY study's data. The data were gathered from March to
December 2022. After permission was sought from the
All information needed to answer the objectives
different deans and head of office, the questionnaires were
was conducted solely at Kalinga State University for the
given to the respondents. An online copy was also made
period of the academic year 2022- 2023. The faculty, staff,
available for the convenience of the respondents in
and students was asked to answer the prepared
answering and to avoid prolong interaction.
questionnaire during their vacant time to minimize the
disturbance of classes. Data Analysis

RESEARCH DESIGN Results was tallied and tabulated. Percentage,

mean, and frequency was used as statistical methods. For
Descriptive- Correlation design was used in the
Percentage: P=nf/nx100% where: P-percentage F-
study. It describes the solid waste management profile in
frequency(number of respondents of a particular criteria) n-
terms of age, gender, civil status, and educational
total number of respondents. For weighted mean: M= ∑fx/n
attainment.
where: ∑=summation f-frequency x-weighted mean n- total
It also describes the degree of awareness and number of population. The following ratings were used in
extent of compliance to which the respondents perform the the interpretation of the study:
three provisions on solid waste management. It determines
to what provisions of the solid waste management program
the respondents are aware of and comply.

Arbitrary Scale Adjectival Equivalents

Degree of Awareness Extent of Compiance

4 - 3.26-4.00 - AWARE - GREAT EXTENT

3 - 2.51-3.25 - PARTIALLY AWARE - SOME EXTENT
2 - 1.76-2.50 - SOMEWHAT AWARE - LITTLE EXTENT
1 - 1-1.75 - NOT AWARE - NEVER

IJELS-2023, 8(3), (ISSN: 2456-7620) (Int. J of Eng. Lit. and Soc. Sci.)
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Bona Awareness and Compliance of the Students, Faculty, and, Staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste
Management Program

Percentage and other descriptive measures like count, standard deviation, and weighted mean were computed to be able to
meaningfully describe the profile of the respondents.

VI. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fig.1. Distribution of respondents according to age

Figure 1 shows that majority of the respondents belong to age bracket 19-25 with equivalent percentage of 74.7 %
followed by age bracket below 18wu\ith equivalent of 20.4% followed by age bracket 26-35 with equivalent of 2.7% followed
by 36-45 with equivalent of 1.4 % and least belong to the age bracket of 45 with the percentage of 0.8 %.

Fig.2. Distribution of respondents according to gender.

Figure 2 shows that majority of the respondents belong to the female group with frequency of 201 and
equivalent percentage of 54.8% followed by male group with a frequency of 162 and equivalent percentage of 44.1
% and the least group prefer not to say with a frequency of 4 equivalent to 1.1%.

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Bona Awareness and Compliance of the Students, Faculty, and, Staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste
Management Program

Fig.3. Distribution of respondents according to civil status.

Table 3 shows that majority of the respondents are single with frequency of 352 and equivalent percentage
of 95.9% followed by married with a frequency of 14 with equivalent percentage of 3.8% while only 1 is widowed
with 0.3%.

Fig.4. Distribution of respondents according to educational attainment.

Figure 4 shows that majority of the respondents belong to undergraduate with frequency of 236 , equivalent
percentage of 64.3%, followed by a bachelor with frequency of 119, equivalent to 32.4% followed by masteral with
frequency of 11, equivalent to 3% and only1 doctoral with a percentage of 0.3 %.
Table 1. Level of awareness of respondents in the provision of solid waste management programs according to
segregation/separation.

Solid Waste Management Program Provision: Degree of Awareness

(Segregation/Separation) Mean Descriptive Value
Segregate solid waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable 2.63 Partially aware
(nabubulok at di- nabubulok)
Segregate recyclable from non-recyclable wastes. 2.17 Somewhat Aware
Segregates compostable from noncompostable. 1.90 Somewhat Aware
Segregate biodegradable or compostable wastes in a place where they are 1.67 Not Aware
generated.
Segregate nonbiodegradables in a place where they are generated. 1.73 Not Aware

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Bona Awareness and Compliance of the Students, Faculty, and, Staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste
Management Program

Separate biodegradable wastes in four enclosed containers for recovery. 1.50 Not Aware
Separate non-biodegradable in four enclosed containers for recovery 1.40 Not Aware
Segregate recyclable wastes before collection 2.03 Somewhat Aware
Sort metal and plastic containers as substitute pots for plants. 1.97 Somewhat Aware
Separate and keep safe hazardous waste material such as broken 3.00 Partially Aware
fluorescent lamps and bottles.
OVERALL 2.00 Somewhat aware

