PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

MODULE 04:
FOREIGN AIR LAWS &
REGULATIONS PART 1

Prepared by:
AERO FACULTY

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Ref. no Page
Module Discussion
Module Introduction/ Learning Outcomes 7
FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS FOR AIRWORTHINESS
Introduction to Federal Aviation Regulation 8
Part 21 – Certification Procedures for Products and Articles
Subpart A – General 9
Subpart B – Type Certificates 9
Subpart C – Provisional Type Certificates 9
Subpart D – Changes to Type Certificates 9
Subpart E – Supplemental Type Certificates 9
Subpart F – Production Under Type Certificates 9
Subpart G – Production Certificates 9
Subpart H – Airworthiness Certificates 10
Subpart I – Provisional Airworthiness Certificates 10
Subpart J – [Reserved] 10
Subpart K – Parts Manufacturer Approvals 10
Subpart L – Export Airworthiness Certificates 10
Subpart M – [Reserved] 10
Subpart N – Acceptance of Aircraft Engines, Propellers, and
10
Articles for Import
Subpart O – Technical Standard Order Approvals 10
Subpart P – Special Federal Aviation Rules 10
Part 23 – Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category
Subpart A – General 13
Subpart B – Flight 13
Subpart C – Structures 13
Subpart D – Design and Construction 13
Subpart E – Powerplant 13
Subpart F – Equipment 13
Subpart G – Flight Crew Interface and Other Information 14
Part 25 – Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes
Subpart A – General 16
Subpart B – Flight 17
Subpart C – Structures 17
Subpart D – Design and Construction 17
Subpart E – Powerplant 17
Subpart F – Equipment 17
Subpart G – Operating Limitations and Information 17
Subpart H – Electrical Wiring Interconnection Systems (EWIS) 17
Subpart I – Special Federal Aviation Regulations 17
Part 27 – Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft
Subpart A – General 17
Subpart B – Flight 17
Subpart C – Structures 17
Subpart D – Design and Construction 17
Subpart E – Powerplant 18

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

Subpart F – Equipment 18
Subpart G – Operating Limitations and Information 18

Title Page
Self-Test Questions
Self-Test 20
Assessment Activity
Assessment Activity – Quiz and Recitation

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

TABLE OF REFERENCES
References No.
Aviation Safety Bureau (2010). Federal Aviation Regulations Retrieved March 6, 2021, from
http://www.aviation-safety-bureau.com/federal-aviation-
1
regulations.html#:~:text=Federal%20Aviation%20Regulations%20(FAR's)%20are,of%20Fed
eral%20Regulations%20(CFR)
Code of Federal Regulations (October 2021). PART 21 - CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES FOR
PRODUCTS AND ARTICLES. Retrieved March 6, 2021, from 2
https://ecfr.federalregister.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-CPart-21
Federal Aviation Administration (October 2009). Part 21 Final Rule Briefing. Retrieved March
6, 2021, from
3
https://www.faa.gov/aircraft/air_cert/production_approvals/14cfr_amendments/resources_pa
rt21/media/Part21_IndustryBriefing.pdf
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (January 2021). 14 CFR--PART 21. Retrieved March 6,
2021, from https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text- 4
idx?SID=3301ce9ef3d144705b017f36bfae6c6e&mc=true&node=20210115y1.85
IATA, Aviation Security Awareness. (2018). Montreal, Geneva: IATA. Retrieved August 10,
5
2020.
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (January 2021). 14 CFR--PART 23 AIRWORTHINESS
STANDARDS: NORMAL CATEGORY AIRPLANES. Retrieved March 7, 2021, from
https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text- 6
idx?SID=685dc1ae97ae3f5e5569e47880fab01e&mc=true&node=pt14.1.23#se14.1.23_1200
0
Federal Aviation Administration (December 2016). Revision of Airworthiness Standards for
Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes. Retrieved March 7, 2021, from
7
https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/rulemaking/recently_published/media/part23_finalr
ule_2120-ak65_webcopy.pdf
Sandy Murdock (March 10, 2016). Part 23: The Massive, Much Awaited Revision Is Here—
Initial Observations On Innovative GA Aircraft Certification By FAA. Retrieved March 7, 2021, 8
from http://jdasolutions.aero/blog/faa-part-23-revision/
David Gill (May 2017). The NEW FAR 23. Retried March 8, 2021, from
https://www.aviation.govt.nz/assets/aircraft/2017-design-delegation-seminar/far23- 9
rewrite.pdf
Federal Aviation Administration (October 24, 2017). Standard Airworthiness Certification
Regulations. Retrieved March 8, 2021, from
10
https://www.faa.gov/aircraft/air_cert/airworthiness_certification/std_awcert/std_awcert_regs
/regs/
AerSale (December 11, 2019). What It Means To Comply With Airworthiness Under 14 CFR
Part 25. Retrieved March 8, 2021, from https://www.aersale.com/media-center/what-it-
11
means-to-comply-with-airworthiness-under-14-cfr-part-
25#:~:text=In%20addition%20to%20setting%20forth,read%20the%20full%20text%20here
Federal Aviation Administration (May/June 2016). FAA Safety Briefing: Aircraft Performance.
Retrieved March 8, 2021, from 12
https://www.faa.gov/news/safety_briefing/2015/media/MayJun2015.pdf
Double M Aviation (August 20, 2018). Aircraft Categories and Classes Explained. Retrieved
March 8, 2021, from https://doublemaviation.com/aircraft-categories-and-classes/
13
Federal Aviation Administration (March 14, 2016). Revision of Airworthiness Standards for
Normal, Utility, Acrobatic, and Commuter Category Airplanes. Retrieved April 26, 2021, from
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2016/03/14/2016-05493/revision-of-
14
airworthiness-standards-for-normal-utility-acrobatic-and-commuter-category-airplanes
Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, AOPA (March 2016). Understanding Part 23 Rewrite.
Retrieved April 26, 2021, from https://www.aopa.org/advocacy/advocacy- 15
briefs/understanding-part-23-rewrite

