4-C - Advanced

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Advanced C++ Topics

Alexander Warg, 2018
MICROKERNEL MADE IN GERMANY

Overview
WHAT IS BEHIND C++

●
Language Magics
●
Object Life Time
●
Object Memory Layout
INTRODUCTION TO TEMPLATES
●
Template Function
●
Template Class
WHAT I DO NOT EXPLAIN

●
Standard C++ Library
C++ vs C
Some more keywords

– new, delete, class, virtual, mutable, explicit...
Stricter type system
– e.g. no automatic conversion from void *
– custom class types
– strictly typed enums (C++11)
Function overloading / Operator overloading
– multiple functions with the same name but
different arguments
Extensible hierarchical type system
– classes and inheritance
Generic programming via templates
CONSTRUCTION AND DESTRUCTION
Constructors: Special Member Functions for object initialization

– Same name as the class
– No return type
CONSTRUCTION AND DESTRUCTION
Constructors: Special Member Functions for object initialization

– Same name as the class
– No return type
Destructors: Special Member Functions for object destruction

– Name: ~Classname()
– No return type
– No arguments
CONSTRUCTORS (CLASS FOO)
Foo() -> Default Constructor

No arguments
Generated by Compiler if no other Constructors

No arguments
Foo(Type x) -> Conversion Constructor

Is used to cast type Type to Foo (implicitly)
(see keyword explicit)

No arguments

Foo(Foo const &o) -> Copy Constructor

Always generated by Compiler if not provided
(related to operator = (Foo const &o), see later)

No arguments

Foo(Foo const &o) -> Copy Constructor

Always generated by Compiler if not provided
(related to operator = (Foo const &o), see later)
Foo(Type a, Type b, Type c) -> Normal Constructor

CONSTRUCTORS (CLASS FOO) C++11
Foo(Foo &&o) -> Move Constructor

(related to operator = (Foo &&o), see later)
CONSTRUCTORS (CLASS FOO) C++11
Foo(Foo &&o) -> Move Constructor

(related to operator = (Foo &&o), see later)
Type &&x -> RValue refernce

Fast optimized move operations
Support for perfect forwarding
TYPE CONVERSION / CAST
Implicit type conversion

– among integer types (incl. enum)
– conversion ctor ?
– conversion operator ?
– from pointers/references of derived classes to
pointers/references to base classes
Explicit type conversion (casts)
C++ has three (actually four) types of casts
– static_cast<type>(...)
– reinterpret_cast<type>(...)
– dynamic_cast<type>(...)
– const_cast<type>(...)
POLYMORPHISM (ADVANCED)
Virtual Functions
Support for Overriding functions in C++
Pure Virtual Functions (Abstract Function)
class A { void func() = 0; };
<A> cannot be instantiated (is abstract)
Multiple Inheritance
class A : public B, public C {...};
POLYMORPHISM – VIRTUAL DTOR
Virtual deletion ...

POLYMORPHISM II
MULTIPLE INHERITANCE
POLYMORPHISM II
Car
name()
POLYMORPHISM II
Car Boat
name() name()
POLYMORPHISM II
Object
cnt
Car Boat
name() name()
POLYMORPHISM II
Object
cnt
Car Boat
name() name()
Amphi
POLYMORPHISM II
Amphi
Car Boat
Object Object
POLYMORPHISM II
Amphi Amphi
Car Boat Car Boat

Object Object Object
TEMPLATES – FUNCTION TEMPLATES
Functions that operate on a Generic Type (e.g. T)

int max(int a, int b)

{ return a>b?a:b; }

{ return a>b?a:b; }
int a, b;
int x = max(a, b);

{ return a>b?a:b; }
int a, b;
int x = max(a, b);
double a, b;
double x = max(a, b);
template< typename T >

T max(T a, T b)
{ return a>b?a:b; }
int a, b;
int x = max<int>(a,
max(a, b); b);
double a, b;
double x = max<double>(a,
max(a, b); b);

T max(T a, T b)
{ return a>b?a:b; }
int a, b;
int x = max(a, b);
double a, b;
double x = max(a, b);
TEMPLATES – CLASS TEMPLATES
Classes with members of Generic Types (e.g. T)

class List_item
{
List_item *_next, *_prev;
void *_data;
};

class List_item
{
List_item *_next, *_prev;
void
T *_data;
*_data;
};
DON'T DO THIS...
Too Much operator overloading

Keep usual semantics
Avoid implicit conversion operators
using namespace <X> in Header Files
#define ...
Use enum's for constant values
Use templates for functions

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www.kernkonzept.

Advanced C++ Topics

MICROKERNEL MADE IN GERMANY

WHAT IS BEHIND C++

WHAT I DO NOT EXPLAIN

Some more keywords

Constructors: Special Member Functions for object initialization

Constructors: Special Member Functions for object initialization

Destructors: Special Member Functions for object destruction

Foo() -> Default Constructor

Foo() -> Default Constructor

Foo(Type x) -> Conversion Constructor

Foo() -> Default Constructor

Foo(Type x) -> Conversion Constructor

Foo(Foo const &o) -> Copy Constructor

Foo() -> Default Constructor

Foo(Type x) -> Conversion Constructor

Foo(Foo const &o) -> Copy Constructor

Foo(Type a, Type b, Type c) -> Normal Constructor

Foo(Foo &&o) -> Move Constructor

Foo(Foo &&o) -> Move Constructor

Type &&x -> RValue refernce

Implicit type conversion

Virtual deletion ...

Car Boat Car Boat

Functions that operate on a Generic Type (e.g. T)

Functions that operate on a Generic Type (e.g. T)

int max(int a, int b)

Functions that operate on a Generic Type (e.g. T)

int max(int a, int b)

Functions that operate on a Generic Type (e.g. T)

int max(int a, int b)

Functions that operate on a Generic Type (e.g. T)

template< typename T >

Functions that operate on a Generic Type (e.g. T)

template< typename T >

Classes with members of Generic Types (e.g. T)

Classes with members of Generic Types (e.g. T)

Classes with members of Generic Types (e.g. T)

template< typename T >

Too Much operator overloading

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