1. What is Spring Framework?

 Spring is a powerful open-source, loosely coupled, lightweight, java

framework meant for reducing the complexity of developing enterprise-level
applications. This framework is also called the “framework of frameworks” as
spring provides support to various other important frameworks like JSF,
Hibernate, Structs, EJB, etc.
 There are around 20 modules which are generalized into the following types:
o Core Container
o Data Access/Integration
o Web
o AOP (Aspect Oriented Programming)
o Instrumentation
o Messaging
o Test

Spring handles all the infrastructure-related aspects which lets the programmer to
focus mostly on application development.

2. What are the features of Spring Framework?

  Spring framework follows layered architecture pattern that helps in the
necessary components selection along with providing a robust and cohesive
framework for J2EE applications development.
 The AOP (Aspect Oriented Programming) part of Spring supports unified
development by ensuring separation of application’s business logic from
other system services.
 Spring provides highly configurable MVC web application framework which
has the ability to switch to other frameworks easily.
 Provides provision of creation and management of the configurations and
defining the lifecycle of application objects.
 Spring has a special design principle which is known as IoC (Inversion of
Control) that supports objects to give their dependencies rather than
looking for creating dependent objects.
 Spring is a lightweight, java based, loosely coupled framework.
 Spring provides generic abstraction layer for transaction
management that is also very useful for container-less environments.
 Spring provides a convenient API to translate technology-specific exceptions
(thrown by JDBC, Hibernate or other frameworks) into consistent,
unchecked exceptions. This introduces abstraction and greatly simplifies
exception handling.

3. What is a Spring configuration file?

A Spring configuration file is basically an XML file that mainly contains the classes
information and describes how those classes are configured and linked to each
other. The XML configuration files are verbose and cleaner.

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4. What do you mean by IoC (Inversion of Control) Container?

Spring container forms the core of the Spring Framework. The Spring container
uses Dependency Injection (DI) for managing the application components by
creating objects, wiring them together along with configuring and managing their
overall life cycles. The instructions for the spring container to do the tasks can be
provided either by XML configuration, Java annotations, or Java code.
5. What do you understand by Dependency Injection?

The main idea in Dependency Injection is that you don’t have to create your objects
but you just have to describe how they should be created.

 The components and services need not be connected by us in the code

directly. We have to describe which services are needed by which
components in the configuration file. The IoC container present in Spring will
wire them up together.
  In Java, the 2 major ways of achieving dependency injection are:
o Constructor injection: Here, the IoC container invokes the class
constructor with a number of arguments where each argument
represents a dependency on the other class.
o Setter injection: Here, the spring container calls the setter methods on
the beans after invoking a no-argument static factory method or
default constructor to instantiate the bean.

6. Explain the difference between constructor and setter injection?

 In constructor injection, partial injection is not allowed whereas it is allowed

in setter injection.
 The constructor injection doesn’t override the setter property whereas the
same is not true for setter injection.
 Constructor injection creates a new instance if any modification is done. The
creation of a new instance is not possible in setter injection.
 In case the bean has many properties, then constructor injection is preferred.
If it has few properties, then setter injection is preferred.

7. What are Spring Beans?

 They are the objects forming the backbone of the user’s application and are
managed by the Spring IoC container.
 Spring beans are instantiated, configured, wired, and managed by IoC
container.
 Beans are created with the configuration metadata that the users supply to
the container (by means of XML or java annotations configurations.)

8. How is the configuration meta data provided to the spring

container?

There are 3 ways of providing the configuration metadata. They are as follows:

 XML-Based configuration: The bean configurations and their dependencies

are specified in XML configuration files. This starts with a bean tag as shown
below:

<bean id="interviewBitBean"
class="org.intervuewBit.firstSpring.InterviewBitBean">
<property name="name" value="InterviewBit"></property>
</bean>

 Annotation-Based configuration: Instead of the XML approach, the beans

can be configured into the component class itself by using annotations on
the relevant class, method, or field declaration.
o Annotation wiring is not active in the Spring container by default. This
has to be enabled in the Spring XML configuration file as shown
below
<beans>
<context:annotation-config/>
<!-- bean definitions go here -->
</beans>

 Java-based configuration: Spring Framework introduced key features as

part of new Java configuration support. This makes use of
the @Configuration annotated classes and @Bean annotated
methods. Note that:
o @Bean annotation has the same role as the <bean/> element.
o Classes annotated with @Configuration allow to define inter-bean
dependencies by simply calling other @Bean methods in the same
class.

9. What are the bean scopes available in Spring?

The Spring Framework has five scope supports. They are:

 Singleton: The scope of bean definition while using this would be a single

instance per IoC container.
 Prototype: Here, the scope for a single bean definition can be any number
of object instances.
 Request: The scope of the bean definition is an HTTP request.
 Session: Here, the scope of the bean definition is HTTP-session.
 Global-session: The scope of the bean definition here is a Global HTTP
session.