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

MODULE 04

FOREIGN AIR LAWS & REGULATIONS PART 1

Topics:

Federal Aviation Regulations

▪ Part 21 – Certification Procedures for Products and Articles

▪ Part 23 – Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Airplanes
▪ Part 25 – Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes
▪ Part 27 – Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft

Time Allotted:
Readings, (228.8 minutes)
Module Activity, Self-Test and Assessment Activities (280 minutes)

Honesty Clause:

The students are expected to accept and maintain principles of intellectual and academic honesty as members of the academic community.
The institution believes that students are truthful as a basic and necessary standard of conduct in academic matters, and that they only
submit the results of their own efforts for credit.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

MODULE INTRODUCTION

This module discusses Federal Aviation Regulations, focuses on Certification

Procedures for Products and Articles (Part 21), Airworthiness Standards Normal
Category Airplane, Transport Category Airplane, and Normal Category Rotorcraft.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Course Learning Outcomes [CLO]

Module Learning Outcomes [MLO]

CLO 1. Evaluate key
individuals, agencies and
Topic Learning Outcomes [TLO]
organizations’ roles and MLO 1. Demonstrate
influence in the development fundamental knowledge in the
and regulation of commercial Code of Federal Regulations. TLO 18: Outline the Certification
aviation. Procedures for Aircraft Products
and Parts.
MLO 2
CLO 8. Categorize and
differentiate the national and Discuss relevant information in TLO 19: Discuss the
international standards and the Code of Federal airworthiness standards for
regulatory compliance in Regulations. airplanes in the normal, utility,
design, maintenance, repair, aerobatic, commuter and air
alteration and operation of transport categories.
aircraft.
CLO 9. Select and apply TLO 20: Describe the
appropriate research and airworthiness standards for
communication methodologies rotorcraft in the normal
in the analyses and category.
presentation of subjects of
relevance to the objectives of
this course.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

INTRODUCTION TO FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS

To give you an overview of Federal Aviation Regulations, kindly click the link
below and watch the video of Tamarack Aerospace Group, Inc., FAA
Certification: FAR’s Overview.

Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LtHntyN7GlA (1:08)

Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) are mandates for controlling all aspects of aviation in the
United States. The regulations are established and enforced by the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA), and are part of Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR):
Aeronautics and Space.

The primary objectives of FARs are ensuring safe aviation procedures and programs. Besides
protecting aviation employees and the general public, FARs also protect the national security
of the United States.

Due to the wide variety of aviation activities, FARs are organized into parts under the CFR by
their specific aviation activity, with some parts containing thousands of sections.

For example, regulated aviation activities include: temporary flight restrictions (due to national
events or presidential matters), aircraft design, pilot training, parachute operations, flight
schools, maintenance training schools, repair stations, and even hot-air ballooning to name a
few.

It is important to note that FARs are designed to control the certifications for airports, aviation
schools, repair stations, pilots, and other aviation workers.

Once a certification has been issued, such as a repair station certificate, the FAA conducts
regular audits to ensure continued compliance is maintained. FARs are periodically revised in
order to maintain the highest safety standards.

