UNIT 5

ENVIRONMENT AWARENESS AND PROTECTION

COURSE OUTCOMES
Manifest the spirit of volunteerism as good servants and model Filipino
citizens through environmental education

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of this module, you are expected to adopt dynamic

strategies on environment education.

Environment Education is a process which is very useful to human beings in order to manage
well their environment and instill the right behavior that serves as key to sustainable development. It is
also an opportunity especially for the youth to participate actively in making their respective locality be-
come clean and green, and a pleasant place to live in. Through relevant undertakings, the youth become a
great force to combat the ill effects of climate change

BASIC CONCEPTS AND LAWS GOVERNING ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION refers to organized efforts to teach about how natural environ-
ments function and, particularly, how human beings can manage their behavior and ecosystems in order
to live sustainably. Environmental education is a learning process that increases people's knowledge and
awareness about the environment and associated challenges, develops the necessary skills and expertise
to address the challenges, and fosters attitudes, motivations, and commitments to make informed deci-
sions and take responsible action (UNESCO, Tbilisi Declaration, 1978)

Environmental awareness is to understand the fragility of our environment and the importance of
its protection. It has positive effects on environmental health, sustainable development and reduc-
ing global warming. Promoting environmental awareness is an easy way to become an environmental
steward and participate in creating a brighter future for our children.

Environmental health is defined as “aspects of human health… that are determined by physical,
chemical, biological, social and psychological factors in the environment”. This effectively means that
a healthy environment leads to healthy people. As a result, individuals are responsible in their wastes
and should be careful about recycling and disposing of materials. We rely on our earth to supply us with
clean water, breathable air and healthy food, all of which can be put in danger with sloppy throwing
away of rubbish.

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 The United Nations defines sustainable development as “development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. The UN in-
cludes fighting poverty, hunger, lack of water and food as essential sustainable development goals. But
what has this got to do with organizations, group of individuals and or individuals? Well, every one of us
have some responsibility to help out those in need. For example, Google organizes hundreds of corporate
social responsibility projects every year, aiming to improve the lives of poor societies. Furthermore,
Google is a shining example of environmental awareness, as they went carbon neutral in 2007.

Fossil fuels are taxing on the environment, and one of the many challenges facing us today is im-
plementing green strategies with renewable energies. They can be difficult to implement, but they are
well-worth the initial hassle and cost. The bottom-line is that organizations must plan for the future,
which is an essential component of environmental awareness. So with the individuals, must do their lit-
tle part to keep our mother earth a healthy place to live by some 10 -20 years from now, so that the suc-
ceeding generations will benefit from it.
Reducing global warming goes without saying that global warming is important. This is because it is the
most present threat to our planet. Therefore, we should look to reduce the carbon footprint, and there are
a number of ways to do this. According to Small Businesses Trends, these include:
•Going paperless
•Recycling
•Turning off PCs and other electrical equipment when you go home
•Using low-power appliances
•Working from home
•Planting trees
•Cycling to work
Replacing businesses trips with video conferences as often as you can Small things add-up very
quickly, and the more of these things you do, the less carbon dioxide you are producing. Even if you
make a small change, you are helping a lot.

IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENT EDUCATION

The following are the importance of Environment Education. Each must consider and put them
action on it.

1. All major natural resources in the country are in grave danger of irreparable damage.
2. A society cannot survive if its natural resources are rendered unfit for use by its people.
3. The only hope of salvaging this grave situation is by making the young aware that they need to
proactively begin to protect the environment they will inherit.
4. Science and Technology can help in a limited way but cannot deliver it.
5. The moral and ethical education for changing people's attitude
6. To protect children living in polluted regions, environmental education represents a relevant
means of prevention
7. It is a need of the time to propose environmental education delivered with moral concept.
8. Sustain participation of the citizens especially the youth particularly in combating ill effects of
climate change.
9. EE promotes a sense of place and connection through community involvement.
10. EE promotes active learning, citizenship, and student leadership. It empowers youth to share
their voice and make a difference at their school and in their communities.