Note: The last three scopes are available only if the users use web-aware
ApplicationContext containers.

10. Explain Bean life cycle in Spring Bean Factory Container.

The Bean life cycle is as follows:

 The IoC container instantiates the bean from the bean’s definition in the XML
file.
 Spring then populates all of the properties using the dependency injection
as specified in the bean definition.
 The bean factory container calls setBeanName() which take the bean ID and
the corresponding bean has to implement BeanNameAware interface.
 The factory then calls setBeanFactory() by passing an instance of itself (if
BeanFactoryAware interface is implemented in the bean).
 If BeanPostProcessors is associated with a bean, then
the preProcessBeforeInitialization()  methods are invoked.
 If an init-method is specified, then it will be called.
 Lastly, postProcessAfterInitialization()  methods will be called if there
are any BeanPostProcessors associated with the bean that needs to be run
post creation.
11. What do you understand by Bean Wiring.

 When beans are combined together within the Spring container, they are
said to be wired or the phenomenon is called bean wiring.
 The Spring container should know what beans are needed and how the
beans are dependent on each other while wiring beans. This is given by
means of XML / Annotations / Java code-based configuration.

12. What is autowiring and name the different modes of it?

The IoC container autowires relationships between the application beans. Spring
lets collaborators resolve which bean has to be wired automatically by inspecting
the contents of the BeanFactory.
Different modes of this process are:

 no: This means no autowiring and is the default setting. An explicit bean

reference should be used for wiring.
 byName: The bean dependency is injected according to the name of the
bean. This matches and wires its properties with the beans defined by the
same names as per the configuration.
 byType: This injects the bean dependency based on type.
 constructor: Here, it injects the bean dependency by calling the
constructor of the class. It has a large number of parameters.
 autodetect: First the container tries to wire using autowire by the
constructor, if it isn't possible then it tries to autowire by byType.

13. What are the limitations of autowiring?

 Overriding possibility: Dependencies are specified using <constructor-

arg> and <property>  settings that override autowiring.
  Data types restriction: Primitive data types, Strings, and Classes can’t be
autowired.

Spring Boot Interview Questions

14. What do you understand by the term ‘Spring Boot’?

Spring Boot is an open-source, java-based framework that provides support for

Rapid Application Development and gives a platform for developing stand-alone
and production-ready spring applications with a need for very few configurations.

15. Explain the advantages of using Spring Boot for application

development.

 Spring Boot helps to create stand-alone applications which can be started

using java.jar (Doesn’t require configuring WAR files).
 Spring Boot also offers pinpointed ‘started’ POMs to Maven configuration.
 Has provision to embed Undertow, Tomcat, Jetty, or other web servers
directly.
 Auto-Configuration: Provides a way to automatically configure an application
based on the dependencies present on the classpath.
 Spring Boot was developed with the intention of lessening the lines of code.
 It offers production-ready support like monitoring and apps developed using
spring boot are easier to launch.

16. Differentiate between Spring and Spring Boot.

 The Spring Framework provides multiple features like dependency injection,

data binding, aspect-oriented programming (AOP), data access, and many
more that help easier development of web applications whereas Spring Boot
helps in easier usage of the Spring Framework by simplifying or managing
various loosely coupled blocks of Spring which are tedious and have a
potential of becoming messy.
 Spring boot simplifies commonly used spring dependencies and runs
applications straight from a command line. It also doesn’t require an
application container and it helps in monitoring several components and
configures them externally.

17. What are the features of Spring Boot?

 Spring Boot CLI – This allows you to Groovy / Maven for writing Spring boot
application and avoids boilerplate code.
 Starter Dependency – With the help of this feature, Spring Boot aggregates
common dependencies together and eventually improves productivity and
reduces the burden on
  Spring Initializer – This is a web application that helps a developer in
creating an internal project structure. The developer does not have to
manually set up the structure of the project while making use of this feature.
 Auto-Configuration – This helps in loading the default configurations
according to the project you are working on. In this way, unnecessary WAR
files can be avoided.
 Spring Actuator – Spring boot uses actuator to provide “Management
EndPoints” which helps the developer in going through the Application
Internals, Metrics etc.
 Logging and Security – This ensures that all the applications made using
Spring Boot are properly secured without any hassle.

18. What does @SpringBootApplication annotation do internally?

As per the Spring Boot documentation, the @SpringBootApplication annotation is

one point replacement for using @Configuration, @EnableAutoConfiguration and
@ComponentScan annotations alongside their default attributes.

This enables the developer to use a single annotation instead of using multiple
annotations thus lessening the lines of code. However, Spring provides loosely
coupled features which is why we can use these annotations as per our project
needs.

19. What are the effects of running Spring Boot Application as “Java
Application”?

 The application automatically launches the tomcat server as soon as it sees

that we are running a web application.
20. What is Spring Boot dependency management system?