In this module, we will refer FARs as 14 CFR to avoid confusion with another FAR acronym in
the United States, which is Federal Acquisition Regulations, that might show when you do
your own research that is a completely irrelevant with our lesson.

OPTIONAL: Here is a very useful video of Tim Moris to guide you one the usage of words
and terms in the 14 CFR.

Part 1 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vVKjdmP3Xso (14:36)

Part 2 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXDg5ygxDME (10:12)

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATIONS FOR AIRWORTHINESS

The FAA issues production approvals to companies who produce aircraft, engines, or parts
thereof. These approvals are outlined in 14 CFR (FAR) Part 21: Certification Procedures for
Products and Articles.

When aircraft or engines are manufactured, they must be manufactured to a specific set of
standards. Those standards are published by the FAA in the form a FARs.

In the process of producing aviation articles the manufacturer must comply with one of the
following regulations, as applicable:

14 CFR Part 23: Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Airplanes

- details the airworthiness standards for airplanes with a maximum take-off weight of
19,000 lbs. or less, such as the Cessna 172 and Cirrus SR20.

14 CFR Part 25: Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes

- details the airworthiness standards for airplanes with a maximum take-off weight of
12,500 lbs. or more, such as the Boeing 737 or Airbus A320.

14 CFR Part 27: Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft

- details the airworthiness standards for helicopters with a maximum take-off weight of
less than 12,500 lbs., such as the Bell 407 or Eurocopter EC120B.

14 CFR Part 29: Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft

- details the airworthiness standards for helicopters with a maximum take-off weight of
12,500 lbs. or more, such as the Bell 412 or Boeing Chinook.

14 CFR Part 33: Airworthiness Standards: Aircraft Engines

- details the airworthiness standards for both reciprocating and turbine aircraft engines
such as the Lycoming IO-540 or the Pratt & Whitney PW4000.

14 CFR Part 35: Airworthiness Standards: Propellers

- details the airworthiness standards for aircraft propellers such as those made by
McCaulley or Hartzel.

14 CFR Part 36: Noise Standards: Aircraft Type and Airworthiness Certification

- details the acceptable noise level for each aircraft types, compliances for issuance of
airworthiness certificate.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

14 CFR Part 21
14 CFR Part 21 provides the regulatory framework to conduct certification of products and
articles. This includes the engineering, airworthiness, production, and quality systems.

Here is an overview of the subparts under 14 CFR Part 21:

(Click the subpart to see the actual text)

Subpart A – General: Applicability and definitions, Falsification of applications, reports, or

records, Reporting of failures, malfunction, and defects, ETOPS reporting requirements,
Airplane or Rotorcraft Flight Manual, Continued airworthiness and safety improvements for
transport category airplanes, Approval of articles, Replacement and modification articles.

Subpart B – Type Certificates: Type Certificates: Applicability, Eligibility, Application for

type certificate, Special conditions, Designation of applicable regulations, Changes requiring a
new type certificate, Compliance with applicable requirements, Issue of type certificate:
normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, and transport category aircraft; manned free balloons;
special classes of aircraft; aircraft engines; propellers, Issuance of type certificate: primary
category aircraft, Issue of type certificate: Restricted category aircraft, Issue of type
certificate: surplus aircraft of the Armed Forces, Issue of type certificate: import products,
Type design, Inspection and tests, Flight tests, Flight test pilot, Flight test instrument
calibration and correction report, Type certificate, Location of manufacturing facilities,
Privileges, Transferability, Availability, Instructions for continued airworthiness and
manufacturer's maintenance manuals having airworthiness limitations sections, Duration,
Statement of conformity, Responsibility of type certificate holders to provide written licensing
agreements.

Subpart C – Provisional Type Certificates: Applicability, Eligibility, Application, Duration,

Transferability, Requirements for issue and amendment of Class I provisional type certificates,
Requirements for issue and amendment of Class II provisional type certificates, Provisional
amendments to type certificates.

Subpart D – Changes to Type Certificates: Applicability, Classification of changes in type

design, Approval of minor changes in type design, Approval of major changes in type design,
Required design changes, Designation of applicable regulations.

Subpart E – Supplemental Type Certificates: Applicability, Requirement for supplemental

type certificate, Applicable requirements, Issue of supplemental type certificates, Privileges,
Responsibility of supplemental type certificate holders to provide written permission for
alterations.

Subpart F – Production Under Type Certificate: Applicability, Location of or change to

manufacturing facilities, Production under type certificate. Tests: aircraft, Tests: aircraft
engines, Tests: propellers, Statement of conformity.

