1 Islay is an island off the west coast of Scotland.

The main industry on the island is making

ethanol from barley.

Barley contains the complex carbohydrate, starch. Enzymes catalyse the hydrolysis of starch
to a solution of glucose.

(a) (i) Draw the structure of the starch.

Glucose
G lucose can be represented
eprese by HO OH

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 (ii) Enzymes can catalyse the hydrolysis of starch. Name another catalyst for this
reaction.
Hydrochloric acid
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Both starch and glucose are carbohydrates. Name the elements found in all
carbohydrates.
Carbon oxygen hydrogen
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Yeast cells are added to the aqueous glucose. Fermentation produces a solution
containing up to 10 % of ethanol.

(i) Complete the word equation for the fermentation of glucose.

ethanol Carbon dioxide
glucose → .......................... + ..........................
[1]

(ii) Explain why is it necessary to add yeast and suggest why the amount of yeast in the
mixture increases.
Bcz yeast acts as a catalyst and speeds up the reaction. The yeast multiplies
....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Fermentation is carried out at 35 °C. For many reactions a higher temperature would
give a faster reaction. Why is a higher temperature not used in this process?
A higher temp would denature the enzymes and can harm the yeast
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) The organic waste, the residue of the barley and yeast, is disposed of through a pipeline
into the sea. In the future this waste will be converted into biogas by the anaerobic
respiration of bacteria. Biogas, which is mainly methane, will supply most of the island’s
energy.

(i) Anaerobic means in the absence of oxygen. Suggest an explanation why oxygen
must be absent.
so carbon dioxide isnt produced
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) The obvious advantage of converting the waste into methane is economic.
Suggest two other advantages.
Reduces pollution and fossil fuels will be relied on less
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 12]
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2 Carbonyl chloride, COCl 2, is widely used in industry to make polymers, dyes and
pharmaceuticals.

(a) Carbonyl chloride was first made in 1812 by exposing a mixture of carbon monoxide and
chlorine to bright sunlight. This is a photochemical reaction.

CO(g) + Cl 2(g) → COCl 2(g)

(i) Explain the phrase photochemical reaction.

A reaction that takes place in the presence of light
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Give another example of a photochemical reaction and explain why it is important
either to the environment or in industry.

photosynthesis.This process reduces co2 in the air and provides oxygen for
....................................................................................................................................
respirsation
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) Carbonyl chloride is now made by the reversible reaction given below.

CO(g) + Cl 2(g) COCl 2(g)

The forward reaction is exothermic.

The reaction is catalysed by carbon within a temperature range of 50 to 150 °C.

(i) Predict the effect on the yield of carbonyl chloride of increasing the pressure.
Explain your answer.

Ir will increase as there is less moles on the product side compared to reactants
....................................................................................................................................
so high pressure willl favour the products
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) If the temperature is allowed to increase to above 200 °C, very little carbonyl chloride
is formed. Explain why.

Bcz the forward reaction is exothermic and the backward in endothermic so

....................................................................................................................................
high temp will favour the reactants
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Explain why a catalyst is used.

to speed up the reaction
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

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 (c) The structural formula of carbonyl chloride is given below.

Cl

C O

Cl

Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the outer (valency) electrons in one molecule
of this covalent compound.

Use o to represent an electron from a carbon atom.

Use x to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.
Use ● to represent an electron from an oxygen atom.

[3]

[Total: 13]

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3 There are two types of polymerisation - addition and condensation.

(a) Explain the difference between them.

In addition only one product is formed which is a polymer.In condensation a polymer and a
...........................................................................................................................................
small molecule such as water is formed.
...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Poly(dichloroethene) is used to package food. Draw its structure. The structural formula
of dichloroethene is shown below.

H Cl

C C

H Cl

[2]

(c) The polymer known as PVA is used in paints and adhesives. Its structural formula is
shown below.

CH2 CH CH2 CH

OOCCH3 OOCCH3

Deduce the structural formula of its monomer.

