GREENLOGI

STI
CS:ENABLERSFORSUSTAI
NABLEDEVELOPMENT
JanC.Fr
ansoo
Ei
ndhov
enUni
ver
sit
yofTechnol
ogy
,Net
her
lands

1I
NTRODUCTI
ON
Logi
sti
csi
sthebackboneofi
ndust
ryandcommer
ce.Asadi
sci
pli
ne,i
t
descr
ibest
hemanagementandcoor
dinat
ionofact
ivi
ti
esal
ongsuppl
ychai
ns.
Theseact
ivi
ti
esi
ncl
udef
rei
ghtt
ranspor
t,st
orage,i
nvent
orymanagement
,
mat
eri
als handl
i
ng and r
elat
ed i
nfor
mat
ion pr
ocessi
ng.A l
arge par
tof
l
ogi
sti
csact
ivi
ti
esar
eof
tenout
sour
cedt
ospeci
ali
zedpr
ovi
der
sthatpr
ovi
de
cost
-ef
fect
iveser
vices.Resear
chhasshownt
hat
,atl
easti
nhi
ghi
ncome
economi
es,t
hev
alueofser
vicesi
snotassessedi
nmonet
aryandser
vice
qual
i
tyt
erms al
one.I
n maki
ng deci
sions,l
ogi
sti
cs pr
ofessi
onal
s ar
e
i
ncr
easi
ngl
ytaki
ngi
ntoconsi
der
ati
onext
ernalef
fect
ssuchasemi
ssi
ons,
pol
l
uti
on,
noi
se,
andacci
dent
s.
Thel
astLPIr
epor
trel
easei
n2012,f
ori
nst
ance,poi
ntedoutt
hati
n
shi
pment
s t
o OECD count
ri
es,env
ironment
all
yfr
iendl
y sol
uti
ons ar
e
consi
der
edf
armor
eof
tent
hanel
sewher
e.Mount
ing r
egul
ator
ypr
essur
e,
t
oget
herwi
thchangesi
ncust
omerpr
efer
ences,ar
ethemai
ndr
iver
soft
his
phenomenon.Oneoft
hemor
ewi
del
yusedt
ermst
odescr
ibet
hissetof
pr
efer
encesi
sgr
een Logi
sti
cs,especi
all
ywhen t
heact
ivi
ti
esofl
ogi
sti
cs
ser
vicepr
ovi
der
sar
econcer
ned.
Resear
ch,
incl
udi
ngar
ecentbookbyAl
anMcKi
nnon,
hasest
abl
i
shedt
hat
gr
eenLogi
sti
csi
sanemer
gingconcer
nofpr
ivat
eoper
ator
sandpr
ovi
der
sand
user
sofl
ogi
sti
cs.Fr
om apol
i
cyst
andpoi
nt,andespeci
all
yfort
hegl
obal
env
ironment
,gr
eenLogi
sti
csi
spot
ent
ial
l
yamaj
ort
opi
caswel
l
:est
imat
es
v
ary
,butabout15%ofgl
obalgr
eenhousegasemi
ssi
ons(
GHG)canbet
raced
t
ologi
sti
csact
ivi
ti
es.
Gr
een Logi
sti
csmaynotbean i
ndependentpol
i
cyar
ea.Rat
her
,the
suppl
ychai
nper
spect
ivepr
ovi
desaf
ramewor
ktounder
standanddealwi
th
i
ssuest
hatar
esepar
atebutul
ti
mat
elyi
nter
rel
ated.I
mpor
tant
ly,l
ooki
ngat
suppl
ychai
nshel
pspol
i
cymaker
sunder
standt
hei
nter
est
sandact
ionsof
pr
ivat
esect
oroper
ator
s.Gr
eenLogi
sti
csmayt
her
efor
epr
oposeanumberof
t
ool
s and i
dent
if
y emer
ging sust
ainabl
e sol
uti
ons cont
ri
but
ing t
othe
ov
erar
chi
ngobj
ect
iveofgr
eenGr
owt
h.
Fr
om apol
i
cyper
spect
ive,
logi
sti
cscutacr
osssev
eralar
easandsect
ors.
Theper
for
manceofsuppl
ychai
nsdependson ar
easoract
ivi
ti
eswher
e
gov
ernmentasr
egul
atororcat
aly
stofi
nvest
menti
scr
it
ical
,suchas:
Tr
anspor
tinf
rast
ruct
ure:
roadandr
ail
cor
ri
dor
s,por
tsandai
rpor
ts
Theef
fi
cienci
esofl
ogi
sti
csser
vices:ser
vicesi
ncl
udenotonl
ymodal
f
rei
ghtt
ranspor
t,butal
sowar
ehousi
ngandi
nter
medi
aryser
vices,suchas
br
oker
sandf
orwar
der
s,andr
elat
edi
nfor
mat
ion-
fl
owmanagement
.Inmoder
n
economi
es,
thet
rendi
stowar
dsi
ntegr
ati
oni
nmul
ti
-act
ivi
tyl
ogi
sti
cspr
ovi
der
s
(
3PLs,4PLs)t
owhi
chi
ndust
ri
alandcommer
cialf
ir
msout
sour
cet
hei
rsuppl
y
chai
n act
ivi
ti
es.Under
standi
ng t
he r
egul
ator
y di
mensi
on ofser
vices i
s
becomi
ngi
ncr
easi
ngl
ycr
it
icalt
othedev
elopmentofef
fect
ivepol
i
ciesi
n
ar
eassuchas:pr
ofessi
onalandoper
ati
onalst
andar
ds,r
egul
ati
onofent
ryi
n
mar
ketandpr
ofessi
ons,
compet
it
ion,
enf
orcement
.
