CHAPTER 1: GENERAL CONCEPTS HOW SOCIETY AFFECTS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY?

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY ➢ The impact of science and technology on

➢ is an interdisciplinary course designed to society is evident.
examine the ways that science and technology ➢ There are social influences on the direction
shape, and are shaped by, our society, politics, and emphasis of scientific and technological
and culture. development, through pressure groups on
➢ It explores the conditions under which specific issues, and through generally
production, distribution and utilization of accepted social views, values and priorities.
scientific knowledge and technological systems
occur;; and the effects of these processes upon THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND
the entire society. SOCIETY:
➢ is important to the public because it helps
address issues and problems that are of
concern to the general population.

SCIENCE – Latin “Scientia” – knowledge

• is an evolving body of knowledge that is based
on theoretical expositions and experimental
and empirical activities that generates
universal truths.
• In the past, it is learned as an independent
study from other fields that focuses on the
scientific methods, natural processes and
understanding nature.
• In the current global scenario, it is studied
holistically that is often in an interdisciplinary
* “Scientific findings must be applied at the right
method, emphasizing systems rather than
scales. The impact of technological breakthroughs on
processes, synthesis more than analysis and
people, society and the environment must be critically
predicting nature’s behavior in order to have
assessed to preserve its value.”
useful application in solving contemporary
* “Public mistrust in science and fear of technology
problems.
exists today.”
TECHNOLOGY - is the application of science and
THE ROLE OF SCIENCE ND TECHNOLOGY
creation of systems, processes and objects designed to
1. Alter the way people live, connect,
help humans in their daily activities.
communicate and transact, with profound
effects on economic development.
SOCIETY - is the sum total of our interactions as
2. Key drivers to development, because
humans, including the interactions that we engage in
technological and scientific revolutions
to understand the nature of things and to create
underpin economic advances, improvements in
things.
health systems, education and infrastructure.
• is also defined as a group of individuals
3. The technological revolutions of the 21st
involved in persistent social interaction, or a
century are emerging from entirely new
large social group sharing the same
sectors, based on micro-processors,
geographical or social territory, typically
telecommunications, bio-technology and nano-
subject to the same political authority and
technology. Products are transforming
dominant cultural expectations.
business practices across the economy, as well
as the lives of all who have access to their
HOW SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AFFECT SOCIETY?
effects. The most remarkable breakthroughs
➢ Science influences society through its
will come from the interaction of insights and
knowledge and world view.
applications arising when these technologies
➢ Scientific knowledge and the procedures used
converge.
by scientists influence the way many
4. Have the power to better the lives of poor
individuals in society think about themselves,
people in developing countries.
others, and the environment.
 5. Differentiators between countries that are • This period produced substantial advances in
able to tackle poverty effectively by growing scientific knowledge, especially in anatomy,
and developing their economies, and those zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography,
that are not. mathematics and astronomy.
6. Engine of growth.
7. Interventions for cognitive enhancement,
ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE
proton cancer therapy and genetic
engineering. • a period of cultural, economic and scientific
flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE WORLD dated from the eighth century to the
FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO 600 BC fourteenth century, with several contemporary
• Science during ancient times involved scholars dating the end of the era to the
practical arts like healing practices and metal fifteenth or sixteenth century.
tradition. • Science and technology in the Islamic world
• 3,000 years before Christ, the ancient adopted and preserved knowledge and
Egyptians already had reasonably technologies from contemporary and earlier
sophisticated medical practices. Most civilizations.
historians agree that the heart of Egyptian • Islamic science was characterized by having
medicine was trial and error.
practical purposes as well as the goal of
• The Egyptian medicine was considered
understanding. (Ex. Astronomy was useful in
advanced as compared with other ancient
nations because of one of the early inventions determining the Qibla, which is the direction in
of Egyptian civilization – the papyrus. which to pray)
• Before papyrus, Egyptians, Sumerians, and
other races wrote on clay tablets or smooth SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ANCIENT CHINA
rocks. • Ancient Chinese scientists and engineers made
• Around the time that papyrus was first being significant scientific innovations, findings and
used in Egypt, the Mesopotamians were technological advances across various
making pottery using the first known potter’s scientific disciplines including the natural
wheel. sciences, engineering, medicine, military
PAPYRUS - is an ancient form of paper, made from the technology, mathematics, geology and
papyrus plant, a reed which grows in the marshy areas astronomy.
around the Nile river. ANCIENT CHINESE FOUR GREAT INVENTIONS:
- Papyrus was easy to roll into scrolls.
1. Compass
- Was used as a writing material as early as
2. Gunpowder
3,000 BC in ancient Egypt, and continued to be
used to some extent until around 1100 AD. 3. Papermaking
4. Printing
THE ADVENT OF SCIENCE (600 BC TO 500 AD)
• Ancient Greeks were the early thinkers and as THE RENAISSANCE (1300 AD – 16000 AD)
far as historians can tell, they were the first • The 14th century was the beginning of the
true scientists. They collected facts and cultural movement of the Renaissance, which
observations and then used those observations was considered by many as the Golden Age of
to explain the natural world. Science.