RELATED LAWS AND DIRECTIVES IN PROMOTING ENVIRONMENT EDUCATION

CHED Memorandum Order No. 33 Series of 2009

Subject: Integration of Environmental Education in the Tertiary Education Curriculum particu-

larly the Civic Welfare and Training Service Component of the Service Training Program.

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REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9512

AN ACT TO PROMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS THROUGH ENVIRONMEN-

TAL EDUCATION AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
This Act shall be known as the "National Environmental Awareness and Education Act of
2008".

Specifically, Sec. 2. Declaration of Policy states that:

Consistent with the policy of the State to protect and advance the right of the people to a
balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature, and in recogni-
tion of the vital role of the youth in nation building and the role of education to foster patriotism
and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development,
the state shall promote national awareness on the role of natural resources in economic growth and
the importance of environmental conservation and ecological balance towards sustained national
development.

REPUBLIC ACT 9003: January 26, 2001

This is an act providing for an ecological solid waste management program, creating the
necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing
penalties, appropriating funds thereof, and for other purposes.

Republic Act No. 9275 or Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR A COMPREHENSIVE WATER QUALITY MANAGE-

MENT AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy. - The State shall pursue a policy of economic growth
in a manner consistent with the protection, preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh,
brackish and marine waters.

Republic Act 8749: June 23, 1999

"Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999". An act providing for a Comprehensive Air Pollution
Control Policy and for Other Purposes

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 CLIMATE CHANGE: ITS CAUSES AND EFFECTS

General Objective
To lead the students understand Climate Change and its Impact on Human
Communities.

Specific Objectives:
At the end of the session, you are expected to:
1. Define Climate Change;
2. Trace the causes and identify the effects of Climate Change;
3. Cite Climate Change adaptation strategies for local impact;
4. Make simple assessments of target communities concerning its level of exposure,
vulnerability and coping capacity to climate change.

What is Climate Change?

Climate change is any in climate over time whether due to natural as a result
of human activity.
It is a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human
activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere. An addition to climate variability,
observed over comparable time periods (United Framework Convention on Climate Change).

How Does It Occur?

The Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 4AR
2007) concluded that climate change is already occurring and that further acceleration will result in a
two (2) degree increase in global temperature and of extreme weather conditions.
Climate change is caused by the increasing volume of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the
atmosphere. Greenhouse gases absorb and re-emit infrared radiation, warming the earth's surface and
contributing to climate change (UNEP 1988). These gases are water vapor, methane, carbon dioxide,
nitrous oxide, ozone, hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), perfluorocarbon (PFC), and sulfur hexafluoride
(SF6). When these gases increase in volume, more solar heat will be trapped resulting to a warmer
atmospheric condition. This phenomenon is known as the greenhouse effect. Global warming is the
increase in the average temperature of the earth's near -surface air and oceans that is associated with
the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Humans are responsible for the accelerated warming of the earth. Before the advent of humans,
climate changes were naturally caused. Many greenhouse gases occur naturally like methane, carbon
dioxide, nitrous oxide, ozone and even water vapor. Other greenhouse gases life HFC, PFC, and SF6
which absorb and hold greater heat are human-made. These are produced through industrial
processes. However, human activities also add to the increase of the naturally occurring greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere. The burning of wood and wood products, and the production and use of
fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas release carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide into
the atmosphere. The rapid growth of human population increases consumption of earth's resources,
threatening its carrying capacity to support life. It also increases the amount of decomposing organic
wastes that releases carbon and methane into the air. Massive deforestation, mining and other forms
of land conversion make the situation worse.

What are the Effects of Climate Change or Global Warming?