Pr
ocedur
es appl
yi
ng t
othe mer
chandi
se,such as t
rade pr
ocedur
es
(
cust
omsandot
hercont
rol
s).
The sof
tinf
rast
ruct
uret
hatsuppor
tsi
nfor
mat
ion orf
inanci
alf
low
associ
ated wi
th t
he phy
sical mov
ement
s al
ong suppl
y chai
ns: I
T
i
nfr
ast
ruct
ure,
pay
mentsy
stems.
Theconceptofnat
ionall
ogi
sti
csper
for
mancecapt
uri
ngt
heout
come
oft
hesepol
i
ciesi
swi
del
yrecogni
zedbypol
i
cymaker
sandt
hepr
ivat
esect
or
wor
ldwi
de as a cr
it
icalcont
ri
but
ion t
o nat
ionalcompet
it
iveness.A key
quest
ion f
orsust
ainabl
e dev
elopmenti
s how t
oint
egr
ate suppl
y chai
n
par
ti
cipant
sconcer
nwi
thenv
ironment
alsust
ainabi
l
itywi
tht
heconceptof
nat
ional
logi
sti
csper
for
mance.
Wi
thi
nlogi
sti
cs,t
ranspor
tcr
eat
est
hel
argestenv
ironment
alf
oot
pri
nt.
Butt
hev
olumeofemi
ssi
onscanv
arygr
eat
ly,dependi
ngont
hemodeof
t
ranspor
t.Thev
olumeofemi
ssi
onpert
onperkm i
ncr
easesbyanor
derof
magni
tudef
rom mar
it
imet
olandt
ranspor
tat
ionandt
oai
rtr
anspor
tat
ion.Thi
s
i
sakeyenv
ironment
alaspectofl
ogi
sti
cst
hati
snott
akeni
ntoconsi
der
ati
on
bymostsuppl
ychai
noper
ator
s.Logi
sti
csexper
tst
ypi
cal
l
yint
egr
atef
rei
ght
modesand ot
herr
elat
ed act
ivi
ti
esso t
hatt
het
ranspor
tand di
str
ibut
ion
net
wor
kisusedi
nthemostef
fi
cientmanner
,whi
chi
simpor
tantf
orkeepi
ng
emi
ssi
ons i
n check,as wel
l
.Dependi
ng on t
he t
ype ofi
ndust
ry and
geogr
aphi
calr
egi
on,suppl
ychai
noper
ator
scanpl
acev
ary
ingemphasi
son
t
her
eli
abi
l
ityofsuppl
ychai
ns,aswel
l
.Insummar
y,suppl
ychai
nchoi
ces
t
ypi
cal
l
yincl
udemul
ti
plecr
it
eri
aandt
rade-
off
s,andt
hismakesananal
ysi
sof
t
hei
renv
ironment
ali
mpactcompl
ex;t
he mostenv
ironment
all
yfr
iendl
y
choi
cesdonotonl
ydependonmodeoft
ranspor
tat
ion,butal
soonot
her
el
ement
s,suchasef
fi
ciencyandr
eli
abi
l
ity
.
Tor
educet
heenv
ironment
alf
oot
pri
ntofasuppl
ychai
n,t
hef
ocusshoul
d
beonsev
eraldi
mensi
onsandshoul
dsel
ectt
hebestmodeoft
ranspor
t,
ef
fi
cientmov
ement
s,and i
nnov
ati
on.Compr
ehensi
ve wor
k on gr
eeni
ng
i
ndi
vi
dualmodesoft
ranspor
tat
ioni
sal
readyav
ail
abl
e.Her
e,t
hekeydr
iver
s
hav
e been ener
gyef
fi
ciencyand t
he ur
ge t
o di
mini
sh v
ari
ous t
ypes of
emi
ssi
on.Gi
vent
hei
ntegr
atednat
ureofsuppl
ychai
ns,howev
er,t
hemanner
i
nwhi
chpr
icesi
gnal
sandi
ncent
ivescat
aly
zesuppl
ychai
nst
ruct
urei
sa
r
atheri
ntr
icat
epr
obl
em:l
ower
-emi
ssi
onmodesoft
ranspor
t(mar
it
ime,e.
g.)
ar
ety
pical
l
yal
sol
essr
eli
abl
eorhav
eot
herl
i
mit
ati
ons(
suchasmar
it
ime
accesst
oal
andl
ockedcount
ry)
.Suchl
i
mit
ati
onsmayi
ncl
udet
hecostof
sucht
echnol
ogi
es,t
het
emper
atur
erangewi
thi
nwhi
cht
heycanbeusedor
t
heav
ail
abi
l
ityofcer
tai
nty
pesoff
uel
.Iti
sther
efor
ecr
it
icalt
ocompl
ement
t
hecur
rentknowl
edge aboutemi
ssi
onspr
oduced bydi
ff
erentmodesof
t
ranspor
tat
ionwi
thanunder
standi
ngofwhatdr
ivest
hedemandf
orGr
een
Logi
sti
cswi
thi
nsuppl
ychai
ns.