• Scientific thought in Classical Antiquity • Marie Boas Hall coined the term Scientific
becomes tangible from the 6th century BC in Renaissance to designate the early phase of
pre-Socratic philosophy (Thales, Pythagoras). the Scientific Revolution, 1450–1630.
• In circa 385 BC, Plato founded the Academy.
• Renaissance humanism stressed that nature
With Plato's student, Aristotle begins the
came to be viewed as an animate spiritual
"scientific revolution" of the Hellenistic period
creation that was not governed by laws or
culminating in the 3rd to 2nd centuries with
mathematics. Science would only be revived
scholars such as Eratosthenes, Euclid,
later, with such figures as Copernicus,
Aristarchus of Samos, Hipparchus and
Gerolamo Cardano, Francis Bacon, and
Archimedes.
Descartes.
2 PHASE MODEL OF EARLY MODERN SCIENCE – PETER MAIN FEATURES INVOLVED INN THE INDUSTRIAL
DEAR: REVOLUTION:
1. Scientific Renaissance of the 15th and 16th 1. Technological
centuries, focused on the restoration of the 2. Socioeconomic
natural knowledge of the ancients. 3. Cultural
2. Scientific Revolution of the 17th century, when TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES INCLUDES:
scientists shifted from recovery to innovation. • the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron
3 MEN OF MAINZ: and steel.
1. Johannes Gutenberg • the use of new energy sources, including both
2. Johann Fust fuels and motive power, such as coal, the
3. Peter Schöffer steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the
internal combustion engine.
THE ENLIGHTENMENT PERIOD (1715 AD – 1789 AD) • the invention of new machines, such as the
• Also called as the Age of Reason spinning jenny and the power loom that
• was characterized by radical reorientation in permitted increased production with a smaller
science, which emphasized reason over expenditure of human energy.
superstition and science over blind faith. • a new organization of work known as the
• This period produced numerous books, essays, factory system, which entailed increased
inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars division of labor and specialization of function.
and revolutions. • important developments in transportation and
• The American and French Revolutions were communication, including the steam
directly inspired by Enlightenment ideals and locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane,
respectively marked the peak of its influence telegraph, and radio.
and the beginning of its decline. They • the increasing application of science to
ultimately gave way to 19th century industry.
Romanticism.
KEY NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS OF THE SCIENTIFIC 20th CENTURY SCIENCE: PHYSICS AND INFORMATION
REVOLUTION: AGE
1. Galileo Galilei • 20th century was an important century in the
2. Johannes Kepler history of the sciences. It generated entirely
3. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz novel insights in all areas of research and it
Isaac Newton’s “Principia Mathematica” (1686) and established an intimate connection between
John Locke’s “Essay Concerning Human Understanding” science and technology.
(1689) — two works that provided the scientific, • The scientific legacy of the 20th Century gave
mathematical and philosophical toolkit for the proof of the revolutionary changes in many
Enlightenment’s major advances. areas of the sciences and how they
contributed to these changes.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1760 – 1840) • The start of the 20th century was strongly
• What science offered in the 18th century was marked by Einstein’s formulation of the theory
the hope that careful observation and of relativity (1905) including the unifying
experimentation might improve industrial concept of energy related to mass and the
production significantly. speed of light: E = mc2.
• Industrial Revolution had one further • The year 1953 was an important landmark for
important effect on the development of biology with the description by Crick and
modern science. The prospect of applying Watson of the structure of DNA, the carrier of
science to the problems of industry served to genetic information.
stimulate public support for science. • The 20th century has seen medicine find a
cure for many life-threatening diseases and
the beginning of organ transplants.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL nature and consequently fashion them into
REVOLUTION tools and implements.
• Fourth Industrial Revolution is a way of • Primitive Filipinos are practicing science and
describing the blurring of boundaries between technology in their everyday lives. The ancient
the physical, digital, and biological worlds. crafts of stone carving, pottery and smelting
• It’s a fusion of advances in artificial of metals involves a lot of science, which is
intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of understanding the nature of matter involved.
Things (IoT), 3D printing, genetic engineering,
quantum computing, and other technologies. SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
• the Fourth Industrial Revolution is paving the • Caoili (1983), the beginnings of modern
way for transformative changes in the way we science and technology in the country can be
live and radically disrupting almost every traced back to the Spanish regime because
business sector. they established schools, hospitals and started
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) - describes computers scientific research that had important
that can “think” like humans — recognizing complex consequences in the development of the
patterns, processing information, drawing conclusions, country.
and making recommendations. • These schools, which are mostly run by Spanish
• is used in many ways, from spotting patterns friars, formed the first Filipino professionals.
in huge piles of unstructured data to powering • Royal and Pontifical University of Santo Tomas
the autocorrect on your phone. • Dr. Jose Rizal is the epitome of the Renaissance
VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) - offers immersive digital man in the Philippine context. He is a scientist,
experiences (using a VR headset) that simulate the a doctor, an engineer (he designed and built a
real world, while augmented reality merges the digital water system in Dapitan), a journalist, a
and physical worlds. novelist, an urban planner and a hero.