The warming of the Earth's atmosphere results in the melting of snow covérs and glaciers, the
rise of sea level, shorter winters, early springs, hotter summers and delayed coming of autumns,
altered forest productivity and composition, habitat shifts of some animals, changes in the behavior
patterns of flora and fauna, spread of diseases, stronger and more frequent typhoons, more floods,
severe droughts, stronger heat waves and heavier rains and more.
These changes in the environment as a result of climate change have already made their impact

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on human population in a global scale. Socio-economic problems and difficulties will be amplified
compounding the already heavy burden of the p.oor sectors. Agriculture become less or non -productive
due to droughts and flooding. Mounting social pressure on the damaging effects of climate change will
influence political priorities and direction.
The Philippines is ranked 4th in the Global Climate Risk Index. Being archipelagic, fifteen (15)
of its regions are vulnerable to sea level rise. A meter rise in sea level will affect 64 out of 81
provinces in the Philippines; sea water would cover at least 703 of 1,610, towns and close to 700
million square meters of land could displace at least 1.5 million Filipinos. The country is in the path of
typhoons which in recent years have become stronger and more destructive and frequent. The
Philippines is also located in an earthquake prone region. Under these circumstances, life, properties,
food, health and livelihood are threatened severely affecting the most vulnerable sector of Philippine
society - the poor.

https://worldat1c.org/top-diagrams-to-explain-climate-change-10c5a016b6e9

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/427419820873802060/
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What can be done locally?

The following can be done:

1. Reduce the sources of green house gas emissions or enhance their sink or capture (Mitigation). What
activities in your locality release carbon dioxide and similar green house gases in the air? These activities must
be curtailed. In what concrete way can we help capture carbon dioxide in the air?

2. Moderate the harmful effects of Climate Change and exploit its beneficial opportunities (Adaptation).
What activities or projects are being done in your communities to lessen the harmful effects of global warming or
offset its potential damages? What opportunities associated with global warming did you take advantage of.

3. Support or join awareness raising of people in your locality/community about Climate change. While it
is a very important and urgent concern to this generation, it is however, a relatively new issue that needs to be
disseminated and linked to potential hazard and risks. It is important to discuss this subject in a dialect local peo-
ple can understand and learn. Learning is gleamed in the changes in local practices and behavior. What practices
and behavior of people in your locality need to be changed?

4. Carry out concrete disaster prevention, mitigation and management activities (capacity building). If
your community is high risk to flooding, stormy conditions, earthquakes or landslides, training the local people
damage/need assessment, shelter management, first aid, risk mapping, prevention, tree planting and early warn-
ing among other things should be done. You reduce the level of risk if you develop in individuals and groups
these skills and install infrastructures within the community for purpose. Equally important in this task is good
organizing of stakeholders for coordination.

5. Suggest or advocate the integration of climate change mitigation and adaptation into organizational/
institutional plans to mainstream this consciousness. Are your campus clubs aware of the global warming issue)
Have they included activities to address this concern in their respective action plans?

6. Lobby for and/or support climate change responsive policies and ordinances (policy development).
Does your barangay one of those who have ordinances that are proactive in favor of reducing the risk of climate
change and strengthening the coping capacity of the community residents?

7. Synergize efforts with other enlightened individual group stakeholders, duce vulnerability to climate
change hazards and risks, Adaptation, Risk Reduction, Development Planning and humanitarian action need to
together. Do you have local initiatives where individuals and to combine efforts to reduce local vulnerability and
risks? Do you observe movements to synchronize local activities with that of the region d the nation’s

8. Develop a stable resource mobilization mechanism or system to ensure and facilitate the flow of finan-
cial and technical support to local implementers. Without an adequate and sustainable financial and technical
backing, plans remain good only in writing.

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 ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

OBJECTIVES:
Define Ecological Solid Waste Management, Zero Waste Management
Identify the importance of Zero Waste Management
Adopt processes to ensure Zero Waste Management
Increase awareness of applying the concept of Zero Waste Management

Ecological Solid Waste Management refers to the systematic administration of activities which provide for
segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid
waste and all other waste management activities which do not harm the environment.

Zero waste Management is an ecological method of handling wastes that does not degrade the environment
nor pollute air, water, soil and facilitate their sanitary retrieval, reuse or recycling.

SOLID WASTE refers to all discarded household, commercial waste, nonhazardous institutional and
industrial waste, street sweeping, construction debris, agricultural waste and other non-hazardous and non-
toxic solid waste.

