SUBJECTS:

CPCRIM1 INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

CPCROM2 INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

CPCRIM3 THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION

CPFRS1 FORENSIC CHEMISTRY & TOXICOLOGY

CPFRS2 FORENSIC PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUE

CPLEA1 LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS & PLANNING W/CRIME MAPPING

CPLEA2 COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

CPLEA3 INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL SECURITY CONCEPT

CPLEA4 PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT & ETHICAL STANDARDS

CPCLJ1 CRIMINAL LAW BOOK 1

CPCDI1 FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION & INTELLIGENCE

MARIA MAHALIA LUZ MAYOR

 :MAY BILANG PONG MALI AT TYPO RITO, PERO SYEMPRE, HALOS LAHAT NAMAN TAMA
YAN. GUSTO KO LANG ISHARE. REVIEWER KO PO ITO, KUNG AYAW NIYO NG MAY MALI,
HANAP KAYO IBANG REVIEWER :3:

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY (CPCRIM1)

Criminology – is the entire body of knowledge regarding crimes (Edwin Sutherland)

Raffaele Garofalo – coined the term criminology
Paul Topinard – used it for the first time in French
Cesare Beccaria – Author of crime and Punishment (1764)
Cesare Lombroso –Father of Modern Criminology
Cesare Lombroso – founder of criminal anthropology
Cesare Lombroso –Italian prison doctor working in the late 19 centuries
Enrico Ferri – A student of Lombroso believed that social as well as biological factors played a role.
ADOLPHE QUETELET –made use of data and statistical analysis to gain insight into the relationship between crime and
sociological factors.
ADOLPHE QUETELET – Found that age, gender, poverty, education, and alcohol consumption were important factors
related to crime.
Edwind Sutherland – He suggested that people learn criminal behavior from older more experienced criminals that they
may associate with.
Criminal Demography – study of relationship between criminality and population
Criminal epidemiology – study of the relationship between environmental
Criminal Ecology – study of criminality in relation to special distribution in community
Criminal physical anthropology - study of criminality in relation to physical constitution of men
Criminal Psychology – study of human behaviour in relation to criminality
Criminal psychiatry – study of human mind in relation to criminality
Victimology – study of the role of the victim in the commission of the crime
Dactyloscopy – Science of Fingerprint
Polygraphy – Science of lie detection examination
Ballistics – study of firearms and Bullets

School of Thought
Classical School – People have free will to choose on how to act
Classical School – it ignores the possibility of irrationality and unconscious drives as motivational factors.
Classical School – came about at a time when major reform in penology occurred
Classical School – Deterrence is based upon the utilitarian ontological notion of the human being a hedonist who seeks
pleasure and avoids pain
Classical School – The swifter and more certain the punishment, the more effective it is in deterring criminal behavior.
Classical School – This time period saw many legal reforms, the French Revolution,

Positivist School – presumes that criminal behaviour is caused by internal and external factor outside of the individual
control.
Positivist School – The scientific method was introduced and applied to study human behavior.
Positivist School – Positivism can be broken up into three segments which include biological, psychological, and social
positivism.

Chicago School – sociologists adopted a social ecology approach to studying cities

Chicago School – This results in social disorganization which reduces the ability of these institutions to control behavior
and creates an environment ripe for deviant behavior.

Criminal Law – is defined as that branch of public law which defines crimes ,treats of their nature provides for their
punishment
Characteristics of Criminal Law
It is General in Application – the provision of the criminal or penal law must be applied equality to all person within the
territory irrespective of sex , race , nationality and other personal circumstances
It is territorial in character – As of the part of the right of a state self preservation , each independent country has the
right to promulgate law enforceable with in territorial jurisdiction
It is specific and definite – criminal law must give a strict definition of specific act which constitutes the crime
It must be in application –an act describe a crime is a crime no matter who committed it
It must be prospective –no person can be punished for his act at the time he did it is not punishable by law

Crime – as an act of committed or omitted violation of public law .

Felony – is an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code.

Legal Classification of Crimes

1. As to the manner crime is committed
Dolo or deceit – when the act was done with deliberate intent Ex murder
Culpa or fault – when the wrongful act results from imprudence , negligence , lack of foresight or lack of skill .

2. As the stage in the commission of the crime

 Attempted crimes – when the offender commences the commission of a felony directly by overt acts and does
not perform all the acts of execution, which could produce the felony by reason of some causes or accident other than
his spontaneous desistance.
Frustrated crimes – when the offender has performed all the acts of execution which will produce the felony as
a consequence but which, nevertheless, do not produce the felony by reason of cause independent of the will of the
perpetrator.
Consummated crimes – when all the elements necessary for the execution and accomplishment of the crime
are present.

3. As to the plurality of crimes

Simple crimes – when a single act constitutes only one offense.
Complex crimes – when a single act constitutes two or more grave felonies or when an offense is a necessary

4. As the gravity of penalty or offense

Grave felonies – those to which the law attaches the capital punishment or afflictive penalties.
Less grave felonies – those which the law punishes the penalties which are correctional in nature.
Light felonies – those infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not
exceeding 200 pesos, or both, is imposed

CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES

1. As to the result of crimes
Acquisitive crimes – when the offender acquires something as a consequence of his criminal act.
Extinctive crime – when the result of a criminal act is destructive

2. As to the time or period committed

Seasonal crimes – those committed only during a certain period of the year.
Situational crimes – those committed only when given the situation conducive to their commission.

3. As to the length of time committed

Instant crimes – those committed in the shortest possible time
Episodic crimes – those committed by a series of acts in a lengthy space of time.

4. As to the location of the commission

Static crimes – those committed in only one place.
Continuing crimes – those committed in several places.
5. As to the use of mental faculties
White-collar crimes – those committed by persons of respectability and of upper socio-economic class in the
course of their occupational activities.
Blue-collar crimes – those committed by ordinary professional criminals to maintain their livelihood.

6. As to the standard of living of the criminals

Crimes of the upper world – e.g. falsification cases
Crimes of the underworld – e.g. bag snatching

Criminal – refers to any person who commit or omit crime and violates the law.
Classification of Criminals
Acute criminals – they commit crimes due to impulse of the moment, fit of passion, anger or spell of extreme jealousy.
Chronic criminals – they are those who acted in consonance with deliberate thinking.
Normal criminals – their psychic conditions resemble that of a normal individual, except that they identify themselves
with criminal prototypes.
Ordinary criminals – considered to be the lowest form in the criminal career and engage only in conventional crimes
that require limited skills.
Organized criminals – they have degree of organization to enable them to commit crimes without being detected, with
specialized criminal activities operated in large scale.
Professional criminals – they are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable amount of money without being
detected due to organization and contact with professional criminals.
Accidental criminals – they commit criminal acts as a result of unanticipated circumstances.
Situational criminals – they are not actually criminals but commit crimes due to a given situation.
Habitual criminals – they continue to commit criminal acts for diverse reasons due to deficiency of intelligence and lack
of self-control.
Active-aggressive criminals – they commit crimes in impulsive manner usually due to their aggressive behavior.
Passive-inadequate criminals – they commit crimes because they are pushed to do it, by inducement, reward, or
promise without considering the consequences.
Socialized criminals – they are normal in their behavior but mere inadequate and defective in their socialized process.

Pyknic Type – those who are stout and with around bodies , they tend to commit deception , fraud and violence
Athletic – those who muscular and strong . they usually connected with the crimes of violence
Asthenic type –those who are skinny and slender . their crimes are petty thieves and fraud
Dysplatic or mixed type – those are less clear evident having any predominant type . their offense are against decency
and morality
 The Three Parts of Human Psyche (personality)
ID – it is the unconscious portion of personality dominated by the drive (cravings/desire) for pleasure and by inborn
sexual and aggressive impulses.
Ego – the rational part of the personality; it grows from Id.
Super ego –means the conscience of man .

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM (CPCRIM2)

Criminal Justice System – it is defined as a machinery of the state or government which enforces the rules of conduct
necessary to protect life and property and maintain peace and order
CRIMINAL JUSTICE –define as the system of law enforcement, adjudication and correction that is directly involved in the
apprehension
CRIME –Refers to an event that calls for the operation of criminal justice system
Crime –is a violation of societal rules of behavior as interpreted and expressed by a criminal legal code
CRIMINAL LAW –Defined as that branch of public law, which defines crimes, treats of their nature and provides for their
punishment.

Five Pillar of Philippine Criminal Justice System

1. LAW ENFORCEMENT
2. PROSECUTION
3. COURT
4. CORRECTIONS
5. COMMUNITY
Law enforcement – PNP under DILG; NBI under DOJ
Law enforcement – considered to be the “initiator” or the “prime-mover” of the Criminal Justice System
Law enforcement – It is considered as “the initiator of the action s” that other pillar must act upon to attain its goal or
objective.
PNP – It is the government agency that has the primary mandate to perform the police function under constitution
R.A 6975 – The PNP was establish by the enactment of ____
DILG ACT of 1990– RA 6975 otherwise known as the ___
R.A 8551 –The reorganization of PNP by virtue of the enactment of ___
“THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE REFORM ACT OF 1998” –R.A 8551 on February 28, 1998 entitled _____
January of 1991– PNP established
ORDER MAINTENACE– involves managing minor offenses and neighborhood disorders in order to address community
problems.
POLICE – the first component of the justice system to deal with the commission of the crime.
BUY-BUST OPERATION – also known in legal and police parlance as a form of “entrapment”.
RATIONING – refers to when the police selectively enforces criminal law for various reasons.

The Prosecution – It is under DOJ, PAO under DOJ

PROSECUTION – simply pertains to “a criminal action “
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION – Is an inquiry or proceeding to determine whether there is sufficient ground to
engender a well-founded belief
The following are the officers authorized to conduct preliminary investigation:
1. Provincial or City Prosecutor and their assistants;
2. National and Regional State Prosecutor; and
3. Other officers as may be authorized by law

BAIL – Is the security given for the release of the person in the custody of the law, furnished by him or the bondsman, to
guarantee his appearance before any court as required under the conditions as specified.
BAIL BONDS – essentially an extension of the principle that all suspects are innocent until proven guilty.
The following are the kinds of bail bond
1. Property
2. Cash
3. Corporate Surety
4. Recognizance

10-20% – percent does bail bond agent charge as fee in total bail
JUDGE – The person who authorized by the law to give the final judgement

Court - the regular civil courts

JURISDICTION – Is the authority of the court to hear and try a particular offense and to impose the punishment provided
by the law
VENUE – Refers to the place, location or site where the case is to be headed to be heard on its merits
Shari'a District & Circuit Courts – established in certain provinces in Mindanao where the Muslim Code on Personal
Laws is being enforced.
Regional Trial Courts– also known as Second Level Courts, which were established among the thirteen Judicial regions in
the Philippines
SANDIGANBAYAN – It has jurisdiction over criminal and civil cases involving graft and corrupt practices and such other
offenses committed by public officers and employees
February 1, 1936 – The Court of Appeals was established on
One presiding justice and 68 associate justices – Court if appeals compose of
Supreme Court – It exercises original jurisdiction
ARRAIGNMENT – It is where the court formally charges the person who abused you with the crime.
PRE-TRIAL – when the accused pleads not guilty at the arraignment.
Purpose of Pre-Trial
1. Plea bargaining
2. Stipulation of facts
3. Marking or identification of evidence
4. Such matter as will promote a fair and expeditious trial of the criminal and civil
aspects of the case

TRIAL – is when all the facts of a case are heard, and a judge or jury makes the final decision about the court case.
JUDGEMENT – is the law final word pronounce by a competent authority in a controversy submitted to it.
APPEAL – statutory right granted to the accused or even the government in proper cases to seek remedy before an
appellate court

Corrections – BuCor under DOJ

Corrections – branch of the criminal justice system charge with the custody supervision and rehabilitation of a convicted
offender
MITTIMUS – Is a warrant issued by the court bearing its seal and the signature of the judge directing the jail or the
prison authorities to receive the convicted offender for service of sentence.
COMMITMENT ORDER – written order of a court or authority consigning a person to a jail or prison for detention
REPRIEVE – postpones the execution of an offense to certain day
COMMUTATION – remission of a part of punishment a substitution of a less penalty for the originally imposed.
PAROLE – conditional release of a prisoner from correctional institution after serving the minimum period of prison
sentence.
CONDITIONAL PARDON – conditional exemption of a guilty offender for the punishment imposed by a court.
ABSOLUTE PARDON – total extinction of the criminal liability of the individual to whom it is granted without any
condition whatsoever resulting to the full restoration of his civil rights
PROBATION – Is a disposition under which a defendant after conviction and sentence, is released subject to the
conditions imposed by the court and to the supervision of a probation officer.
PENOLOGY – Simply means the treatment of the criminals
JAIL – It is the place for temporary confinement for person awaiting court action and the convicted offenders serving
short sentence.
Community
Joint Policing Committees (JPCs) – are a recent feature in Irish crime prevention. They constitute a partnership process
within each of the 114 local authority areas
FRANZIER – According to him, community policing is proactive, solution based and pro-driven.
FRANZIER –He enumerate the 5 basic purposes of Community Relations
PEOPLE LAW ENFORCEMENT BOARD – PLEAB means
Legal Principles regarding crime or criminal act
Nullum crimen nulla poena sine lege - there is no crime where no law punishing it
Actus non facit reum , nisi mens rea - an act does not render a man guilty of a crime unless his mind is equally guilty
Actus me invito factus,no est meus actus – An act done by me against me is not my act

Mala en se - refers to those that are naturally criminal on the moral ground . ex. Murder
Mala probihita – crimes pertains to those act that have been criminalized by regulatory purposes
Mens Rea - refers to criminal intent. The literal translation from Latin is "guilty mind”
1987 Philippine Constitution – empowers the Legislative branch of the government or Congress
Our local legislative bodies– authorized to enact laws that are criminal or penal in nature

Substantive Criminal law - Defines the elements that are necessary for an act to constitute a crime and therefore
punishable
Procedural Criminal Law – refers to the statute that provides procedures appropriate for the enforcement of the
substantive criminal law.
Presumption of innocence- this means that those who are accused of crimes are considered innocence until proven
guilty
Burden of Proof – in criminal cases means that the government must prove beyond reasonable doubt
Suspect – during the investigation
Respondent – during preliminary investigation
Accused – when a case has been filed in court
Convict – the accused is guilty beyond reasonable doubt
Criminal – upon undergoing all the process, when the criminal has served the sentence

Bill of Rights – It is a litany of weapons, which a person may use in order to resist or defeat any abuse or misuse of
governmental power.
DUE PROCESS OF LAW –This concept means that those who are accused by the crimes and those who are processed
through the criminal justice system must be given the basic rights guaranteed by the constitution.
EQUAL PROTECTION OF LAW –It essence declares that the state may not attempt to create or enforce statutes against a
person solely because of specific characteristic such as race, age or sex
Adversarial system –assumes that the best way to get to the truth of a matter is through a competitive process to
determine the facts
Adversarial Approach – assumes the accused to be innocent
Adversarial Approach –places the burden on the public prosecutor to prove the guilt of the accused
Adversarial Approach – places emphasis on the process
Inquisitorial System –associated with civil law legal systems, and it has existed for many centuries.
Inquisitorial Approach –assumes the accused to be guilty
Inquisitorial Approach –places the burden to the accused in providing his innocence.
Inquisitorial Approach – places emphasis on the conviction of the accused
Crime Control Model – It is based on the idea that the most important function of the CJS is the repression of a criminal
conduct.
Crime Control Model – conservative approach to crime that focuses on protecting society from criminals by regulating
criminal conduct and justice.
Due Process Model – This generally requires fairness in government proceedings.
Due Process Model – considered to be a liberal approach to criminal justice that favors criminal rights
RA 9344 – Juvenile Justice System
Concept of Restorative Justice– It refers to the principle which requires a process of resolving conflicts with the
maximum involvement of the victim the offender and the community.
Children in conflict with law– refers to a child who is alleged as, accused of, or adjudge as, having committed an offense
under Philippine laws.
Child at risk – refers to the child who is vulnerable to and the risk of committing criminal offense because of personal ,
family and social circumstances.
INTERVENTION – Refers to a series of activities which are designed to address issues that caused the child to commit an
offense.
DIVERSION PROGRAM – Refers to the program that the child in conflict with the law is required to undergo after he/she
is found responsible for an offense without resorting to formal court proceedings.
RA 9344 SEC. 5 –Rights of the Child in Conflict with the Law
RA 9344 SEC. 6 – Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility

ARREST– refers to the taking of the person into custody

SEARCH WARRANT– an order in writing issued in the name of the people of the Philippines signed by the judge and
directed to the peace officer
WARRANTLESS ARREST (SEC.5, RULE 113)– A police officer or a private person may arrest without a warrant.
Ten (10) days from its date– A search warrant shall be valid for
PLAIN VIEW DOCTRINE– an exception to the Fourth Amendment's warrant requirement that allows an officer to seize
evidence and contraband that are found in plain view during a lawful observation
EXLUSIONARY RULE – This rule not admitting any unlawfully obtained evidence against the accused
FRUIT OF POISINOUS TREE– other term for Exclusionary Rule
SEC.6, RULE 113 – Time of making arrest.
SEC.7, RULE 113 – Method of arrest by officer by virtue of warrant.
SEC.8, RULE 113 – Method of arrest by officer without warrant
SEC.9, RULE 113 – Method of arrest by private person

PATROL – law enforcement officers assigned to monitor specified geographic areas

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION – is an art, which deals with the identity and the location of the offender and gather
evidence of his guilt in criminal proceedings
INVESTIGATOR – one who is charged with the duty of carrying the objectives of investigation
PROFESSIONALISM – This is a quality required for any career stream
INTEGRITY – One of the most important virtues of a professional investigator is
PERSISTENCE – One of the most important virtues of a professional investigator is
SELF-DRIVEN – When you are a professional investigator, you are mostly working tirelessly on your own.
PROBLEM SOLVER – You need to have analytical skills and the ability to think logically.
RELIABLE– When people come to you with their private cases, you have to be able to give them the assurance that you
will help them with their problem.
COURAGE – The job of a professional investigator can be risky at times.
CRIME PREVENTION – is the anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a crime risk, and the initiation of action to
remove or reduce it
CRIME PREVENTION – active approach utilizing public awareness and preventive measures to reduce crime.
DISCRETION – refers to an official action that is taken by a criminal justice official
COMMUNIY ORRIENTED – there must be a police community partnership in tackling the issues about crime prevention
and law enforcement.

THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION (CPCRIM3)

CRIMINOLOGY – is defined as the scientific study of crime

Rafaelle Garofalo – the term was coined in 1885 by Italian law professor
Criminology Etiology – an attempt at scientific analysis of causes of crime.
Sociology of Law – an attempt at scientific analysis of the conditions under which penal or criminal laws develop as a
process of formal social control
Penology – concerned with the rehabilitation and treatment of offenders.
Norm – any standard or rule regarding what human beings should or should not think, say, or do under given
circumstances
Deviance – refers to the conduct which the people of a group consider so dangerous or embarrassing or irritating
Crime –an act or omission against the penal law of the state
Sin – is an act or omission against the spiritual or divine law
Elements of Crime
Harm – for crime to occur, there must be an external consequence or harm.
Legality – this has two aspects, first the harm must be forbidden for a behavior to be a crime, second a criminal law
must not be retroactive or ex post facto law.
Actus reus –this Latin term refers to criminal conduct
Mens Rea –refers to criminal intent or guilty mind
Causation –refers to the causal relationship between the legally forbidden harm and the actus reus
Concurrence –this means that the criminal conduct (actus reus) and the criminal intent (mens rea) must occur together.
Punishment –there must be a statutory provision for punishment or at least the threat of punishment.
Three Ingredients of Crime
Motive or Desire – This is the driving force, the reason why the accused committed the crime
Opportunity – It refers to the time and place of the commission of the crime.
Instruments – These are tools employed by criminals

Criminal –refers to any person who commit or omit crime and violates the law.
Acute criminals – they commit crimes due to impulse of the moment, fit of passion, anger or spell of extreme jealousy.
Chronic criminals – they are those who acted in consonance with deliberate thinking.
Normal criminals – their psychic conditions resemble that of a normal individual, except that they identify themselves
with criminal prototypes.
Ordinary criminals – considered to be the lowest form in the criminal career and engage only in conventional crimes
that require limited skills.
Organized criminals – they have degree of organization to enable them to commit crimes without being detected, with
specialized criminal activities operated in large scale.
Professional criminals – they are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable amount of money without being
detected due to organization and contact with professional criminals.
Accidental criminals – they commit criminal acts as a result of unanticipated circumstances.
Situational criminals – they are not actually criminals but commit crimes due to a given situation.
Habitual criminals – they continue to commit criminal acts for diverse reasons due to deficiency of intelligence and lack
of self-control.
Active-aggressive criminals – they commit crimes in impulsive manner usually due to their aggressive behavior.
Passive-inadequate criminals – they commit crimes because they are pushed to do it, by inducement, reward, or
promise without considering the consequences.
Socialized criminals – they are normal in their behavior but mere inadequate and defective in their socialized process.
 Classification of Criminals (The Revised Penal Code)
Recidivist – is the one who, at the time of trial for one crime, shall have been previously convicted by final judgement of
another crime embraced in the same title of RPC.
Quasi-recidivist – is one who commits another crime after having been convicted by final judgement of a crime falling
under either the RPC or Special Law, before beginning to serve such sentence or while serving the same.
Habitual delinquent – is one who, within a period of ten (10) years from the date of his release or last conviction of
crimes of serious or less serious physical injuries, robbery, estafa, or falsification is found guilty of any of the said crimes
for the third time or oftener.

Offense – an act or omission that is punishable by special laws

Felony – is an act or omission that is punishable by the Revised Penal Code.
Delinquency/ Misdemeanor/ Infraction – is an act that is in violation of a simple rule or regulation, a minor violation of
law
Violent Crimes – include offenses where violence was applied (crimes against persons).
Economic Crimes – are primarily committed to bring financial gain to the offender (crimes against property)
White-collar crimes – committed by a person or group of persons in the course of an otherwise respected and
legitimate occupation
Organized crimes – characterized by the use of legitimate and illegitimate business enterprise for illegal profit
Public order crimes – they are unlawful acts that interfere with the normal operation of society and ability of people to
function efficiently
Misdemeanors – they are minor offenses that are punishable by no more than fine and/or one year imprisonment,
typically in a local jail.
Mala in se – the term means “evil in itself”. They are crimes that are “wrong in themselves”.
Mala prohibita – this means “wrong because it is prohibited”.
OTHER CLASSES OF CRIMES
Crimes by imitation – crimes committed by merely duplicating what was done by others; based on the explanation of
crime as a learned behavior.
Crimes of passion – those committed at the height of great emotions
Service crimes – crimes committed through rendition of service to satisfy the desire of others.
Genocide – a crime committed by a government through mass destruction or annihilation of human populations.
Transnational crimes – violations of law that involve more than one country in their planning, execution, e.g. drug
trafficking, human trafficking (Albanese,2010)
Environmental crimes – acts that breach environmental legislation and cause significant harm or risk to the
environment and human health.
Cybercrimes – crimes that involve computers and network.
Political crimes – criminal activities for ideological purposes; also, serious violation laws that threaten the security or
existence of the government.
Family-related crimes – crimes within the family.
Patriarchal crimes – those committed against women and children in the name of traditional male dominance
Demonological Theory – it was based on the belief of primitive people that every object and person is guided by a spirit
Hedonism – is a doctrine that pleasure is the highest good in life and that moral duty is fulfilled through the pursuit of
pleasure.
Classical Theory – “the punishment should fit the crime”
General Deterrence – punishment of delinquents and criminal offenders will strike fear in the hearts of other people,
thus making them less likely to commit acts of delinquency or crimes.
Specific Deterrence – punishment will strike fear in the hearts of wrongdoers, thus making them less likely to offend
others again.
Incapacitation – the simplest form of jurisdiction; wrongdoers should be locked up in jail since while they are
imprisoned in an institution, they cannot commit offenses against other people in the outside world.
Retribution – this reason objects the idea that anything good or useful will follow or result from punishing offenders
Determinism –every act has a cause that is waiting to be discovered in the natural world
Critical Theory – This theory blames delinquency on the imbalance of power within the human society.
Lombrosian Theory – this was developed by Dr. Cesare Lombroso, a prison doctor in Turin, Italy and known as the father
of criminology
The theory of atavism –Lombroso had the opinion that criminals were developed from primitive or subhuman
individuals characterized by some inferior mental and physical characteristics
Categorized criminals as follows:
Born Criminals – these refer to individuals who are born with a genetic predilection toward criminality.
Epileptic criminals – these are criminals who commit crime because they are affected by epilepsy.
Insane criminals – these are those who commit crimes due to abnormalities or psychological disorders.
Occasional criminals – these are criminals who commit crime due to insignificant reasons that push them to do at a
given occasion
Pseudo criminals – these individuals are not real criminals
Criminaloids – the term means “like a criminal” or “having resemblance with criminals”.
Habitual criminals – they have no organic criminal tendency, but in the course of their lives they have developed some
foul habits
Passionate criminals – these are individuals who are easily influenced by great emotions.
PHYSIOLOGY –study of the body build of a person in relation to his temperament and personality and the type of
offense he is most prone to commit.
Endomorphs – people who tend to be fat, round and soft, and to have short arms and legs.
Mesomorphs – people who have athletic and muscular physique; with active, assertive and aggressive personality.
Ectomorphs – people who are basically skinny with lean and fragile body.
PHYSIOGNOMY –Refers to the study of the facial features of a person in relation to his criminal behavior
PHRENOLOGY – study of the external formation of the skull indicating the conformation of the brain and the
development of its various parts in relation to the behavior of the criminal.
Ada Juke –known as “The Mother of Criminals”.
John Kaspar Lavater – revived the study of psysiognomy
Sir Jonathan Edwards –He was a famous preacher during the colonial period
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY –This theory blames criminal or delinquent behavior in a conscience that is either so
overbearing that it arouses feelings of guilt, or so weak that it cannot control the individual’s impulses.
Sigmund Freud –the founder of psychoanalysis
The Three Parts of Human Psyche (personality)
ID – it is the unconscious portion of personality dominated by the drive (cravings/desire) for pleasure and by inborn
sexual and aggressive impulses.
Ego – the rational part of the personality; it grows from Id.
Super ego – it grows out of ego and serves as the “conscience” of a person. It represents the moral code, norms and
values the individual has acquired.

Charles Goring – studied the mental characteristics of 3000 English convicts.

Cognitive Theory –This psychological theory up behavior is based on the belief that people organize their thoughts into
rules and loss
Moral Development Theory –This theory contended that moral reasoning develops in three stages. He called the first
stage, “preconventional”; the second stage, “conventional”; and the third, “postconventional”.
Lawrence Kohlberg–He pioneered the Moral Development Theory.
Mental deficiency – This is a condition of arrested or incomplete development of the mind existing before the age of 18,
whether arising from inherent causes or induced by disease or injury
Idiots –persons with a mental defect to a degree that they are unable to guard themselves against common physical
dangers. Their mentality is comparable to that of a two year old child.
Imbeciles – persons with a mental defect, which though not amounting to idiocy, is yet so pronounced that they are
incapable of managing themselves or their affairs.
Feeble-minded – persons with a mental defect, which though not amounting to imbecility, is yet to pronounced that
they require care, supervision and control for their own or for protection of others, or in case of children, they appear to
be permanently incapable of receiving proper benefit from instruction in ordinary schools.
Morally defective – persons with strong vicious or criminal propensities. They require care and supervision and control
for their own or for the protection of others.
PSYCHOSIS –It is characterized by infantile level of response, lack of conscience, lack of affection to others and
aggression to environment and other people
Schizophrenia – This is manifested by delusions or hallucinations or a clear-cut thought disorder
Paranoia – it is a psychotic delusion characterized by incorrect or unreasonable ideas which can be seen as truth by
people suffering from this disorder
Neurosis – This is another common type of mental disorder linked to criminal behavior.
Neurasthenia – this is a condition of weakened nerves that manifests in fatigue and nervousness
and sometimes in physical symptoms such as pain.
Anxiety – the person feeling anxious, fearful or apprehensive. The person may also be irritable and restless and has
chronic tension, poor concentration and overreaction to noise.
Obsessive-compulsive neurosis – This is the uncontrollable or irresistible impulse to do something.
Kleptomania – The compulsive desire to steal.
Dipsomania – the compulsive desire to drink alcohol.
Homicidal compulsion – the irresistible urge to kill somebody.
Hysteria – This refers to an unhealthy or senseless emotional outburst coupled with violent emotional outbreaks.
Phobia – It is generally called exaggerated fears of things that normal people fear to some degree, and fears of things
that ordinary people do not fear.
Depression – People who suffer from depressive neurosis generally have feelings of pain, hurt, unpleasantness, sadness,
rejection, self pity, helplessness, despair, boredom, pessimism, and rejection
Epilepsy – This is a condition characterized by compulsive seizures and a tendency to mental deterioration.
Differential Association Theory –assumes that persons who become criminal do so because of contacts with criminal
patterns and isolation from non-criminal patterns.
EDWIN SUTHERLAND – He developed the Differential Association Theory.
RONALS AKERS – He proposes the Differential Reinforcement Theory.
KARL MARX – He proposed the Radical Theory
Differential Reinforcement Theory – According to acres people learn to be “neither all the violent nor all confirming”
but rather strike a balance between the two opposing poles behavior.
SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY – looking for factors that make people become criminal, these theories tried to explain why
people did not become criminal.
Labeling Theory –This theory states that the reaction of other people in the immediate effects of this reactions create
deviance
Conflict theory –assumes that society is based primarily on conflict between competing interest groups
NEUTRALIZATION – This theory review the process of becoming a criminal as a learning experience in which potential
delinquents and criminals master techniques that enabled them to counterbalance or neutralize conventional values
and drift back and forth between illegitimate in conventional behavior.
RADICAL THEORY – argue that capitalism is an economic system that requires people to compete against each other in
the individualistic pursuit off material work period the destructive effects of capitalism, such as crime, are not caused by
income or property inequality or by poverty.
SOCIAL REACTION THEORY – Commonly called labeling theory
SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORY – This theory suggests that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower
class areas push many of their presidents into criminal behavior patterns.
Social Disorganization Theory – links crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics. What is organize area is
one in which institutions of social control
Social Disorganization Theory – Indicators of ____ include high unemployment, school dropout rates, with their you
rated housing, low income levels and large numbers of single parent household
STRAIN THEORY – This theory holds that crime is a function of the conflict between the ghost people have and the
means they can use to legally obtain them
Cultural Deviance Theory –This theory combines elements of both stream and social disorganization.
THEORY OF DELIQUENT SUBCULTURES – This theory suggests that a delinquent behavior of lower class suits protests
against the norms and values of middle class culture.
The Theory of Delinquent Subcultures –incapable of achieving success legitimately, lower class experience status
frustration, they join in gangs and engage in nonutilitarian, malicious and negativistic behavior.
THEORY OF DIFFERENTIAL OPPORTUNITY – suggest that delinquency can result from differential opportunity for lower
class youth
REACTION FORMATION –according to Albert Cohen, it is when the youth rebound from conventional failure
ROBERT MERTON – He postulated the Strain Theory.
CLIFFORD SHAW – Social Disorganization Theory is based on the work of Henry McKay together with ___?
CLOWARD AND OHLIN – these two see lower working-class deliquents as sharing their own deviant sub cultural values
HENRY MCKAY AND CLIFFORD SHAW – social disorganization theory is based on the work of these two.
North and south pole – according to Quetelet’s “thermic law of delinquency”,crimes against persons predominate in the
South Pole during warm season while crimes against property predominate in the North Pole and cold countries.
Approach to the equator – according to Montesquieu (Spirit of Laws, 1748), criminality increases in proportion as one
approaches the equator, and drunkenness increases as one approaches the North and South pole.
Season of the year – Crimes against persons are more in summer than in rainy season well crimes against property or
more during rainy season. Climatic conditions directly affect once irritability and cause criminality.
Soil formation – More crimes of violence are recorded in fertile level lands than in hilly, rugged terrain.
Month of the year – There is frequent incidents of violent crimes during warm months from April to July having its peak
in May.
Temperature – Studies showed that the number of arrests increases quite regularly with increase of temperature
Humidity and atmospheric pressure – According to a survey, large numbers of assaults are to be found correlated with
low humidity and a small number with high humidity.
Wind velocity – Studies explain the during high wind, arrests were less.
Alcoholism – It is a form of vice causing mental disturbance.
Drug addiction – This is another form of vice which causes strong mental disturbance

FORENSIC CHEMISTRY & TOXICOLOGY (CPFRS1)