ROBOTICS - refers to the design, manufacture, and use • 1887, the Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de
of robots for personal and commercial use. Manila was created and whose functions were
• are used in fields as wide-ranging as to conduct biochemical analyses for public
manufacturing, health and safety, and human health and to undertake specimen
assistance. examinations for clinical and medico-legal
3D PRINTING - allows manufacturing businesses to cases.
print their own parts, with less tooling, at a lower cost, • 19th century, Manila has become a
and faster than via traditional processes. cosmopolitan center and modern amenities
IoT - describes the idea of everyday items — from were introduced to the city.
medical wearables that monitor users’ physical • the development in science and technology
condition to cars and tracking devices inserted into was very slow during the Spanish regime
parcels — being connected to the internet and
identifiable by other devices. AMERICAN PERIOD
• the Philippines saw a rapid growth during the
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND American occupation and was made possible
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES by the government’s extensive public
PRE-SPANISH ERA education system from elementary to tertiary
• the first inhabitants in the archipelago who schools.
settled in Palawan and Batangas around 40 • Philippine Normal School and University of the
000 years ago have made simple tools or Philippines – public tertiary schools
weapons of stone which eventually developed • the American colonial government sent Filipino
techniques for sawing, drilling and polishing youths to be educated as teachers, engineers,
hard stones. physicians and lawyers in American colleges to
• As the early Filipinos flourished, they have further capacitate the Filipinos in various
learned how to extract, smelt and refine fields.
metals like copper, gold, bronze and iron from
 • The government provided more support for the encourage them to conduct research and
development of science and created the create courses in science and technology.
Bureau of Government Laboratories in and was • 1970s, focus on science and technology was
later changed to Bureau of Science. given to applied research and the main
• The Bureau of Science served as the primary objective was to generate products and
training ground for Filipino scientists and processes that were supposed to have a
paved the way for pioneering scientific greater beneficial impact to the society. In the
research. 1980s, science and technology was still
• The Bureau of Science became the primary focused on applied research.
research center of the Philippines until World • 1986, under the Aquino administration, the
War II. Lastly, on December 8, 1933, the National Science and Technology Authority
National Research Council of the Philippines was replaced by the Department of Science
was established. and Technology, giving science and technology
a representation in the cabinet.
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (DOST) - is
• When the Americans granted independence the premiere science and technology body in the
and the Commonwealth government was country charged with the twin mandate of providing
established. central direction, leadership and coordination of all
• the Filipinos were busy in working towards scientific and technological activities, and of
economic reliance but acknowledge the formulating policies, programs and projects to support
importance and vital role of science and national development.
technology for the economic development of
the country by declaring that “The State shall HOPES IN PHILIPPINES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
promote scientific research and invention…” • Despite the many inadequacies, from funding
• when World War II ended and left Manila, the to human capital, there are some science and
country’s capital, in ruins. The government had technology-intensive research and capacity-
to rebuild again and normalize the operations building projects which resulted in products
in the whole country. which are currently being used successfully
and benefits the society. (Ex. Micro-Satellite)
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE INDEPENDENCE NATIONWIDE OPERATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF HAZARDS
• In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by (NOAH) - uses the Lidar (light detection and ranging)
the Institute of Science and was placed under technology. Project NOAH was initiated in June 2012 to
the Office of the President of the Philippines. help manage risks associated with natural hazards and
• The Philippine government focused on science disasters.
and technology institutional capacity building INTELLIGENT OPERATION CENTER PLATFORM –
which were undertaken by establishing established through a collaboration between the local
infrastructure support facilities such as new government of Davao City and IBM Philippines Inc.
research agencies and development trainings. - the center resulted in the creation of a
dashboard that allows authorized government
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 1960s – 1990s agencies, such as police, fire and anti-
terrorism task force, to use analytics software
• The government declared in Section 9(1) of the
for monitoring events and operations in real
1973 Philippine Constitution that the
time.
“advancement of science and technology shall
have priority in the national development.”
PARADIGM SHIFT
• April 6, 1968, Pres. Ferdinand Marcos
PARADIGM
proclaimed the 35 hectare land in Bicutan,
➢ scientific paradigm is a framework containing
Taguig as the site of the Philippine Science
all the commonly accepted views about a
Community. Then in 1969, the government
subject, conventions about what direction
provided funds to private universities to
research should take and how it should be
performed.
 ➢ Thomas Kuhn suggested that a paradigm ➢ “the natural motion of the earth as a whole,
includes “the practices that define a scientific like that of its parts, is towards the center of
discipline at a certain point in time." the Universe: that is the reason why it is now
A paradigm dictates: lying at the center.”
- What is observed and measured ➢ Problem: His theories relied very little on
- the questions we ask about those observations experiment
- how the questions are formulated how the Constrictions for opposing his theories:
results are interpreted how research is carried 1. attacking one part of Aristotle's system
out involved attacking the whole thing
- what equipment is appropriate 2. the Church had grafted Aristotle's theories
onto its theology, thus making any attack on
PARADIGM SHIFT Aristotle an attack on the tradition and the
➢ "The successive transition from one paradigm Church itself.
to another via revolution is the usual
developmental pattern of mature science" - CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY (Astronomer and Geographer in
Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Alexandria, 2nd century AD) - Stated that the planets,
➢ The shift from one paradigm to another occurs as well as the sun and the moon, moved in a circular
when enough anomalies to the current motion around the Earth ~ “Geocentrism”
paradigm build up, causing scientists to
question the foundational principles upon ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS - Used eccentric trigonometric
which their worldview rests. measurements to calculate the relative distances of
the sun and moon in the 3rd century BC. He was able to
CHAPTER 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED find out that the sun was very large, and this inspired
SOCIETY him to suggest that the sun was a more likely the pivot
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION point for a movement of the universe.
