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ISSN (Online): 2455-3662

EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal


Volume: 7 | Issue: 1 |January 2021|| Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188

CARBONACEOUS NANOMATERIALS FOR WATER


POLLUTION REMEDIATION: AN OVERVIEW

Dr. Shweta Vyas


Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry,
University of Kota, Kota,
Rajasthan ,India

Article DOI: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra6185

ABSTRACT
Any Material, having structure in nanometer scale with at least one dimension is recognized as Nanomaterial (NM). These
Nanomaterial (NMs) have vast variations in their elemental composition; which may be formed by single element viz. Gold, Silver,
Iron, Carbon etc. or by the combination with Oxygen or Sulphur as Oxides & Sulphides viz. Iron oxide (Fe 2O3), Copper Oxide
(CuO) or Cadmium Sulphide(CdS),etc. Among the single elemental forms, the Carbonaceous Nanomaterials(CNMs) are identified
as nanosized allotropic forms of Carbon having different structures like Nano rods, Nano tubes, Nano ring, Nano sphere, and
Nano sheets mostly with sp2 carbon atoms. In past decades, Carbonaceous Nanomaterials(CNMs) have gain interest of researchers
due to their biocompatibility, non-toxicity and unique surface to volume properties, etc. their easy tunable features are found
advantageous for their utilization in wide range of applications. Further, owing to their specific mechanical strength, conductivity,
surface activity and many more beneficial features, they have vast range of applicability in electronic, biomedical, energy storage &
conversion, catalysis and remediation of environmental pollution. Present paper briefly describes about the types of Carbonaceous
Nanomaterials (CNMs) with emphasizing their use in the remediation of Water Pollution. With the growing development of
Nanotechnologies, use of CNMs may play a significant role in remediation of Water Pollution.
KEYWORDS: Carbonaceous Nanomaterials(CNMs), Water Pollution, Remediation of Pollution.

Thus, it is an urgent need to look for some advance


1. INTRODUCTION technologies which can effectively remove various
pollutants from water with ease of bulk availability of the
Water, the most valuable resource available on our planet
raw material used. Many researchers choose Carbon as
for the survival of all living beings is depleting
raw material, since it is the sixth most abundantly found
continuously with growing population and getting
element on our earth with unique power of self catenation;
contaminated by industrial or anthropogenic activities.
capable of giving numerous allotropic forms. Among all
The adverse effect of environmental pollution is observed
the allotropic forms, Graphite and Diamond are the
not only on human health but it also affects the overall
historically well known famous forms while many other
economy of the country [1]. Around the globe, more than
modern forms viz. Grapheme, Fullerene, Carbon
four billion people are facing water scarcity which may be
Nanotubes etc. are recognized later on. Carbonaceous
seen as baseline water stress presented in Figure1 [2] -
Nanomaterials (CNMs) may be defined as any allotropic
form of Carbon, having any structural unit with at least
one dimension in nanoscale range. The shape and size of
these CNMs may be fibrous, tubular, flat sheet, highly
porous, or some other types, which may vary significantly
with the preparative method adopted. The large surface to
volume ratio with unique mechanical, physical and
chemical properties make them useful for wide range of
applications viz. Environmental Pollution, Super
capacitor, Energy storage, etc. In present study, we will
discuss about the environmental remediation by CNMs
through various processes as given in Fig 1.

Figure 1 Baseline Water Stress [2]

2021 EPRA IJMR | www.eprajournals.com | Journal DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2013


405
ISSN (Online): 2455-3662
EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal
Volume: 7 | Issue: 1 |January 2021|| Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188

their high porosity, large surface area and


biocompatibility. However, surface modification is
commonly performed by researchers to increase their
solubility, reactivity and adsorptive capacity of these
materials. Generally chemical treatment by acid, base,
oxidizing agents, reducing agents, metals, metal oxides
etc. is carried out for this purpose [7]. Mechanism of
adsorptive action of CNMs is extremely complex and
depends upon the individual interaction of adsorbent-
adsorbate interactions i.e. targeted pollutant and surface
active functional groups available on CNMs, the action
may be ionic, covalent, weak inter-atomic attractions or
combination of any of these. Thus, individual type of
CNM surface and pollutant interactions control the mode
Figure 2 Application of Carbonaceous of action of targeted molecule to be removed from matrix
that is briefly discussed with each type of CNM-
Nanomaterials in water treatment
2.1. Fullerenes
Fullerenes are recognized as the hollow spherical cage
2. CLASSIFICATION OF CNMs & MECHANISM OF shaped zero dimensional (0D) allotropic form of Carbon
having a fixed number of hexagonal & pentagonal
ACTION arrangements of SP2 carbon atoms in extremely
symmetrical manner known as “Buckyballs” with varying
Nanomaterials may be classified on the basis of shapes, numbers of carbon atoms from as low as 20 upto highest
size, structure and dimensions. Most broadly accepted 300 atoms. Fullerens are discovered in 1985 by Harold.
classification is on the basis of dimensional W. Kroto, Robert F. Curl and Richard E. Smalley, for
characteristics viz. 0D, 1D, 2D, 3D, here the D- which they received Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the year
Dimension refer to the number of dimensions where 1996 [8]. The unique structure of Fullerene is described in
any material is not within the size limit of 0.1–100 nm the form of C60 which is the most common form of
[3], on this basis CNMs may be classified as shown in fullerene termed as Buckminsterfullerene having 12
Figure 3- pentagons and 20 hexagonal rings of carbon looking like a
soccer ball [9].