Romans –formulated the first essential element of forensic science

Forensic –comes from the Latin word ‘forensis’ / ‘forum’ which means marketplace, used in conducting public
discussion, business, and legal proceedings
Forensic Science –is an application of scientific principles to criminal and civil laws that are enforce by police agencies in
a criminal justice system.
Criminalistics –is the largest branch of forensic science, may be defined as scientific discipline directed toward the
recognition, identification, individualization, and evaluation
Forensic Chemistry –deals with the application of chemical theories and principles in the solution of legal problems in
connection with the administration of justice.
Forensic Toxicology –is the use of toxicology to aid medico-legal investigation of death and poisoning.
ANCIENT CHEMISTRY –use of medicines and materials based on experience of what worked and did not
Hammurabi’s code – the most famous code named for the Babylonian king in power
Greeks –were the first one to set forth idea of science as a system or method of looking at the world.
The Frye rule (general acceptance) – The court’s ruling held that scientific evidence is admissible if the techniques are
accepted as valid by the relevant scientific community
The Daubert Decision (1975) – The decision provided a list of criteria of judge could use such as error rate and peer
review. Forcing a reexamination of evidence.
Kumho Decision (1999) – This decision extends Daubert decision to focus on expert’s testimony and acknowledge
standards
Forensic Chemist – expert in forensic chemistry and tasked to analyze the chemical specimen using analytical methods
available.
Forensic Toxicologist –is a person who investigates and detects poisons in an alleged poisoning.
DR. EDMUND LOCARD – a French criminologist, is the Father of Modern Forensics
Prof Mathieu Orfila – a chemist and Spanish physician, is the father of modern Toxicology
Evidence –is a means sanctioned by law of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting matter of fact.
Major classification of evidence
Direct – evidence which directly establishes the main facts of issue.
Indirect or Circumstantial – incriminates a person. Evidence derived from any other source than the testimony of those
who witness the act against a person accused of a crime.
Hearsay – a statement given by a witness in authority of another person and not from his own personal knowledge.
Prima facie – evidence established by law. If unexplained or not contradicted is sufficient to sustain preposition it
supports or to establish the facts
Corroborative – additional evidence required to strengthen the testimony of a witness.
Tierce – extremely small items
Exculpatory – helps to prove that an accused individual is not guilty.
Corpus delicti (Latin: the body of the wrong) – literally, body of a crime and denotes that a crime has been committed
Associative evidence – links the suspect to a crime.
Physical evidence –composed of any all objects that can establish that a crime has been committed or can provide a link
between a crime and its victim or a crime and its perpetrator.
EXHIBIT – a term used for an object or documentary evidence when presented in court
SPECIMEN – usual term of chemist for evidence examined in the laboratory, composed of the whole bulk of evidence
SAMPLE/SPECIES – part of the specimen selected for the actual laboratory testing
Witness –is a person who is subpoena by court to testify on certain issues.
Ordinary witness – states facts based on his personal knowledge but limited to drawing out opinion and conclusions.
Expert witness – is a person who has skill in an art, trade or science or has a knowledge in matters that is not known by
other men with ordinary education.
IDENTIFICATION – an analytical method to determine the identity of substances
CLASSIFICATION – placing the evidence to a class member
INDIVIDUALIZATION – the process of establishing the common source of physical evidence
Qualitative Examination – identification of substance present in the sample.
Physical test – investigating the physical property of the sample specimen.
Chemical test –investigating the chemical property of the sample specimen.
Confirmatory examination –utilize higher form of analysis that prove the result of physical and chemical test.
Quantitative Examination –determining the percent purity of the sample.
COMPARISON – Method of determining similarity or conformity of the characteristic of questioned evidence to a known
standard
Individual Characteristics – attributed from a common source with an extremely high degree of certainty. The evidence
produced the same characteristics repeatedly.
Class Characteristics – property of evidence that can only be associated with the group and never with a single source.
The property is the same throughout the whole group not by a single specimen.
Crime scene – is an area or vicinity of occurrence of physical evidence.
Crime scene investigation – is much more than processing (searching), documenting (notes, photos, and sketches), and
certainly, more than bagging and tagging/ markings physical evidences, the main objective is to know how to recognize
physical evidences to be processed
Recognition –is a qualitative process of systematically evaluating physical evidence to determine if their qualifications
are sufficiently similar or substantially equivalent
Identity – is always sought during criminal investigation
Mathematical probability – most of the human action requires judgements. The outcome of an event can be logically
estimated based on past performance, known conditions and experience.
Individual characteristics – what make one thing different from all other similar items are individual characteristics.
Class characteristics – while class characteristic is a property of evidence that can only be associated with a group and
never with a single source.
Comparison – the obvious physical match between objects. Example are rip, tear, or breakage of a counterpart of for
the object that was used to inflict the damage.
Rarity – the exceptional circumstances connected with the place, time, or general conditions under physical evidence is
discovered tend to heighten its quality.
Exchange – when two objects come into contact, there is always a transfer of small materials between the two.
Locard’s exchange principle – is a concept which states that “Whenever a criminal comes into contact with a victim, an
object, or a crime scene, he or she will leave evidence, and will also take away evidence”
Edmund Locard – (early 20th century) a Frenchman who sets up a forensic laboratory in Lyons, France. He is considered
as the Father of Forensic Science.
Sherlock Holmes – a fictitious character but considered as the Father of Crime Detection.
Dr. Hans Gross – written the first investigation book entitled “Search for the Truth” and known as the “Father of
Criminalistics”
Sample – is a small, homogenous (same throughout) sample whose composition is representative of the larger/ real
object.
Sampling – is the process of selecting representative material to analyze
SMURFING – 50 grams of shabu is required by the trafficker, the pusher will effort to give this amount via courier to
purchase and bring only 49 grams to avoid the maximum penalty.
SLOPPING – purchasing contaminated or diluted chemical from legal source during transfer clearing process
Blood – is highly specialized circulating tissue consisting of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances suspended
in fluid medium
4-5 LITERS – FEMALE BLOOD
5-6 LITERS – MALE BLOOD
Plasma (55%) - fluid portion composed principally of water and other constituents such as enzymes, glucose, etc.
Cells (45%) – solid portion consist of red blood and white blood cells and platelets.
RBC (erythrocytes) – carry respiratory gases and give it its red color because they contain hemoglobin – an iron-
containing protein that binds oxygen in the lungs and transport it too tissues in the body.
WBC (leukocytes) – fight disease.
Platelets (thrombocytes) – cell fragments which play an important part in the clotting of the blood.
Blood Clotting – when a protein in the plasma called fibrin traps and enmeshes the red blood cells, the blood clots
forming solids that separates the serum.
Serum – is the remaining pale-yellowish liquid when the clotted material where removed from the blood
ANTI-SERUM – The serum that contains antibodies
Antigens – are defined as substances recognized by the body to produce an antibody to react specially to it
Antibody – is a protein that destroys or inactivates a specific antigen. Usually denotes using the prefix “anti”.
Microscopic Exam – examination of menstrual blood corpuscles to differentiate mammal blood to other animals
Spectroscopic method – characteristic absorption band to Frauen Holfer lines
Semen – viscid gelatinous, sticky character but after exposure teds to become more liquid due to enzyme action
1.5-3.5 ML – normal quantity in a single ejaculation
Spermatozoa – healthy young man is about 400 to 500 ml
Aspermia/ Oligospermia – sperm disease
Microscopic examination – the sperm cell was stained and viewed under a high-power microscope.
Ultraviolet examination – seminal stain exhibit bright bluish fluorescence.
Florence test – named after introduction of Dr Florence of Lyons, France for this test. Based on formation of choline
periodize crystal, a dark brown rhombic or needle shape
Barberios test – spermine picrate, a slender yellow tinted rhombic needle with obtuse angles and sometimes appeared
as ovoid crystals.
Acid phosphatase – Dr Sidney Kaye, a specific sperm test for human, forming orange-ed pigment
Forensic entomology – is a branch which makes use of insects in the detection of crime and used to calculate the time
since death.
Blood stain pattern analysis – focuses on the analysis of the size, shape, and distribution of blood stain resulting from
blood shed events as a means of determining the types of activities and mechanisms that produce them.
Dr. Edward Piotrowski – published the first study of BPA regarding “Origin, shape, direction and distribution of blood
stain following head wounds caused by blows”
Dr. Paul Jeserich – documented study of blood stain patterns of his examined homicide scenes during the first decade of
20th century
Dr. Victor Baltazard – conducted original research and experimentation with blood stain trajectories and patterns
presented in 22nd Congress of Forensic Medicine entitled “Research on Blood Spatte
Dr. Paul Kirk (Father of Criminalistics in the US) – prepared and affidavit regarding his findings based on blood stain
evidence to the court of common pleas in the case of State of Ohio vs. Samuel Sheppard
Herbert Leon Mc Donell – published a book entitled “Flight Characteristics and Stain Pattern of Human Blood” through
assistance of Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA)
Viscosity – the resistance of any liquid to flow.
Surface tension – the elastic-like property of the blood surface tends to contract to resist penetration and separation.
Specific Gravity – the density of blood as compared to the density of water.
Passive Blood Stains – are drops created or formed by the force of gravity acting alone with no significant external force
or impact.
Transfer Blood Stain – form of blood stain is created when a wet bloody surface comes in contact with a secondary
surface.
Contact Bleeding – a recognizable mirror image of all or a portion of the original surface may be observed in
the pattern as in the case of a bloody hand or footwear.
Swipe or Smear – made from moving blooded object swipe in an unstained surface producing characteristics feathered
edge indicating direction of movement.
Wipe – created when object moves through an existing stain, removing or altering its appearance. (e.g. stamp,
feathered edge suggests direction)
Smudge – formed by altering the original contact stain to erase the mark.
Projected Blood Stain – are blood projected forward by force greater than the force of gravity.
Arterial spurt – blood stain pattern resulting from blood exiting the body under pressure from a breached artery
producing large stains with downward flow on vertical surfaces.
Cast off – first blow causes bleeding, subsequent blows contaminate weapon with blood.
Gunshot back spatter – arises from entrance wound that passes b ack towards weapon and shooter
Gunshot forward spatter – arises from exit wound
COMPARISON MICROSCOPE – It is the combination of two compound microscope attached to one unit.
STEREOSCOPIC MICROSCOPE – This type of microscope produces a three-dimensional image of the specimen magnified
used to examine trace evidence.
MICROSCOPE – It is an optical instrument that uses lens or combination of it to magnify and resolve the fine details of
an object.
MAGNIFYING GLASS – is the earliest and simplest single lens microscope.
FIELD OF VIEW – Refers to the area of the specimen that can be seen after it is magnified.
Sensitivity – minimum detectable amount of sample.
Selectivity – distinguishing property by differentiating one substance from another
Objective lens – the lower lens where the object to be magnified is placed. It forms a real, inverted and magnified
image.
Eyepiece lens – the inverted magnified object from objective lens is viewed through this upper lens which further
magnifying it into a virtual image
Explosives – any chemical compound or mixture that undergo rapid burning or decomposition by influenced of heat
TROJAN WAR – The oldest known recorded explosives in history are the Greek fire
High Explosives (detonating charges) – the speed of its detonation wave equal to 1000 m/s and pressure equal to
thousands of atmospheres.
Primary – used to start explosion
Secondary – stable but can be detonated by primary explosives
Low Explosives (deflagrating charge) – the rate of decomposition are relatively slow process and the wave produced is
less than the speed of sound.
Primer – use to propel ammunitions
Igniter – use to initiate explosions (e.g. safety fuse)
Propellant – use to launch rockets and missile
Grenades – derived from Greek word “Grabatus” as implied by the Spanish in 16th century. Granada
Filler – the chemical or explosive substance in the grenade body.
Body – this contains the filler and provides fragmentation
Fuze Assembly – heart of then grenade function to give chain reaction of chemical, mechanical or electrical action
Fuses – use to initiate explosive in any war hood (part of missile)
Explosion – is a violent bursting or expansion caused by the release of the mechanical, chemical, or nuclear energy from
a confined area.
Implosion – is similar phenomenon except that the energy released is initially directed inward.
Mechanical Explosion – it is a sudden breaking apart, shattering or bursting into pieces by internal pressure as that of
gas or steam boiler; also known as pressure explosion.
Chemical Explosion – a source of explosion wherein the source of this energy comes from an explosive such as
gunpowder.
Nuclear explosion – an explosion due to nuclear fusion and fission of particles.
Act #2255 (11 Feb 1913) – act prohibiting the manufacture, possession and sale of dynamite and other explosives or
components without a special permit, from Chief, PC or Senior Inspector in the province
Executive order #9 (01 Feb 1954) – control and supervise licensing sales, possession, use, storage and manufacture of
explosives.
Executive order #60 (09 Feb 1967) – promulgating rules and regulations on the control and supervision of the
importation, sale and possession of chemicals used in manufacture of explosives
Gunshot residue –is defined as the traces of materials that remain after the use of a firearm using gunpowder
ammunition.
Primer or Lead Residue – are devices used to initiate the propellant in ammunition
Propellants Components – contain up to 23 organic compounds (FBI study).
Black powder propellants –the trick to making as suitable ballistic propellant was in the correct ratio of the three (3)
chemicals.
Smokeless propellants – since the discovery of nitrocellulose in 1845, by treating cellulose
Flake – common form of propellant
Cylindrical – are mistakenly called extruded. This is technically incorrect because nearly all propellants are extruded at
some point in their manufacturer
Ball or Spherical
Cut sheet – common and European propellant. Cylindrical powders are mistakenly called extruded
Stabilizer and Plasticizer – stabilizers are organic material that are added to propellants and explosives to retard their
decomposition during storage.
Burning rate – is the rate at which energy released during burning.
Slow-burning powders –release their energy (in the form of pressure) more slowly than fast-burning powders.
Fast-burning powders –are commonly used for light loads with light bullets.

PARRAFIN WAX – A white, translucent, odorless solids consisting of a mixture of solids hydrocarbons of high molecular
weight.
Burning (direct) – the principal damage due to flame and muzzle blast is more visible than to the penetration of bullet.
Singeing (1 to 2 inches) – slightly burning
Smudging – produced when the gun is held from about 2 inches to the maximum of 8 inches
Tattooing (8 to 18 inches) – (Black coarsely peppered pattern). Individual specks of tattooing around the hole are visible
by the naked eye
Harrison-Gilroy – test for the presence of lead, antimony and barium
Sodium Rhodizonate Griess Test – test for the presence of nitrates.
Lucas Test – a characteristic smell that decreases in intensity with lapse of time and is observable immediately after
firing.
Hydrogen sulfide – another product of combusting gunpowder and is present in the gaseous state that can be detected
by means of a lead acetate paper.
Rusting – as a rule does not commence for several days.
Presence of nitrates – diminishes after a lapse of time
Toxicology – the scientific study of the nature, properties and effects on living organism and detection of poisons and
the treatment of poisoning.
Paracelcus (16th century) – German-Swiss physician/ alchemist and Father of Modern Toxicology
Descriptive Toxicology – involves toxicity testing of chemicals providing information for safety evaluation and regulatory
requirements.
Mechanistic Toxicology – concerns with identifying and understanding mechanisms by which chemicals exert toxic
effects on living organism.
Regulatory Toxicology – involves in decisions, based on data provided by descriptive and mechanistic toxicology,
whether a chemical poses a sufficiency low risk capable for consumers for stated purposes.
Forensic Toxicology – concerns primarily with the medico-legal aspects of the harmful effects of chemicals on human
and animals.
Clinical Toxicology – concerns with disease caused by or uniquely associated with toxic substances.
Environmental Toxicology – focused on the impacts of the chemical pollutants in the environment on biological
organisms.
Occupational Toxicology – study of the adverse effects of agents that may be encountered by workers during the course
of their employment.
Risk – the potential likehood that injury will occur in a given situation
Exposure – is the amount of chemical that is available for absorption
Safety – the probability that harm will not occur under specified conditions
Poison – is a substance that when introduce into or absorbed by a living organism in sufficient amounts causes death or
injury
Volatile poisons – poisonous substance capable of converting from liquid to gas without the application of heat.
Gases – class of poisons usually not chemically detectable however some may be isolated from blood or lung tissue.
(e.g. carbon monoxide, chlorine etc)
Non-volatile poison – most of drugs is non-volatile. They can be extracted using acid and basic medium in a suitable
solvent.
Anions – usual examples are household chemicals. These range of poison are usually inorganic in nature.
Metallic – usually encountered in places near mining
Posology (dosage) –is a science which deals with the study of the dosage of medicine to be administered within a
certain period.
Medicine – is any substance administered to correct or alleviate the disease or disordered state of the system.
Dose – is the quantity of medicine to be administered at one time.
Safe dose – is one that do not cause harmful effects. Sometimes, however, it may be too small to produce the desired
effects.
Minimum dose – is the smallest amount of medicine that can produce the desired therapeutic effect without causing
harm.
Maximum dose – the largest amount of that will cause no injury but at the same time can produced the desired
therapeutic effect.
Toxic or poisonous dose – is one that is harmful both to the healthy and the sick
Lethal or fatal dose – dose that kills.
Antidotes – is any agent that neutralize a poison or otherwise counteracts or opposes its effects
Circumstantial or Moral Evidence – that evidence contributed by the circumstances or deduced from various
occurrences and facts.
Symptomatic Evidence - this include the symptoms observed during the poisoning.
Chemical evidence – that evidence obtained by chemical analysis of the suspected substance, or the decomposed or
changed or it have been placed after death.
Postmortem evidence – that obtained from an examination of the tissues and organs after death
Experimental evidence – (psychological test) obtained by administering the suspected substance to some living animal
and noting the effect or symptoms
Alcohol – is a class of organic compound containing hydroxyl groups includes ethanol.
Ethanol – is a specific kind of alcohol normally diluted with water and consumed as beverages.
Fermented – low alcoholic content
Wine – 8-14%
Distilled – high alcoholic content
Combination – (fortified; port & sherry wines)
Oxidation – alcohol oxidized to carbon dioxide and water via acetaldehyde to acetic acid using alcohol dehydrogenase in
the liver.
Excretion – breath, urine and perspiration.
TRACE EVIDENCE – These are any materials left by any suspects or victim which serves as a link to a crime.
HAIR – is an appendage of the skin that grows out of an organ known as the hair follicle.
CUTICLE – It is a protective coating made of overlapping scales (appearance of shingles on a roof) that always point
toward the hair tip
CORTEX – Made of spindled-shaped cells aligned in a regular array, parallel to the length of the hair.
MEDULLA – Collection of cells having the appearance of a central canal running through a hair.
Standard – considered samples from known source.
Questioned – sample from unknown source
tool mark – is defined as any impression, compression, cut, gouge, scratch, indentation, or any other making left in an
object by another harder object or instrument
Natural fibers – derived in whole from animal or plant resources
Serial number – a number of related or similar objects arranged in order or success
Light – is described as the combination of particles and waves.
Thickeners – used in water paints to increase the viscosity of paints
BLIND SEARCH – This method is used for searching trace evidence particularly hairs and fibers which is usually more
difficult to find
 FORENSIC PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION (CPFRS2)