➢ a period where paradigm shifts occurred and
where scientific beliefs that have been widely NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
embraced and accepted by the people were ➢ In his work, Book of the Heavens and the Earth
challenged and opposed. (1377), he demonstrated the lack of real proof
➢ According to Wootton, as cited by McCarthy that the Earth was static and vehemently
(2019): it is the “replacement of Aristotelian argued that there was no reason to think that
ethics and Christian morality by a new type of it was not in motion.
decision making which may be termed ➢ Problem of geocentrism: the paths of
instrumental reasoning or cost-benefit planetary orbits. The heavens do not always
analysis” appear to move in perfect, uninterrupted
circles as they sometimes seem to move
WESTERN SCIENCE backwards (a.k.a. retrogradations).
➢ Greeks were the first to explain the world in ➢ Copernicus' solution: By placing the sun at the
terms of natural laws rather than myths about center of the universe and having the earth
gods and heroes. orbit it, he reduced the unwieldy number of
➢ They passed on the idea of the value of math epicycles from 80 to 34.
and experiment in science.
TYCHO BRAHE ((Danish Astronomer, 1546-1601)
REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY: COPERNICAN ➢ Planets revolved around the sun, but the sun
REVOLUTION and the moon remained revolving around the
ARISTOTLE globe, “Geo-heliocentric System”
➢ most influential figure in Western science until ➢ using only the naked eye, tracked the entire
the 1600's orbits of various stars and planets.
➢ Aristotle's theories made sense when taken in ➢ Brahe kept extensive records of his
a logical order. observations, but did not really know what to
do with them.
JOHANNES KEPLER ((German Astronomer, 1571-1630) REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY: DARWINIAN
➢ He was the first to successfully use math to REVOLUTION
define the workings of the cosmos. WILLIAM PALEY IN HIS NATURAL THEOLOGY (1802)
➢ He realized that Brahe's data showed the ➢ elaborated the argument-from-design as
planetary orbits were not circular, but forceful demonstration of the existence of the
elliptical. Creator.
➢ His analysis of the observations of Tycho Brahe ➢ The functional design of the human eye,
(his mentor) enabled him to introduce the argued Paley, provided conclusive evidence of
Laws of Planetary Motion. an all-wise Creator.
o The path of the planets about the sun 1. It is consisted of a series of transparent lenses
is elliptical in shape, with the center of 2. There is a black cloth or canvas spread out
the sun being located at one focus. behind these lenses so as to receive the image
(The Law of Ellipses) formed by pencils of light transmitted through
o An imaginary line drawn from the them, and placed at the precise geometrical
center of the sun to the center of the distance at which, and at which alone, a
planet sweeps out equal areas in distinct image could be formed.
equal intervals of time. (The Law of 3. a large nerve communicating between this
Equal Areas) membrane and the brain."
o The ratio of the squares of the periods
of any two planets is equal to the THE BRIDGEWATER TREATISES
ratio of the cubes of their average • published between 1833 and 1840
distances from the sun. (The Law of • written by eminent scientists and philosophers
Harmonies) • set forth "the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of
God as manifested in the Creation."
GALILEO GALILEI ((Italian Scientist) • for example: The structure and mechanisms of
➢ Using his telescope, Galileo saw the sun's man's hand were cited as incontrovertible
perfection marred by sunspots and the moon's evidence that the hand had been designed by
perfection marred by craters. He also saw four the same omniscient Power that had created
moons orbiting Jupiter. the world.
➢ In 1632, Galileo published his next book,
Dialogue on the Great World Systems, which CHARLES DARWIN
technically did not preach the Copernican ➢ he published “The Origin of Species” in 1859.
theory (which Galileo believed in), but was ➢ he accumulated evidence demonstrating that
only a dialogue presenting both views organisms evolve and discovered the process,
"equally". natural selection, by which they evolve.
➢ Galileo got his point across by having the ➢ he completed the Copernican revolution by
advocate of the Church and Aristotelian view drawing out for biology the notion of nature
named Simplicius (Simpleton). He was quickly as a lawful system of matter in motion.
faced with the Inquisition and the threat of
torture. THE SUPERNATURAL
➢ Supernatural explanations, depending on the
ISAAC NEWTON unfathomable deeds of the Creator, accounted
➢ realized that the same force pulling the apples for the origin and configuration of living
to earth was keeping the moon in its orbit. creatures—the most diversified, complex, and
➢ to prove this mathematically, Newton had to interesting realities of the world. It was
invent calculus for figuring out rates of motion Darwin's genius to resolve this conceptual
and change. schizophrenia.
➢ Theory of gravity
REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY: FREUDIAN crisis, and everyone could potentially become
REVOLUTION mentally ill.
PRE-FREUDIAN REVOLUTION
➢ Mental illness was almost universally REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY: SCIENTIFIC
considered 'organic‘– it was thought to come REVOLUTION IN MESO-AMERICA
from some kind of deterioration or disease of MESO-AMERICA CIVILIZATION
the brain. ➢ Meso-America is the region from Mexico to
➢ Physical diseases of the brain cause mental Guatemala, Belize and parts of Honduras and
illness, psychological causes are ignored. El Salvador.