Waste segregation is important to our environment. It is segregating the bio-degradable from non-
biodegradable. It helps our environment to look cleaner and greener. Improper waste disposal could cause
disasters such as floods and diseases.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE

COMPOSTABLE WASTES.
Are biodegradable wastes such as food waste, garden waste, animal waste and human
waste? They undergo biological degradation under controlled conditions and can be
turned into compost (soil conditioner or organic fertilizer) by mixing them with soil,
water, air and biological additives/activators (optional).
Examples are:
· Fruit and vegetable peelings . Leaves · Leftover foods . Flowers
· Vegetable trims . Twigs · Fish/fowl/meat/animal entrails
. Branches · Soft shells . Stems · Seeds

RECYCLABLE WASTES
Refer to any waste material retrieved from the waste stream and free from contamination
that can still be converted into suitable beneficial use. These may be transformed into
new products in such a manner that the original products may lose their identity.
Examples are:
· Newspaper . Aluminum · Ferrous scrap metal
. Glass · Non-ferrous scrap metal . Office Paper
· Corrugated cardboard . Tin Cans

RESIDUAL WASTES

Are solid waste materials that are non-compostable and non-recyclable. It

should be disposed ecologically through a long-term disposal facility or sanitary
landfill.
Examples are:
· Sanitary napkins . Ceramics
· Disposable diapers . Candy wrappers/sachets
· Worn-out rugs
· Cartons which contain a plastic lining usually used for milk and juice Containers · Other soiled
materials that cannot be composted and recycled

SPECIAL WASTES.
Refer to household hazardous wastes.

Examples are:
· Paints · Thinners · Household batteries
· Lead-acid batteries · Spray Canisters
· Bulky Wastes such as:
· Large worn-out or broken furniture · Lamps
· Bookcases · Filing Cabinets
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 · Consumer Electronics which refer to worn-out, broken and other
discarded items such as
. Radios . Stereos . TV sets
. White Goods which refer to large worn-out or broken household
appliances such as:
. Stoves . Refrigerators · Dishwashers
· Clothes Washers · Dryers
· Oil
· Tires

Modern waste reduction consists of three (3) components namely:

Reuse - means re-utilization of materials for particular purpose.

Reduce - is the process of lessening the fresh raw materials that affects air, water and land
pollution through proper waste disposal.
Recycling - involves processing used, unwanted materials (waste) into new products to prevent
waste of potentially useful materials.

It involves processing used, unwanted materials (waste) into new products to prevent waste of potentially
useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air pollution (from
and water pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal, and lower
greenhouse gas emissions as compared to virgin production. Recycling is a key component of modern waste
reduction and is the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse, Recycle" waste hierarchy.
Benefits of sustainable waste management
1. Reduced waste disposal costs (notably Landfill and Aggregates taxes).
2. Reduced pressures on finite resources, such as virgin aggregates.
3. Reduced greenhouse gas emissions from landfill and incineration.
4. Reduced energy consumption from the manufacturing process.
5. Increased economic productivity.
6. Reduced requirement for additional landfill capacity.
7. Reduced nuisance created by odor and visual intrusion from landfill sites.
8. Improved corporate reporting and green credentials for business.

Hazardous Wastes

These are solid wastes or a combination of solid waste which identify concentration or physical,
chemical or infectious characteristics may do the following:

1. Cause or significantly contribute to the increase in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible or

incapacitating reversible illness; and

2. Cause a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly
treated, stored or transported.

Hazardous Waste Management

A comprehensive and integrated management of toxic substances and hazardous wastes which adheres to
the waste management hierarchy of source reduction, recycling, treatment and safe disposal for the protection of
personnel, environment and property.