Alphonse Bertillon - Father of Scientific ldentification

MARCELLO MALPIGHI - GRANDFATHER OF DACTYLOSCOPY
MARCELLO MALPIGHI - An Italian Anatomist, who published his work "De Externo Tactus organo" depicting the
construction of the layers of the human skin.
Dermis - Inner layer
Epidermis - outer layer
JCA MAYER - He was the first to state that the prints of two different persons are never alike.
SIR WILLIAM JAMES HERSCHEL - FATHER OF CHIROSCOPY
DR. HENRY FAULDS - He is also credited with the first fingerprint identification of a greasy fingerprint left on an alcohol
bottle.
GILBERT THOMPSON - used his thumbprint on a document to prevent Forgery
ARTHUR KOLLMANN - first researcher to address the formation of friction ridges on the fetus
FRANCIS GALTON - British anthropologist and a cousin of Charles Darwin, began his observations of fingerprints as a
means of identification in the 1880s.
FRANCIS GALTON - he published his book 'Fingerprints', establishing the individuality and permanence of fingerprints.
JUAN VUCETICH - An Argentine Police Official began the first fingerprint files based on Galton pattern types
JUAN VUCETICH - He developed his system of classifying prints that were officially adopted in Argentina and was used in
most Spanish peaking Country.
SIR EDWARD RICHARD HENRY - FATHER OF FINGERPRINTS
MARY K. HOLLAND - the first American Instructress in Dactyloscopy
DR. EDMOND LOCARD - FATHER OF POROSCOPY
Mr. Jones - one who first taught fingerprint in the Philippine Constabulary in the Year 1900.
Generoso Reyes - First Filipino Fingerprint Technician employed by the Philippine Constabulary.
Isabela Bernales - first female Filipino Fingerprint Technician
Capt. Thomas Dugan - New York Police Department and Flaviano Guerrero, FBI Washing ton gave the first examination
in fingerprinting in 1927 and Agustin Patricia of the Philippines, top the examination.
PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY - states that no two fingerprints of different persons or the neighboring fingers of the
same person have ever been found to be identical or exactly alike in all respect
PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANCY - the states that the papillary ridges are immutable, perennial, and individual from the third
month of the embryonic while the child is still at the mother's womb and it will never change until decomposition sets in
after death.
PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY - This states that the fingerprint can never be forged or copied.
JOHN DILLENGER - US notorious public enemy No. 1,
ROBERT JAMES PITTS - Gained fame as the man without fingerprints knowing from an inmate of the possible
destruction of fingerprints.
LOCARD AND WITKOWSKI - Who performed rather painful experiments on themselves by burning their fingerprints
with boiling water.
Friction Skin - is the epidermal hairless skin found on the ventral/lower surface of the hands and feet covered with
minute ridges and furrows and without pigment and coloring matters.
EPIDERMIS - the outer covering of the skin
DERMIS - the inner layer of the skin containing blood vessels, Various glands, and nerves. It is where the dermal papillae
are found.
DACTYLOSCOPY - the science which deals with the study of fingerprints as a means of personal identification.
DACTYLOGRAPHY - the study of fingerprints for identification.
DACTYLOMANCY - an attempt at character reading through the pattern of fingerprints.
DERMATOGLYPHICS - are the lines, tracings, and designs on the skin of fingers,
CHIROSCOPY - scientific examination of the palm of the handpalms, and soles.
POLYDACTYL - a hand having more than ten required numbers of fingers
PODOSCOPY - scientific examination of the sole of the foot.
POROSCOPY - Scientific examination of sweat pores/glands.
BERTILLION SYSTEM – This method was developed by Alphonse Bertillon
ODONTOLOGY – This system measures the tooth structure as a means of identification.
HAIR EXAMINATION – is one of the oldest forms of physical evidence.
RIDGE SURFACE - is that component of. the friction skin that forms the fingerprint impression.
RIDGES – are the tiny elevation or hill-like structures found on the epidermis layer of the skin containing sweat pores.
DISCRETION – are the canal-like impression or depression found between the ridges which may be compared with the
low area in a tire thread.
SWEAT PORES – are the canal-like impression or depression found between the ridges which may be compared with the
low area in a tire thread.
SWEAT DUCT – is a long host like structure that serves as the passage way for the sweat that exits at its mouth, the pore.
SWEAT GLANDS – are found in the dermis layer of the skin which is responsible for the production of the sweat (watery
substance)
27 BONES – The human hand has
TERMINAL PHALANGE – is the particular bone that is covered with the friction skin having all the different types of
patterns and located near the tip of the finger.
MIDDLE PHALANGE – is a phalange of the finger located at the middle of the terminal and basal phalange is a phalange
of the finger located at the base portion just below the middle phalange
DERMAL PAPILLAE - irregular blunt pegs composed of delicate connective tissues, protruding and forming the ridges of
the skin, each containing a small opening or pores
RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS – also known as minutiae
RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS – This refers to the details of ridge structures, formations, and elements
Bifurcation - a single ridge that divides itself into two or more branches
Converging Ridge - a ridge formation characterized by a closed angular end and serves as a point of Convergence
Diverging Ridges - two ridges that are flowing side by side and suddenly separating or spreading apart
Enclosure (Lake or Eyelet) - a ridge that divides into two branches and meets to form the original ridge.
Ending Ridge - an endpoint of a ridge with an abrupt ending.
Recurving or Looping Ridge - a kind of ridge formation that curves back in the direction from which it started.
Sufficient Recurve - a recurving ridge complete in its shoulder and is free from any appendage
Appendage - a short ridge found at the top or summit of a recurving ridge
Rod or Bar- a short or long ridge found inside the innermost recurving ridge of a loop pattern.
Obstruction Ridge - short ridge found inside the innermost recurving ridge that spoiled the inner flow towards the
center of the pattern
Fragmentary Ridge - a ridge of extremely short length having frequent breaks.
Crossover or Bridge - a short ridge that runs between two parallel ridges.
Ridge Dots - An isolated ridge unit whose length approximates its width in size.
Bridges - A connecting friction ridge between parallel running ridges, generally right angles
FOCAL POINTS - are enclosed within the pattern area.
PATTERN AREA - is that part of a loop or a whorl in which appear the core, deltas, and ridges used in the classification of
a loop.
TYPELINES - The two innermost ridges which start or go parallel, diverge, and Surround or tend to surround the pattern
area
CORE - The inner terminus or the approximate center of a fingerprint pattern
DELTA - The outer terminus or that point in a ridge at or in front of or nearest the center of the divergence of the
typelines.
Plain Arch - a pattern in which the ridges flow from one side to the other without recurving
Tented Arch - a pattern where one or more ridges at the center form an up trust
Radial Loop - a loop in which the downward slope or the slanting ridges runs towards the direction of the thumb.
Radial Bone - the inner bone of the forearm that runs to the wrist on the side where the thumb is located.
Ulnar Loop - a loop in which the downward slope or the slanting ridges runs towards the direction of the little finger.
Ulna Bone - the bone running to the wrist located or situated on the little finger.
Plain Whorl - a pattern consisting of two deltas and which at least one ridge makes a turn through one complete circuit.
Central Pocket Loop Whorl - a pattern that possesses two deltas with core or more ridges forming a Complete circuit
Double Loop Whorl - a pattern consisting of two separate and distinct loop formations, with sets of the shoulder and
two deltas
Accidental Whorl - a pattern consisting of a combination of two different types of pattern such as a loop and a whorl, a
loop
LATENT PRINTS - has been defined as the markings of oily matter or perspiration from the skin glands left upon the
surface which the hands and fingers may have touched
VISIBLE PRINTS - Open impress On dust, blood oil, or grease.
MOLDED PRINTS - those marks on the Surface whenever fingers touch soft
CHANCE IMPRESSIONS - these are impressions left by chance at the crime scene
INVISIBLE PRINTS - those prints that are made due to the sweat present in the fingers and thumb or person that is
transferred to any object that he holds.
SMUDGE PRINTS - those prints that are indistinct due to sliding motion of fingers at the time they are impressed
FRAGMENTARY PRINTS - those prints that show only a portion of the pattern objects or the friction skin
PLASTIC PRINTS (Plastic Impression) - Prints formed on plastic material, such as melted paraffin from a pitch, paste on
an envelope, and stamps
Latent Impression - This type of friction ridge impression is not readily visible
Patent Impression - This type of friction ridge impression is Visible
Plastic impression - This type of friction ridge impression is molded into the surface of material such as putty or
modeling clay forming a threedimensional impression.
Pure Grey Powder - General materials
Black powder Paper - unglazed pottery, eggshells, synthetic resins
White Powder - Leather, rubber, oily fingerprints
Copper Powder - Plant stem and leaves, fruit rinds
Gold Powder - Rough surface metals, synthetic resins
Yellow Powder - Leather, rubber
Lycopodium Powder - General materials, oily fingerprints
Dragon Blood Powder - Rough surface metal, stone
Indigo Powder - Synthetic resins, frosted glass, metal frames, eggshell
SP Black Powder - Aluminum building materials
Ultranium Powder - Synthetic resins
Aluminum Powder - Glass, ceramics, lacquer
Pure Aluminum Powder - Synthetic resins, plastic metal
Lead Carbonate Powder - Synthetic resins, leather
Stone Powder - Leather, rubber, oily fingerprints
Fluorescence Powder - Color print paper (viewed under UV light)
Anthracene Powder - Leather, rubber
Magnetic Powder - Paper (works with brush or wand)
Nonporous Surfaces – Powder technique is usually used to identify latent prints on nonporous surfaces
Porous Surfaces –The development of latent fingerprints using the powder method is not as effective on porous
surfaces
SILVER NITRATE – The technique is effective for detecting fresh finger marks on most paper surfaces and untreated
wood.
ROLLED IMPRESSION – is an impression mace or place in the fingerprint card which is taken individually by rolling the
ten fingers of the subject
PLAIN IMPRESSION – is an impression made simultaneously that serves as a reference impression
BIOMETRICS – refers to the identification of humans by their characteristics or traits
Postmortem Fingerprinting – One of the most challenging and also rewarding, aspects of a latent print examination is
the determination of the identity of deceased individuals.
MACERATED FINGER – Partially rotten and saponified to the extent that the end joints have hardened and wrinkled
after excessive submersion in water.
MUMMIFIED FINGER – Usually hard and shrunken mummified fingers can be'be restored
TISSUE BUILDER – Used to take the fingerprints of wrinkled fingers
POST MORTEM FINGER STRAIGHTENERS – Made to fit a variety of finger sizes
0.5% – A ninhydrin solution of approximately ______% weight per volume in concentration is required to develop
fingerprints on paper.
REMOVAL OF SKIN – With the onset of decomposition, both the flesh and the skin may become soft or flabby as well as
fragile.
180 – Rolled Impression is an impression mace or place in the fingerprint card which is taken individually by rolling the
ten fingers of the subject _____ degrees from tip to the second joints.
DEAD IN DIFFICULT – In cases involving badly decomposed bodies, the first thing to do is to examine the fingers to see if
all are present.
SUPERGLUE – It is a chemical process that exposes and fixes fingerprints on a nonporous surface.
INJECTION – The fingertips may be wrinkled due to the immersion of hands in water, excessive humidity, or
mummification.
NINHYDRIN – This chemical reacts to the amino acid present in the latent fingerprint which will be stained with a purple
color.
INK ROLLER – Refers to an instrument used for spreading the ink into the ink slab or inking plate.
Ink Slab / Inking Plate – refers to a piece of metal or a plane glass
Card Holder - refers to a gadget used for clipping the fingerprint card
Fingerprint ink - refers to an especially manufactured ink for purposes of taking fingerprints
Fingerprint Card - refers to a piece of the card used for recording the ten fingerprints
Scissors - refer to a simple instrument for cutting latent print tapes and for other purposes.
Rubber Gloves - to protect the technician's fingers from leaving his pints on the object or the scene.
Postmortem Fingerprint Equipment - refers to a set of equipment consisting of hypodermis syringe, spoon
Fingerprint Table - a table intended for taking fingerprints
Fingerprint Pointers - use for pointing the ridges in the conduct of ridge counting.
Fingerprint cameras - use in photographing the developed latent prints
Forensic Optical Comparator - equipment use to compare two fingerprints at the same time
TEMPORARY DEFORMITIES - Occupational problems
PERMANENT DISABILITIES - One permanent disability is a case of an amputated finger
DEFORMITIES - In this situation, an infrequent problem of a person with an extra finger.
BIFURCATION – may not be selected as a delta if it does not open towards the core.
RIDGE COUNTING – the process of counting the ridges that touch the imaginary line drawn between the delta and the
core of a loop.
RIDGE TRACING – This refers to the process of tracing the ridges of a whorl pattern from the left delta to the right delta.
INNER (I) – a whorl pattern whereby the tracing ridge runs or goes inside or above the right delta
OUTER (O) – a whorl pattern whereby a tracing ridge runs or goes below or outside the right delta.
MEETING (M) – whorl pattern having two or less intervening ridges regardless of whether the tracing ridge flows below
or above the right delta
BLOCKINGS - is the process of writing below each pattern the corresponding symbol of the fingerprint pattern
Plain Arch - A a
Tented Arch - T t
Radial Loop - R RH- / LH- \
Ulnar Loop - U RH- \ LH- /
Plain Whorl - W W
Central Pocket Loop Whorl - C c
Double Loop Whorl - D d
Accidental Whorl - X x
Points of Similarity - Minutiae on two different fingerprint impressions meet the criteria.
Points of dissimilarity - Minutiae do not meet these criteria.
Points of identification - Sufficient minutiae are located in the same true relative sequence or unit relationship, then
identification is assumed.
Poroscopy - is the study of the size, shape, relative position, arrangement ard frequency of sweat pores.
Edgeoscopy - is the study of the friction ridge edges for their alignment and the shape of their ridge units, as well as the
shapes and alignments of pores close to the ridge edges which appear as notches.
Ridgeology - is the study of the uniqueness of all friction ridge skin formations and their Use as a means of personal
identification.
Analysis - also highlights the assessment for the causes/factors of distortion and the upon the latent print is performed.
Poor Clarity - Note how the friction ridges have become diffuse. There is a lack of distinction between the edges of the
ridges and the intervening valleys.
Matrix - The substance that the unknown mark was made by.
Distortion - if there was any pressure placed on the unknown mark when it was deposited or movement as this can
affect the appearance of the ridges.
Further Analysis - The final aspect of analysis to be considered are the anatomical features within the unknown mark.
Ridge Flow and Pattern - The fingerprint expert will then analyze the print in more detail looking at the actual flow of
the ridges to determine if there is any discernable pattern type.
Digit Determination - The examiner considers any clues in the print that may indicate which finger, thumb, or area of
palm that could have left the impression.
Quality and Clarity - After the analysis stage, the fingerprint expert will have decided as to the suitability of the print for
further examination.
FEATURES - The expert looks into the quality and clarity of the unique features and characteristics that are revealed in
the print.
SCAR – This scar displays disruption to the friction ridges causing a ‘puckering' of the ridges at the point of injury
CREASE – This distal transverse crease in the hypothenar region of this palm print exhibits prominence and clarity,
qualifying it as a target.
EVALUATON – After comparing the unknown mark and known print the fingerprint expert will e make their
VERIFICATION – The most crucial aspect of the identification process is the verification element.
SUBSTRATE – The surface on which the unknown mark was discovered
Psoriasis - Named from the Greek word for "itch", psoriasis is a persistent skin condition.
Fragmenting - The center or the print is fragmenting
Scar Tissue - A Scar on the finger interferes with print ridges but creates a new unique.
Simple method - the identical points of identity in both enlargements are drawn with straight lines (in red ink) to the
margin.
Modified Method - in the lines preceding the numbers are names of the corresponding ridge characteristics
Drawn Method - the numbers are placed about one centimeter immediately at the end of the lines
Osborn Method - the two enlarged photographs are divided each into squares, both exactly alike
Seymour Method - makes first a skeleton tracing of the questioned print and that of the standard print of the suspect by
making the comparison
Pricking Method - make an enlargement of the same size of the chance impression and the suspect's standard print.
Pricking Method - With the use of a needle prick the identical points to determine if they coincide with one another

LAW ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONS & PLANNING W/CRIME MAPPING (CPLEA1)