Theemer
gingr
esponsei
sli
kel
ytot
aket
hef
orm oft
op-
downpol
i
cy,
such
asmeasur
esi
nthef
orm ofst
andar
dsort
axesaddr
essi
ngemi
ssi
ons(
GHG,
SO2,
NOx)bymodeoff
rei
ght
.Fori
nst
ance,
acaponSO2emi
ssi
onsonmaj
or
mar
it
imer
out
eswi
l
lgoi
ntoef
fectatt
heendof20152.Atl
eastasi
mpor
tant
i
sthe r
esponse f
rom t
he bot
tom up.These ar
e suppl
y-
chai
n st
rat
egi
es
comi
ngf
rom t
hepr
ivat
esect
ori
nresponset
opol
i
cyorpr
icechanges,but
al
sodemandf
rom consumer
s,cl
i
ent
sandst
ake-
hol
der
s.Gr
eenSuppl
yChai
n
managementhast
obet
akenser
iousl
ybypol
i
cymaker
s.
Anexcl
usi
vef
ocusonpr
icemechani
sm (
incl
udi
ngt
axes)
,asi
sthe
cur
rentt
endency
,maymi
sssomeoft
hemaj
ordr
iverofchangesi
nsuppl
y
chai
n management
.Anot
her compl
i
cat
ion,at l
east i
nthe cont
ext of
i
nter
nat
ionalt
rade,i
sthatt
hef
ocusont
hei
mpactoni
nter
nat
ionall
ogi
sti
cs
doesnotcapt
uret
hef
oot
pri
ntofpr
oduct
ionpr
ocesses.Thesepr
ocessesmay
hav
edi
ff
erenti
mpactt
hant
hesuppl
ychai
nit
sel
f,asi
nthecaseoff
ood
pr
oduct
ion.
Ther
eisal
soev
idencet
hatmuchoft
heenv
ironment
alf
oot
pri
ntof
l
ogi
sti
cs oper
ati
ons i
sti
ed t
o shor
tdi
stances and di
str
ibut
ion. Gr
een
Logi
sti
csi
sint
imat
elyl
i
nkedwi
thconcer
nssuchasur
bancongest
ion,and
i
nnov
ati
onsi
nLogi
sti
csar
ecr
it
icalt
osust
ainabl
esuppl
ychai
ns.Gr
assr
oot
s
i
nnov
ati
onsi
nLogi
sti
cshav
erecent
lyf
lour
ished,of
tenpr
oduci
ngwi
n-wi
n
sol
uti
onsi
nter
msofj
obsandt
heenv
ironment
.Mor
egener
all
y,t
her
eis
i
ncr
easi
ngawar
enesst
hatgr
eensuppl
ychai
nscanbeal
socompet
it
ive,
eit
her
becauset
heawar
enessoft
heenv
ironmenthel
pspr
oduct
ivi
tyorbecause
consumer
sexpecti
t,par
ti
cul
arl
yinweal
thycount
ri
es.
A concr
ete case i
n poi
nti
s al
so t
he so-
cal
l
ed sul
phuremi
ssi
on
r
egul
ati
onbyI
MOt
hatent
ersi
ntof
orceonJanuar
y1,2015i
nmostofNor
th
Sea,Bal
ti
cSeaandal
ongwestandeastcoast
sofUS&Canada(
barAl
aska)
.
Shi
pshav
etogoov
erf
rom f
uel
wit
h1.
5%sul
phurt
o0.
1%sul
phurori
nvesti
n
so-
cal
l
edscr
ubber
s,t
hatabsor
bthesul
phurf
rom exhaustgases;t
echnol
ogy
t
hati
sst
il
lnascenti
nthemar
it
imecont
ext
.Scr
ubberi
nvest
mentpercar
go
shi
pisUSD2mi
l
li
onanduowi
thmul
ti
plesast
heshi
pengi
nesi
zei
ncr
eases,
wi
thannualmai
ntenancecostappr
ox.