Subpart G – Production Certificates: Applicability, Eligibility, Application, Organization,

Quality system, Quality manual, Location of or change to manufacturing facilities, Inspections
and tests, Issuance, Production limitation record, Duration, Transferability, Privileges,
Responsibility of holder, Amendment of production certificates, Changes in quality system.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

Subpart H – Airworthiness Certificates: Applicability, Eligibility, Airworthiness certificates:

classification, Amendment or modification, Transferability, Duration, Aircraft identification,
Issue of standard airworthiness certificates for normal, utility, acrobatic, commuter, and
transport category aircraft; manned free balloons; and special classes of aircraft, Issue of
special airworthiness certificates for primary category aircraft, Issue of airworthiness
certificates for restricted category aircraft, Issue of multiple airworthiness certification, Issue
of airworthiness certificate for limited category aircraft, Issue of a special airworthiness
certificate for a light-sport category aircraft, Experimental certificates, Experimental
certificates: general, Experimental certificates: Aircraft to be used for market surveys, sales
demonstrations, and customer crew training, Special flight permits, Issue of special flight
permits.

Subpart I – Provisional Airworthiness Certificates: Applicability, Eligibility, Application,

Duration, Transferability, Class I provisional airworthiness certificates, Class II provisional
airworthiness certificates, Provisional airworthiness certificates corresponding with provisional
amendments to type certificates.

Subpart J – [Reserved]

Subpart K – Parts Manufacturer Approvals: Applicability, Application, Organization,

Quality system, Quality manual, Location of or change to manufacturing facilities, Inspections
and tests, Issuance, Duration, Transferability, Responsibility of holder, Design changes,
Changes in quality system.

Subpart L – Export Airworthiness Approvals: Applicability, Export airworthiness

approvals, Application, Issuance of export certificates of airworthiness, Issuance of export
airworthiness approvals for aircraft engines, propellers, and articles, Responsibilities of
exporters.

Subpart M – [Reserved]

Subpart N – Acceptance of Aircraft Engines, Propellers, and Articles for Import:

Acceptance of aircraft engines and propellers, Acceptance of articles.

Subpart O – Technical Standard Order Approvals: Applicability and definitions,

Application, Organization, Quality system, Quality manual, Location of or change to
manufacturing facilities, Inspections and tests, Issuance, Duration, Transferability,
Responsibility of holder, Approval for deviation, Design changes, Changes in quality system,
Issue of letters of TSO design approval: Import articles.

Subpart P – Special Federal Aviation Regulations: SFAR No. 111 - Lavatory Oxygen
Systems.

(Continue on the next page)

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

To understand purpose of Part 21, here an excerpt of Section 21.1.

§21.1 Applicability and definitions.

(a) Except for aircraft subject to the provisions of part 107 of this chapter, this part
prescribes—

(1) Procedural requirements for issuing and changing—

(i) Design approvals;

(ii) Production approvals;

(iii) Airworthiness certificates; and

(iv) Airworthiness approvals;

(2) Rules governing applicants for, and holders of, any approval or certificate
specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section; and

(3) Procedural requirements for the approval of articles.

(b) For the purposes of this part—

(1) Airworthiness approval means a document, issued by the FAA for an

aircraft, aircraft engine, propeller, or article, which certifies that the aircraft,
aircraft engine, propeller, or article conforms to its approved design and is in a
condition for safe operation, unless otherwise specified;

(2) Article means a material, part, component, process, or appliance;

(3) Commercial part means an article that is listed on an FAA-approved

Commercial Parts List included in a design approval holder's Instructions for
Continued Airworthiness required by §21.50;

(4) Design approval means a type certificate (including amended and

supplemental type certificates) or the approved design under a PMA, TSO
authorization, letter of TSO design approval, or other approved design;

(5) Interface component means an article that serves as a functional interface

between an aircraft and an aircraft engine, an aircraft engine and a propeller,
or an aircraft and a propeller. An interface component is designated by the
holder of the type certificate or the supplemental type certificate who controls
the approved design data for that article;

(6) Product means an aircraft, aircraft engine, or propeller;

(7) Production approval means a document issued by the FAA to a person that
allows the production of a product or article in accordance with its approved
design and approved quality system, and can take the form of a production
certificate, a PMA, or a TSO authorization;

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

(8) State of Design means the country or jurisdiction having regulatory

authority over the organization responsible for the design and continued
airworthiness of a civil aeronautical product or article;

(9) State of Manufacture means the country or jurisdiction having regulatory

authority over the organization responsible for the production and
airworthiness of a civil aeronautical product or article.