Table 1 shows that respondents are somewhat aware Some respondents are not aware of segregating
of the provision of solid waste management according to biodegradable and non-biodegradable in a place where they
segregation or separation. The majority of the respondents are generated and separating biodegradable wastes and non-
are somewhat aware of segregating recyclable from non- biodegradable wastes in three enclosed containers for
recyclable wastes, compostable from non-compostable, and recovery.
recyclable wastes before collection, metal, and plastic
containers.
Table 2. Level of awareness of respondents in the provision of Solid Waste Management Program according to 3Rs (Reduce,
Reuse, Recycling)
Solid Waste Management Program Provision: Degree of Awareness
3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycling) Mean Descriptive
Value
Minimize the use of non-biodegradable materials 1.93 Somewhat aware
Minimize the use of biodegradable food liners, wrappers, and containers. 1.73 Somewhat aware
Collected recyclables separately and bring to recycling centers or junk dealers. 2.80 Partially Aware
Feed animals with food scraps 2.50 Somewhat aware
Dry fruit peelings and use as an insect repellant 1.27 Not Aware
Used tires for playground material or stocked structures for backyard composting. 2.03 Somewhat aware
Recycle residuals of solid wastes after resource recovery from future use. 1.83 Somewhat aware
Reuse bayong and other containing bags during the marketing 2.97 Partially Aware
Convert organic material such as grass, leaves, food waste, woody material, and 2.57 Partially Aware
manure into a soil-like material
Use animal waste (feces, urine, soiled wipes, pads) as organic gardening. 1.60 Not Aware
OVERALL 2.123 Somewhat
aware

Table 2 shows that respondents are somewhat Some respondents are partially aware of collecting
aware of the provisions of solid waste management recyclables separately and bring to recycling centers or junk
according to the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and, recycle). The dealers, reusing bayong and other containing bags during
majority of the respondents are somewhat aware of the marketing, and converting organic material such as
minimizing the use of non-biodegradable materials, grass, leaves, food waste, woody material, and manure into
biodegradable food liners, wrappers, and containers, a soil-like material.
feeding animals with food scraps, using tires for playground Least respondents with a mean of 1.27 are not
material or stocked structures for backyard composting and aware on drying fruit peelings and use as insect repellant,
recycling residuals of solid wastes after resource recovery using animal waste and human waste (feces, urine,soiled
from future use. wipes,pads, diapers) in organic gardening.

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Bona Awareness and Compliance of the Students, Faculty, and, Staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste
Management Program

Table 3. Level of awareness of respondents in the provision of Solid Waste Management Program according to Disposal.
Solid Waste Management Program Provision: Degree of Awareness
(Disposal) Mean Descriptive Value
Store biodegradable or compostable wastes in places where they are generated. 3.20 Partially Aware
Store nonbiodegradable in the place where they are generated. 2.85 Partially aware
Place food waste in covered cans or pails. 3.00 Partially aware
Place garden and human wastes in sacks, cans, and bags 1.50 Not aware
Place non-compostable wastes in either sacks, bags, or boxes 2.82 Partially aware
Store toxic and hazardous wastes in a sealed bag/container prior to collection 1.53 Not aware
Dispose of residuals of solid waste after resource recovery from future use. 3.23 Partially aware
Bring out solid wastes in front of the house gate/door or along the collection route 1.70 Not aware
during the collection period.
Avoid open burning of firewood materials .e. g. (twigs, branches, leaves, husks) 3.24 Partially aware
Avoid open burning of firewood materials .e. g. (twigs, branches, leaves, husks) 3.20 Partially aware
OVERALL 2.627 Partially aware

Table 3 shows that the respondents are partially avoiding open burning and open -dumping of firewood
aware of the provisions of solid waste management materials (e.g. twigs, branches, leaves, husks).
according to disposal. The majority of the respondents are The rest of the respondents are not aware of placing
partially aware of storing biodegradable and non- garden and human wastes in sacks, cans, and bags, storing
biodegradable in places where they are generated, placing toxic and hazardous wastes in sealed bags/containers prior
food wastes in covered cans or pails and non-compostable to collection and bringing out solid wastes in front of houses
wastes in either sacks, bags or boxes, disposing residuals of gates/doors or along collection route during the collection
solid waste after resource recovery from future use and period.
Table 4. Extent of compliance of respondents in the provision of solid waste management program according to
segregation/separation.