.7-
10%ofi
nvest
ment
.Thi
sseemi
ngl
y
i
nnocentandr
athert
echni
calchangei
sgoi
ngt
ohav
eahugei
mpacton
shi
ppi
ngandt
hespi
l
lov
eref
fectt
oot
hermodes&Suppl
ychai
nsar
egoingt
o
besi
gni
fi
cant Gr
eenLogi
sti
csal
soencompassespot
ent
ial
l
ylonger
-t
erm
concer
ns.A gr
eenf
ocuswi
thi
nlogi
sti
csanal
ysi
scoul
dexami
neasuppl
y
chai
nvul
ner
abi
l
ityt
o cl
i
mat
e ev
ent
s ort
olar
ge swi
ngs i
nthe pr
ice of
t
ranspor
tinput
s,f
ori
nst
ance.Ar
ecentv
olcani
cepi
sodei
nIcel
andshowedt
he
v
ulner
abi
l
ityofonespeci
fi
csuppl
ychai
nthatr
eli
esheav
il
yonai
rfr
eightf
resh
pr
oducecomi
ngf
rom Af
ri
caspoi
l
edwhenf
li
ght
swer
ecancel
l
edbecauseof
t
hev
olcani
cash.Resi
l
ienceconcer
nsandot
herf
orm ofuncer
tai
ntyar
eli
kel
y
t
oshapesuppl
ychai
nchoi
cesbyr
egi
onalandgl
obaloper
ator
s.Gi
vent
he
i
mpor
tanceoft
radei
ncomponent
sandi
ntr
a-f
ir
mtr
ade,howl
argeoper
ator
s
dev
elopgr
eensuppl
ychai
nst
rat
egi
eswi
l
lhav
epr
ofoundeconomi
cimpact
.
Resi
l
ientandgr
eenersuppl
ychai
nsar
eli
kel
ytobel
essext
endedandl
eaner
,
f
orexampl
e,t
hough t
he consequences f
ort
rade and i
ntegr
ati
on ofl
ow
i
ncomeeconomi
escannotbet
reat
edf
ull
yher
e.
Pol
i
cymaker
sshoul
dbeconcer
nedbybot
hthesuppl
yanddemand
aspect
sofl
ogi
sti
csenv
ironment
aldi
mensi
ons.Sof
ar,t
hepol
i
cyf
ocushas
beenonmodalf
oot
pri
ntandhasnott
akeni
nto accountasuppl
ychai
n
per
spect
ive.Ther
ehav
enotbeenmaj
ori
nit
iat
ivesi
n Gr
eenLogi
sti
cs,
eveni
n
t
hecount
ri
esmostsensi
ti
vet
othei
ssue,suchast
hosei
nNor
ther
nEur
ope.
Rat
hert
hemosti
mpor
tantchangeshav
eoccur
redasacombi
nat
ionofl
argel
y
uncoor
dinat
edpubl
i
candpr
ivat
eini
ti
ati
ves:v
olunt
arybehav
iorbyshi
pper
s,
i
nnov
ati
on i
nter
ms oft
echnol
ogy
,inf
ormat
ion (
env
ironment
all
ogi
sti
cs
dashboar
d)orser
vices,
orcommonpubl
i
c-pr
ivat
eobj
ect
ivessuchasi
nmodal
shi
ft
s.
2 DEFI
NINGGREENLOGI
STI
CSANDGREENSUPPLYCHAI
NMANAGEMENT
Ther
ear
emanyv
ari
ati
onsi
nthet
ermi
nol
ogyr
egar
dinggr
eenl
ogi
sti
cs
andgr
eensuppl
ychai
nmanagement
.Thi
ssect
ionai
msatpr
ovi
dingabr
ief
ov
erv
iewonsomeoft
hekeyt
ermsusedi
nthel
i
ter
atur
e.
 Gr
een l
ogi
sti
cs r
efer
s mai
nlyt
o env
ironment
ali
ssues r
elat
ed t
o
t
ranspor
tat
ion,mat
eri
alhandl
i
ngandst
orage,i
nvent
orycont
rol
,war
ehousi
ng,
packagi
ng,and f
aci
l
ityl
ocat
ion al
l
ocat
ion deci
sions (
Min & Ki
m,2012)
.
Gonzal
ez-
Beni
to and Gonzal
ez-
Beni
to(
2006)use t
he t
erm env
ironment
al
l
ogi
sti
cs t
o descr
ibe l
ogi
sti
cs pr
act
ices t
hat ar
e di
vi
ded i
nto
suppl
y/pur
chasi
ng,t
ranspor
tat
ion,war
ehousi
nganddi
str
ibut
ion,andr
ever
se
l
ogi
sti
csandwast
emanagement
.Al
thoughdi
str
ibut
ioni
sconsi
der
edt
obe
oneoft
hei
nter
rel
atedar
easofsuppl
ychai
nmanagement
,thet
erm gr
een
di
str
ibut
ionhasal
sobeenusedt
odescr
ibet
hewhol
epr
ocessofi
ntegr
ati
ng
env
ironment
alconcer
nsi
ntot
ranspor
tat
ion,packagi
ng,l
abel
l
ingandr
ever
se
l
ogi
sti
cs(
Shi
etal
.,
2012)
.