Figure 4 C60 Buckminster Fullerene [25].

Fullerene is slightly soluble in water, however nanoscale

Figure 3 Fullerene (0D),CNT(1D), Graphene(2D) and


Graphite (3D) Various Dimensions of CNMs [4]

There are numerous methods available for purification of


water like coagulation, extraction, ion exchange, reverse
osmosis, filtration, precipitation and adsorption etc.
Adsorption [5] is considered as the best method because it
is comparatively cost-effective, highly efficient and easy
method. Carbonaceous Materials at nanoscale dimensions
are found to be very effective Nanosorbents [6] due to water soluble aggregates of fullerene derivatives were

2021 EPRA IJMR | www.eprajournals.com | Journal DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2013


406
ISSN (Online): 2455-3662
EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal
Volume: 7 | Issue: 1 |January 2021|| Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188

reported by encapsulating it with some hydrophilic surface modified CNT has been reported as an very
molecules to develop it as an antibacterial for the effective Nanosorbents for the removal of ionic
disinfection and microbial control [10] It is reported pollutants[23,24] and the adsorptive capacities of
elsewhere that derivatization or modification of Fullerene functionalized CNT have been found superior results than
surface by suitable molecules can create many active sites the normal CNT for the removal of Lead(Pb) [25],
Figure 5 Mechanism of action of Fullerene nanocomposite material. Chromium(Cr) [26], Mercury(Hg) [27] like hazardous
heavy metal ions. Polymer functionalized CNT shown
on fullerenes for the removal of toxic heavy metal ions greater reactivity for removal of heavy metal ions,
from waste water [11]. Fullerene ternary nanocomposites graphical mechanism[28] of that is shown in figure 7.
have been used as efficient photo catalytic reagent with As CNTs has provided a wide range of application in
antibacterial properties to remove dye and pathogenic waste water treatment, further modification methods can
pollutants[12].C60 form of Fullerene has relatively very be used in remediation of many other pollutants.
poor solubility, miscibility, and process ability, thus to
apply it in various fields much more concern must be
given to undress it. Hence fullerene may open up a new
research attempts for application in wastewater treatment.

2.2. Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT)


Nanoscale carbon having needle shape tubular structure
with sp2 carbon atoms was discovered by Sumio Iijima

Figure 6 Mechanism of heavy metal removal by


functionalized Carbon Nanotube [28]

2.3. Graphene & Graphene Oxides


Figure 6 (A). Single walled CNT (B). Multi-walled CNT
One atom thick two dimensional sheet of sp2 carbon atoms
arranged in hexagonal ring shapes within nano scale range
and called as Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) [13].CNT are
Figure 7 a, b [29], possess amazing mechanical and
further divided in to two types-Single-Walled
electrical properties. For the production and
CNT(SWCNT) and Multi-Walled CNT(MWCNT) having
characterization of this astounding Nanomaterial Gien and
graphitic carbon atoms in single layer with closed edges or
Novoselov [30] received Noble Prize in physics for the
multiple layers respectively, possessing cylindrical tube
year 2010. Owing to its specific electrical and mechanical
like structure with diameter of nanometer range and
properties initially Graphene has been used only for
length up to several millimeters as shown in Figure 6 [14].
electronic applications in super capacitors and transistors
CNT are found to be extremely hydrophobic in nature [15]
[31] but later on it has been reported as an effective
and thus suitable to capture many non-polar organic
solution for desalination of saline water in the form of
pollutants like Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) [16],
membrane filtration [32] with cost effective approach.
Chlorophenols[17] and many organic Dyes[18] from
polluted water. Modification of surface sites of CNT can
be achieved by chemical reactions like oxidation,
halogenations, ozone treatment, heat treatment, etc. which
may convert CNT surfaces into polar surface for the
remediation of any ionic pollutants like Fluoride, Nitrate,
Mercury, Cadmium, etc. many other hazardous toxic
metals[19,20]. The mechanism of removal of pollutants is
very complex, it may be sorption occurring by chemical or
physical forces, CNTs absorptive cites may be found at
three places, firstly at interiors hollow space of nanotubes
Figure 7 a (i) Computerized Structure of Graphene, [16]
which are open ended, secondly at interstitial spaces in b (ii) Atomic resolution imaging of Graphene
between the tubes, thirdly at groves present at the
membranes[16]
boundary of nanotube bundles and the adsorption may
occur at the outermost surface of the CNTs [21,22].The A group of researchers obtained nanocomposites of
removal of charged particles may be attributed to Graphene by the bioreduction of Graphene Oxide and
electrostatic attraction forces. Utilization of CNT and