Four Characteristics of Hazardous Wastes

1. Ignitable - the substance causes or enhances fixes
2. Corrosive - the substance destroys tissues or metals
3. Reactive - the substance reacts with others and may explode
4. Toxic – the substance is a danger to health, water food and air

The Three Main Goals of Hazardous Waste Management

1. Protection of environment
2. Improvement of public health
3. Conservation of energy

Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)

It is the selection of combination of techniques, technologies and management program to achieve

waste management objectives.
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 ACTIVITY ON ECOLOGICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Name: _______________________________ Section Code: ______________

Class Schedule: _______________ Date: __________________ Rating: ________

Direction:
A. In your observation, list down activities that will reduce, reuse and recycle the waste in
the community. Put your answer in the matrix. The first one is done for you.

Particular Reduce Reuse Recycle

Paper File in a box Art Project Flower, Paper mache

Used clothes/fabric

Kangkong, Camote
Leaf stem
Plastic bottle

Tin cans

Candy wrapper

Banana Peelings

Old Books

Plastic Containers

Tetra packs

Electrical wires

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 AIR POLLUTION

General Objective:
To educate students on the sources, effects and prevention of air pollution.

Specific Objectives:
Define air pollution.
Identify the sources of air pollution and its effects.
How air pollution can be prevented.

What is Air Pollution?

Air pollution refers to the release of pollutants into the air that are detrimental to human
health and the planet as a whole.

Stationary sources of air pollutants are factories, crematorium, incinerators, plants, garbage dumps,
and construction sites. These emit particulates, nitrates, sulfur oxides and ammonia. They contribute 88% of
the total airborne sulfur oxides and 68% of nitrogen oxides.
Accumulation in the atmosphere of gases from industrial solvents such as oxides and carbon
tetrachlorides and carbon dioxide from burning of fossil and deforestation have possible effects on climate
and human health.
Anthopogenic sources of air pollution have been increasing vehicles that ply the road of Metro
Manila are smoke belchers.
Carbon monoxide is a toxic, odorless, colorless gas produced during fossil fuel biomass burning.
Carbon monoxide exposure can block oxygen to the brain and cause. poor concentration, fatigue and death.
Lead is one of the most toxic substances. Lead in gasoline remain by far the single largest source of
lead exposure in urban areas and poses the greatest threat to the public.
Sulfur dioxide is a gas. It is invisible and has a nasty, sharp smell. It reacts easily with other
substances to form harmful compounds, such as sulfuric sulfurous acid and sulfate particles. About 99% of
the sulfur dioxide in air comes from human sources. The main source of sulfur dioxide in the air is industrial
activity that processes materials that contain sulfur, eg. The generation of electricity from coal, oil or gas that
contains sulfur. Sulfur dioxide affects human health when it is breathed in. It irritates the nose throat, and
airways to cause coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, or a tight feeling around the chest. The effects of
sulfur dioxide are felt very quickly and most people would feel the worst symptoms in 10 or 15 minutes after
breathing it in.
Nitrogen oxides are gases produces from high temperature combustion in the air. It can cause
respiratory ailments like asthma and eye irritation. They are also an active ingredient in the formation of
smog.
Particulates (also called soots) are minute, microscopic particles suspended in the air. They range in
size from 10 to less than 2.5 microns in diameter (one micron is roughly equivalent to 1/70 the width of
human hair). Annual average TSP (total suspended particulates) concentrations in Metro Manila are 5x higher
than the World Health Organization Air Quality guidelines. Particulates of the coarse and fine varieties are so
small that they can enter deepest regions of the lungs where they can enter the bloodstream or become trapped
in the lung tissue. Continuous exposure to particulate can induce wheezing, chest pain, coughing and phlegm,
as well as more severe diseases like pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, emphysema and cardiovascular diseases.
Air pollution is the presence of substances in the air in amounts harmful to humans, other animals and/or
plants. There are over 100 identified air pollutants.