Rev
ersel
ogi
sti
csi
sof
tenusedasasy
nony
mtoef
for
tst
oreducet
he
env
ironment
ali
mpact of t
he suppl
y chai
n by r
ecy
cli
ng,r
eusi
ng and
r
emanuf
act
uri
ng.Howev
er,
ori
ginal
l
ygr
eenl
ogi
sti
cswasusedt
odescr
ibet
he
mov
ementoft
hemat
eri
alagai
nstt
hepr
imar
yfl
owi
nthef
orm ofcommer
cial
r
etur
ns,wr
ongdel
i
ver
iesandr
ecal
l
set
c.,i
.e.f
rom t
hecust
omert
owar
dst
he
pr
oducer
.(Roger
s&Ti
bben-
Lembke,2001.
)Inaddi
ti
ont
orev
ersel
ogi
sti
cs,
cl
osed-
loopsuppl
ychai
nhasal
sobeenusedt
oemphasi
zet
hatt
her
ever
se
f
low ofmat
eri
al(
e.g.Zhuetal
.,2008)
.Howev
er,t
heact
ivi
ti
esmot
ivat
ed
mai
nlybyenv
ironment
alconcer
nsmi
ghtbebet
terl
abel
l
edasgr
eenr
ever
se
l
ogi
sti
cs(
Hazen,Cegi
elski&Hanna,2011)ori
nthemor
egener
alt
ermsof
gr
eenorenv
ironment
all
ogi
sti
cs(
Roger
s&Ti
bben-
Lembke,2001)i
nst
eadof
r
ever
sel
ogi
sti
csorcl
osed-
loopsuppl
ychai
ns.
Theabov
e-ment
ionedconcept
sar
emai
nlyusedt
odescr
ibet
heact
ions
t
akenbyt
hel
ogi
sti
csser
vicepr
ovi
dersi
de.Gr
eensuppl
ychai
nmanagement
(
GSCM)i
samor
eext
ensi
veconceptt
hathasbeengai
ningi
ncr
easi
ngi
nter
est
among pr
act
it
ioner
s and academi
a and i
s mai
nly di
rect
ed t
owar
ds
manuf
act
uri
ngcompani
es.Thet
ermi
mpl
i
est
hatt
hef
ocusofenv
ironment
al
managementhasshi
ft
edf
rom af
aci
l
ityoror
gani
zat
ionl
evelt
osuppl
ychai
n
l
evel(
Lint
onetal
.,2007)
.Sr
ivast
ava(
2007)def
inest
hatGSCM i
sint
egr
ati
ng
env
ironment
alt
hinki
ng i
nto suppl
ychai
n management
,incl
udi
ng pr
oduct
desi
gn,mat
eri
alsour
cingandsel
ect
ion,manuf
act
uri
ngpr
ocesses,del
i
ver
yof
t
hef
inalpr
oductt
otheconsumer
saswel
lasend-
of-
li
femanagementoft
he
pr
oductaf
teri
tsusef
ull
i
fe.
GSCM i
sal
soknownasenv
ironment
alsuppl
ychai
nmanagement(
ESCM)
(
e.g.Zsi
disi
n&Si
fer
d,2001;
Wal
keretal
.,
2008)
.Someaut
hor
s(e.
g.Seur
ing&
Mel
l
er,
2008;
Crai
g&Car
ter
,2008)usesust
ainabl
esuppl
ychai
nmanagement
(
SSCM)asasy
nony
m ofGSCM orESCM al
thought
heymost
lyf
ocusont
he
env
ironment
alaspectofsust
ainabi
l
ity
,ther
eby pay
ing l
ess at
tent
ion on
economi
candsoci
alaspect
s.Accor
dingt
oZhuetal
.(2005)GSCM i
sst
rongl
y
r
elat
ed t
oint
er-
organi
sat
ionalact
ivi
ti
es such as i
ndust
ri
alecosy
stems,
i
ndust
ri
al ecol
ogy
, pr
oduct l
i
fe cy
cle anal
ysi
s, ext
ended pr
oducer
r
esponsi
bil
i
tyandpr
oductst
ewar
dshi
p.
GSCM i
s of
ten descr
ibed t
o consi
st of gr
een pur
chasi
ng,gr
een
manuf
act
uri
ng,gr
een di
str
ibut
ion/
green mar
ket
ing and r
ever
se l
ogi
sti
cs
(
Her
vanietal
.,2005)
.Gr
eenorenv
ironment
alpur
chasi
ngorgr
eensuppl
y
r
efer
stoef
for
tst
oimpr
oveenv
ironment
alper
for
manceofpur
chasedi
nput
s
orofsuppl
i
erst
hatpr
ovi
det
hem (
Bowenetal
.,
2001)
.Gr
eenmanuf
act
uri
ngi
s
t
ypi
cal
l
ytr
iedt
obeachi
evedbyv
ari
oust
ypesofenv
ironment
alpr
act
ices,
suchaspol
l
uti
oncont
rol
,pol
l
uti
onpr
event
ionandpr
oductst
ewar
dshi
p(Har
t,
1995)
.Thedef
ini
ti
onsofGSCM emphasi
zet
hatenv
ironment
all
yconsci
ous
pr
act
icesar
e ev
identi
n al
lst
agesoft
he suppl
ychai
n and t
he pr
oduct
l
i
fe-
cycl
e(Her
vanietal
.,2005)
.Fur
ther
mor
e,VachonandKl
assen(
2006)
di
vi
det
hesegr
eensuppl
ychai
nmanagementpr
act
icesi
ntot
woset
s:oneof
t
hem bei
ng env
ironment
al moni
tor
ing and t
he ot
her env
ironment
al
col
l
abor
ati
on.I
nthef
ormert
hef
ocusi
sonar
mlengt
htr
ansact
ioni
nwhi
ch
t
hebuy
ingor
gani
sat
ionev
aluat
esandmoni
tor
sit
ssuppl
i
ers,andi
nthel
att
er
t
heenv
ironment
alsol
uti
onsar
edev
elopedj
oint
ly.