➢ Mesoamerican civilization were isolated from
SIGMUND FREUD the accumulated scientific knowledge of
➢ born in 1856, in Moravian town of Freiberg, in Africa, Asia and Europe. It developed on its
the Austrian Empire. own and became much more self-reliant.
➢ Freud's most obvious impact was to change ➢ Maya civilization was the most advanced
the way society thought about and dealt with Mesoamerican civilization.
mental illness.
➢ He had the idea that people’s hidden thoughts MAYA CIVILIZATION
and feelings influence their behavior especially 1. They used pictorial script called Maya
with respect to the causes and treatment of hieroglyphs.
dreams, etc. 2. They knew how to make paper and they
➢ Together with Josef Breuer, another Jewish created books on long strips of paper folded in
neurologist, published a series of case studies harmonica-style.
on their patients called Studies on Hysteria. 3. the Maya made predictions by aligning stars
with two objects that were separated by a
JEAN-MARTIIN CHARCOT large distance.
➢ the famous French psychiatrist who influenced 4. They developed the most accurate calendar
Freud. ever designed.
➢ he claimed that hysteria had primarily organic
causes, and that it had a regular, THE AZTEC
comprehensible pattern of symptoms. ➢ had their own script and languages but they
➢ Freud agreed that it had a regular, assimilated all they could learn from Maya
comprehensible pattern of symptoms but society.
disagreed that it had only organic causes. ➢ Their manuscripts describe how the Maya
performed their astronomical observations.
PSYCHOANALYSIS ➢ They manufactured of rubber and used a
➢ is based on the concept that individuals are rubber ball in the ball game tlachtli
unaware of the many factors that cause their
behavior and emotions. REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY: ASIAN SCIENTIFIC
➢ These unconscious factors have the potential REVOLUTION
to produce unhappiness. ASIA’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE
➢ Psychoanalysis in its many varieties appears AND TECHNOLOGY
to have little or no efficacy in treating mental ➢ The general conception is that many of the
illness. cutting-edge technological developments, and
to a lesser extent scientific advancements,
IMPACT OF FREUDIAN REVOLUTION emanate from Asia.
➢ Psychology and psychiatry turned away from ➢ Japan is probably the most notable country in
the search for organic causes and toward the Asia in terms of scientific and technological
search for inner psychic conflicts and early achievement, particularly in terms of its
childhood traumas. electronics and automobile products.
➢ The line between sane and insane was blurred: ➢ Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and China
everyone, according to Freud, had an Oedipal produce 90% of the world’s digital gadgets.
 ➢ nations across Asia are becoming increasingly ➢ By the 9th century BC the Phoenicians were
important to the global supply of digital using it in the western Mediterranean, and the
content and services. Greeks and Phrygians adopted it in the 8th.
➢ South Korea’s cultural popularity around the ➢ The alphabet contributed vastly to the Greek
world has caused a number of startup’s to cultural and literary revolution in the
emerge working within the digital and immediately following period. And, from the
technology sectors, including website viki.com. Greeks it was transmitted to other Western
➢ Taiwan is focused on software and content people.
development.
REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY: SCIENTIFIC
MIDDLE EAST REVOLUTION IN AFRICA
➢ During the 3,000 years of urbanized life in AFRICAN CONTRIBUTIONS
Mesopotamia and Egypt tremendous strides ➢ The applied sciences of agronomy, metallurgy,
were made in various branches of science and engineering and textile production, as well as
technology. medicine, dominated the field of activity
➢ In Mesopotamia, greater progress was made in across Africa.
astronomy and mathematics. The development ➢ In “Black Rice”, Judith Carnoy demonstrates
of astronomy seems to have been greatly the legacy of enslaved Africans to the
accelerated by that of astrology, which took Americas in the sphere of rice cultivation.
the lead among the quasi-sciences involved in ➢ a variety of African plants were adopted in
divination. Asia, including coffee, the oil palm, fonio or
➢ The Egyptians remained far behind the acha (digitaria exilis), African rice (oryza
Babylonians in developing astronomy, but are glabberima), and sorghum (sorghum bicolor).
more advanced in medicine. Egyptians also ➢ Africans also used plants for anesthetics or
took an early lead on engineering and pain killers, analgesics for the control of fever,
architecture, owing largely to the stress they antidotes to counter poisons, and anthelmints
laid on the construction of such elaborate aimed at deworming.
monuments as vast pyramids and temples of ➢ They were also knowledgeable in
granite and sandstone. Whereas, the cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, and
Babylonians led in the development of such dermatological contexts. Some of these such as
practical arts as irrigation. hoodia gordonii and combrettum caffrum are
➢ Both sciences and pseudosciences spread from being integrated withinNcontemporary
Egypt and Mesopotamia to Phoenicia and pharmaceutical systems (Emeagwali, n.d.).
Anatolia. ➢ Africa’s areas of scientific investigation
include the fields of astronomy, physics, and
MIDDLE EAST: DEVELOPMENT OF ALPHABET mathematics.