POLICE OPERATION - are defined as the job duties, responsibilities, and activities that law enforcement agents complete
in the field.
SOCIAL SERVICE - the police help people who need emergency assistance
ORDER MAINTENANCE - traffic control, crowd control, resolving domestic disputes, and moving prostitutes from the
streets.
CRIME CONTROL - such as patrol and criminal investigation, such as patrol and criminal investigation.
24 hour Availability - broadens police contacts with the public
authority to use force - stamps police work with a uniqueness that sets it apart from other lines of work.
DISCRETION - Police are often free to choose among alternative courses of action or inaction
Enforcing laws - Investigating crimes and apprehending offenders
Preventing crime - Responding to routine incidents
Responding to emergencies - many police officers showed up to help control crowds
Providing support services - In addition to all of their other duties, police officers need to provide support services for
their town.
Source/Encoding - person or organization who has information to share with another person or group.
Message - contains the information or meaning the source or sender hopes to convey.
Channel - method or medium by which the communication travels from source or sender to receiver.
Receiver/Decoding - person(s) with whom the sender shares thoughts or information
Noise - factors that can distort or interfere with adequate reception or comprehension.
Response/Feedback - reaction the receiver has after seeing, hearing and/or reading the message.
SEMANTICS - barriers which arise because of the different meanings that different words contexts.
Motivation and interest - our interest to send or to receive a message can determine the effectiveness of
communication
Perfunctory attention - difference between speaking and listening capabilities of the communicating parties
Internal Operational Communication - Communication that occurs for carrying out operations of the organization
BRIG. GEN. RAFAEL CRAME - First Filipino chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1917.
RA 541 - passed by the Philippine Congress which seek to improve the police service and administration, this law was
called Police Pension Law.
PD 482 - was promulgated to bolster the entire police agency in the country.
PD 1184 - known as police professionalization law of 1977, which gives birth of the PNPA.
RA 6975 - known as act establishing the PNP under a reorganized Department of Interior and Local Government.
RA 8551 - known as “the PNP reform and reorganization act of 1998” was enacted to amend certain provisions of RA
6975.
KEMPETAI - The Japanese also during their invasion on December 8, 1941, introduced their police system called
Investigating Accidents - Patrol officers are expected to direct traffic, examine the scene, interview witnesses, provide
first aid for any injured victims
JANUARY 9, 1901 - Americans introduced their own version of policing system in the creation of the first police
department headed by Col. Mathew Harmon
Foot Patrol - is assigned to an area of crowded population such as downtown, heavy traffic congestion and other places.
Fixed foot patrol - is used for traffic, surveillance, parades and special events.
Moving foot patrol - is used when there is foot movement such as business, shopping center and family dwelling.
Line beat patrol - is used in securing certain portion of the road.
Random foot patrol - is used in checking residential building, business establishment, dark alley and parking lots.
Automobile Patrol - the most economical and effective patrol by means of transportation.
Mobile Data Terminal – refers to a computer that is installed inside a patrol car
Vehicle-mounted TV – refers to a video camera which is attached and installed in patrol car with a high resolution and
wide angle lens.
High Intensity Emergency Lighting Plan – refers to a heavy duty light that can provide two million candle power of light
MOTORCYCLE PATROL - The two-wheeled motorcycle is adaptable to traffic enforcement, parades and escort duty.
BICYCLE PATROL - is a land vehicle used by police departments, most commonly in the form of a mountain bicycle.
CCTV - It is basically used for traffic control which originates in West Germany.
VIDEO SURVEILLANCE - use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.
TRAFFIC CONGESTION - Condition on transport that is characterised by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased
vehicular queueing.
TRAFFIC JAM - the intersections along the road), extreme traffic congestion sets in. When vehicles are fully stopped for
periods of time
TRAFFIC DIRECTION AND CONTROL - It is the control of the movements of road users according to proportionate time
through traffic signal or hand gesture.
Prevention/Mitigation - reduce or eliminate to probability of a disaster and to reduce the vulnerability of people and
communities to the negative impacts of a disaster.
Preparedness - process of identifying the personnel, training, and equipment needed for a wide range of potential
incidents
Response - Follow an emergency or disaster and are generally designed to provide emergency assistance for casualties
Recovery - constitute a comprehensive approach to restore the environment by addressing the social, environmental,
political and economic aspects of the community
Natural disasters - disasters caused by natural forces
man made disasters - caused by activities of human beings
EMERGENCY RESPONSE - systematic response to an unexpected or dangerous occurrence.
LAW ENFORCEMENT - plays a critical role in emergency management in regard to response, search and rescue, and
recovery efforts.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION - undertaking that seeks, collects, and gathers evidence of a crime for a case or specific
purpose.
INVESTIGATION - involves establishing that a crime was committed and whether an arrest should be pursued
ARREST - The suspect is apprehended.
COURT PROCEEDINGS - All the evidence gathered during the investigation is presented to the court and a decision is
made in regards to punishment.
KIDNAPPING INVESTIGATION - not only involves uncovering and charging the guilty party but ensuring the safety of the
victim
ASSAULT INVESTIGATION - inquiring into violent crime particularly aggravated assault
HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION - who is responsible for a murder by looking at motive and surrounding circumstances
CRIME DEFENSE INVESTIGATION - verify the validity of evidence gathered against an individual
REACTIVE INVESTIGATION - start with the report from general public and referral by other agencies
PRO ACTIVE INVESTIGATION - can start from an intelligence package identifying groups
THEFT INVESTIGATION - penetrated by employees, criminal opportunities, customer, and competitors continues to
threaten the welfare of the company
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR - highly trained and have access to a wide variety of tools including networks of investigators,
surveillance equipment, and records checks.
CRIME - an intended action that is against the rules of law for a community.
BACKGROUND CHECK - shed light on a suspect part and may even reveal motive
DOCUMENT SEARCHES - utilize important documents as hard evidence for court cases
FRAUD INVESTIGATION - determines whether a scam has taken place
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION - analyzing the area in a crime has occurred
SEXUAL CRIME INVESTIGATION - establishes the occurrence and type of sexual misconduct
CRIME PREVENTION - process of trying to reduce the amount of crime in a given area.
POLICE - a group of persons established, maintained and organized for keeping order, safety, protection of lives and
property and for prevention and detection of crimes
COMMUNITY - body of people organized into political, municipal or social unity or a body of persons living in the same
locality
POLICE-COMMUNITY RELATIONS - the sum total of the dealings between the police and the people it serves, and whose
goodwill and cooperation it craves, for the greatest possible efficiency in the service
POLICE PUBLIC IMAGE - refers to how the people in the community perceive or regard the police
COMMUNITY SERVICE - activities that provide service to the community
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION - involvement of the community in the various social particularly, in the area of crime
prevention
PUBLIC RELATIONS - activities directed at creating and maintaining favorable impressions to the public
YOUTH ORIENTED APPROACH - directed the majority of police efforts towards the youth of the community
PUBLIC INFORMATION PROGRAM - designed to bridge the communication gap between the police and the public
PUBLIC RELATION PROGRAM - designed to maintain harmony and mutual support between the police and the
community
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROGRAM - designed to condition both friendly and hostile public, ensuring the facilitation of the
attainment of police objectives
COMMUNITY RELATION - refers to the various methods companies use to establish and maintain a mutually beneficial
relationship with the communities in which they operate
COMMUNITY RELATIONS UNIT FUNCTION - to keep channels of communication open between the Police Department
and the public
CIVILINIZATON - policing has required more specialist skills. The development of ‘civilianization’ has been particularly
pronounced in England and Wales
RA 8551 - declared the policy of the State to establish a highly efficient and competent police force
PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP - When police work together with businesses and citizen groups
 COMPARATIVE MODLES IN POLICING (CPLEA2)

COMMON LAW - also known as “Anglo-American Justice

CIVIL LAW SYSTEM - It is distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused and the
written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation.
SHIRE-RIEVE - It was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided into fifty-five (55) military
areas
DEVIANCE CONTROL - It is the modern police function that primarily involves the mission to reinforce community values
and laws.
CONTINENTAL - It is the theory of police service that maintains that police officers are servants of higher authorities.
HENRY FIELDING - He is appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force, known as the Bow Street
Runners.
BOW RUNNER - It is made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by the volunteer
constables and watchmen.
PRAETORIAN GUARD - It is the military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome
JUSTICE OF THE PEACE - Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to pursue,
arrest, chastise, and imprisonment violators of the law.
STAR CHAMBER COURT - A special court designed to try offenders against the state.
FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM - A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve years of
age were required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people .
SOCIALIST SYSTEM - It is distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender.
LEGIS HENRICI - The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system called “citizen’s
arrest.”
MARINE POLICE FORCE - He is the first modern police force in the world.
Continental - police officers are servants of higher authorities
Home Rule - police officers are servants of the community or the people.
Old police service - states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the number of arrest made
Modern police service - states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the absence of crime.
Tun Policing System - A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period where by all male residents were
required to guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives and properties of the people.
Hue and Cry - shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest
Trial by Ordeal - A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by subjecting him to an
unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience.
Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge - A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve
and tasked to travel through and hear criminal cases
Justice of the Peace (About 1361) - Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to
pursue, arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators of law.
Star Chamber Court - A special court designed to try offenders against the state
Comparative Police System - It covers the study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various
nations.
Transnational crime - It is a term that has been used in comparative and international criminal justice study in recent
years to reflect the complexity and enormity of global crime issues
“Safari” method - a researcher visits another country
HISTORICAL-COMPREHENSIVE METHOD - It is basically an alternative to both quantitative and qualitative research
methods that is sometimes called historiography or holism.
Opportunity theory - is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their belongings, and
opportunities for committing crime multiply.
Theory of anomie and synomie - the latter being a term referring to social cohesion on values
Decentralized police - refers to a system where police administrations and operations are independent from one state
to another.
Centralized policing system - A country with only one recognized police force which operates entire that country
Adversarial SYSTEM - The accused is innocent until proven guilty, and inquisitorial, where the accused is guilty until
proven innocent or mitigated.
Inquisitorial Systems - Where lesser rights are granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel and subject
to little interpretation.
GENOCIDE - It refers to destroying a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group
FOLK-COMMUNAL - It has little codification law, no specification among police, and a system of punishment that just
lets things go for a while without attention until things become too much, and then harsh, barbatic punishment is
resorted to.
URBAN COMMERCIAL - It is some standards and customs are written down), specialized police forces (some for religious
offenses, others for enforcing the King’s Law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient.
URBAN INDUSTRIAL - Police become specialized in how to handle property crimes, and the system of punishment is
run on market principles of creating incentives and disincentives.
MODEL SYSTEM - These countries are chosen not because they are greater than others but because they are the focus
of comparison being studied.
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM - It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations.
TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - It is a term that has been used in comparative and international criminal justice study in
recent years to reflect the complexity and enormity of global crime issues.
INQUSITORIAL SYSTEM - Where lesser rights are granted to the accused, and the written law is taken as gospel and
subject to little interpretation.
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL SYSTEM - It involves the study and description of one country’s law, criminal procedure, or
justice (Erika Fairchild).
ECONOMIC AND MIGRATION - It is that crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and over population
in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.
DECENTRALIZED LAW - It refers to a system where police administrations and operations are independent of one state
to another.
CENTRALIZED POLICING SYSTEM - It is a country with only one recognized police force that operates entirely in that
country.
INTERNATIONAL CRIME - It refers to the crimes against the peace and security of mankind
ALERTNESS O CRIME THEORY - They report more crime to the police and also demand the police become more effective
at solving crime problems.
HISTORICAL COMPREHENSIVE THEORY - It is basically an alternative to both quantitative and qualitative research
methods.
COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE - It studies the similarities and differences in structure, goals, punishment and
emphasis on rights as well as the history and political stature of different systems.
SAFARI METHOD - It refers to a researcher who visits another country) or a “collaborative” method (the researcher
communicates with a foreign researcher).
PUBLISHED WORKS - The examination of crime and its control in the comparative context often requires an historical
perspective since the phenomena under study are seen as having developed under unique social, economic, and
political structures
OPPORTUNITY THROEY - It is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their
belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
Purple Notice - To provide information on modus operandi, procedures, and hiding places used by criminals.
Green Notice - To provide warnings and intelligence about persons who have committed criminal offences and are likely
to repeat these crimes in other countries.
Black Notice - To seek information on unidentified bodies.
Blue Notice - To collect additional information about a person’s identity or activities in relation to a crime.
Yellow Notice - To help locate missing persons, often minors
Red Notice - To seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a view to extradition
INTERPOL - aims to facilitate international police co-operation even where diplomatic relations do not exist between
particular countries.
IACP - world’s oldest and largest nonprofit membership organization of police executives, with over 20,000 members in
over 80different countries
GLOBALIZATION - reduction and removal of barriers between national borders in order to facilitate to flow of goods,
capital, services and labor although considerable barriers remain to the flow of labor
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE - IACP stands for.
La Cosa Nostra - Known as the Italian or Italian-American mafia
Heijin - Taiwanese gangsters who are often executives in large corporations.
Human Trafficking - is the illegal in human beings for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation or forced labor: a
modern-day form of slavery
Money Laundering - is the process of creating the appearance that large amounts of money obtained from serious
crimes
ORGANIZED CRIME - obtain a financial or other material benefit, whereas power and control can be secondary motives.
Computer Fraud - altering data or gaining unlawful use of computer or services.
CYBERCRIMES - any type of illegal activity that makes use of the Internet, a private or public network,
Transnational - organized crime involves the planning and execution of illicit business ventures by groups or networks of
individuals working in more than one country terrorism has a political objective
TRIADS - Underground criminal societies based in Hong Kong. They control secret markets and bus routes and are often
involved in money laundering and drug trafficking.
RUSSIAN MAFIA - They have been involved in racketeering, fraud, tax evasion, gambling, drug trafficking, ransom,
robbery and murder.
JAO PHO - Organized crime group in Thailand. They are often involved in illegal political and business activity.
DRUG TRAFFICKING - It involves selling drugs and drug paraphernalia, whether is it a local exchange between a user and
a dealer or a major international operation.
IDENTITY THEFT - It refers to using another's personal information to commit fraud or other crimes.
RED WA - It refers to the gangsters from Thailand. They are involved in manufacturing and trafficking
methamphetamine.
CYBERSTALKING - It refers to a technologically based attack on person because of anger, revenge, or control.
FUCKHING - Chinese organized group in the United States. They have been involved in smuggling, street violence, and
human trafficking.
INTEGRATION - It refers to the purchase of luxury assets, financial investments, commercials, and industrial
investments.
COMPUTER VIRUSES - It is a program that copies itself and infects a computer.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING - It is a crime against humanity. It further defined as an act of recruiting, transporting,
transferring, harboring or receiving a person through a use of force, coercion or other means, for the purpose of
exploiting them.
HUMAN SMUGGLING - It refers to the state that provides service and voluntary short-term, one-off payment, and
always across borders.
HEIJIN - Taiwanese gangsters who are often executives in large corporations. They are often involved in white collar
crimes, such as illegal stock trading and bribery, and sometimes run for public office.
COMPUTER FRAUD - It refers to altering data or gaining unlawful use of computer or services.
YAKUZA - Japanese criminal group. Often involved in multinational criminals activities, including human trafficking,
gambling, prostitution, and undermining licit businesses.
MALWARE - It is malicious software that interferes with the functioning of computers and sending data of users over
the internet.
INFORMATION WARFARE - It refers to attacks on information and computer systems.
Cuardilleros - a body of rural police organized in each town established by Royal decree of Jan. 8, 1836.
Rafael Crame - the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary.
PO1 to SPO4 - appointed by the PNP Regional Director for regional personnel or by the Chief of the PNP for National
Head Quarter’s personnel and attested by the Civil Service Commission (CSC)
Inspector to Superintendent - appointed by the Chief PNP as recommended by their immediate superiors and attested
by the Civil Service Commission (CSC).
The Basic Recruit Training - the most basic of all police training.
Appraisal - refers to the process of measuring the performance of people in achieving goals and objectives. It is also
known as “performance evaluation system”.
Promotion - is a system of increasing the rank of a member of the police service.
Police assignment - is the process of designating a police officer at a particular function, duty or responsibility.
The PNP Field Training - is the process by which an individual police officer who is recruited into the service receives
formal instruction on the job
police inspection - is to ascertain the standard policies and procedures, review and analyze the performance, activities
and facilities affecting operations and to look into the morale,
RA 4864 - It created the POLCOM (Police Commission) as a supervisory agency to oversee the training and
professionalization of the local police under the Officer of the President.
Carabineros De Seguridad Publica - This was armed and considered as the mounted police who later discharged the
duties of a port, harbor and river police.
RA 6975 - It is otherwise known as the Department of Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, enacted on December
13, 1990. Established the PNP, BFP, BJMP, and the PPSC.
GUARDIA CIVIL - It consists of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capital of the
province of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor.)
Sr. Supt to Dep. Dir. Gen. - Appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the Chief PNP with the
endorsement of the Civil Service Commission (CSC) and with confirmation by the Commission on Appointment (CA).
NAPOLCOM - Who shall promulgate standards on incentives and award system in the PNP administered by the Board of
Incentives and Awards?
DIRECTOR GENERAL - It refers to appointed by the President from among the most senior officers down to the rank
of Chief Superintendent in the service subject to the confirmation of the Commission on Appointment (CA).
HENRY ALLEN - Who is the first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary?
‘EXTERNAL AFFAIRS - It embraces the community relationship of the organization, the crime and vice situation of the
locality, and the prevailing public opinion concerning the integrity and reputation of the personnel.
AUTHORORTIVE - It is conducted by the head of subordinate units on a regular basis.
PERMANENT - if the applicant is able to finish the required field training program for permanency it is classified as _.
56 - What is the retirement age for PNP?
PLEB - It is the central receiving entity for any citizen's complaint against PNP members.
10 - How many percentages are entitled to longevity pay for every five years in service?
CUARDILLEROS - It mandates that 5% of the able bodied male inhabitants of each province where to be enlisted in this
police organization for 3 years.
RA 4864 - It created the POLCOM (Police Commission) as a supervisory agency to oversee the training and
professionalization of the local police under the Officer of the President.
Carabineros De Seguridad Publica - This was armed and considered as the mounted police who later discharged the
duties of a port, harbor and river police.
RA 6975 - It is otherwise known as the Department of Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, enacted on December
13, 1990. Established the PNP, BFP, BJMP, and the PPSC.
GUARDIA CIVIL - It consists of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally in each of the provincial capital of the
province of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor.)
Sr. Supt to Dep. Dir. Gen. - Appointed by the President upon the recommendation of the Chief PNP with the
endorsement of the Civil Service Commission (CSC) and with confirmation by the Commission on Appointment (CA).
NAPOLCOM - Who shall promulgate standards on incentives and award system in the PNP administered by the Board of
Incentives and Awards?
DIRECTOR GENERAL - It refers to appointed by the President from among the most senior officers down to the rank of
Chief Superintendent in the service subject to the confirmation of the Commission on Appointment (CA).
HENRY ALLEN - Who is the first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary?
‘EXTERNAL AFFAIRS - It embraces the community relationship of the organization, the crime and vice situation of the
locality, and the prevailing public opinion concerning the integrity and reputation of the personnel.
AUTHORORTIVE - It is conducted by the head of subordinate units on a regular basis.
PERMANENT - if the applicant is able to finish the required field training program for permanency it is classified as _.
.
Specialized Police - main duties are to protect state-run enterprises and public facilities like railways, highways, airports,
harbors, MRT and Bank of Taiwan.
Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB) - the most militarized trained to deal with mass demonstrations
Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division - this department's function is to fight against dangerous drugs
The Police Field Force (PFF) - JUNGLE SQUAD
Police Counter-Terrorism Unit - an elite unit of RMP responsible in counter-terrorism operations
Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) - its role is riot suppression, crowd control, disaster relief &rescue, as well as special
operations assistance
Mounted Police - police who patrol on horseback (equestrians) or camelback.
Hong Kong Police Force - It is the world's second, and Asia's first, police agency to operate with a modern policing
system.
Myanmar Police Force - formally known as The People's Police Force (Burmese: Pyi Thu Yae Tup Pwe)
INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM - also known as Polri
INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM - It is the official police force of Indonesia organized 1946 and also known as Polri .
Myanmar Police Force - It is established in 1964 as independent department under Ministry of Home Affairs. It was
reorganized on 1 October 1995.
ADMIN OFFICE - These are generally referred to as those who are required to wear uniforms to carry out duties of
household visits, patrolling, raid, guarding, duty officer, and reserves.
LOGISTICS - It has the role to provide several equipments needed in RMP
SPECIALIZED - The main duties are to protect state-run enterprises and public facilities like railways, highways, airports,
harbors, MRT and Bank of Taiwan.
MARITME POLICE - It is responsible in protecting the territorial sea
SPECIAL POLICE - These are those who are responsible for protecting the Central Government, establishing contingent
plans, and assisting local and specialized police units in maintaining public order.
Special Branch - This department is responsible for collecting intelligence for national security
TAIWAN POLICE FORCE - It is under the supervision of the
NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY - which is directly under the MINISTRY OF INTERIOR under effective civilian control
POLICE CONSTABLE - What is the lowest rank of Royal Malaysian police?
Ministry of State Security - the Chinese government’s largest and most active foreign intelligence agency, though it is
also involved in domestic security matters.
People’s Armed Police (PAP) - 1980’s deals with
Prison Police - a part of the correctional arm of the overall police system
Koban - a system of policing adopted in Japan, a substation near major transportation hubs
Imperial Guards - provides escort to the Emperor, Empress, Crown Prince and other Imperial family
National Public Safety Commission - a government body responsible for the administrative supervision of the police
Japanese Yakuza - considered as the center of Asian organized crime action.
Japanese Colonial Government - the one which organized the first formal policing in China.
Singapore Police Force (SPF) - is the main agency task with the maintaining law and order in the city-state.
Francis James Bernard - formed the skeleton force as the heritage of Singapore Police Force in 1819
Keihoryo - (Police Bureau within the Ministry of Home affairsto1945)
MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE - It is at the top of the hierarchy with judicial and public security agencies such as the
Ministry of Public Safety and the Ministry of State Security.
MINISTRY OF PUBLIC SECIRTY - It is the principal police authority of the mainland of the People’s Republic of China
which oversees the day-to-day law enforcement.
NATIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY COMMISSION - It is a government body responsible for the administrative supervision of the
police. Under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister
Quasi parapolice (“Cheng guan”) - operate in many places and hired by officials to help carry out
COMMISIONER GENERAL - What is the position of its supreme head in the Royal Thai police?
Regional Police Bureau - exercise control and supervision over regional police offices and provides support with
PRC - What is the basis for regulation of the Rank promotion Examination for a police officers?
Judicial Police - responsible for maintaining the security and order in courts and serving instruments
PRISON POLICE - It is a part of the correctional arm of the overall police system stationed in prisons and correction units.
This is under the leadership of the Ministry of Justice
Japan National Police Agency (NPA) - a totally gunless police force, except for its special attack team.
People’s Armed Police (PAP) - 1980’s deals with domestic disturbances, acts as riot police and guard’s government
compounds and foreign embassies.
Japanese Colonial Government - the one which organized the first formal policing in China.
State Security Police - (1983) safeguards state security, prevent foreign espionage, sabotage and conspiracies.
People’s Liberation Army - Chinese Armed forces.
MEXICO - They are sometimes referred to by Hollywood and the American media by the slang term "Federales."
TEXAS RANGER - first organized by Stephen F. Austin in 1823
RCMP - colloquially known as Mounties and internally as “The Force”
Boston Police Department - first local modern police department established in the United States
LAPD - police force that hired the first female police officer named, Alice Stebbins Well
NEW YORK CITY - first full time police force was organized in the United States
Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) - investigates all violations of federal law except when the
enforcement authority was given to other specific federal agency
State Police - includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on statewide law enforcement
Municipal Police - includes village, township, city and country police departments, sheriff departments.
US SECRET SERVICE - It is concerned with the investigation of counterfeiting, forging or altering of any of the money or
other securities of the U.S. It is also in charged of the protection of the president and his family, and of the executive
mansion grounds
MUNICIPAL POLICE - It includes village, township, city, and country police departments, sheriff departments.
IMMIGRATION - It investigates all violations of immigration and naturalization laws, patrol borders to prevent the
surreptitious entry of aliens,
CITY POLICE - It is most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction in matters that occur in an incorporated
municipality.
TEXAS RANGER - It refers to the police force originally created in response to colonization.
NEW YORK POLICE - It is the largest police force in the United States.
PROPRIETORY POLICE - It refers to a person who wishes to receive service, he hires and security personnel directly.
BOSTON POLICE DEPT. - It is the first local modern police department established in the United States.
STATE POLICE - It includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on statewide law enforcement
HS GRAD - What is the minimum qualification to enter in Policia Militar in Brazil?
MEXICO - They are sometimes referred to by Hollywood and the American media by the slang term "Federales."
NYC - It is where the first full-time police force was organized in the United States
60 - What is the retirement age for the police force in the country of Mexico?
COMM - What is the highest rank in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police?
ALICE WELLS - What is the name of a first female police officer?
FBI - It investigates all violations of federal law except when the enforcement authority was given to other specific
federal agency
PENNSYLVANIA - What is the first state police agency established?
COUNTRY SHERIFF - It refers to the in charge with the operation of the county jail, a civil function such as service of
eviction notices and other court orders, and police responsibility.
LA POLICE DEPT. - What police force hired the first female police officer?
15 - What is the entrance age for a police officers in the country of Chile?
IRELAND - has one national civilian police force, called “An Garda Síochána’
Schutzpolizei - This is the equivalent of municipal police particularly patrol officers in the Philippines
Kriminalpolizei - They are plainclothes police who handle serious crime investigation and situations that require
developing case against the suspect
Bereitschaftspolize - These are officers – in training living in barracks, but they serve as civil police
Verkehrspolize - was the traffic-law enforcement agency and road safety administration of Germany
SWITZERLAND - effective in using an “iron fist, velvet glove” approach toward those who commit crime and come from
the bottom echelons of Swiss society

Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) - Territorial police force responsible for policing Greater London
Australian Federal Police (AFP) - responsible for the investigation of crimes against Commonwealth law which occurs
throughout
INSPECTOR POLICE - highest rank in Germany
CONSTABLE - lowest rank in New Zealand
BAHN - It was (railway police) was made up of part time police officers who were also employees of the Reichbahn
(state railway).
VARIOUS STATE - The state police forces are responsible for enforcing state law within their own states (including cities
within the states).
FEDERAL MINISTRY OF INTERIOR - What agency is under the Federal Police of Germany?
TERTIARY - What is the educational requirement in New Zealand?
55 - What is the retirement age in New Zealand Police?
17 -What is the entrance age in national Police France?
GARDA - What is the minimum rank of Ireland police?
Wsserschutzpolizei - coast guard of the third reich. Tasked with the safety and security of Germany’s rivers, harbors, and
inland waterways
POLICE RANK 4 - What is the minimum rank of Switzerland police?
ABU DHABI POLICE - Is the primary law enforcement agency in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, one of the United Arab
Emirates.
Sudan Police System - In 1901 the authorities decentralized the police to improve efficiency.
ICELAND - safest country in the world for the 12th year in a row.
AUSTRIA - Serious crimes are uncommon, although people should be aware of pickpockets and purse-snatchers.
DENMARK - a welfare state, meaning that everyone receives services and perks that help them live comfortable lives.
SINGAPORE - has one of the lowest crime rates in the world, which is due to severe penalties that are issued for even
small crimes.
JAPAN - Is known for having limited immigration and limited access to firearms
CZECH REPUBLIC - The country’s fall in rankings is due to its relatively high involvement in foreign conflicts
KENYA - most corrupt ones as they take bribes and also neglects the law and order of the country
IRAQ - They participate in kidnapping, bribery and other actions through which they earn good amount of money.
JAPAN - What country is known for having limited immigration and limited access to firearms and does not see carrying
a firearm to be an individual’s right?
ICELAND - What country does not have a military and the police do not carry firearms with them (only extendable
batons and pepper spray)?
NEW ZEALAND - What country where citizens open-minded and have laws in place to prevent abuse of anyone’s
freedom of speech or expression?
HAITI - What country, where the police force has negatively influenced society through their unethical practices and the
lawlessness of the country, and the brutality of the police, have developed a negative impression on the world.?
INTERNAL AFFAIRS - What country, where the police force has negatively influenced society through their unethical
practices and the lawlessness of the country, and the brutality of the police, have developed a negative impression on
the world.?
FIA - What is Pakistan National Police under of agency?
CANADA - It has some of the most notoriously friendly people in the world.
AFGHANISTAN - What country in which police forces are getting worse with every passing day as they are extorting
money and inflicting violence on civilians? They are releasing the criminals from the prison and they also tend to avoid
arrest of the criminals.
SOMALIA - What country which police force is ineffective and is underpaid because of which they indulge in steeling,
extortion and bribery?
RUSSIA - What country has one of the lowest crime rates in the world, which is due to severe penalties that are issued
for even small crimes?
DENMARK - What country has access to healthcare with no additional fees to them, tuition-free education, and the
elderly are provided at-home care helpers?
SUDAN - What country has proved its level of corruption so many times through extorting bribes from civilians and also
avoids ignoring the investigation of crimes and violence?

INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL SECURITY CONCPET (CPLEA3)