Solid Waste Management Program Provision: Extent of Compliance

(Segregation/Separation) Mean Descriptive
Value
Segregate solid waste into biodegradable and non-biodegradable (nabubulok at 2.77 Some Extent
di- nabubulok)
Segregate recyclable from non-recyclable wastes. 2.07 Little Extent
Segregates compostable from non-compostable. 1.93 Little Extent
Segregate biodegradable or compostable wastes in a place where they are 1.43 Never
generated.
Segregate nonbiodegradables in a place where they are generated. 1.43 Never
Separate biodegradable wastes in four enclosed containers for recovery. 1.20 Never
Separate non-biodegradable wastes in four enclosed containers for recovery. 1.10 Never
Segregate recyclable wastes before collection 2.00 Little Extent
Sort metal and plastic containers as substitute pots for plants. 1.87 Little Extent
Separate and keep safe hazardous waste material such as broken fluorescent 2.10 Little Extent
lamps and bottles.
OVERALL 1.79 Little Extent

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Bona Awareness and Compliance of the Students, Faculty, and, Staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste
Management Program

Table 4 shows that respondents comply to a little Some respondents never comply with the
extent in the compliance on the provision of solid waste following; segregate biodegradable or compostable wastes
management according to segregation/separation. The and non-biodegradable in a place where they are generated
majority of the respondents comtowith little extent in the and separate biodegradable wastes and non-biodegradable
following; segregate recyclable from non-recyclable wastes in four enclosed containers for recovery.
wastes, compostable from non-compostable, recyclable Least respondents comply to some extent with
wastes before collection, metal, and plastic containers, and segregating solid waste into biodegradable and non-
hazardous waste material such as broken fluorescent lamps biodegradable (nabubulok at di nabubulok
and bottles.
Table 5. Extent of compliance of respondents in the provision of the Solid Waste Management Program according to the 3Rs
(Reduce, Reuse, Recycling)
Solid Waste Management Program Provision: Degree of Awareness
3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycling) Mean Descriptive Value
Minimize the use of non-biodegradable materials 1.50 Never
Minimize the use of biodegradable food liners, wrappers, and containers. 1.67 Never
Collected recyclables separately and bring to recycling centers or junk dealers. 2.73 Some Extent
Feed animals with food scraps 2.00 Little Extent
Dry fruit peelings and use as insect repellant 1.10 Never
Used tires tires for playground material or stocked structure for backyard 1.83 Little Extent
composting.
Recycle residuals of solid wastes after resource recovery from future use. 1.73 Never
Reuse bayong and other containing bags during the marketing 2.30 Little Extent
Convert organic material such as grass, leaves, food waste, woody material, and 2.23 Little Extent
manure into a soil-like material
Use animal waste (feces, urine, soiled wipes, pads) as organic gardening. 1.53 Never
OVERALL 1.862 Little Extent

Table 5 shows that respondents comply with the Some respondents comply to a little extent on the
little extent in the compliance on the provision of solid following; feeding animals with food scraps using tires or
waste management according to 3Rs the ( reduce, reuse and playground material or stockestructuresre for backyard
recycle). The majority of the respondents never comply with composting, reusing bayong and other containing bags
the following; minimize the use of non-biodegradable during the marketing and converting organic material such
materials, biodegradable food liners, wrappers and as grass, leaves, food waste, woody material and manure
containers, dry fruit peelings and use as an insect repellant, into a soil-like material.
recycle residuals of solid wastes after resource recovery
from future use and use animal waste, human waste (feces,
urine, soiled wipes, pads, diapers) as organic gardening.
Table 6. Extent of compliance of respondents in the provision of Solid Waste Management Program according to Disposal.
Solid Waste Management Program Provision: Degree of Awareness
(Disposal) Mean Descriptive
Value
Store biodegradable or compostable wastes in places where they are generated. 1.40 Never
Store nonbiodegradable in the place where they are generated. 1.37 Never
Place food waste in covered cans or pails. 1.33 Never

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Bona Awareness and Compliance of the Students, Faculty, and, Staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste
Management Program