The main categories of pollutants are:

1. particulates are very fine solids, collectively referred to as total suspended particulates (TSP);
2. carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen and sulfur;
3. volatile organic compounds (VOCS); and
4. ozone
These substances are associated mostly with fossil-fuel burning. Particulates are unburned
hydrocarbons and soot or carbon. They result from incomplete burning of fuels. So does carbon monoxide.
VOCs are benzene and other aromatics that are formed from the production of gasoline in order to improve its
performance as fuel for vehicles. Ozone is formed from the reaction of VOCs and nitrogen oxides (NO’s).
Oxides Of sulfur are released because sulfur is naturally found in petroleum and coal. Oxides Of nitrogen are
released as the high temperature of combustion catalyzes reaction between the nitrogen in the fuel and air
oxygen of the air.
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Sources of Air Pollution

1. Mobile Sources. There are 3.9 million vehicles registered in the whole country. Around 80% use
gasoline and diesel. Only a small percentage of Filipinos own cars, 20% in Metro Manila. The rest
take public transportation.

2. Stationary sources that account for most of the air pollution are emissions from power plants, cement
plants and oil refineries.

Effects of Air Pollution from Fossil Fuels

Sulfur and nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and soot irritate the mucous membranes of the
respiratory system. If irritation is prolonged, it can lead to respiratory disease — persistent cough,
emphysema, asthma, and other allergies, and worst, cancer. Carbon monoxide is hazardous because it bonds
strongly with hemoglobin of the blood, replacing oxygen. As a result, the tissues and organs of the body are
deprived of the vital gas, oxygen. Ozone causes a range of acute effects including eyes, nose and throat
irritation. It also impairs respiratory functions. Ozone is a highly oxidizing gas that causes damage to
materials so do sulfuric and nitric acid from sulfur and nitrogen oxide, respectively.
Benzene the most toxic VOC is highly linked to leukemia. It is also an agent in ozone formation.
Another by-product of combustion of carbonaceous fuels is carbon dioxide. It does not directly harm
people or other organisms and is thus not a pollutant in the usual sense of the word. However, too much of it
in the atmosphere destroys ecological balance.
Increased temperatures will negatively affect agriculture, ecology of microorganisms and thus
incidence of diseases.
The Philippines is a signatory to the United Nations Convention on Climate Change and has ratified
the Kyoto Protocol. Under the latter, all signatory countries are committed to exert all efforts to lower their
greenhouse gas emissions. The Protocol invokes a special commitment from developed countries to reduce
their emissions to 5% less than their 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012. The Protocol will go into effect
when it is ratified by 55 countries which should include developed countries responsible for 55% of the
emissions worldwide. Another class of substances that must be regulated is what is collectively known as
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). CFCs are unreactive for mattresses, styrofoam and insulation.

A group of substances that are common in our everyday lives but are extremely toxic are known as
persistent organic pollutants (POPs). These are either human-made substances or products of combustion or
other processes undergone by human-made products.
Radioactivity is the most lethal form of pollution because it can readily destroy cells and tissues. No
more nuclear radiation should be introduced into our environment in addition to that which naturally occurs in
the background environment. Radioactive emissions come from nuclear power plants even in routine
operations.

How to Help Reduce Air Pollution

1. “The less gasoline we burn, the better we’re doing to reduce air pollution and harmful effects of
climate change,” Walke says. “Make good choices about transportation. When you can, walk,
ride a bike, or take public transportation. For driving, choose cars that get better miles per gallon
of gas or choose an electric car.”
2. Be able to request that your electricity be supplied by wind or solar.
3. Buying your food locally cuts down on the fossil fuels burned in trucking or flying food in from
across the country.
4. “Support leaders who push for clean air and water and responsible steps on climate change,”
Walke says.

How to Protect Your Health

1. “When you see in the newspaper or hear on the weather report that pollution levels are high, it
may be useful to limit the time when children go outside or you go for a jog,” Walke says.
Generally, ozone levels tend to be lower in the morning.
2. When you do exercise outside, stay as far as you can from heavily trafficked roads. Then shower
and wash your clothes to remove fine particles.
3. If the air quality is bad, stay inside with windows closed.
4. Wear sunscreen. When ultraviolet radiation comes through the weakened ozone layer, it can cause
skin damage and skin cancer.

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Source: Global pollutants circuit (http://www.cleartheair.nsw.gov.au, 2011)

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