➢ In the early Hyksos period (17th century BC)
the Northwestern Semites living in Egypt AFRICAN ASTRONOMY
adapted hieroglyphic characters—in at least ➢ Malian has cosmological myths and their
two slightly differing forms of letters—to their perceptions of the structure of matter and the
own purposes. physical world.
➢ It is imitated in northern Syria, with the ➢ Dogon knowledge systems have also been
addition of two letters to designate vowels explored in terms of their perceptions on
used with the glottal catch. astronomy. The solar calendar that we use
➢ This alphabet spread rapidly and was in quite today evolved from the Egyptian calendar of
common use among the Northwestern Semites twelve months, calibrated according to the
(Canaanites, Hebrews, Aramaeans, and day on which the star Sirius rose on the
especially the Phoenicians) soon after its horizon with the Sun.
invention.
AFRICAN MATHEMATICS strong currents of air in a chamber expanded
➢ Nubian builders calculated the volumes of to draw in or expel air through a valve.
masonry and building materials, as well as the ➢ products: armor (as in some northern Nigerian
slopes of pyramids, for construction purposes. city-states), jewelry (of gold, silver, iron,
➢ a Nubian engraving at Meroe, in ancient copper and brass), cooking utensils, cloth
Sudan, dated to the first century B.C.E., dyeing, sculpture, and agricultural tools.
includes several lines, inclined at a 72-degree
angle, running diagonally from the base of a AFRICAN ARCHITECTURE
pyramid. ➢ Builders integrated the concepts of the arch,
➢ the Nubians of Meroe constructed more the dome, and columns and aisles in their
pyramids than the Egyptians, built steep, flat- constructions.
topped pyramids. ➢ underground vaults and passages, as well as
the rock-hewn churches, of Axum are matched
AFRICAN MEDICINE in Nubia and Egypt with pyramids of various
➢ Among the common principles and procedures dimensions.
were hydrotherapy, heat therapy, spinal ➢ Sahelian region, adobe, or dried clay, was
manipulation, quarantine, bone-setting and preferred in the context of moulded contours,
surgery. at times integrated with overall moulded
➢ Incantations and other psychotherapeutic sculpture.
devices sometimes accompanied other ➢ Permanent scaffolding made of protruding
techniques. planks characterized the Malian region.
➢ The knowledge of specific medicinal plants was ➢ evaporative cooling was integrated into
quite extensive in some kingdoms, empires, and building design: mats were used as part of the
city states such as Aksum, and Borgu (in décor and also to be saturated repeatedly in
Hausaland). order to cool the room.
➢ Borgu (in Hausaland) is also well known for ➢ Derelict ruins from walled cities—such as Kano,
orthopedics (bone-setting), as is the case of Zazzau, and other city-states of Hausaland in
Funtua in Northern Nigeria. the central Sudanic region of West Africa—
➢ Many traditional techniques are still utilized in complement structures such as the rock-hewn
some areas. Others have undergone change and moulded churches of Lalibela in Ethiopia
over time, have been revived in more recent or the Zimbabwe enclosures.
periods, or have fallen into oblivion.
REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY: INFORMATION
AFRICAN METALLURGY REVOLUTION
➢ Various types of metal products have been INFORMATION REVOLUTION
used ranging from gold, tin, silver, bronze, ➢ is a period of change that describes current
brass, and iron/steel. economic, social and technological trends
➢ The Sudanic empires of West Africa, Ethiopia beyond the Industrial Revolution.
and Sudan in the North and East, and the ➢ was fueled by advances in semiconductor
kingdom of Monomotapa (Munhumutapa) in technology, particularly the metal-oxide-
Southern Africa were the major producers of semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET)
gold. and the integrated circuit (IC) chip, leading to
➢ specific techniques and scientific principles the Information Age in the early 21st century
included: excavation and ore identification; (Lukasiak, 2010;; Orton, 2009).
separation of ore from non-ore bearing rock; ➢ has led us to the age of the internet, where
smelting by the use of bellows and heated optical communication networks play a key
furnaces; and smithing and further refinement. role in delivering massive amounts of data.
➢ The use of multishaft and open-shaft systems
facilitated circulation of air in intense heating
processes, while the bellows principle produced
CHAPTER 3: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION- (DOST) and National Research Council of the
BUILDING Philippines (NRCP) recommend policies and programs
PRE-SPANISH PHILIPPINES that will improve the competitiveness of the Philippines
➢ We had our own culture and traditions in the ASEAN Region.
➢ Scientific knowledge is observed in planting THE NRCP CLUSTERED THESE POLICIES INTO FOUR,
crops for food, domestication, and food NAMELY:
production. 1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education,
➢ Technology is used in building houses, International Policies and Governance
irrigations, and in developing tools that they 2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research,
can use in everyday life. Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
➢ Trading with China, Indonesia, Japan, and 3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical
other nearby countries. Sciences
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
SPANISH COLONIZATION
➢ They brought their own culture and practices. PROJECTS FROM DOST
➢ established schools for boys and girls ➢ Providing funds for basic research and patents
➢ Beginning of formal science and technology related to science and technology.
known now as school of science and ➢ Providing scholarships for undergraduate and
technology graduate studies of students in the field of
➢ Life became modernized adapting Western science and technology.
technology. ➢ Establishing more branches of the Philippine
➢ Galleon trade Science High School System for training young
➢ Catholic doctrines and practices Filipinos in the field of science and technology.