(10) Supplier means a person at any tier in the supply chain who provides a
product, article, or service that is used or consumed in the design or
manufacture of, or installed on, a product or article.

[Doc. No. FAA-2006-25877, Amdt. 21-92, 74 FR 53384, Oct. 16, 2009; Doc. No. FAA-2013-0933, Amdt. 21-98, 80 FR
59031, Oct. 1, 2015; Amdt. 21-98A, 80 FR 59031, Dec. 17, 2015; Docket FAA-2015-0150, Amdt. 21-99, 81 FR 42207,
June 28, 2016]

---

14 CFR Part 21 lists the requirements for establishing and maintaining the certification of
aircraft and components. When an aircraft is manufactured, an inspector determines if it
conforms to that model's type certificate.

The type certificate lists all pertinent information on an aircraft or accessory design. If the
aircraft is in conformity, it is issued an airworthiness certificate, signifying that it meets the
standards for service.

The airworthiness certificate stays with the aircraft throughout its service life and is transferred
when ownership changes. However, an aircraft must be maintained properly for the
airworthiness certificate to remain valid.

To ensure that aircraft perform reliably the FAA requires that all installed parts and appliances
conform to TSOs. TSOs are a set of specifications that call for parts to meet certain quality
standards. A TSO stamp on a part means that the part meets FAA requirements for
manufacturing quality and is approved for installation on aircraft.

If a TSO part is called for by the aircraft manufacturer, installation of a noncertified item
can invalidate the aircraft's airworthiness certificate. The FARs specify that it is the
responsibility of the person or agency installing a part to verify that it conforms to the proper
standard. Therefore, you must make sure the hardware and appliances you install on aircraft
are certified.

Companies can obtain a parts manufacturing approval (PMA) from the FAA to produce
replacement parts. However, the manufacturer must prove to the FAA that their product meets
performance and quality standards.

Again, the installation of non-approved parts can affect the airworthiness of the aircraft and
lead to catastrophic failure. Always check parts for TSO and PMA conformity.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

14 CFR Part 23
14 CFR Part 23 describes in detail the performance characteristics various aircraft must
demonstrate to be airworthy. It specifies requirements for every component and system
installed on an aircraft, often down to the smallest detail. Maintenance technicians can use
Part 23 to verify that a particular aircraft or component is in conformity with its type certificate.

For example, when cockpit instruments are repaired or replaced, the technician installing the
instrument must check that the range markings painted on the instrument face are correct.
The aircraft's approved flight manual gives the correct operating speeds and ranges for that
particular model. Part 23 specifies color codes and instrument face markings that must be on
all flight and engine instruments.

This part has a large number of regulations to ensure airworthiness in areas such as structural
loads, airframe, performance, stability, controllability, and safety mechanisms, how the seats
must be constructed, oxygen and air pressurization systems, fire prevention, escape hatches,
flight management procedures, flight control communications, emergency landing procedures,
and other limitations, as well as testing of all the systems of the aircraft.

It also determines special aspects of aircraft performance such as stall speed, rate of climb
(not less than 300 ft/min), take-off speed (not less than 1.2 x VS1), and weight of each pilot
and passenger (170 lb for airplanes in the normal and commuter categories, and 190 lb for
airplanes in the acrobatic and utility categories).

Here is an overview of the subparts under 14 CFR Part 23:

(Click the subpart to see the actual text)

Subpart A – General: Applicability, Certification of normal category airplanes, Accepted

means of compliance.

Subpart B – Flight: Performance, Flight characteristics.

Subpart C – Structure: Structural loads, Structural performance, Design, Structural

occupant protection

Subpart D – Design and Construction: Occupant system design protection, Fire and high
energy protection

Subpart E – Powerplant: Powerplant installation, Automatic power or thrust control

systems, Powerplant installation hazard assessment, Powerplant ice protection, Reversing
systems powerplant operational characteristics, Fuels systems, Powerplant induction and
exhaust system, Powerplant fire protection

Subpart F – Equipment: Airplane level systems requirements, Function and installation,

Equipment, systems, and installation, Electrical and electronic system lightning protection,
High-intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) protection, System power generation, and storage, and
distribution, External cockpit lighting, Safety instrument, Flight in icing conditions, Pressurized
systems elements, Equipment containing high-energy rotors.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

Subpart G – Flightcrew Interface and Other Information: Flight interface, installation

and operation, instrument marking, control, and placards, flight, navigation, and powerplant
instruments, airplane flight manual

To understand purpose of Part 23, here an excerpt of Subpart A.