 It is basically used to manage dependencies and configuration automatically

without the need of specifying the version for any of that dependencies.

21. What are the possible sources of external configuration?

 Spring Boot allows the developers to run the same application in different
environments by making use of its feature of external configuration. This
uses environment variables, properties files, command-line arguments, YAML
files, and system properties to mention the required configuration properties
for its corresponding environments. Following are the sources of external
configuration:
o Command-line properties – Spring Boot provides support for
command-line arguments and converts these arguments to properties
and then adds them to the set of environment properties.
o Application Properties – By default, Spring Boot searches for the
application properties file or its YAML file in the current directory of
the application, classpath root, or config directory to load the
properties.
o Profile-specific properties – Properties are loaded from
the application-{profile}.properties file  or its YAML file. This file
resides in the same location as that of the non-specific property files
and the {profile} placeholder refers to an active profile or an
environment.

22. Can we change the default port of the embedded Tomcat server
in Spring boot?

 Yes, we can change it by using the application properties file by adding a

property of server.port and assigning it to any port you wish to.
 For example, if you want the port to be 8081, then you have to
mention server.port=8081. Once the port number is mentioned, the
application properties file will be automatically loaded by Spring Boot and
the specified configurations will be applied to the application.

23. Can you tell how to exclude any package without using the
basePackages filter?

We can use the exclude attribute while using the

annotation @SpringBootApplication as follows: 

@SpringBootApplication(exclude= {Student.class})
public class InterviewBitAppConfiguration {}

24. How to disable specific auto-configuration class?

  You can use the exclude attribute of @EnableAutoConfiguration for this
purpose as shown below:

@EnableAutoConfiguration(exclude = {InterviewBitAutoConfiguration.class})

If the class is not specified on the classpath, we can specify the fully qualified name
as the value for the excludeName.

//By using "excludeName"

@EnableAutoConfiguration(excludeName={Foo.class})

 You can add into the application.properties and multiple classes can be
added by keeping it comma-separated.

25. Can the default web server in the Spring Boot application be
disabled?

Yes! application.properties is used to configure the web application type, by

mentioning spring.main.web-application-type=none .

26. What are the uses of @RequestMapping and @RestController

annotations in Spring Boot?

 @RequestMapping:
o This provides the routing information and informs Spring that any
HTTP request matching the URL must be mapped to the respective
method.
o org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping  has to
be imported to use this annotation.
 @RestController:
o This is applied to a class to mark it as a request handler thereby
creating RESTful web services using Spring MVC. This annotation adds
the @ResponseBody and @Controller annotation to the class.
o org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController  has to
be imported to use this annotation.

Check out more Interview Questions on Spring Boot here.

Spring AOP, Spring JDBC, Spring Hibernate

Interview Questions
27. What is Spring AOP?

 Spring AOP (Aspect Oriented Programming) is similar to OOPs (Object

Oriented Programming) as it also provides modularity.
 In AOP key unit is aspects or concerns which are nothing but stand-alone
modules in the application. Some aspects have centralized code but other
 aspects may be scattered or tangled code like in the case of logging or
transactions. These scattered aspects are called cross-cutting concern.
o A cross-cutting concern such as transaction management,
authentication, logging, security etc is a concern that could affect the
whole application and should be centralized in one location in code as
much as possible for security and modularity purposes.
 AOP provides platform to dynamically add these cross-cutting concerns
before, after or around the actual logic by using simple pluggable
configurations.
 This results in easy maintainenance of code. Concerns can be added or
removed simply by modifying configuration files and therefore without the
need for recompiling complete sourcecode.
 There are 2 types of implementing Spring AOP:
o Using XML configuration files
o Using AspectJ annotation style

28. What is an advice? Explain its types in spring.

An advice is the implementation of cross-cutting concerns can be applied to other

modules of the spring application. Advices are of mainly 5 types:

 Before:
o This advice executes before a join point, but it does not have the
ability to prevent execution flow from proceeding to the join point
(unless it throws an exception).
o To use this, use @Before annotation.
 AfterReturning:
o This advice is to be executed after a join point completes normally i.e
if a method returns without throwing an exception.
o To use this, use @AfterReturning annotation.
 AfterThrowing:
o This advice is to be executed if a method exits by throwing an
exception.
o To use this, use @AfterThrowing annotation.
 After:
o This advice is to be executed regardless of the means by which a join
point exits (normal return or exception encounter).
o To use this, use @After annotation.
 Around:
o This is the most powerful advice surrounds a join point such as a
method invocation.
o To use this, use @Around annotation.

29. What is Spring AOP Proxy pattern?

  A proxy pattern is a well-used design pattern where a proxy is an object that
looks like another object but adds special functionality to it behind the
scenes.
 Spring AOP follows proxy-based pattern and this is created by the AOP
framework to implement the aspect contracts in runtime.
 The standard JDK dynamic proxies are default AOP proxies that enables any
interface(s) to be proxied. Spring AOP can also use CGLIB proxies that are
required to proxy classes, rather than interfaces. In case a business object
does not implement an interface, then CGLIB proxies are used by default.