Physical Security sum total of all physical protection employed or installed to secure assets.
Document or Information Security sum total of all policies, regulations, practices, enforce to safeguard the
contents and integrity of any classified information
Industrial security involves industrial plants and business enterprises, to safeguard the personnel, properties and
operations.
Hotel security measures to safeguard hotel guest and their personnel effects, hotel properties
VIP security involves the protection of top-ranking officials of the government, private company and foreign
dignitaries.
Operational security involves the protection of processes, formulas, patents, industrial and manufacturing activities
from espionage
Communication security measures to prevent or delay the unauthorized person in gaining information
School Security is concern with the protection of students, faculty members and school properties
Mall Security are trained to detect shoplifter, robbery and bomb detection and customer relation.
Security is a state or quality, condition of being secured, freedom from fear, harm, danger, loss, destruction or
damages
PERIMETER BARRIER First line of defense
ENERGY BARRIER An electrical or electronic devices used to provide assistance to guard personnel like lighting and
alarm system.
PERIMETER BARRIER A medium or structures which define the physical limits of installation or area to restrict or
impede access thereto.
BARRIER Any structure capable of restricting, deterring, delaying illegal access to an installation.
PHYSICAL BARRIER Any physical means to impede, delay or prevent intrusion into a protected area.
SEE THRU FENCE Types of fence that constructed visualize access between two areas.
7 FEET The height measurement of the fence should be, excluding the top guard.
INSIDE PERIMETER A line protection adjacent to protected area and passing through points of possible entry into
the area such as doors, windows, tunnels, etc.
INTERIOR CONTROL Third line of defense
STATIONARY LUMINARY This type of protective lighting consisting of series of fixed luminaries to light given area
continuously.
SOLID FENCE A types of fence that constructed of opaque materials is called
PERIMTER barrier placed between the potential intruder and the matter to be protected.
STRUCTURAL BARRIER barrier that features constructed by man who tends to delay the intruder like fence, walls,
floors, ceiling, etc.
BARRIER is an structure or physical device capable of restricting, deterring, delaying illegal access to an
installation.
GUARD CONTROL STATIONS This is normally provided at main perimeter entrance to secure areas located out of
doors and manned by guard on a full time basis as known a
PHYSICAL BARRIER Any physical means to impede, delay or prevent intrusion into a protected area.
BARRIER Any structure capable of restricting, deterring, delaying illegal access to an installation.
7 FEET The standard height of the fence including the top guard is
PROTECTIVE LIGHTING is a sufficient illumination of area during hours of darkness to ensure visibility and act as a
deterrent to intruder.
ENERGY BARRIER An electrical or electronic devices used to provide assistance to guard personnel like lighting and
alarm system.
STANDBY LIGHTING is a system which is similar to continuous lighting, turn on manually or by special device or other
automatic means.
FENCE is an independent structure usually existing in a vertical plane, designated to control physical or visual access
between outside areas.
LOCK is a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electronic device designed to prevent entry into a building.
VAULT is a heavily-constructed fire resistance container usually part of the building structure used to keep and protect
cash, documents and negotiable instruments.
MASTER KEY A special key capable of opening a series of locks.- is called
SPOT DETECTION A component of alarm system used to detect the activity of an intruder at a single location like
expensive cabinets is calle
AUXILIARY SYSTEM s system installed that led into local police or fire department by lease telephone lines.
CENTRAL SATION SYSTEM is a types of alarm detection system that operated and maintained by the offsite
security company or agency.
PADLOCK A portable and detachable lock having or sliding hasp which passes through a staple ring is called
SAFE cabinet metallic containers used for the safekeeping of document or small items in an office or installation.
BILL TRAPS is a device of the protected alarm usually place in the teller’s top cash drawer.
CHANGE KEY A key to a single lock within a master keyed system.
SPOT DETECTION A component of alarm system used to detect the activity of an intruder at a single location like
expensive cabinet is called
MASTER KEY A special key capable of opening a series of locks.- is called
FOOT RAIL ACTIVATOR It is type of protective alarm that place on the floor in such a position that the teller may
activate the alarm by placing in front of their foot.
LEVER LOCK Used in safe deposit boxes, in desk, lockers and cabinets.
LOCK is a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electronic device designed to prevent entry into a building.
SAFE cabinet metallic containers used for the safekeeping of document or small items in an office or installation.
SPOT PROTECTION It is used to detect the activity or pressure of an intruder at a single location like filing cabinet.
PETERMAN A term used in England for lock picker, safecrackers and penetrators of restricted areas is called
PALOCK . A portable and detachable lock having or sliding hasp which passes through a staple ring is calle
PADLOCK 15. A portable and detachable lock having or sliding hasp which passes through a staple ring is called
AUXILIARY SYSTEM s system installed that led into local police or fire department by lease telephone lines.
DISC TUMBLER LOCK A type of lock designed for the use of the automobile industry and is used in car doors.
ELECTROMAGNETIC LOCK The device holding a door closed by magnetism.
BETRAL SATITION SYSTEM is a types of alarm detection system that operated and maintained by the offsite
security company or agency.
VAULT is a heavily-constructed fire resistance container usually part of the building structure used to keep and protect
cash, documents and negotiable instruments.
SECURITY EDUCATION is conducted to develop security awareness among employees of the company
POSITIVE VETTING It is the process of inspecting or examining with careful thoroughness
PROFILING It is the process whereby a subject’s reaction in a future critical situation is predicted by observing his
behavior or by interviewing him or analyzing his responses to a questionnaire such as honesty test
Deception Detection Techniques the process of using devices in detecting deception during the interview stage.
Uncover investigation the placement of an agent in a role in which the agent’s true identity and role remains unknown
in order to obtain information for criminal prosecution or for recovery of asset losses.
refresher conferences it is design to remind employees about their responsibilities, review the guidelines, policies and
regulations is being implemented.
security promotion the act of emphasizing the importance and role of security achieving the
company goals and objectives.
Exclusion Areas are used only for handling and storage of high value cargo and classified documents
Personnel Security Investigation It is an inquiry into the character, reputation, discretion, integrity, morals and
loyalty of an individual in order to determine a person’s suitability for appointment.
security promotion the act of emphasizing the importance and role of security achieving the company goals and
objectives.
TELEPHONE A threat of sensitive information which intercept from two lines.
EAVESDROPPING A threat of sensitive information which have unauthorized listening.
PROPRIETORY The sensitive information which relates to the structure, product and method of operations of the
organization.
D A classification of document which has no value.
VITAL The type of document which is irreplaceable with have no the same value as the original.
C A classification of document which contain intelligence value.
CONFIDENTIAL The classified information which unauthorized disclosure to the interest of the nation.
B A classification of document which contain communication and cryptographic document.
ALL A systematic program for gathering and analyzing information about the competitor’s activities.
A A classification of document which contain reportable time, order and significant information.
Top Secret requires highest degree of protection with great reserve.
Secret Matters information and material, unauthorized disclosure of which would endanger national security causes
serious injury to the interest of the country.
Confidential Matters unauthorized disclosure would be prejudicial to the interest of the nation or unwarranted injury
to individual.
Document Security deals with measures to prevent unauthorized disclosure of classified information.
Competitive Intelligence is a systematic program for gathering and analyzing information about the competitor’s
activities. (industrial espionage).
Eavesdropping unauthorized listening
Wiretapping interception of a communication circuit.
Bugging interception of communication using an electronic device.
Telephone Eavesdropping interception from two lines.
Dialed number recorder (pen register) records and prints detailed information.
Proprietary information information related to the status, operations and activities.
Trade Secret refers to the formula, pattern device or compilation of information used in one’s business.
SECURITY HAZARD Any act or condition which may result in the compromise of information, loss of life and
destruction of property or disruption of the activity of the installation.
Relative criticality of operation is the importance of the firm with reference to the natural economy and security.
Relatively vulnerability is the susceptibility of the plant or establishment to damage or disruption of operation due to
various hazards.
SABOTEUR He is the most dangerous for whom security will have to deal with while planning and implementing
security measures and techniques.
ESPIONAGE He is very dangerous adversary and his skills in deception.
Casual pilferer one who steals due to the inability to resist the unexpected opportunity and has fear of detection.
Systematic pilferer one who steals with preconceived plans and take away all types of items or supplies for
economic gain.
Location of items the systematic pilferer surveys shopping, store ares or contracts from the firms.
Access to the Items techniques can be from fake documents, bribing of guards, creating disturbances or other
methods to divert the attention
Removal of Items can be done by wearing a stolen items and using false documents.
VIP security aims to protect people from physical violence, whether from the state or external states, from violent
individuals
VIP Very Important Person
ESCORT one or more persons accompanying another to give guidance or protection or to pay honor.
BODYGUARD one or more persons accompanying another to give guidance or protection or to pay honor.
Area security covers the surrounding areas of engagement. It conducts prophylactic (neutralize the area), operations
in the area of engagement.
Perimeter security secures the immediate areas surrounding the place of engagement. It usually for the uniformed
personnel.
Advance security the advanced security at the place of engagement before the arrival of the VIP.
Close-in security accompanies the VIP wherever he goes. Maximum of four (4) persons.
Reserve security on standby for possible back-up/ re-enforcement.
Routine security neutralize the possible route of the VIP party.
CLOSE PROTECTION It is defined as the deployment of a number of security trained officers to provide a ring of
protection in close proximity to the recipient
Direct Protection where the protectee receives close protection on foot
BOX good all round defence and good visual impact, but leads to gapps between officers.
DIAMOND will filter around the protectee but can appear very aggressive
V FORMATION will filter crowd around the protectee but widen the individual arcs responsibility for officers.
Mobile Protection the aim is to eliminate or reduce the opportunity for attack during movement of vehicle
Static Protection the aim is to eliminate or reduce the opportunity for attack by placing defensive perimeter
between the protected asset and a potential attacker.
Crisis Management is the totality of action of handling or responding to a given crisis situation
Crisis management Plan is a complete and comprehensive plan of actions designed to protect life, freedom and
property, before , during and after any given situation.
COMMUNICATION is the transfer of thought from the mind of one person to another thought for s common
medium or channel
MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATION refers to the common language known for two or more individuals who want to
exchange thought or ideas with each other.
CHANNEL OF COMMUNICATION refers to the equipments being used to transfer thoughts or ideas.
Communications security is the discipline of preventing unauthorized interceptors from accessing
telecommunications
COMSEC is used to protect both classified and unclassified traffic on military communications networks, including
voice, video, and data.
COMSEC ensures the security of telecommunications confidentiality and integrity
Cryptosecurity This encrypts data, rendering it unreadable until the data is decrypted.
Emission Security (EMSEC) This prevents the release or capture of emanations from equipment, such as
cryptographic equipment, thereby preventing unauthorized interception.
Physical Security This ensures the safety of, and prevents unauthorized access to, cryptographic information
Traffic-Flow Security This hides messages and message characteristics flowing on a network.
Transmission Security (TRANSEC) This protects transmissions from unauthorized access, thereby preventing
interruption and harm.
Hand held radio or Walkie talkie communication on electromagnetic waves transmitted through the space.
Basic types of radio’s amateur and commercial; for emergency and business purposes, respectively
Alertness give the impression that you are alert and awake and interested as person calling.
Pleasantness build a pleasant office image with voice of smile.
Natural use simple language
Distinctness speak clearly and relax to avoid garbled transmission.
Expressiveness normal tone of voice in moderate manner
PROGRESS Controlling is the work of a manager to assess and regulate work in
OPERATION Agency manager is automatically the chief security director who shall be responsible for the entire
WATCHMAN AND/OR GUARD Security guard is the one posted as
ASSISTANT AGENCY MANAGER The security executive director who shall assist the agency director and take the
operational and administrative management is called.
POST-IN-CHARGE He is responsible for the entire detailed security office within a certain shift for a particular
period is called
STAFF DIRECTOR FOR OPERATION a position includes the responsibility to canvass clientele and the
implementation of contract and agreement.
SECURITY EDUCATION PROGRAM program given to employees of an installation by lecture and other means
pertaining to measure and safeguard to be taken to protect the interest of the installation.
SUBORDINATES Leading is the work of a manager to perform active participation from his STAFF DIRECTOR FOR
ADMINISTRATION is responsible for the professionalization of the personnel, procurement, recruitment, mobility and
issuances of firearms.
SIT The part of security plan that explain the historical background of the organization.
PLANNING The work of a manager to anticipate a course of action
SEC SURVEY The process of conducting a physical examination and thorough inspection of all operation system.
SEC GUARD He is responsible for the security officer who is scheduled in a certain shift for the particular period.
SEC ED An education, information and skill development process that bring about anticipated performance.
CHIEF He is responsible for inspecting the entire area covered by the detachment.
ORG The work of a manager performs by arranging the work and the worker so as produce an effective and efficient
performance.
SEC INSP The process of conducting physical examination to determine compliance with establishment security
policies.
COMMAND This pertains to the channel of communication needed when implementing the project until in full
operation.
SEC INSP This pertains to the channel of communication needed when implementing the project until in full
operation.
6 He shall know the location of the alarm box near his post and sound alarm in case of fire or disorder.
GO 10 To salute all company officials, superior in the agency, government official and officers of the PNP.
GO 1 To take charge of the post and all companies properties in view.
CC3 He shall not engage in any unnecessary conversation with anybody except in the discharge of his duties or sit
down unless required by the nature of his work and shall at all times keep himself alert during his tour of duty.
GO 9 To call the superior in any case not covered by the instructions.
GO 5 To quit my post only when properly relieved.
CC10 He shall assist the police in the preservation and maintenance of peace and order and in the protection of life
and property.
CC4 He shall not read newspaper, magazines, books, etc., while performing his duties.
GO3 To report all the violations that I am instructed to enforce.
CC8 He shall know the location of the telephone and the telephone number of the police precincts as well as the fire
stations in the locality.
RA 5487 The act that regulates the organization and operation of private detective
RA 5487 the Private Security Agency Law has been amended by PD 100
RA 7641 An act amending Article 287 of PD 442 as amended, otherwise known as the labor code of the
Philippines
PROFESSIONAL SEC GUARD is any person who render personal service to guard residential or business premises or
both, government buildings and establishment.
SECURITY SUPERVISOR is charged in directing the work and observing the behavioral performance of the guard under
his unit.
Private Detective is any natural person who does detective work for hire, reward and compensation or
commission.
Security Guard Force a group of forces of men selected, trained or organized into functional group
Security Education Program - a program given to employees of an installation by lecture and other means pertaining to
measure and safeguards

PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT & ETHICAL STANDARDS (CPLEA4)

MORALITY ________ agreed upon rules for what is “right” and “wron

CUSTOM OR CHARACTER The word “ethicos” is a Greek word which means:

ETHICS _________ is a philosophical science dealing with the morality of the human acts.
ETHICS ________ is the backbone of the human action, conduct and existence.
GOOD CHARACTER To maintain public trust, police must be men and women of _________.
MORALITY ________ is the doing of the ethics.
ETHICS ________ is a philosophical science dealing with the morality of the human acts.
ETHICS ________ relates to the philosophy behind a moral outcome.
ETHICS _________ is a normative science based on reason, on which interprets specific and paramount facts, the
elements of which are conduct in oughtness.
ETHICOS Ethics is derived from the Greek word __________
PHILOSOPHICAL Ethics means a _______ study of morality, of the foundation on which morality is based, and of
the practical implications of a systematic moral outlook.
REASON Ethics is a normative science based on ___________, which interprets specific and paramount facts, the
elements of which are conduct in oughtness.
NORMALITY Ethics is the practical science of the ________ of human conduct.
HAPPINESS Ethics is the systematic study of human actions from the point of view of the rightness or wrongness as
a means for the achievement of ultimate _________.
PURPOSE, PERSISTENCE, PATIENCE, PERSPECTIVE, PRIDE Choose The Five Principles of Ethical Power According
to Blanchard and Peale
JUDGES Ethics is the normative science of the conduct of human beings living in societies - science which ____
this conduct to be right or wrong, to be good or bad.
MORALITY Ethics is a philosophical science dealing with the _________ of human acts.
MORAL VALUES ________ refer to those qualities of an art performed by men freely and knowingly.
DOMAIN OF FREE CHOICE Pertains to the behavior about which law has to say and for which an individual or
organization enjoys complete freedom.
A HUMAN ACT When man performs an act with free will he does _______.
VALUE What is good; what is worth; respond to need:
VALUES According to Mark Sheller, these are valuable essences or properties.
DOMAIN OF CODIFIED LAW Values and standards are written into the legal systems and enforceable in the courts.
A THING W/OUT AN OWNER “Res nullius” means:
DOMAIN OF ETHICS No specific laws, yet it does have standards on conduct based on shared principles and values about
moral conduct that guide an individual or organization.
AN ACT OF MAN ___________ is performed by one who is forced to do so at the risk of his own life if he does
otherwise.
RIGHTS This means equitable, reasonable, just or something which is due to others.
VALUES According to Mark Sheller, these are valuable essences or properties.
THEOLOGICAL It is an intellectual discipline that aims at setting forth in an orderly manner the content of religious
faith.
VALUE, OBLIGATION, FREEDOM, RESPONSIBILITY The Four (4) Principles of Ethical Theory
PSYCHOLOGICAL It deals with overt or observable action and to covert or unobservable mental processes and
states such as perception, thought, reasoning, problem solving, emotions and feelings.
DOMAIN OF CODIFIED LAW Values and standards are written into the legal systems and enforceable in the courts.
PHILOSOPHICAL Man is always conventional. He acts in line with the act of the community. Always go with the
mentality of the people.
RA 6975 The Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1991:
PATROL It is said to be the backbone of the police unit.
CITIZEN’S RREST Technically speaking all citizens in a democracy have the power to make an arrest, which we
called _________.
TRAFFIC CONTROL This includes monitoring vehicular traffic and investigation of traffic accidents.
POLICE These are public officials with the extraordinary powers of arrest who performs the direct police services
of patrol, criminal investigation, and/or traffic control.
DISHONESTY It is the concealment or distortion of truth in a manner of a fact relevant to one’s office or connected
with the performance of his duties.
MALFEANCE It is the performance of some act which ought not to be done. It is the doing either through ignorance,
inattention or malice, of that which the officer had no legal right to do at all, as when he acts without any authority
whatsoever, or exceeds, ignores, or abuses his powers.
INCOMPETENCY It is the manifest lack of adequate ability and fitness for the satisfactory performance of police
duties.
DISLOYALTY Consist of abandonment or renunciation of one’s loyalty to the Government of the Philippines or
advocating the overthrow of the government.
POLICE ETHICS It is the practical science that treats the principle of human morality and duty as applied to law
enforcement.
NONFEASANCE It is the omission of some act, which ought to be performed. It is the omission or refusal without
sufficient excuse, to perform an act or duty, which as a peace officer’s legal obligation to perform.
POLICE CUSTOMS A set of norms and standards practiced by members during social and other functions.
MISFEASANCE It is the improper performance of some act which might lawfully be done.
OPPRESSION Imports an act of cruelty, severity, unlawful execution, or excessive use of authority.
ETHICAL STANDARDS It refers to the set of conducts and behavior governing a group, a class or organization.
TYPE OF TRAINING It involves strengthening the behavior of the selected applicant is believed be the objective of
the PNP training.
RESPONSE TO TRAINING Trainees’ obedience to legal orders is indispensable in undergoing the training.
PUBLIC OFFICIAL Includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or temporary, whether in
the career or non-career service, including military and police personnel, whether or not they receive compensation or
not, regardless of amount.
ABILITY TO RISE WHEN FAIL Facing the consequences of our action is a sign of maturity.
USE OF PROPER MEANS The policeman shall be mindful of his responsibility to have strict selection of methods
in discharging the duty of his office.
PRIMODIAL POLICE The primary objective of police is the prevention of crime.
GIFT It refers to the thing or right disposed gratuitously, or any act of liberality in favor of another who accepts it and
shall include a simulated sale or ostensibly onerous disposition thereof.

DETERMINATION Trainees’ resolve to pursue the required training.