➢ Creating science and technology parks to
AMERICAN COLONIZATION encourage academe and industry partnerships.
➢ Influence the development of science and ➢ Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino
technology in the Philippines. scientists abroad to come home and work in
➢ Established the public education system, the Philippines
improved the engineering works and the ➢ Developing science and technology parks in
health conditions of the people. academic campuses to encourage academe
➢ Modern research university- UP and industry partnerships.
➢ Public hospitals ➢ The establishment of the National Science
➢ Transportation and communication systems Complex and National Engineering Complex
➢ Private and public schools within the University of the Philippines campus
➢ Protestant church missions in different places in Diliman.
in the country.
VARIOUS RESEARCH AND PROJECTS THAT THE COUNTRY
INFLUENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND IS LOOKING FORWARD TO ARE THE FF:
TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Use of alternative and safe energy
INTERNAL INFLUENCES: 2. Harnessing mineral resources
• Survival 3. Finding cure for various disease and illness
• Culture 4. Climate change and global warming
• Economic Activities 5. Increasing food production
EXTERNAL INFLUENCES: 6. Preservation of natural resources
• Foreign Colonizers 7. Coping with natural disasters and calamities
• Trades with Foreign Countries 8. Infrastructure development
• International Economic Demands
FAMOUS FILIPINOS IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE
1. Ramon Cabanos Barba - for his outstanding
GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
research on tissue culture in Philippine
In response to ASEAN 2015 Agenda, the government
mangoes.
agencies like Department of Science and Technology
 2. Josefino Cacas Comiso - for his works on ➢ Central Visayan Institute Foundation
observing the characteristics of Antarctica by
using satellite images. INDIGENOUS SCIENCE
3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. - known internationally in ➢ Indigenous science is part of the indigenous
the field of electrical engineering; was elected knowledge system practiced by different
as officer of the famous Institute of Electrical groups of people and early civilizations
and Electronic Engineering ➢ It includes complex arrays of knowledge,
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz - notable for her research expertise, practices, and representations that
on sea snail venom guide human societies in their enumerable
5. Fabian Millar Dayrit - for his research on interactions with the natural milieu;
herbal medicine agriculture, medicine, naming and explaining
6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III - for his research natural phenomena, and strategies for coping
on tilapia culture with changing environments (Pawilen, 2005).
7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr. - for inventing the ➢ Ogawa claimed that it is collectively lived in
meconium drugs testing and experienced by the people of a given
8. Lilian Formalejo Patena - for doing research on culture.
plant biotechnology ➢ Uses Science Process Skills
9. Mari-Jo Panganiban Ruiz - for being an ➢ Guided by Community Culture and Values
outstanding educator and graph theorist ➢ Composed of Traditional Knowledge
10. Gregory Ligot Tangonan - for his research in
the field of communications technology THE CONCEPT OF INDIGENOUS SCIENCE
1. Indigenous science uses science process skills
OUTSTANDING FILIPINO SCIENTISTS HERE AND ABROAD such as observing, comparing, classifying,
1. Caesar A. Saloma - an internationally measuring, problem solving, inferring,
renowned physicist communicating, and predicting.
2. Edgardo Gomez - famous scientist in marine 2. Indigenous science is guided by culture and
science community values such as the following;
3. William Padolina - chemistry and president of a. The land is a source of life. It is a
National Academy of Science and Technology precious gift from the creator.
(NAST)- Philippines b. The Earth is revered as “ Mother
4. Angel Alcala - marine science Earth.” It is the origin of their identity
as people.
SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES c. All living and nonliving things are
THE CONCEPT OF SCIENCE EDUCATION interconnected and interdependent
➢ Science education focuses on teaching, with each other.
learning, and understanding science. d. Human beings are stewards or trustee
➢ It involves developing ways on how to of the land and other natural
effectively teach science. resources. They have a responsibility
➢ Exploring pedagogical theories and models in to preserve it.
helping teachers teach scientific concepts and e. Nature is a friend to human beings- it
process effectively needs respect and proper care.
➢ Applying science process skills and using 3. Indigenous science is composed of traditional
science literacy in understanding the natural knowledge practiced and valued by people
world and activities in everyday life. and communities such as ethno-biology,
ethno-medicine, indigenous farming methods,
SCIENCE SCHOOLS IN THE PHILIPPINES and folk astronomy.
➢ Philippine Science High School System (PSHSS)
➢ Special Science Elementary Schools (SSES) SCIENTISTS AND TECHNOLOGISTS - are the backbone of
Project an industrialized nation that propels socioeconomic
➢ Quezon City Regional Science High School gain and national progress.
➢ Manila Science High School
DOST – executive department government Philippine 4. Business Innovation through S&T (BIST) for
responsible for the coordination of the which is of Industry Program
science and related-projects.
- is also in-charge of formulating programs, STEERING COMMITTEE - a committee that decides on
projects and policies to support national the priorities or order of business of an organization
progress. and manages the general course of its operations.