30. What are some of the classes for Spring JDBC API?

 Following are the classes

o JdbcTemplate
o SimpleJdbcTemplate
o NamedParameterJdbcTemplate
o SimpleJdbcInsert
o SimpleJdbcCall
 The most commonly used one is JdbcTemplate. This internally uses the JDBC
API and has the advantage that we don’t need to create connection,
statement, start transaction, commit transaction, and close connection to
execute different queries. All these are handled by JdbcTemplate itself. The
developer can focus on executing the query directly.

31. How can you fetch records by Spring JdbcTemplate?

This can be done by using the query method of JdbcTemplate. There are two
interfaces that help to do this:

 ResultSetExtractor:
o It defines only one method extractData that
accepts ResultSet instance as a parameter and returns the list.
o Syntax:

public T extractData(ResultSet rs) throws

SQLException,DataAccessException;

 RowMapper:
o This is an enhanced version of ResultSetExtractor that saves a lot of
code.
o It allows to map a row of the relations with the instance of the user-
defined class.
o It iterates the ResultSet internally and adds it into the result collection
thereby saving a lot of code to fetch records.

32. What is Hibernate ORM Framework?

  Object-relational mapping (ORM) is the phenomenon of mapping
application domain model objects to the relational database tables and vice
versa.
 Hibernate is the most commonly used java based ORM framework.

33. What are the two ways of accessing Hibernate by using Spring.

 Inversion of Control approach by using Hibernate Template and Callback.

 Extending HibernateDAOSupport and Applying an AOP Interceptor node.

34. What is Hibernate Validator Framework?

 Data validation is a crucial part of any application. We can find data

validation in:
o UI layer before sending objects to the server
o At the server-side before processing it
o Before persisting data into the database
 Validation is a cross-cutting concern/task, so as good practice, we should try
to keep it apart from our business logic. JSR303 and JSR349 provide
specifications for bean validation by using annotations.
 This framework provides the reference implementation for JSR303 and
JSR349 specifications.

35. What is HibernateTemplate class?

 Prior to Hibernate 3.0.1, Spring provided 2 classes

namely: HibernateDaoSupport to get the Session from Hibernate
and HibernateTemplate for Spring transaction management purposes.
 However, from Hibernate 3.0.1 onwards, by using HibernateTemplate class
we can use SessionFactory getCurrentSession()  method to get the current
session and then use it to get the transaction management benefits.
 HibernateTemplate has the benefit of exception translation but that can be
achieved easily by using @Repository annotation with service classes.

Spring MVC Interview Questions

36. What is the Spring MVC framework?

 Spring MVC is a request driven framework and one of the core components
of the Spring framework.
 It comes with ready to use loosely coupled components and elements that
greatly aid developers in building flexible and robust web applications.
 The MVC (Model - View - Controller) architecture separates and provides
loose coupling between the different aspects of the application – input logic
(Model), business logic (Controller), and UI logic (View).
37. What are the benefits of Spring MVC framework over other MVC
frameworks?

 Clear separation of roles – There is a specialised dedicated object for every

role.
 Reusable business code logic – With Spring MVC, there is no need for
duplicating the code. Existing objects can be used as commands instead of
replicating them in order to extend a particular framework base class.
 Spring MVC framework provides customizable binding and validation.
 Also provides customizable locale and theme resolution.
 Spring MVC supports customizable handler mapping and view resolution
too.

38. What is DispatcherServlet in Spring MVC? In other words, can you

explain the Spring MVC architecture?

Spring MVC framework is built around a central servlet called DispatcherServlet that
handles all the HTTP requests and responses. The DispatcherServlet does a lot more
than that:

 It seamlessly integrates with the IoC container and allows you to use each
feature of Spring in an easier manner.
 The DispatcherServlet contacts HandlerMapping to call the appropriate
Controller for processing the request on receiving it. Then, the controller
calls appropriate service methods to set or process the Model data. The
service processes the data and returns the view name to DispatcherServlet.
DispatcherServlet then takes the help of ViewResolver and picks up the
defined view for the request. Once the view is decided, the DispatcherServlet
passes the Model data to View where it is finally rendered on the browser.
39. What is a View Resolver pattern and explain its significance in
Spring MVC?

 It is a J2EE pattern that allows the applications to dynamically choose

technology for rendering the data on the browser (View).
o Any technology like HTML, JSP, XSLT, JSF, or any other such
technology can be used as View.
 The View Resolver has the information of different views. The Controller
returns the name of the View which is then passed to View Resolver by the
DispatcherServlet for selecting the appropriate View technology and then
the data is displayed.
 The default ViewResolver used in Spring MVC
is InternalResourceViewResolver .