§23.2000 Applicability and definitions.

(a) This part prescribes airworthiness standards for the issuance of type certificates,
and changes to those certificates, for airplanes in the normal category.

(b) For the purposes of this part, the following definition applies:

Continued safe flight and landing means an airplane is capable of continued controlled
flight and landing, possibly using emergency procedures, without requiring exceptional
pilot skill or strength. Upon landing, some airplane damage may occur as a result of a
failure condition.

§23.2005 Certification of normal category airplanes.

(a) Certification in the normal category applies to airplanes with a passenger-seating

configuration of 19 or less and a maximum certificated takeoff weight of 19,000
pounds or less.

(b) Airplane certification levels are:

(1) Level 1—for airplanes with a maximum seating configuration of 0 to 1

passengers.

(2) Level 2—for airplanes with a maximum seating configuration of 2 to 6

passengers.

(3) Level 3—for airplanes with a maximum seating configuration of 7 to 9

passengers.

(4) Level 4—for airplanes with a maximum seating configuration of 10 to 19

passengers.

(c) Airplane performance levels are:

(1) Low speed—for airplanes with a VNO1 and VMO2 ≤ 250 Knots Calibrated
Airspeed (KCAS) and a MMO3 ≤ 0.6.

(2) High speed—for airplanes with a VNO or VMO > 250 KCAS or a MMO > 0.6.

(d) Airplanes not certified for aerobatics may be used to perform any maneuver
incident to normal flying, including—

1
Normal Operating Velocity
2
Maximum Operating Velocity
3
Maximum Operating Mach Number

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

(1) Stalls (except whip stalls); and

(2) Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns, in which the angle of bank is not
more than 60 degrees.

(e) Airplanes certified for aerobatics may be used to perform maneuvers without
limitations, other than those limitations established under subpart G of this part.

§23.2010 Accepted means of compliance.

(a) An applicant must comply with this part using a means of compliance, which may
include consensus standards, accepted by the Administrator.

(b) An applicant requesting acceptance of a means of compliance must provide the

means of compliance to the FAA in a form and manner acceptable to the Administrator.

---

For comparison, below is an outline of the previews Part 23 guidelines on certifying aircrafts.

1. Normal Category
a. 9 or less seats (excluding pilot seat)
b. MTOW 12,500 lbs or less
c. Non- acrobatic movements
• Normal flying maneuver
• Lazy eights
• Chandelles
• Steep turns with bank angle less than 60 degrees
2. Utility Category
a. 9 or less seats (excluding pilot seat)
b. MTOW 12,500 lbs or less
c. Limited acrobatic movements
• Normal flying maneuver
• Lazy eights
• Chandelles
• Steep turns with bank angle greater than 60 degrees but less than 90
degrees
3. Acrobatic Category
a. 9 or less seats (excluding pilot seat)
b. MTOW 12,500 lbs or less
c. Acrobatic Movements – no limitations
4. Commuter Category
a. 19 or less seats (excluding pilot seat)
b. MTOW 19,000 lbs or less
c. Normal maneuvering

*Except for commuter category, airplanes may be certificated in more than 1 category.

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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

Effective August 30, 2017, the FAA amends its airworthiness standards for normal, utility,
acrobatic, and commuter category airplanes by replacing current prescriptive design
requirements with performance-based airworthiness standards. These standards also replace
the current weight and propulsion divisions in small airplane regulations with performance-
and risk-based divisions for airplanes with a maximum seating capacity of 19 passengers or
less and a maximum takeoff weight of 19,000 pounds or less.

A performance-based standard establishes a level of performance that must be achieved

through the airplane’s design, rather than dictating how a manufacturer should arrive at a
particular level of performance. For instance, § 23.750(a) states: “The airplane cabin exit
design must provide for evacuation of the airplane within 90 seconds in conditions likely to
occur following an emergency landing.” The standard states the expected performance of
any proposed design for an emergency cabin exit—it does not state how the design should be
accomplished (e.g., cabin lighting, marking) to achieve that performance.

These airworthiness standards are based on, and will maintain, the level of safety of the
current small airplane regulations, except for areas addressing loss of control and icing, for
which the safety level has been increased. The FAA adopts additional airworthiness standards
to address certification for flight in icing conditions, enhanced stall characteristics, and
minimum control speed to prevent departure from controlled flight for multiengine airplanes.
This rulemaking is in response to the Congressional mandate set forth in the Small Airplane
Revitalization Act of 2013.