Place garden and human wastes in sacks, cans, and bags 1.90 Little Extent
Place non-compostable wastes in either sacks, bags, or boxes 1.73 Never
Store toxic and hazardous wastes in a sealed bag/container prior to collection 1.97 Little Extent
Dispose of residuals of solid waste after resource recovery from future use. 1.67 Never
Bring out solid wastes in front of the house gate/door or along the collection route 2.46 Little Extent
during the collection period.
Avoid open burning of firewood materials .e. g. (twigs, branches, leaves, husks) 1.37 Never
Avoid open dumping of firewood materials e. g. (twigs, branches, leaves, husks) 1.43 Never
OVERALL 1.663 Never

Table 6 shows that respondents never comply in not to say with a frequency of 4 equivalent to 1.1%. As to
the compliance on the provision of solid waste management civil status, the majority of the respondents are single with
according to disposal. The majority of the respondents never frequency of 352 and an equivalent percentage of 95.9%
comply with the following: store biodegradable or followed by married with a frequency of 14 with the
compostable and non-biodegradable wastes in places where equivalent percentage of 3.8% while only 1 is widowed with
they are generated, place food wastes in covered cans or 0.3%. And as to educational attainment majority of the
pails and non-compostable wastes in either sacks, bags, or respondents belong to undergraduate with a frequency of
boxes, dispose of residuals of solid waste after resource 236 , equivalent percentage of 64.3%, followed by a
recovery from future use and avoid open burning and open bachelor with a frequency of 119, equivalent to 32.4%
dumping of firewood materials e.g. (twigs, branches, leaves, followed by masteral with a frequency of 11, equivalent to
husks). 3%, and only 1 doctoral with a percentage of 0.3 %.
The rest of the respondents comply to a little extent Based on the results, awareness, and compliance with the
on the following; place garden and human wastes in sacks, provisions of the solid waste management program were not
cans, and bags, store toxic and hazardous wastes in sealed really practiced and observed by the respondents. In the
bags/bagstainer prior to collection and bring out solid level of awareness, respondents are somewhat aware of the
wastes in front other of house gate/door or along collection provision of solid waste management according to
route during the collection period. segregation or separation and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse,
recycle). But respondents are not aware of the provisions of
solid waste management according to disposal.
VII. SUMMARY
This study investigates the awareness and
compliance of the students, faculty, and staff of Kalinga VIII. CONCLUSION
State University on the Solid Waste Management Program. As a result of conducting this research, awareness, and
The faculty, staff, and students were asked to answer the compliance with the provisions of the solid waste
prepared questionnaire adapted and revised from the management program were not really practiced and
research study of Gwen Manuel, 2011. 367 respondents observed by the respondents. In the level of awareness,
participated in the study. Students who finished their respondents are somewhat aware of the provision of solid
Environmental Science and STS subjects were asked to waste management according to segregation or separation
answer the questionnaire. According to age, majority of the and the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle). But respondents are not
respondents belong to age bracket 19-25 with equivalent aware of the provisions of solid waste management
percentage of 74.7 % followed by age bracket below 18 with according to disposal.
the equivalent of 20.4% followed by the age bracket 26-35
with an equivalent of 2.7% followed by 36-45 with the
IX. RECOMMENDATION
equivalent of 1.4 % and least belong to the age bracket of
45 with the percentage of 0.8 %. As to gender, the majority Solid Waste Management is a long-term process. A lot of
of the respondents belong to the female group with a activities are involved in the program. After obtaining data
frequency of 201 and an equivalent percentage of 54.8% from the study, the researcher would recommend the
followed by the male group with a frequency of 162 and an following:
equivalent percentage of 44.1 % and the least group prefers

IJELS-2023, 8(3), (ISSN: 2456-7620) (Int. J of Eng. Lit. and Soc. Sci.)
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Bona Awareness and Compliance of the Students, Faculty, and, Staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste
Management Program