40. What is the @Controller annotation used for?

 The @Controller is a stereotype Spring MVC annotation to define a

Controller.

41. Can you create a controller without using @Controller or

@RestController annotations?

 Yes! You can create a controller without @Controller or @RestController

annotations by annotating the Spring MVC Controller classes using
the @Component annotation. In this case, the real job of request mapping to
handler method is done using the @RequestMapping annotation.
42. What is ContextLoaderListener and what does it do?

 The ContextLoaderListener loads and creates the ApplicationContext, so a

developer need not write explicit code to do create it. In short, it is a listener
that aids to bootstrap Spring MVC.
o The application context is where Spring bean resides. For a web
application, there is a subclass called WebAppliationContext.
 The lifecycle of the ApplicationContext is tied to the lifecycle of the
ServletContext by using ContextLoaderListener. The ServletContext from the
WebApplicationContext can be obtained using the getServletContext()
method.

43. What are the differences between @RequestParam and

@PathVariable annotations?

 Even though both these annotations are used to extract some data from
URL, there is a key difference between them.
o The @RequestParam is used to extract query parameters that is
anything after “?” in the URL.
o The @PathVariable is used to extract the data present as part of the
URI itself.]
o For example, if the given URL is
http://localhost:8080/InterviewBit/Spring/SpringMVC/?format=json,
then you can access the query parameter “format” using the
@RequestParam annotation and /Spring/{type} using the
@PathVariable, which will give you SpringMVC.

@RequestMapping("/Spring/{type}")
public void getQuestions(@PathVariable("type") String type,
@RequestParam(value = "format", required = false)
String format){
/* Some code */
}

44. What is the Model in Spring MVC?

 Model is a reference to have the data for rendering.

 It is always created and passed to the view in Spring MVC. If a mapped
controller method has Model as a parameter, then that model instance is
automatically injected to that method.
 Any attributes set on the injected model would be preserved and passed to
the View.

45. What is the use of @Autowired annotation?

@Autowired annotation is meant for the injection of a bean by means of its type

along with methods and fields. This helps the Spring framework to resolve
dependencies by injecting and collaborating the beans into another bean. For
example, consider the below code snippet:
import org.Springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import java.util.*;
public class InterviewBit {
// Autowiring/Injecting FormatterUtil as dependency to InterviewBit
class
@Autowired
private FormatterUtil formatterUtil;

public Date something( String value ){

Date dateFormatted = formatterUtil.formatDate(value);
return dateFormatted
}
}
/**
* Util class to format any string value to valid date format
*/
public class FormatterUtil {

public Date formatDate(String value){

//code to format date
}
}

46. What is the role of @ModelAttribute annotation?

The annotation plays a very important role in binding method parameters to the
respective attribute that corresponds to a model. Then it reflects the same on the
presentation page. The role of the annotation also depends on what the developer
is using that for. In case, it is used at the method level, then that method is
responsible for adding attributes to it. When used at a parameter level, it represents
that the parameter value is meant to be retrieved from the model layer.

47. What is the importance of the web.xml in Spring MVC?

web.xml is also known as the Deployment Descriptor which has definitions of the
servlets and their mappings, filters, and lifecycle listeners. It is also used for
configuring the ContextLoaderListener. Whenever the application is deployed, a
ContextLoaderListener instance is created by Servlet container which leads to a load
of WebApplicationContext.

48. What are the types of Spring MVC Dependency Injection?

There are two types of DI (Dependency Injection):

 Construction-Based:
o This type of DI is accomplished when the Spring IoC (Inversion of
Control) container invokes parameterized constructor having a
dependency on other classes.
o This cannot instantiate the values partially and ensures that the
dependency injection is done fully.
o There are two possible ways of achieving this:
Annotation Configuration: This approach uses POJO objects and annotations for
configuration. For example, consider the below code snippet:

@Configuration
@ComponentScan("com.interviewbit.constructordi")
public class SpringAppConfig {
@Bean
public Shape shapes() {
return new Shapes("Rectangle");
}
@Bean
public Dimension dimensions() {
return new Dimension(4,3);
}
}

Here, the annotations are used for notifying the Spring runtime that the class
specified with @Bean annotation is the provider of beans and the process of context
scan needs to be performed on the package com.interviewbit.constructordi  by
means of @ComponentScan annotation. Next, we will be defining a Figure class
component as below:

@Component
public class Figure {
private Shape shape;
private Dimension dimension;

@Autowired
public Figure(Shape shape, Dimension dimension) {
this.shape = shape;
this.dimension = dimension;
}
}

Spring encounters this Figure class while performing context scan and it initializes
the instance of this class by invoking the constructor annotated with @Autowired.
The Shape and Dimension instances are obtained by calling the methods annotated
with @Bean in the SpringAppConfig class. Instances of Engine and Transmission will
be obtained by calling @Bean annotated methods of the Config class. Finally, we
need to bootstrap an ApplicationContext using our POJO configuration:

