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    Pharmacology Solved Past Papers

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    fatima agha
    This document contains 16 questions regarding pharmacology. It covers topics such as cell wall synthesis inhibitors, mechanisms of action of penicillin and cephalosporins, classification and uses of fluoroquinolones, mechanisms of action of protein synthesis inhibitors and corticosteroids, drugs used to treat tuberculosis, malaria, asthma, diabetes, peptic ulcers, and the formation of thyroid hormones. Adverse effects and classifications of various drug classes are also discussed.

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    Pharmacology Solved Past Papers

    Uploaded by

    fatima agha
    43 views10 pages
    This document contains 16 questions regarding pharmacology. It covers topics such as cell wall synthesis inhibitors, mechanisms of action of penicillin and cephalosporins, classification and uses of fluoroquinolones, mechanisms of action of protein synthesis inhibitors and corticosteroids, drugs used to treat tuberculosis, malaria, asthma, diabetes, peptic ulcers, and the formation of thyroid hormones. Adverse effects and classifications of various drug classes are also discussed.

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    PHARMACOLOGY SOLVED PAST PAPERS

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    This document contains 16 questions regarding pharmacology. It covers topics such as cell wall synthesis inhibitors, mechanisms of action of penicillin and cephalosporins, classification and uses of fluoroquinolones, mechanisms of action of protein synthesis inhibitors and corticosteroids, drugs used to treat tuberculosis, malaria, asthma, diabetes, peptic ulcers, and the formation of thyroid hormones. Adverse effects and classifications of various drug classes are also discussed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    43 views10 pages

    Pharmacology Solved Past Papers

    Uploaded by

    fatima agha
    This document contains 16 questions regarding pharmacology. It covers topics such as cell wall synthesis inhibitors, mechanisms of action of penicillin and cephalosporins, classification and uses of fluoroquinolones, mechanisms of action of protein synthesis inhibitors and corticosteroids, drugs used to treat tuberculosis, malaria, asthma, diabetes, peptic ulcers, and the formation of thyroid hormones. Adverse effects and classifications of various drug classes are also discussed.

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    of 10

    PHARMACOLOGY SOLVED PAST

    PAPERS
    [SECOND SEMESTER]

    Q1. Classify cell wall synthesis inhibitors and discuss the mechanism of action of Penicillin.

    CELL WALL SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS

    Penicillin Cephalosporin Miscellaneous

    Narrow spectrum Wide spectrum Narrow spectrum Wide spectrum

    Penicillinase susceptible 1st generation carbapenem ,


    aztreonam, vancomycin

    Penicillinase resistant 2nd generation, 3rd generation, 4th generation

    MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PENICILLIN:


    It kills bacteria through the binding of beta-lactam ring to DD-transpeptidase, inhibiting
    its cross-linking activity and preventing new cell wall formation. Without a cell wall bacterial cell is
    vulnerable and can be destroyed easily.

    Q2. Classify cell wall synthesis inhibitors and discuss the mechanism of action of Cephalosporin.

    CELL WALL SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS

    Penicillin Cephalosporin Miscellaneous

    Narrow spectrum Wide spectrum Narrow spectrum Wide spectrum

    Penicillinase susceptible 1st generation carbapenem ,


    aztreonam, vancomycin

    Penicillinase resistant 2nd generation, 3rd generation, 4th generation

    MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CEPHALOSPORIN:


    Its mechanism of action is the same as penicillin, inhibition of bacterial cell wall
    peptidoglycan synthesis by inhibition of penicillin-sensitive enzymes which makes cell wall vulnerable.

    Q3. Classify fluoroquinolones and list their clinical uses.

    FLUOROQUINOLONES
    --1st generation: nalixidic acid
    -- 2nd generation: ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin

    -- 3rd generation: sparfloxacin, getifloxacin

    -- 4th generation: moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin

    CLINICAL USES OF FLUOROQUINOLONES :


     Complicated and uncomplicated UTI
     Travelers diarrhea
     Tuberculosis
     Typhoid
     Meningitis
     Prostatitis
     Skin infections
     Respiratory tract infection

    Q4. Classify protein synthesis inhibitors and write their mechanism of action.

    PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS


    I I
    Drugs acting on 30s ribosomal subunit Drugs acting on 50s ribosomal subunit
    Aminoglycoside, Tetracycline, Glycycline Linezolid, Macrolides, Clindamycin,

    Chloramphenicol

    MECHANISM OF ACTION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS :


    They exert their antimicrobial effect by inhibiting the protein synthesis by bining to
    0s ribosomal unit.
    Q3. Name 1st and 2nd line drugs used in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.

    1st LINE DRUGS:


     Rifampin
     Isoniazid
     streptomycin

    2nd LINE DRUGS:


     Fluoroquinolones
     Capreomycin
     Cycloserine

    Q4. Classify tetracyclines and write down their adverse effects.

    TETRACYCLINES:
    -SHORT ACTING [6-8 HOURS]

    Chlorotetracycline, tetracycline, oxytetracycline

    -INTERMEDIATE ACTING [10-12 HOURS]

    Demeclocycline, methacycline

    -LONG ACTING [16-18 HOURS]

    Doxycycline, minocycline

    ADVERSE EFFECTS OF TETRACYCLINES :


     Nausea
     Vomiting
     Diarrhea
     Hepatic toxicity
     Photo toxicity
     Dizziness
    Q5. Write down mechanism of action and adverse effects of corticosteroids.

    MECHANISM OF ACTION :
    They bind to intracellular receptors which then act to modulate gene transcription in target
    tissues.

    ADVERSE EFFECTS:
     High blood pressure
     Diabetes
     Acne
     Infected easily

    Q6. Write down the side effects of 1st line drugs used in treating tuberculosis.

    SIDE EFFECTS:
     Rashes
     Hepatotoxicity
     Nephrotoxicity
     Ototoxicity
     Anemia
     Hypersensitivity

    Q7. Enlist 1st line drugs used in tuberculosis. Define MDR and write the names of drugs used in
    MDR TB.

    1ST LINE DRUGS USED IN TB:


     Rifampin
     Isoniazid
     Streptomycin

    MDR:
    Multidrug-resistant TB [MDR TB] is caused by TB bacteria that are resistant to at least isoniazid and
    rifampin, the two most potent TB drugs.

    DRUGS USED IN MDR TB:


     Levofloxacin
     Moxifloxacin

    Q8. Name drugs used for treating malaria. Which drug is used for prophylaxis and treatment of
    MDR falciparum?

    DRUGS USED FOR TREATING MALARIA:


     Primaquine
     Chloroquine
     Mefloquine
     Quinine and quinidine
     Artemisinin

    DRUGS USED FOR TREATING MDR FALCIPARUM:


     Mefloquine
     Artemisinin

    DRUGS USED IN PROPHYLAXIS:


     Doxycycline
     Primaquine
     Mefloquine
     Chloroquine

    Q9. List drugs used in the treatment of asthma and write the mechanism of action of
    ipratropium bromide.

    DRUGS USED IN TREATING ASTHMA

    RELIEVERS PREVENTOR OR CONTROLLERS


    Short-acting B2 agonists, inhaled or oral corticosteroids,

    Methylxanthine, anticholinergics long-acting B2 agonist, leukotriene modifiers,

    Mast cell stabilizers

    MECHANISM OF ACTION OF IPRATOPIBROMIDE:


    It inhibits the effect of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors and block the vagally
    mediated contraction of airway smooth muscle and decreases mucosal secretions.
    Q10. Enlist the drugs used in an acute asthma attack.

    DRUGS USED IN ACUTE ASTHMA ATTACKS:


     Salbutanol
     Hydrocortisone
     Prednisolone
     Ipratropium
     Aminophylline
     Omalizumab

    Q11. Write down the mechanism of action and adverse effects of corticosteroids.

    MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CORTICOSTEROIDS:


    They bind to intracellular receptors which then act to modulate gene transcription in target
    tissues.

    ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CORTICOSTEROIDS:


     Acne
     Increased appetite
     High BP
     Mood swings
     Easy bruising
     Osteoporosis
     Depression

    Q12. Classify drugs used in type 2 diabetes. Write the mechanism of action and adverse effects
    of Metformin.

    DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS:


     Metformin
     Sulfonylureas
     Glitazones
     Glinides
     Gliptin
     Gliflozins
    MECHANISM OF ACTION OF METFORMIN:
    It alters the energy metabolism of the cell. It opposes the effect of glucagon and inhibits
    hepatic gluconeogenesis which results in a glucose-lowering effect.

    ADVERSE EFFECTS OF METFORMIN:


     Nausea
     Diarrhea
     Stomachache

    Q13. List down oral drugs used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

    ORAL DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS:


     Acarbose
     Alogliptin
     Bromocriptine
     Chloropropamide
     Glipizide

    Q14. Classify drugs used in the treatment of peptic ulcer. Write down mechanism of action of
    omeprazole.

    DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF PEPTIC ULCER:


     ANTACIDS: Calcium Carbonate, Magnesium Hydroxide
     MUCOSAL PROTECTIVE AGENTS: Sucralfate
     HISTAMINE -2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST: Roxatidine, Loxatidine
     PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS: Omeprazole, Esomeprazole
     ANTI-H.PYLORI DRUGS: Tetracyclines, Amoxicillin
     PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUES: Misoprodol

    MECHANISM OF ACTION OF OMEPRAZOLE:


    It is metabolized in the liver. It inhibits the final common pathway or step in the gastric acid
    secretion.
    Q15. Classify oral hypoglycemic drugs. Write the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas.

    ORAL HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS

    SULFONYLUREAS THIAZOLIDINEDIONES BIGUANIDES ALPHA-GLUCOSE INHIBITORS MEGLITINIDES

    1st generation: Pioglitazone Metformin Acarbose Repaglinid


    tolazamide e
    Rosiglitazone Phenformin Miglitol
    2nd generation: Nateglinide
    glyburide

    3rd
    generation:glyclazipe

    MECHANISM OF ACTION OF SULFONYLUREAS:


    They close ATP-sensitive K-channels in the beta-cell plasma membrane and initiate a chain
    of events that results in insulin release.

    Q16. Write down steps involved in formation of thyroid hormone.

    FORMATION OF THYROID HORMONE:


    1. Thyroglobulin synthesis
    2. Uptake and concentration of iodide [I-]
    3. Oxidation of iodide [I-] to iodide [I]
    4. Iodination of thyroglobulin
    5. Formation of MIT and DIT
    6. Secretion

    Q17. Write down the adverse effects of chloramphenicol.

    ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CHLORAMPHENICOL:


     Bluish tone to the skin.
     Change in blood pressure and heart rate
     Eating problems and bloating
     Irregular breathing
     Passage of loose green stools
     Sore throat and fever

    Q18. Write down the mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of NSAIDs.

    MECHANISM OF ACTION OF NSAIDs:


    NSAIDs are weak organic acids that irreversibly acetylate and thus inactivate
    cyclooxygenase.

    THERAPEUTIC USES OF NSAIDs:


     Reduce inflammation
     Relieves pain
     Reduces fever

    Q19. Write down the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and toxicities of aspirin.

    MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ASPIRIN:


    Aspirin is a weak organic acid that irreversibly acetylates and thus inactivates
    cyclooxygenase.

    PHARMACOKINETICS OF ASPIRIN:
    It is rapidly deacetylated by esterases in the body to produce salicylate after oral
    administration.

    ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ASPIRIN:


     Gastrointestinal problems
     Antiplatelet effect
     Renal effect
     Cardiac effect
    Q20. Classify diuretics. Write down the mechanism of action of thiazide.

    DIURETICS

    THIAZIDE DIURETICS LOOP DIURETICS POTASSIUM SPARRING CARBONIC ANHYDRASE OSMOTIC


    DIURETICS INHIBITORS DIURETIC
    FUROSEMIDE AMILORIDE ACETAZOLAMIDE SMANNITOL
    TORSEMIDE TRIAMERENE
    CHLOROTHIAZIDE

    HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE

    MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THIAZIDE:


    They increase the concentration of Na+ and Cl- in the proximal convoluted tubule to be
    effective. Therefore decreasing renal functions which reduce diuretic effects.

    Q21. Classify drugs used in treatment of hyper thyroidism. Write down the mechanism of action
    and adverse effects of Methimazole.

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