✓ Mass implementation of the program since results show REFERENCES

that the respondents are partially aware and never [1] Chiras, Daniel. D. (1992) Lessons from Nature: Learning to
comply with the provisions of the solid waste Live Sustainably on Earth Washinton D.C
management program according to disposal. [2] Miller and Levine (19991) Biology Prentice Hall
[3] Santiago, Dorado et .al (1996) Environmental Science A
✓ Follow-up evaluation on awareness and compliance of
Shared Responsibility towards the Earth
the respondents should be done to detect decay in
[4] Young, J. (1991) Reducing Waste, Saving Materials In State
retention and performance. of the World 1991 New New York Norton
✓ Disseminate concepts/techniques of segregation, [5] Abrematea, N. L. (2012, September 1). Manila Bulletin
recycling, and composting to the respondents. Publishing Corporation.Retrieved September 5, 2012, from
http://www.mb.com.ph/
✓ Information dissemination campaign to proper storage [6] Ballados, M.T. (2010). Assessing the Solid Waste
and pilling of waste at their house as well as to their Management Practices in Bacolod City, Philippines, Legaspi
environment. City, Phillipines.
✓ Increase public awareness of the negative impacts of [7] Chandra, Y. I., & Devi, N. (2009). Studies on Municipal
Solid Waste Management in Mysore City- A case study.
solid waste management. Coordinate with adjacent
Mysore City: China University of Geosciences.
barangays to be able to establish a common materials
[8] Salely, J. B. (August 24, 2012). Sadanga enacts on solid waste
recovery facility. management. Baguio: Sun Star Baguio.
[9] Villanueva, Rhodina Waste Seggregation: Mother program of
proper waste management by ( The Philippine Star) Updated
December 20, 2012

12. APPENDIX
The Questionnaire
PART I. Personal Profile
Name: ___________________________________ (optional)
Age: _____________________
Gender: _____________________
Civil Status: ____________________
Educational Attainment: _________________________
Part II. Please indicate your degree of awareness and extent of compliance on the items indicated. Kindly put a check ( ∕) in
the box.
Use the scale below:
Awareness Compliance
1. Not Aware 1. Never
2. Somewhat Aware 2. Little Extent
3. Partially Aware 3. Some Extent
4. Aware 4. Great Extent
Solid Waste Management Program Provision: Degree of Awareness Extent of Compliance
(Segregation/ Separation)
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Segregate solid waste into biodegradable and
non-biodegradable (nabubulok at di-
nabubulok)
Segregate recyclable from non-recyclable
wastes.
Segregates compostable from noncompostable.

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Bona Awareness and Compliance of the Students, Faculty, and, Staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste
Management Program

Segregate biodegradable or compostable

wastes in place where they are generated.
Segregate nonbiodegradables in a place where
they are generated.
Separate biodegradable wastes in four enclosed
containers for recovery.
Segregate recyclable wastes before collection
Sort metal and plastic containers as substitute
pots for plants.
Separate and keep safe hazardous waste
material such as broken fluorescent lamps and
bottles.
3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) Degree of Awareness Extent of Compliance
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Minimize the use of non-biodegradable
materials
Minimize the use of biodegradable food liners,
wrappers, and containers.
Collected recyclables separately and bring to
recycling centers or junk dealers.
Feed animals with food scraps
Dry fruit peelings and use as insect repellant

Used tires tires for playground material or

stocked structure for backyard composting.
Recycle residuals of solid wastes after resource
recovery from future use.
Reuse bayong and other containing bags during
marketing
Convert organic material such as grass, leaves,
food waste, woody material and manure into
soil-like material
Use animal waste (feces, urine, soiled wipes,
pads) as organic gardening.
(Disposal) Degree of Awareness Extent of Compliance
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Store biodegradable or compostable wastes in
places where they are generated.
Store nonbiodegradable in the place where they
are generated.
Place food waste in covered cans or pails.
Place garden and human wastes in sacks, cans,
and bags

IJELS-2023, 8(3), (ISSN: 2456-7620) (Int. J of Eng. Lit. and Soc. Sci.)
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Bona Awareness and Compliance of the Students, Faculty, and, Staff of Kalinga State University on the Solid Waste
Management Program

Place non-compostable wastes in either sacks,

bags or boxes
Store toxic and hazardous wastes in a sealed
bag/container prior for collection
Dispose of residuals of solid waste after
resource recovery from future use.
Bring out solid wastes in front of the house
gate/door or along the collection route during
the collection period.
Avoid open burning of firewood materials .e.
g. (twigs, branches, leaves, husks)
Avoid open dumping of firewood materials e.
g. (twigs, branches, leaves , husks)

IJELS-2023, 8(3), (ISSN: 2456-7620) (Int. J of Eng. Lit. and Soc. Sci.)
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