14 CFR Part 25
The airworthiness standards outlined in 14 CFR Part 25 apply to aircraft in the transport
category. The term “transport,” widely used by aviation regulatory bodies in the U.S., Canada,
and Europe, is typically used to describe large civil airplanes or helicopters. Under the FAA’s
regulations, transport category aircraft can fall into one of two categories: jets with at least
10 seats or a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) above 12,500 pounds; or propeller aircraft
with either more than 19 seats or an MTOW above 19,000 pounds. Transport category aircraft
are designed and certified under 14 CFR Part 25 and Part 26, while transport category
helicopters fall under Part 29.

The Airbus 319, 320, and 321 aircraft series and the troubled Boeing 737 MAX are all type
certified according to FAR Part 25.

In addition to setting forth general regulations, 14 CFR Part 25 includes “subparts” spanning
flight, structure, design, and construction, powerplant, equipment, operating limits, and
electrical wiring. In all, 14 CFR Part 25 features more than 1,800 individual regulations (read
the full text here). If you are seeking a quick primer, it’s most important to understand the
topic areas covered, which we’ve outlined below.

Here is an overview of the subparts under 14 CFR Part 25:

(Click the subpart to see the actual text)

Subpart A – General: Applicability, Special retroactive requirements, Special provisions for

ETOPS type design approvals, Incorporations by reference.

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INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

Subpart B – Flight: Performance, Controllability and maneuverability, Trim, Stability, Stalls,

Ground and water handling characteristics, Miscellaneous flight requirements.

Subpart C – Structure: Flight loads, Flight maneuver and gust conditions, Supplementary
conditions, Control surface and system loads, Ground loads, Water loads, Emergency landing
conditions, Fatigue evaluation, Lighting protection.

Subpart D – Design and Construction: Control surfaces, Control systems, Landing gear,
Floats and hulls, Personnel and cargo accommodations, Emergency provisions, Ventilation and
heating, Pressurization, Fire protection, Miscellaneous.

Subpart E – Powerplant: Fuel system, Fuel system components, Oil system, Cooling,
Induction system, Exhaust system, Powerplant controls and accessories, Powerplant fire
protection.

Subpart F – Equipment: Instruments installation, Electrical systems and equipment, Lights,

Safety equipment, Miscellaneous equipment.

Subpart G – Operating Limitations: Operating limitations, Markings and placards, Airplane

flight manual.

Subpart H – Electrical Wiring Interconnection Systems

Subpart I – Special Federal Aviation Regulations

---

14 CFR Part 27
14 CFR Part 27 describes in detail the performance characteristics of normal utility rotorcraft
must demonstrate to be airworthy. The topics under this part is almost similar to those topics
under its airplane counterpart, 14 CFR Part 23.

Here is an overview of the subparts under 14 CFR Part 27:

(Click the subpart to see the actual text)

Subpart A – General: Applicability, Special retroactive requirements.

Subpart B – Flight: General, Performance, Flight characteristics, Ground and water handling
characteristics, Miscellaneous flight requirements.

Subpart C – Strength Requirements: General, Flight loads, Control surface and system
loads, Ground loads, Water loads, Main component requirements, Emergency landing
conditions, Fatigue evaluation.

Subpart D – Design and Construction: General, Rotors, Control systems, Landing gear,
Floats and hulls, Personnel and cargo accommodations, Fire protection, External loads,
Miscellaneous.

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

Subpart E – Powerplant: General, Rotor driven system, Fuel system, Fuel system
components, Oil system, Cooling, Induction system, Exhaust system, Powerplant and control
accessories, Powerplant fire protection.

Subpart F – Equipment: General, Instrument installation, Electrical systems and equipment,

Lights, Safety equipment.

Subpart G – Operating Limitations and Information: Operating limitations, Markings

and placards, Rotorcraft flight manual and approved manual materials

§ 27.1 Applicability.

(a) This part prescribes airworthiness standards for the issue of type certificates, and
changes to those certificates, for normal category rotorcraft with maximum weights of
7,000 pounds or less and nine or less passenger seats.

(b) Each person who applies under Part 21 for such a certificate or change must show
compliance with the applicable requirements of this part.

(c) Multiengine rotorcraft may be type certified as Category A provided the

requirements referenced in appendix C of this part are met.

[Doc. No. 5074, 29 FR 15695, Nov. 24, 1964, as amended by Amdt. 27-33, 61 FR 21906, May 10, 1996; Amdt. 27-
37, 64 FR 45094, Aug. 18, 1999]

§ 27.2 Special retroactive requirements.