CH2=CHOOCCH3

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 (d) A condensation polymer can be made from the following monomers.

HOOC(CH2)4COOH and H2N(CH2)6NH2

Draw the structural formula of this polymer.

-OC(CH2)4OCNH(CH2)6NH-

[3]

[Total: 8]

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4 Starch, a complex carbohydrate, is a natural macromolecule or polymer.
It can be formed from its monomer by condensation polymerisation.

(a)
a) Explain the terms:
A molecule used to make a polymer
monomer ...................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

Process in which a polymer and a small molecule is formed such as

condensation polymerisation ......................................................................................
h2o
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Draw the structural formula of starch to include three monomer units.

Glucose, the monomer, can be represented as HO OH .

[3]

(b) Starch can be hydrolysed to simple sugars by heating with dilute sulfuric acid or by
warming with a dilute solution of saliva. The reaction can be catalysed by H+ ions from
the acid or by the enzymes in saliva.

(i) What is an enzyme?

A biological catalyst
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Explain why, if the saliva / starch mixture is heated above 70 °C, the hydrolysis stops.
Bcz the enzymes denature
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) The complete acid-catalysed hydrolysis of starch forms only glucose.

The partial acid-catalysed hydrolysis of starch forms a mixture of sugars which
includes glucose. Describe how you could identify the different sugars in this mixture.
Through cromatography
....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 10]
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5 Monomers polymerise to form polymers or macromolecules.

(a) (i) Explain the term polymerise.

When monomer molecules form polymers
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) There are two types of polymerisation - addition and condensation. What is the
difference between them?

In addition a polymer is formed as a product while in condenstaion a

....................................................................................................................................
polymer and a small molecule such as water is formed
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) An important monomer is chloroethene which has the structural formula shown below.

H H

C C

H Cl

It is made by the following method.

C2H4 + Cl 2 → C2H4 Cl 2 dichloroethane

This is heated to make chloroethene.

C2H4Cl 2 → C2H3Cl + HCl

(i) Ethene is made by cracking alkanes. Complete the equation for cracking
dodecane.
C8H18
C12H26 → .................... + 2C2H4
[1]

Another method of making dichloroethane is from ethane.

C2H6 + 2Cl 2 → C2H4Cl 2 + 2HCl

(ii) Suggest a reason why the method using ethene is preferred.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Describe an industrial method of making chlorine.

....................................................................................................................................

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.............................................................................................................................. [2]
 (iv) Draw the structural formula of poly(chloroethene).

Include three monomer units.

[2]

[Total: 9]

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6 Synthetic polymers are widely used in the modern world.

(a) Their use has brought considerable advantages to modern life as well as some
disadvantages.

(i) Suggest two advantages of a plastic bucket compared to a steel bucket.

It is lighter and is less expensive
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii) Name two uses of man-made fibres, such as nylon and Terylene.
Fishing nets and clothing
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Describe the pollution caused by synthetic polymers.

They burn to form toxic gases .They are not biodegradable and accumulate
....................................................................................................................................
causing visual pollution .They take up space
....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [3]

(b) One type of polymer is formed by addition polymerisation.

(i) The structural formula of an addition polymer is given below.

CH CH2

CH3 n

Give the name and structural formula of the monomer.

Propene
name of monomer ............................................................................................... [1]

structural formula of monomer

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 (ii) Draw the structural formula of the addition polymer formed by the polymerisation of
phenylethene. The structural formula of phenylethene is given below.

C6H5 H

C C

H H

[2]

(c) Nylon is made by condensation polymerisation. It has the structural formula shown
below.

C (CH2)8 C N (CH2)6 N

O O H H

(i) Name the linkage in this polymer.

amide
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Name the natural macromolecules which have the same linkage.
protein
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Deduce the formulae of the two monomers which reacted to form the nylon and
water.

COOH(CH2)8COOH
monomer ...................................................................................................................

NH2(CH2)6NH2
monomer ...................................................................................................................

[2]
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[Total: 15]