ApplicationContext context = new

AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(SpringAppConfig.class);
Figure figure = context.getBean(Figure.class);

XML Configuration: This is another way of configuring Spring runtime by using the
XML configuration file. For example, consider the below code snippet in the
springAppConfig.xml file:

<bean id="toyota" class="com.interviewbit.constructordi.Figure">

<constructor-arg index="0" ref="shape"/>
<constructor-arg index="1" ref="dimension"/>
</bean>
<bean id="shape" class="com.interviewbit.constructordi.Shape">
<constructor-arg index="0" value="Rectangle"/>
</bean>
<bean id="dimension" class="com.interviewbit.constructordi.Dimension">
 <constructor-arg index="0" value="4"/>
<constructor-arg index="1" value="3"/>
</bean>

The constructor-arg tag can accept either literal value or another bean’s reference

and explicit index and type. The index and type arguments are used for resolving
conflicts in cases of ambiguity.
While bootstrapping this class, the Spring ApplicationContext needs to
use ClassPathXmlApplicationContext  as shown below:

ApplicationContext context = new

ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("springAppConfig.xml");
Figure figure = context.getBean(Figure.class);

 Setter-Based:
o This form of DI is achieved when the Spring IoC container calls the
bean’s setter method after a non-parameterized constructor is called
to perform bean instantiation.
o It is possible to achieve circular dependency using setter injection.
o For achieving this type of DI, we need to configure it through the
configuration file under the <property> tag. For example, consider a
class InterviewBit that sets the property articles as shown below:

package com.interviewbit.model;
import com.interviewbit.model.Article;
public class InterviewBit {
// Object of the Article interface
Article article;
public void setArticle(Article article)
{
this.article = article;
}
}

In the bean configuration file, we will be setting as below: 

<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd">
<bean id="InterviewBit" class="com.interviewbit.model.InterviewBit">
<property name="article">
<ref bean="JsonArticle" />
</property>
</bean>
<bean id="JsonArticle" class="com.interviewbit.bean.JsonArticle" />
</beans>

The ‘JsonArticle’ bean is injected into the InterviewBit class object by means of
the setArticle method.
In cases where both types of dependencies are used, then the setter dependency
injection has more preference by considering the specificity nature.

49. What is the importance of session scope?

Session scopes are used to create bean instances for HTTP sessions. This would
mean that a single bean can be used for serving multiple HTTP requests. The scope
of the bean can be defined by means of using scope attribute or using @Scope or
@SessionScope annotations.

 Using scope attribute:

<bean id="userBean" class="com.interviewbit.UserBean" scope="session"/>

 Using @Scope annotation:

@Component
@Scope("session")
public class UserBean {
//some methods and properties
}

 Using @SessionScope:

@Component
@SessionScope
public class UserBean {
//some methods and properties
}

50. What is the importance of @Required annotation?

The annotation is used for indicating that the property of the bean should be
populated via autowiring or any explicit value during the bean definition at the
configuration time. For example, consider a code snippet below where we need to
have the values of age and the name:

import org.Springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Required;
public class User {
private int age;
private String name;

@Required
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public Integer getAge() {
return this.age;
}

@Required
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return this.name;
}
}

51. Differentiate between the @Autowired and the @Inject

annotations.
@Autowired @Inject
This annotation is part of the Spring
This annotation is part of Java CDI.
framework.
Has required attribute. Does not have the required attribute.
Singleton is the default scope for autowired Prototype is the default scope of inject
beans. beans.
In case of ambiguity, then @Qualifier In case of ambiguity, then @Named
annotation is to be used. qualifier needs to be used.
Since this annotation is provided by the Since this annotation is part of Java
Spring framework, in case you shift to CDI, it is not framework dependent
another Dependency injection framework, and hence less code refactoring when
there would be a lot of refactoring needed. there are framework changes.

52. Are singleton beans thread-safe?

No, the singleton beans are not thread-safe because the concept of thread-safety
essentially deals with the execution of the program and the singleton is simply a
design pattern meant for the creation of objects. Thread safety nature of a bean
depends on the nature of its implementation.

53. How can you achieve thread-safety in beans?

The thread safety can be achieved by changing the scope of the bean to request,
session or prototype but at the cost of performance. This is purely based on the
project requirements.

54. What is the significance of @Repository annotation?

@Repository annotation indicates that a component is used as the repository that

acts as a means to store, search or retrieve data. These can be added to the DAO
classes.