(a) For each rotorcraft manufactured after September 16, 1992, each applicant must
show that each occupant's seat is equipped with a safety belt and shoulder harness
that meets the requirements of paragraphs (a), (b), and (c) of this section.

(1) Each occupant's seat must have a combined safety belt and shoulder
harness with a single-point release. Each pilot's combined safety belt and
shoulder harness must allow each pilot, when seated with safety belt and
shoulder harness fastened, to perform all functions necessary for flight
operations. There must be a means to secure belts and harnesses, when not
in use, to prevent interference with the operation of the rotorcraft and with
rapid egress in an emergency.

(2) Each occupant must be protected from serious head injury by a safety belt
plus a shoulder harness that will prevent the head from contacting any injurious
object.

(3) The safety belt and shoulder harness must meet the static and dynamic
strength requirements, if applicable, specified by the rotorcraft type
certification basis.

(4) For purposes of this section, the date of manufacture is either -

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

(i) The date the inspection acceptance records, or equivalent, reflect

that the rotorcraft is complete and meets the FAA-Approved Type
Design Data; or

(ii) The date the foreign civil airworthiness authority certifies that the
rotorcraft is complete and issues an original standard airworthiness
certificate, or equivalent, in that country.

(b) For rotorcraft with a certification basis established prior to October 18, 1999 -

(1) The maximum passenger seat capacity may be increased to eight or nine
provided the applicant shows compliance with all the airworthiness
requirements of this part in effect on October 18, 1999.

(2) The maximum weight may be increased to greater than 6,000 pounds
provided -

(i) The number of passenger seats is not increased above the maximum
number certificated on October 18, 1999, or

(ii) The applicant shows compliance with all of the airworthiness

requirements of this part in effect on October 18, 1999.

[Doc. No. 26078, 56 FR 41051, Aug. 16, 1991, as amended by Amdt. 27-37, 64 FR
45094, Aug. 18, 1999]

Supplementary Reading:

Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs Part 21, 23, 25 and 27)

https://www.faa.gov/aircraft/air_cert/airworthiness_certification/std_awcert/std_
awcert_regs/regs/

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PHILIPPINE STATE COLLEGE OF AERONAUTICS
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Module 04: Foreign Air Laws and Regulations Part 1

Self-Test
Instruction:

FILL IN THE BLANKS. Complete the following statements and write your answer in the space
provided.

1. ___________________________ means a document, issued by the FAA for an aircraft,

aircraft engine, propeller, or article, which certifies that the aircraft, aircraft engine,
propeller, or article conforms to its approved design and is in a condition for safe operation,
unless otherwise specified.
2. ___________________________ means a document issued by the FAA to a person that
allows the production of a product or article in accordance with its approved design and
approved quality system, and can take the form of a production certificate, a PMA, or a TSO
authorization.
3. ___________________________ means the country or jurisdiction having regulatory
authority over the organization responsible for the production and airworthiness of a civil
aeronautical product or article.
4. ___________________________ means a type certificate (including amended and
supplemental type certificates) or the approved design under a PMA, TSO authorization,
letter of TSO design approval, or other approved design;
5. ___________________________ means the country or jurisdiction having regulatory
authority over the organization responsible for the design and continued airworthiness of a
civil aeronautical product or article.
6. An application for type certification of a transport category aircraft is effective for ________
and an application for any other type certificate is effective for _________, unless an
applicant shows at the time of application that his product requires a longer period of time
for design, development, and testing, and the FAA approves a longer period.
7. Each person who proposes to change a product must apply for a new _____________ if
the FAA finds that the proposed change in design, power, thrust, or weight is so extensive
that a substantially complete investigation of compliance with the applicable regulations is
required.
8. _____________________________________ means an airplane is capable of continued
controlled flight and landing, possibly using emergency procedures, without requiring
exceptional pilot skill or strength. Upon landing, some airplane damage may occur as a
result of a failure condition.

9. The __________________ lists all pertinent information on an aircraft or accessory design.

If the aircraft is in conformity, it is issued an ____________________ signifying that it
meets the standards for service.
10. If a TSO part is called for by the aircraft manufacturer, installation of a noncertified
item can invalidate the aircraft's _______________________.

Honesty Clause:
The students are expected to accept and maintain principles of intellectual and academic honesty as members of the
academic community. The institution believes that students are truthful as a basic and necessary standard of conduct
in academic matters, and that they only submit the results of their own efforts for credit.

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