2021 EPRA IJMR | www.eprajournals.com | Journal DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2013


407
ISSN (Online): 2455-3662
EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal
Volume: 7 | Issue: 1 |January 2021|| Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188

intercalated silver ion has been reported as an effective


nanosorbent for pathogenic effluent treatment [33].

Figure 8 Bioreduction of Graphene oxide by Amaranthus


plant extract Figure 9 Graphical Distribution of Nano-Pores in NAC
[41].
Adsorptive removal of many organic pollutants viz. dyes,
drugs, toxic chemicals, pesticides and oils has also been The nanoporous Carbon is found to be super-active for
reported in literature, with explaining possible adsorptive removal of phenol [43] and some heavy metal
mechanisms of removal of organic pollutants by the ions [44]. Impregnation of other metallic nanoparticles on
graphene-based materials involving π-π interaction, anion- NAC was reported to be more effective adsorbent for the
π interaction and cation-π interaction and weak functional simultaneous removal of many heavy metal ions [45].
group interactions [34]. Tea Poly phenols modified Recently NAC was prepared in cost effective manner
grapheme nanosheets have been reported as an effective from agro-waste products for the removal of Dye stuffs
sorbent for lead ion removal with antibacterial properties [46] and ferrous ion [47] from industrial effluents. It is
and greater selectivity over other metal ions with ease of observed that removal of heavy metals by NAC depends
regeneration [35]. Oxidized form of Grapheme is well on the distribution of porosity, oxygen functional groups,
known as Grapheme oxide(GO), having many oxygen surface area etc. found on NAC [48]. Surface modification
bearing functional groups on its surface viz. Carbonyl, improves the adsorption capacity and it is found that NAC
carboxylic, Epoxy etc. [36],with the help of these modified with magnetic nano metal oxides can
functional groups many Graphene Oxide layers can stack regenerated efficiently [49], consequently further research
upon each other to form a thin film or filtration efforts must be imparted for the development of various
membrane[37] which are found to be extremely useful in types of metal oxides embedded NAC. Recently, a group
Nano filtration techniques for wastewater treatment [38]. of scientists explained the complicated mechanism of
The large specific surface area of GO make it suitable to adsorptive removal of Phenols & Nitro-Phenols using
adsorb higher amounts of pollutants on it’s surface [39]. agrowaste derived NAC [50].
GO based hydrogel is also reported in literature and
proved to be superior adsorbent for the removal of dyes
with the ease of separation from aqueous phase[40].

2.4. Nano Activated Carbon (NAC)


Amorphous structural form of Nano Carbon with average
particle size less than 100 nm comes under this category
of allotropic form of Carbon. Structure of NAC is
complex, highly porous, having large surface area with
minute amount of other elements like Oxygen, Silica or
some other metals or ash [41]. Nano Activated Carbon has
highly porous structure with pore size varying from less
than nanometer to some hundred nanometers [42] as
shown in figure 9-

Figure 10 Removal of phenol & p-Nitro Phenol by


NAC [50].

3. CONCLUSION
On the basis of the fundamental structure, shape and
dimension classification of Carbonaceous Nanomaterials
(CNMs) is briefly discussed with giving brief emphasis on
mechanism of action and some applications of CNMs in

2021 EPRA IJMR | www.eprajournals.com | Journal DOI URL: https://doi.org/10.36713/epra2013


408
ISSN (Online): 2455-3662
EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) - Peer Reviewed Journal
Volume: 7 | Issue: 1 |January 2021|| Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188

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Volume: 7 | Issue: 1 |January 2021|| Journal DOI: 10.36713/epra2013 || SJIF Impact Factor: 7.032 ||ISI Value: 1.188

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