55. How is the dispatcher servlet instantiated?

The dispatcher servlet is instantiated by means of servlet containers such as

Tomcat. The Dispatcher Servlet should be defined in web.xml The DispatcherServlet
is instantiated by Servlet containers like Tomcat. The Dispatcher Servlet can be
defined in web.xml as shown below:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<web-app version="2.5" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd">

<!-- Define Dispatcher Servlet -->

<servlet>
<servlet-name>appServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</
servlet-class>
 <init-param>
<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/spring/appServlet/servlet-context.xml</param-
value>
</init-param>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>

<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>InterviewBitServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

</web-app>

Here, the load-on-startup tag is 1 which indicates that the DispatcherServlet is

instantiated whenever the Spring MVC application to the servlet container. During
this process, it looks for the servlet-name-context.xml file and initializes beans that
are defined in the file.

56. How is the root application context in Spring MVC loaded?

The root application context is loaded using the ContextLoaderListener that

belongs to the entire application. Spring MVC allows instantiating multiple
DispatcherServlet and each of them have multiple contexts specific to them. They
can have the same root context too.

57. How does the Spring MVC flow look like? In other words, How
does a DispatcherServlet know what Controller needs to be called
when there is an incoming request to the Spring MVC?

A Dispatcher Servlet knows which controller to call by means of handler mappings.

These mappings have the mapping between the controller and the
requests. BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping and SimpleUrlHandlerMapping are the two
most commonly used handler mappings.

 BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping: When the URL request matches the bean

name, the class corresponding to the bean definition is the actual controller
that is responsible for processing the request.
 SimpleUrlHandlerMapping: Here, the mapping is very explicit. The number of
URLs can be specified here and each URL is associated explicitly with a
controller.

If the Spring MVC is configured using annotations, then @RequestMapping

annotations are used for this purpose. The @RequestMapping annotation is
configured by making use of the URI path, HTTP methods, query parameters, and
the HTTP Headers.

58. Where does the access to the model from the view come from?
The view requires access to the model to render the output as the model contains
the required data meant for rendering. The model is associated with the controller
that processes the client requests and finally encapsulates the response into the
Model object.

59. Why do we need BindingResults?

BindingResults is an important Spring interface that is within

the org.Springframework.validation  package. This interface has a very simple and
easy process of invocation and plays a vital role in detecting errors in the submitted
forms. However, care has to be taken by the developer to use the BindingResult
parameter just after the object that needs validation. For example:

@PostMapping("/interviewbit")
public String registerCourse(@Valid RegisterUser registerUser,
BindingResult bindingResult, Model model) {
if (bindingResult.hasErrors()) {
return "home";
}
model.addAttribute("message", "Valid inputs");
return "home";
}

The Spring will understand to find the corresponding validators by checking the
@Valid annotation on the parameter.

60. What are Spring Interceptors?

Spring Interceptors are used to pre-handle and post-handle the web requests in
Spring MVC which are handled by Spring Controllers. This can be achieved by
the HandlerInterceptor interface. These handlers are used for manipulating the
model attributes that are passed to the controllers or the views.
The Spring handler interceptor can be registered for specific URL mappings so that
it can intercept only those requests. The custom handler interceptor must
implement the HandlerInterceptor interface that has 3 callback methods that can
be implemented:

 preHandle()
 postHandle()
 afterCompletion()

The only problem with this interface is that all the methods of this interface need to
be implemented irrespective of its requirements. This can be avoided if our handler
class extends the HandlerInterceptorAdapter class that internally implements
the HandlerInterceptor interface and provides default blank implementations.

61. Is there any need to keepspring-mvc.jar on the classpath or is it

already present as part of spring-core?
The spring-mv.jar does not belong to the spring-core. This means that the jar has
to be included in the project’s classpath if we have to use the Spring MVC
framework in our project. For Java applications, the spring-mvc.jar is placed
inside /WEB-INF/lib folder.

62. What are the differences between the <context:annotation-

config> vs <context:component-scan> tags?

<context:annotation-config>  is used for activating applied annotations in pre-

registered beans in the application context. It also registers the beans defined in
the config file and it scans the annotations within the beans and activates them.

The <context:component-scan> tag does the task of <context:annotation-

config> along with scanning the packages and registering the beans in the
application context.

<context:annotation-config>  = Scan and activate annotations in pre-registered

beans.
<context:component-scan> = Register Bean + Scan and activate annotations in
package.

63. How is the form data validation done in Spring Web MVC
Framework?

Spring MVC does the task of data validation using the validator object which
implements the Validator interface. In the custom validator class that we have
created, we can use the utility methods of the ValidationUtils class
like rejectIfEmptyOrWhitespace() or rejectIfEmpty() to perform validation of the
form fields.

@Component
public class UserValidator implements Validator
{
public boolean supports(Class clazz) {
return UserVO.class.isAssignableFrom(clazz);
}

public void validate(Object target, Errors errors)

{
ValidationUtils.rejectIfEmptyOrWhitespace(errors, "name",
"error.name", "Name is required.");
ValidationUtils.rejectIfEmptyOrWhitespace(errors, "age",
"error.age", "Age is required.");
ValidationUtils.rejectIfEmptyOrWhitespace(errors, "phone",
"error.phone", "Phone is required.");
}
}

In the fields that are subject to validation, in case of errors, the validator methods
would create field error and bind that to the field.