- Formerly called as the National Science - DOST Special Order No. 0276 which was
Development Board in 1958 then it became approved on 02 April 2018 created a Steering
National Science and Technology or NSTA committee for CRADLE and BIST Programs
- In 1987, it was raised to cabinet-level status - headed by Dr. Rowena Cristina L. Guevara,
to become the present-day DOST Undersecretary for R&D

DOST ELEVEN (11) POINT AGENDA Members of Steering Committee:

1. Pursue R&D to address pressing national • Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)
problems. • Federation of Philippine Industries (FPI)
2. Conduct R&D to enhance productivity and • Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry
improve management of resources. (PCCI)
3. Engage in R&D to generate and apply new • Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and
knowledge and technologies across sectors. Natural Resources Research and Development
4. Strengthen and utilize regional R&D (PCAARRD)
capabilities. • Philippine Council for Health Research and
5. Maximize utilization of R&D results through Development (PCHRD)
technology transfer and commercialization.
• Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and
6. Develop STI human resources and build a
Emerging Technology Research and
strong STI culture.
Development (PCIEERD)
7. Upgrade STI facilities and capacities to
advance R&D activities and expand S&T
PERSONALITIES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE
services.
PHILIPPINES
8. Expand STI assistance to communities and the
AISA MIJENO
production sector, particularly MSMEs.
• made the Sustainable Alternative Lighting
9. Provide STI--based solutions for disaster risks
(SALt) lamp
and climate change adaptation and
mitigation. • the product concept was formed after living
10. Strengthen industry--academe--government with the Butbut tribe for weeks relying only on
and international STI collaboration. kerosene lamps and moonlight to do evening
11. Enhance effectiveness of STI governance. chores.
• It is an environment-friendly and sustainable
SCIENCE FOR CHANGE PROGRAM (S4CP) - was created alternative light source that runs on saltwater,
to accelerate STI in the country in order to keep up making it suitable to those who live in coastal
with the developments in our time wherein technology areas.
and innovation are game changers. • The idea behind the SALt lamp is the chemical
- Focuses on Accelerated R&D Program for conversion of energy.
Capacity Building of R&D Institutions and
Industrial Competitiveness RAMON C. BARBA
4 Programs under S4CP: • successful experiment on the inducement of
1. NICER (Niche Centers in the Regions for R&D) flowering of mango trees by spraying them
Program with ethrel and potassium nitrate
2. R&D Leadership (RD Lead) Program • developed a process that caused the flowering
3. Collaborative Research and /development to and fruiting of mango trees three times a
Leverage Philippine Economy (CRADLE) year, instead on once a year, so dramatically
Program improving yields
 • developed a tissue culture procedure for the SCIENCE EDUCATION IN THE PHILIPPINES
banana plant and sugar cane which enabled EARLY EFFORTS TO IMPROVE SCIENCE EDUCATION
production of large quantities of planting • In 1957, the Philippine government made the
materials that were robust and disease free. teaching of science compulsory in all
• conferred the rank and title of National elementary and secondary schools.
Scientist in the Philippines • A National Committee for Science Education
was set up in 1958 to formulate objectives for
FE V. DEL MUNDO the teaching of science education at all levels
• Mother of Philippine Pediatrics and to recommend steps that would upgrade
• first Asian woman admitted into Harvard the teaching of science.
• She is credited with studies that led to the
invention of the incubator and a jaundice The BSCS (Biological Sciences Curriculum Study)
relieving device. Her methods, like BRAT diet Adaptation Project
for curing diarrhea • launched by American Institute of Biological
• won numerous awards and recognition for her Science, university of Colorado in order to
outstanding work improve biology education in secondary
schools
MARIA Y. OROSA • financed by National Science Foundation, USA
• chemist and pharmacist from Batangas • BSCS project necessitated because of the
• the calamansi juice, is just one of the popular inadequacies and defects felt in the ongoing
native food products in whose preparation and or conventional biological sciences teaching
preservation she had a hand.
• The most notable of her food inventions, is The BSCS project was started to design high school
“Soyalac,” a powdered preparation of soya- biology course with the objectives to:
-beans, which helped save the lives of • provide recent and latest knowledge in
thousands of Filipinos, Americans, and other biological sciences;
nationals who ever held prisoners in different • develop understanding of the conceptual
Japanese concentration camps during World structure of biological sciences; develop skills
War II and processes of biology among the students;
• She is also credited with the making of the • create an opportunity to use inquiry approach
banana ketchup; wines from native fruits, like in teaching and learning of biology;
casuy and guava; vinegar from pineapples;; • prepare rich supplementary or support
banana starch etc. materials to enrich learning experiences in
biological sciences present current status of
ANGEL ALCALA biological sciences
• made major contributions to marine biology
research efforts in the Philippines and The Science Education Project (SEP)
authored over 160 scientific papers as well as • dissemination of improved curricula, teaching
books. techniques and approaches in science and
• engage in comprehensive studies concerning mathematics on basic levels of education
Philippine reptiles and amphibians and minor through the introduction of new curriculum
studies on mammals and birds and the application of new teaching
• established the first artificial reef around the techniques and approaches by the returned
coastline of the Philippines, greatly boosting Master of Arts in Teaching trainees and the
the ecosystem's health and viability. teachers that they teach.
• quality science and math education programs
in the recipient--sponsor institutions through
new and/or improved course offerings and a
generally improved teacher education
program.