GSCM act
ivi
ti
esai
m atachi
evi
ngmar
ketadv
ant
agesandpr
ofi
tswhi
l
e
r
educi
ngenv
ironment
ali
mpact
s.Onegener
all
yusedconceptt
omeasur
ethe
ef
fectofsuppl
ychai
nact
ivi
ti
esonnat
uralenv
ironmenti
stheenv
ironment
al
orecol
ogi
calf
oot
pri
nt.I
taccount
sforhumandemandongl
obalbi
ologi
cal
r
esour
cesandcompar
est
hel
evelofconsumpt
ionwi
tht
heav
ail
abl
eamount
ofbi
opr
oduct
ivel
andandseaar
eaandhasbeendesi
gnedt
oshow whet
her
t
hisust
ainabi
l
ityt
hreshol
disexceeded(
Wiedmann&Bar
ret
t,2010)
.Lat
elyt
he
useofcar
bonf
oot
pri
nthasi
ncr
easedr
api
dlybutt
hequest
ionst
il
lremai
ns
whet
heri
tshoul
dcont
ainonl
ycar
bondi
oxi
deemi
ssi
onsorot
hergr
eenhouse
gasemi
ssi
onsaswel
l(Wi
edmann&Mi
nx,
2007)
.
The i
ncr
easi
ng i
nter
est i
n env
ironment
ali
ssues has l
ed t
o t
he
dev
elopment of v
olunt
ary env
ironment
al management sy
stems.
Env
ironment
almanagementsy
stems(
EMS)i
scol
l
ect
ionofi
nter
nalef
for
tsat
f
ormal
l
yar
ti
cul
ati
ngenv
ironment
algoal
s,maki
ngchoi
cest
hati
ntegr
atet
he
env
ironmenti
ntopr
oduct
iondeci
sions,i
dent
if
yingoppor
tuni
ti
esf
orpol
l
uti
on
(
wast
e)r
educt
ionandi
mpl
ement
ingpl
anst
omakecont
inuousi
mpr
ovement
s
i
npr
oduct
ionmet
hodsandenv
ironment
alper
for
mance(
Khanna& Ant
on,
2002)
.Themostcommonl
yusedf
ramewor
kforanEMSi
sdev
elopedbyt
he
I
nter
nat
ionalOr
gani
zat
ion f
orSt
andar
dizat
ion (
ISO)f
ort
he I
SO 14001
st
andar
d.I
naddi
ti
on,f
orexampl
etheEur
opeanPar
li
amenthascr
eat
edi
ts
ownenv
ironment
almanagementsy
stem,EMAS.(
Gonzal
ezetal
.2008.
)In
or
dert
o obt
ain a cer
ti
fi
cat
ion an env
ironment
alaudi
tconduct
ed by a
r
egi
ster
edext
ernal
audi
tori
srequi
red(
Rondi
nel
l
i&Vast
ag,
2000)
.
Di
ff
erentt
ypesofact
orscanusedi
ff
erentappr
oachest
ocont
ri
but
eto
env
ironment
alsust
ainabi
l
ity
.Theseappr
oachescanbev
iewedf
rom macr
o
and mi
cro per
spect
ive.Act
ions i
nthe macr
o domai
n ar
etaken by
gov
ernment
sandot
herl
egi
slat
iveaut
hor
it
ies,whi
l
eint
hemi
crodomai
nthe
act
ionsar
etakenbyt
hecompani
es(
Aronsson&Huge-
Brodi
n,2006)
.When
v
iewedf
rom asuppl
ychai
nper
spect
ive,t
hemi
crodomai
ncanbef
urt
her
di
vi
dedi
ntot
hel
ogi
sti
csser
viceuser
s(manuf
act
uri
ng,t
radi
ng)andl
ogi
sti
cs
ser
vicepr
ovi
der
s.Thedeci
sionsconcer
ningt
heact
ionst
obet
akencanbe
madeatdi
ff
erentl
evel
s:st
rat
egi
c,t
act
icandoper
ati
onal
.Eachl
eveli
ndi
cat
es
di
ff
erentscopeandt
imespanoft
hedeci
sion.I
ngener
al,t
hepol
i
cymaker
s
deci
sions ar
e pr
epar
ed f
orsev
eralmont
hs and ev
en y
ear
s bef
orehand,
wher
easl
ogi
sti
csser
vicepr
ovi
der
sanduser
sal
somakepl
ent
yofday
-to-
day
deci
sions.Fi
gur
eXi
l
lust
rat
essomeoft
heact
ionst
akenbydi
ff
erentact
ors
t
hati
mpactont
heenv
ironment
alf
oot
pri
nt.I
tisnotmeantt
obeconcl
usi
ve
butt
o pr
ovi
de some exampl
es on whatki
nds ofact
ivi
ti
es af
fectt
he
env
ironment
alf
oot
pri
nt.Tabl
e1:Act
ionsTakenbyDi
ff
erentAct
orst
oImpact
t
heEnv
ironment
alFoot
pri
nt.