To activate the custom validator as spring bean, then:

  We have to add the @Component annotation on the custom validator class
and initiate the component scanning of the package containing the validator
declarations by adding the below change:

<context:component-scan base-package="com.interviewbit.validators"/>

OR

The validator class can be registered in the context file directly as a bean as shown:

<bean id="userValidator" class="com.interviewbit.validators.UserValidator"

/>

64. How to get ServletConfig and ServletContext objects in spring

bean?

This can be done by either implementing the spring-aware interfaces or by using

the @Autowired annotation.

@Autowired
private ServletContext servletContext;
@Autowired
private ServletConfig servletConfig;

65. Differentiate between a Bean Factory and an Application Context.

BeanFactory and the ApplicationContext are both Java interfaces. The difference is
that the ApplicationContext extends the BeanFactory. BeanFactory provides both
IoC and DI basic features whereas the ApplicationContext provides more advanced
features. Following are the differences between these two:

Category  BeanFactory ApplicationContext

Internationalization Does not provide support for
Provides support for i18n.
(i18n) i18n.
Event Publishing Provides the ability to publish
events to listener beans by
ApplicationContext supports
using ContextStartedEvent
event handling by means of the
and ContextStoppedEvent to
ApplicationListener interface and
publish context when it is
ApplicationEvent class.
started and stopped
respectively.
Implementations ClassPathXmlApplicationContext
is a popular implementation of
XMLBeanFactory is a popular ApplicationContext. Also, Java
implementation of uses WebApplicationContext
BeanFactory. that extends the interface and
adds getServletContext()
method.
Autowiring For autowiring, beans have to Here, XML configuration can be
Category  BeanFactory ApplicationContext
be registered in the
AutoWiredBeanPostProcessor done to achieve autowiring.
API.

66. How are i18n and localization supported in Spring MVC?

Spring MVC has LocaleResolver that supports i18n and localization. for supporting

both internationalization and localization. The following beans need to be
configured in the application:

 SessionLocaleResolver: This bean plays a vital role to get and resolve the

locales from the pre-defined attributes in the user session.

Syntax:

<bean
id="localeResolver"class="org.Springframework.web.servlet.i18n.SessionLoca
leResolver">
<property name="defaultLocale" value="en" />
</bean>

 LocaleChangeInterceptor: This bean is useful to resolve the parameter from

the incoming request.

Syntax:

<bean
id="localeChangeInterceptor"class="org.Springframework.web.servlet.i18n.Lo
caleChangeInterceptor">
<property name="paramName" value="lang" />
</bean>

 DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping: This refers to the HandlerMapping

interface implementation which maps the handlers/interceptors based on
the HTTP paths specified in the @RequestMapping at type or method level.

Syntax:

<bean
class="org.Springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.DefaultAnnotationHan
dlerMapping">
<property name="interceptors">
<list>
<ref bean="localeChangeInterceptor" />
</list>
</property>
</bean>

67. What do you understand by MultipartResolver?

The MultipartResolver is used for handling the file upload scenarios in the Spring
web application. There are 2 concrete implementations of this in Spring, they are:
  CommonsMultipartResolver meant for Jakarta Commons FileUpload
 StandardServletMultipartResolver meant for for Servlet 3.0 Part API

To implement this, we need to create a bean with id=“multipartResolver” in the

application context of DispatcherServlet. Doing this ensures that all the requests
handled by the DispatcherServlet have this resolver applied whenever a multipart
request is detected. If a multipart request is detected by the DispatcherServlet, it
resolves the request by means of the already configured MultipartResolver, and the
request is passed on as a wrapped/abstract HttpServletRequest. Controllers then
cast this request as the MultipartHttpServletRequest  interface to get access to the
Multipart files. The following diagram illustrates the flow clearly:

68. How is it possible to use the Tomcat JNDI DataSource in the

Spring applications?
To use the servlet container which is configured in the JNDI (Java Naming and
Directory Interface) DataSource, the DataSource bean has to be configured in the
spring bean config file and then injected into the beans as dependencies. Post this,
the DataSource bean can be used for performing database operations by means of
the JdbcTemplate. The syntax for registering a MySQL DataSource bean:

<bean id="dataSource"
class="org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean">
<property name="jndiName" value="java:comp/env/jdbc/MySQLDB"/>
</bean>

69. What will be the selection state of a checkbox input if the user
first checks the checkbox and gets validation errors in other fields
and then unchecks the checkbox after getting the errors?

The validation is generally performed during HTTP POST requests. During HTTP
requests, if the state of the checkbox is unchecked, then HTTP includes the request
parameter for the checkbox thereby not picking up the updated selection. This can
be fixed by making use of a hidden form field that starts with _ in the Spring MVC.

1.