Managementcan t
ake sev
eralappr
oaches t
o gr
eeni
ng t
he suppl
y
chai
ns.Somef
ir
mschooset
ober
eact
iveandcommi
tmi
nimalr
esour
ces,
whi
l
e mor
e pr
oact
ivef
ir
ms may choose t
o seek v
alue by st
rat
egi
cal
l
y
commi
tt
ingt
oenv
ironment
alsust
ainabi
l
ityandbyi
ntegr
ati
ngenv
ironment
al
pol
i
cyi
nst
rat
egy
.(v
anHoek,1999.
)For
mul
ati
ngenv
ironment
alst
rat
egyi
s
equal
l
yimpor
tant f
or bot
hlogi
sti
cs ser
vice user
s and pr
ovi
der
s.An
env
ironment
almanagementsy
stem (
EMS)canbei
mpl
ement
edt
oaddr
ess
env
ironment
alpr
act
ices wi
thi
nthe or
gani
sat
ion.I
tis used t
ofor
mal
l
y
ar
ti
cul
ate env
ironment
al goal
s, t
o make choi
ces t
hat i
ntegr
ate t
he
env
ironmenti
nto pr
oduct
ion deci
sions,and t
oident
if
y oppor
tuni
ti
es f
or
pol
l
uti
on r
educt
ion and t
o i
mpl
ement pl
ans t
o make cont
inuous
i
mpr
ovement
s(Khanna&Ant
on,2002.
)Thet
womostwi
despr
eadEMSsi
n
Eur
opear
eISO14001andEMAS(
Gonzal
ez,
Sar
kis&Adenso-
Diaz,
2008)
.
Gr
eenpur
chasi
ngorgr
eensuppl
yat
tempt
stoi
mpr
oveenv
ironment
al
per
for
manceofpur
chasedi
nput
sorofsuppl
i
erst
hatpr
ovi
det
hem (
Bowenet
al
.,2001)
.Gr
eenpur
chasi
ngenabl
est
ospeci
fi
cissues,suchast
oreduct
ion
t
hewast
epr
oduced,
tosubst
it
utemat
eri
alt
hroughenv
ironment
alsour
cingof
r
aw mat
eri
alsandt
omi
nimi
zet
heuseofhazar
dousmat
eri
als(
Rao&Hol
t,
2005)
,e.
g.t
hroughmat
eri
alst
hatar
eei
therr
ecy
clabl
eorr
eusabl
e,orhav
e
al
readybeenr
ecy
cled.Suppl
i
ersel
ect
ioni
sani
mpor
tantdeci
sionatt
his
st
age.(
Sar
kis,2003.
)Suppl
i
erev
aluat
ionanddev
elopmentf
ormsanot
her
i
mpor
tantpar
tofgr
eenpur
chasi
ng(
Zsi
disi
n&Si
fer
d,2001)
.Thesur
veyst
udy
byHol
tandGhobadi
an(
2009)r
eveal
edt
hatov
er50%ofUKmanuf
act
urer
s
usedi
nfor
malsuppl
i
erassessmentandev
aluat
ionpr
act
icesandov
er30%
used f
ormalsy
stems.Gr
eenerpr
oduct
ion i
sty
pical
l
yaddr
essed t
hrough
v
ari
oust
ypesofenv
ironment
alpr
act
ices,suchaspol
l
uti
oncont
rol
,pol
l
uti
on
pr
event
ionandpr
oductst
ewar
dshi
p(Har
t,1995)
.Itcanbeachi
evedbyusi
ng
r
enewabl
eandr
ecy
cledmat
eri
alsandbyi
ncor
por
ati
ngr
ever
sel
ogi
sti
csso
t
hatwast
ed gener
ated i
nthe pr
oduct
ion pr
ocesses ar
e pr
ocessed and
r
ecy
cledi
ntot
hepr
oduct
ionphase(
Rao&Hol
t,2005)
.
Ther
eisagr
owi
ngt
rendt
oout
sour
cet
ranspor
tandl
ogi
sti
csser
vicest
o
t
hir
dpar
tyl
ogi
sti
csser
vicepr
ovi
der
s.Logi
sti
csser
vicebuy
ersi
ncr
easi
ngl
y
ask f
ori
nfor
mat
ion on env
ironment
alper
for
mance ofl
ogi
sti
cs ser
vice
pr
ovi
der
s.(
Wol
f&Seur
ing,
2010.
)Net
wor
kdesi
gn,
planni
ngandmanagement
ar
esomeoft
hepi
vot
ali
ssuest
obeconsi
der
edbyl
ogi
sti
csser
vicepr
ovi
der
s.
Env
ironment
alsust
ainabi
l
ityusual
l
ycal
l
sforf
ewershi
pment
s,l
esshandl
i
ng,
shor
termov
ement
s,mor
edi
rectr
out
esandbet
terspaceut
il
izat
ion.Net
wor
k
desi
gnhasani
mpactonf
il
lrat
e,e.
g.byi
ncr
easi
ngt
hesi
zeofwar
ehouses,
by
cent
ral
i
zing di
str
ibut
ion and by changi
ng t
he l
ocat
ion of war
ehouses.
Consol
i
dat
ioni
sacent
ralaspectt
ologi
sti
cssy
stemsonmanyl
evel
s,si
nce
consol
i
dat
ionoff
rei
ghtaf
fect
sfl
eetsi
ze,v
ehi
cles,cont
ainerandpackage
si
zes.(
Aronsson&Huge-
Brodi
n,2006.
)Ot
heroper
ati
onalmeasur
esi
ncl
ude
e.
g.educat
ingandt
rai
ningdr
iver
soneco-
dri
vi
ngl
eadst
oreduct
ionsi
nfuel
consumpt
ion(
Hel
mrei
ch,
Boni
l
la,
Aky
elken,
&Wei
ss,
2009)
.
Al
thought
hesuppl
ychai
ntot
her
etai
l
erswer
eopt
imi
zedi
nter
msof
env
ironment
alsust
ainabi
l
ity
,thei
mpor
tance ofmi
l
e del
i
ver
iescannotbe
under
est
imat
ed.Br
owne,Ri
zet
,Leonar
diandAl
l
en(
2008)not
ethatper
sonal
shoppi
ngt
ri
pscanusemor
eener
gyt
hant
hewhol
esuppl
ychai
nbef
ore,
even
i
fpr
oduct
ioni
sincl
uded.Hence,
theconsumer
sshoul
dbemadeawar
eoft
he
env
ironment
alef
fect
soft
hei
rshoppi
ngbehav
ior
.Gr
owi
ngonl
i
ner
etai
lcan
r
educet
heseef
fect
sandr
etai
l
erscanact
ivel
yai
m atr
educi
ngt
hei
rshar
eby
e.
g.consol
i
dat
ingor
der
sandbyadopt
ingof
f-
peak/
out
-of
-hour
sdel
i
ver
ies,
al
l
owi
ngdel
i
ver
yvanst
orunmor
eoft
hei
rmi
l
eageatf
uel
-ef
fi
cientspeeds.
(
Edwar
ds,
McKi
nnon&Cul
l
inane,
2009.
)
I
nthe macr
o domai
n,t
he har
mfulef
fect
s ofl
ogi
sti
cs hav
e been
r
ecogni
zedl
ongago.Thet
ranspor
tst
rat
egyoft
heEur
opeanUni
onhi
ghl
i
ght
s
dev
elopmentneedst
owar
dssust
ainabl
etr
anspor
tandpr
omot
esmul
ti
modal
andr
ailt
ranspor
t(Eur
opeanCommi
ssi
onwhi
tepaper
,2011)
.Sev
eralpol
i
cy
i
nst
rument
susedbyl
egi
slat
ivebodi
eshav
elong-
ter
mimpact
sont
hesuppl
y
chai
ns. Eur
opean commer
cial ai
r t
ranspor
t and ener
gy i
ntensi
ve
manuf
act
uri
ngsect
orsar
esubj
ectt
otheEur
opeanUni
onEmi
ssi
onsTr
adi
ng
Sy
stem (
EUETS)
.
Accor
dingt
oEur
opeanCommi
ssi
on(
2013a)
,theEUETSi
scor
ner
stone
ofacor
ner
stoneoft
heEur
opeanUni
on'
spol
i
cyt
ocombatcl
i
mat
echange
and i
ts key t
ool f
or r
educi
ng i
ndust
ri
al gr
eenhouse gas emi
ssi
ons
cost
-ef
fect
ivel
y.Thesy
stem appl
i
est
oemi
ssi
onsofcar
bondi
oxi
de(
CO2)
f
rom powerpl
ant
s,ener
gy-
int
ensi
vei
ndust
rysect
orsandcommer
cialai
rl
ines.
TheEUETSwor
ksont
he'
capandt
rade'
pri
nci
ple.A'
cap'
ref
erst
othel
i
mitof
t
het
otalamountofcer
tai
ngr
eenhousegasest
hatcanbeemi
tt
edbyt
he
f
act
ori
es,
powerpl
ant
sandot
heri
nst
all
ati
onsi
nthesy
stem.