BACKGROUND OF THE APPLICANTS This includes the qualification like educational attainment and morality.
PUBLIC OFFICIAL Includes elective and appointive officials and employees, permanent or temporary, whether in
the career or non-career service, including military and police personnel, whether or not they receive compensation or
not, regardless of amount.
PRIMORDIAL POLICE RESPONSIBILITY The primary objective of police is the prevention of crime.
LIMITATION OF POLICE AUTHORITY He must be aware of the limitations which the people, through law,
have placed him.
KNOWLEDGE OF THE LAW He must be aware of the limitations which the people, through law, have placed him.
USE OF PROPER MEANS The policeman shall be mindful of his responsibility to have strict selection of methods
in discharging the duty of his office.
COOPERATION WITH PUBLIC OFFICIAL The policeman shall be mindful of his responsibility to have strict selection of
methods in discharging the duty of his office.
PROPER CONDUCT The policeman shall be mindful of his special identification by the public as an upholder of law
CONDUCT TOWARDS COMMUNITY The policeman shall be mindful of his responsibility to the community
CONDUCT IN ARRESTING Policeman shall use his powers to arrest in accordance with the law and with due regard
to the rights of the citizen concerned.
FIRMNESS IN REFUSING GIFTS He shall guard against placing himself in a Position in which the public can reasonably
assume that special consideration is being given.
ATTITUDE TOWARDS POLICE PROFESSION Policeman shall regard the best possible of his duties as a public trust
and recognize his responsibilities as a public servant.
DEVOTION OF DUTY Policemen shall perform their duties with devotion, and manifest concern for public welfare,
and shall refrain from engaging in any activity which shall be in conflict with their duties as public servants.
PHYSICAL FITNESS All PNP members shall strive to be physically and mentally fit and in good health at all times.
CONSERVATION Policemen shall help in the development and conservation of our natural resources for
ecological balance and posterity as these are inalienable heritage of our people.
COMMITMENT Members will always uphold public interest over and above personal interest.
OBEDIENCE Policemen of lower ranks must be always courteous and obedience to their superior officers.
MORALITY Policemen shall adhere to high standard of morality and decency and shall set food examples for others
to follow.
SALUTE The usual greetings rendered by uniformed members upon meeting and recognizing entitled persons.
COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY Supervisor or immediate superior shall be responsible for the effective supervision,
control and direction of their personnel.
NON-SOLICITATION All PNP members shall seek self-improvement through career development and shall not
directly or indirectly solicit influence or recommendation.
PERSEVERANCE Once a decision is made, all PNP members shall take legitimate action or means to achieve the goals
even in the face of internal or external difficulties, and despite anything which might weaken their resolve in the course
of time.
RIHP Members recognize the practice that different rank carry with them corresponding privileges.
LOYALTY Policemen must be loyal to the Constitution and to the police service as manifested by their loyalty to
their superiors, peers and subordinates as well.
DISCIPLINE It is manifested by instinctive obedience to lawful orders and through spontaneous actions towards
attainment of organizational objectives guided by moral, ethical and legal norms.
ODERLINESS Policemen shall follow procedures in accomplishing their tasks assigned to them to minimize waste in
the use of time, money and effort.
HUMILITY Policemen shall recognize the fact that they are public servants and not the masters of the people and
toward this end, they should perform their duties without arrogance.
PROPER CARE Members shall be responsible for the security, proper care and use of public property issued to them
and/or deposited under their care and custody.
JUSTICE Policemen shall strive constantly to respect their rights as human beings, parents, children, citizens,
workers, leaders or in other capacities and to see to it that others do likewise.
SOCIAL AWARENESS All PNP members and their immediate family members shall be encouraged to actively get
involved in the religious, social and civic activities to enhance the image.
INTEGRITY Policemen shall not allow themselves to be victim of corruption and dishonest practices in accordance
with the provisions of Republic Act No. 6713 and other applicable laws.
COURTESY OF THE POST The host unit extends hospitality to visiting personnel who may respect the command or
unit.
SECRECY All PNP members shall guard the confidentiality of classified documents and information against
unauthorized disclosure.
POLICE LIFESTYLE The PNP shall endeavor to promote a lifestyle for every member of the PNP that is acceptable to
the eyes of the public.
HUMAN RIGTH All PNP members must respect and protect human dignity and man's inalienable rights to life, liberty,
and property.
NON-PARTISAN PNP members shall provide services to everyone without discrimination regardless of party affiliation in
accordance with existing laws and regulations.
PNP IMAGE The image of the PNP affect the esprit de corps, morale and welfare of members and sense of pride to
the organization.
EQUALITY There shall be judicious and equitable distribution of opportunity to prove one's worth in the police
service
POLICE MANAGEMENT The effectiveness of law enforcement is reflective of the managerial capabilities and competent
leadership of the men and women in the PNP.
DELICADEZA It is consonance with the requirements of honor and integrity in the PNP.
DEMOCRACY Uniformed members of the PNP commit themselves to the democratic way of life and values
and maintain the principle of public accountability.
CAREER MANAGEMENT Its proper implementation will greatly enhance personal and professional advancement
towards police professionalism.
DIRECT This is the worst behavior of the police. A policeman is directly involved in criminal activities like robbery,
kidnapping. drug trafficking, etc.
CORRUPTION This corruption includes receiving free meals, services, discount, gratuities, etc.
GRASS EATERS They are police officers who engage in relatively minor type of corruption opportunities as they present
themselves.
POLICECO Refers to the police abuse of authority by taking advantage to his gain and benefits.
MEAT They are police officers who actively seek out corruption opportunities and engaged in both minor and major
patterns of corruption.
SHAKEDOWNS This is an act of extortion usually committed by policemen who caught in the act criminals like pusher,
user gambling bet collector, etc.
INTERNAL This kind of corruption mostly happened inside the organization. They sell work assignment, promotion,
etc.
PROTECTION This is a collusion between the police and criminals, like gambling operators, owners of nightclubs which
is showing nude models to insure they can operate freely without risk because of their good relationship with the police.
OPPORTUNISTIC This kind is not actually corruption but is taking of advantage of situation, like taking of
properties left in the crime scene and without reporting to the authority.
WHITE KNIGHTS These policemen are straightforward fellow
STRAIGHT SHOOTERS These are honest policemen who are ready to hide the corrupt practices of their comrades as
part of camaraderie.
ROUGES These are honest policemen who are ready to hide the corrupt practices of their comrades as part of
camaraderie.
Malfeasance the doing of an act by a public officer who has without authority to do the same.
Misfeasance the doing of an act by a public officer in a wrong way or with wrong result
Nonfeasance the failure to perform an act which a public officer has a duty to do.
BRUTALITY unnecessary and unreasonable use of force in effecting arrest or abuse in the manner of conducting
search and seizure.
SEXUAL MISCONDUCT kind of police misconduct which is commonly committed by policeman who sexually molested
female or male clients
ACCEPTED LYING considered part of po lice working environment, like for example in a discreet operation.
DEVIANT LYING this involves lies that violate substantive or procedural laws and police office rules and
regulations.
GRASS They are police officers who engage in relatively minor type of corruption opportunities as they present
themselves.
FIXES This involves mediating in criminal cases or problems involving traffics.
DIRECT CRIMINAL This is a worst behavior of a police. A policeman is directly involved in criminal activities like
robbery, kidnapping. drug trafficking, etc.
MEAT They are police officers who actively seek out corruption opportunities and engaged in both minor and major
patterns of corruption.
POLICE CORRPTION Refers to the police abuse of authority by taking advantage to his gain and benefits.
SHAKEDOWNS This is an act of extortion usually committed by policemen who caught in the act criminals like pusher,
user gambling bet collector, etc.
OPPORTUNISTIC This kind is not actually corruption but is taking of advantage of situation, like taking of
properties left in the crime scene and without reporting to the authority.
PROTECTION This kind is not actually corruption but is taking of advantage of situation, like taking of properties left in
the crime scene and without reporting to the authority.
INTERNAL This kind of corruption mostly happened inside the organization. They sell work assignment, promotion,
etc.
CORR OF AUTHORITY This corruption includes receiving free meals, services, discount, gratuities, etc.
VULNERA It suggests that certain groups of people are the more susceptible to being victimized because of
demographics rather than any unique individual attributes.
PRIMARY The tendency to form impressions of people quickly.
ARENS Refers to the government’s right to take care of minors and others who cannot legally take care of themselves.
4MIN The point in an initial meeting at which most people have formed a positive or negative opinion about an
individual with whom they are communicating.
YOUTH GANG Provide their members with a feeling of belonging as well as protection from other youth.
DESCRIBING The message sender presents feelings or perceptions that do not judge others or needing to change.
HIGH In this empathy, the recipient has a feeling of being able to elaborate on the discussion and feels truly
understood.
STREET It is a group of people who form an allegiance based on various social needs and engage in acts injurious to
public health and public morals.
SECONDARY The one who is not directly affected by the impact of the crime to the primary victim like the husband of
the wife who was the victim of rape.
EMPHATY The act of understanding others.
CONTROLLING Few people appreciate being told how to act or what to do period of course, in certain situations, police
officers must say control.
GANG This is a somewhat organized group of people for some duration with a special interest in violence for status
providing purposes.
INDIFFERENCE An officer can convey this by the simple act of answering a call for service while talking to someone.
POSITIVE INTETN People react positively to situations they believe are represented accurately. People usually
resent being used or subjected to hidden agenda.
PROBLEM ORIEN People are encouraged to share their perspectives on a problem period this is an important part
of community oriented, problem solving policing.
VICTIMOLOGY Refers to the study of crime victims, includes concepts of victims’ vulnerability and culpability.
EQUALITY People’s differences are recognized and respected.
PRIMARY The one to whom the crime was really directed to or a person who is actually harmed or affected by the
incident.
OPENNESS People work together toward solutions rather than choosing sides to debate the best solution.
MANI It is manipulative to communicate with hidden motives to get people to unknowingly agree or act in a certain
way.
CONTROLLIN Few people appreciate being told how to act or what to do period of course, in certain situations, police
officers must say control.
SUPERIORITY Central to this attitude is the feeling that what you have to say is ultimately much more
important than what is being said by others.
CERTAIN A person who is convinced of the truthfulness or accuracy of his or her information is generally unable
to recognize the possibility of making a mistake.
IDNI An officer can convey this by the simple act of answering a call for service while talking to someone.
EMPHA It is the understanding of another person.
HIGH In this empathy, the recipient has a feeling of being able to elaborate on the discussion and feels truly
understood.
MODERATE The communicator grasps at least the essential part of the message and sends a message that fits well
with what the other is saying and is interchangeably essential.
JUDGING Rather than focusing on the potential of what someone says, a judgmental person focuses on
discrediting what is being said.
MANI It is manipulative to communicate with hidden motives to get people to unknowingly agree or act in a certain
way.
LOW The communicator shows little no understanding of the most basic part of what the other has communicated,
seems out of touch with what the other has said, and responds only from him or her own frame of preference.
GAYS Homosexuals have long been experienced discrimination by police officers. But now that third sex is somewhat
accepted by Filipino society particularly in the family, gays have so far received fair treatment from the police.
COMM SERVICE These are youth program comprising a variety of activities for children-recreation, sports, skill
game, camping music and so forth.
THE ELDERLY Law enforcement must rise to the challenge of providing services which, along with other
governmental assistance, will enrich the lives of the senior citizens.
COMM PARTI It is the widely used social work concept of community organization, with particular attention to the
participation of the police and the other criminal justice agencies.
RELIGIOUS These groups are very vocal in the activities that they occupied slots on TV to propagate their belief.
NATIONALISM Filipinos struggle against invaders like the Spaniards, the Americans and the Japanese brought
about the highest loyalty to the Nation of everyone.
PROPAGANDA It is defined “as any association, systematic scheme, or concerted movement for a particular scheme or
doctrine.”
YOUTH As young people grow from childhood into adulthood sense, their potential for conflict increases.
COMMUNIY It refers not only to those living in the same area, but also to those who share the same interests, work,
ethnicity, and so on.
ARROGANCE Public Relation Officer must have these, except:
CIVIC These groups remain subservient to the law.
POOR Rather than seeing police officers as protectors of the rights and property, they tend to see police as
protectors of others' rights and property.
DVER This is mainly concerned with communication, selling messages through chosen media to selected audiences.
VOICE OF PEOPLE IS THE VOICE OF GOD The slogan “vox populi, vox die” means:
ETHNIC MINO These people seemed to have negative feelings against the police because they thought that the police
are biased against them.
FAMILISM The extended family is the unit for sup and loyalty, rather than impersonal institutions
PUBLIC RELATIONS The activities directed at creating and maintaining favorable impressions to the public.
ADVER This is mainly concerned with communication, selling messages through chosen media to selected audiences.
MEDIA They are obligated to release information which they have, and the public has the right to know.
ATTENDING When the public entered the police office, they must be treated as customers that need the best
service.
POL LIB The purpose of this is to have a place policeman can have already reference, or a place to make research.
NEIGHBORHOOD The friendly neighbors are the best watchers of their houses and those of his neighbors.
PULONG PULONG The purpose of this is to talk over matters of interests involving peace and secure security of the
locality they are living, aside from knowing one another.
RADIO The importance of this is that there is continuing information the police is giving to the public.
POL PERIODICALS This can also promote the image of the police the same as of the newsletter.
POLICE The prime mover of the Criminal Justice System.
NEWSLETTERS These serve as a conduit between the police and the people.
COMMUNITARIONISM It is an attempt to nurture an underlying structure of civil society.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE With the police and the community as guardians of the system can make the correction have a
second thought to do wrong or mistake in their participation as they would expect criticism from the other components.
TRADITION Impediments to implementing innovative community-oriented policing include the powerful pull of
________.
HARMONY Establish trust and __________ between and among neighborhood residents and the beat officer by
establishing a positive, cooperative and productive relationship between both parties.
RAPPORT Exchange information between neighborhood residents and beat officers will strengthen ______ and
enhance neighborhood safety.
VIOLATION Provide safe and orderly traffic flow through the neighborhoods by enforcing ______ and reducing the
number of traffic accidents.
LIBERTY A major challenge to the criminal justice system is balancing ______ and security.
EXPERIMENTAL ___________ imbalance creates an atmosphere of trial in error and of risking taking.
TWO Resistance to change can be reduced by ___ kinds of imbalance within an organizational structure that can
render it susceptible to change.
CREATIVITY _______ blossoms in an experimental environment that is tolerant of unusual ideas
MORALE Identify and utilize employee or incentives conducive to improving employee ________.
CHANGE The greatest obstacle to _____ is from within the police agency itself.
Impediments to implementing innovative community-oriented policing include the following:
o the powerful pull of tradition
o substantial segments of the public do not want the police to change
o unions will continue to be skeptical of innovation
o innovation may prove costly
o lack of vision on the part of police executives
o police department's inability to evaluate their own effectiveness.

CRIMNAL LAW BOOK 1 (CPCLJ1)

TERRITORIALITY means that the law is only effective within the territorial confines of one's jurisdiction - be it
land, atmosphere, interior waters and maritime zone.
EX POST FACTO LAW is one passed after the commission of an act making the latter criminal when it was not at the
time it was executed.
BILL OF ATTAINDER is a legislative act which inflicts punishment without trial.
GENERALITY means that the law governs all persons within the territorial jurisdiction of the state irrespective of race,
belief, sex or creed.
CRIMINAL LAW is that branch of municipal law which defines crimes, treats of their nature and provides for their
punishment.
CRIME is a positive or negative act in violation of penal law.
CRIME s any act which the sovereign has deemed contrary to the public good.
PENAL LAW is a law enacted to preserve the public order by defining an offense against the public and imposing a
penalty for its violation.
PROSPECTIVITY Irretrospectivity or _____ means that the law only takes effect after its effectivity date and never
retrospective in its application.
HUMAN CONDUCT Criminal laws regulate ______ tell people what they cannot do and, in some instances, what
they must do under certain circumstances.
MISTAKE OF FACT It is a misapprehension of fact on the part of the person who caused injury to another.
CRIMINAL LAW It is the branch of municipal law which defines crimes, treats of their nature and provides for their
punishment.
TERRITORIALITY in that criminal law undertakes to punish crimes committee within Philippine territory.
ENGLISH RULE Crimes are triable in that country, unless they merely affect things within the vessel or they refer to the
internal management thereof.
FRENCH RULE such crimes are not triable in courts of that country, unless their commission affects the peace and
security of the territory or the safety of the state is endangered.
ACT any bodily movement tending to produce some effect in the external world.
CRIMINAL LAW regulate human conduct and tell people what they cannot do and, in some instances, what they
must do under certain circumstances.
FELONIES are acts and omissions punishable by the revised penal code.
INTENT It is the purpose to use a particular means to affect such result.
REALISTIC THEORY the basis of criminal liability is the sum of social and economic phenomena to which the actor
was exposed, hence the penalty imposed is for preventive or corrective purposes.
BILL OF ATTAINDER legislative act which inflicts punishment without trial.
GENERALITY in that criminal law is binding on all persons who live or sojourn in Philippine territory.
WHEN IN DOUBT, YOU MUST AWUIT In dubiis reus est absolvendus
CLASSICAL THEORY the basis of criminal responsibility is the existence of the offender’s free will and the penalty for
his criminal act is by way of retribution.
CRIME a positive or negative act in violation of penal law.
MALA IN SE It is wrongful act from their nature.
OMMISION is meant inaction, the failure to perform a positive duty which one is bound to do.
OMMISSION It is a failure to perform a positive duty required by law. It is a violation of a law commanding it.
FELONY The word does not cover a crime punished by special law.
MENS REA, ACTUS REUS For a crime to exist in our law, there must be both _____ (criminal intent or guilty
minds) and _______ (criminal or guilty act).
DECEIT They are committed not only by means of ____ – that is, when the acts performed with deliberate intent.
FELONIES are acts and omissions punishable by law.
FAULT but also by means of _____– i.e., when the wrongful act results from imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight,
or lack of skill.
SPECIAL LAW the term is one which is not amendatory of the provisions of the code but which defines and punishes
offenses not covered by the latter
CONSUMATED when all the elements necessary for its execution and accomplishment are present.
INTENTIONAL FELONIES committed by means of deceit or malice (Ex. Murder and Estafa)
FRUSTRATED the offender performs all the acts of execution which would produce the felony as a consequence but
which nevertheless do not produce it by reason of causes independent of the will of the perpetrator.
CULPABLE FELONIES where the wrongful acts result from imprudence, negligence, lack of foresight or lack of skill (Ex.
Homicide thru reckless imprudence or reckless imprudence resulting in homicide).
SUBJECTIVE PHASE is that portion of the execution of the crime starting from the point where the offender begins
up to that point where he still has control of is acts.
CONSPIRACY it exists when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission of a felony and
decide to commit it.
INTENTIONAL FELONY refer to malicious intent and that it must be proven beyond reasonable doubt.
OBJECTIVE PHASE is the result of the acts of the execution, that is, the accomplishment of the crime.
LESS GRAVE FELONIES those which the law punishes with penalties which in their maximum period are correctional
Praeter intentionem INJURIOUS RESULT
MALA PROHIBIT A wrong merely because they are prohibited by statutes, like illegal possession of
firearms or violation of the Omnibus Election Law.
ATTEMPTED when the offender commences the commission of a felony directly by overt acts of execution which
should produce the felony by reason of some cause or accident other than his own spontaneous desistance.
SPECIAL LAW is one which is not amendatory of the provisions of the code but which defines and punishes offenses
not covered by the latter.
MISTAKE IN THE BLOW Aberration ictus
MISTAKE IN THE IDENTITY Error in personae
LIGHT FELONIES those infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not
exceeding two hundred (P200.00) pesos, or both, is provided
ROPOSAL when the person who decided to commit a felony proposes to some other person or persons.
GRAVE FELONIES those to which the law attached the capital punishment or penalties which in any of their
periods are afflictive in accordance with Art. 25 of the RPC
LIGHT OFFENSES punishable only when they have been consummated, with the exception of those committed
against persons or property.
MALA IN SE crimes which are wrong from their nature, such as murder, theft, rape, etc.
IMBECILE An ____ is a person marked by mental deficiency, while an insane is one who has an unsound mind or
suffers from a mental disorder.
PLEA OF GUILTY Is not considered mitigating if entered after the prosecution had begun presenting its
evidence.
70 The circumstances that the offender is over ____ years of age is only a generic mitigating circumstance.
CHILD below nine years old is absolutely free from criminal liability.
ENTRAPMENT In an ______ ways and means are resorted to for the purpose of trapping and capturing the
lawbreakers in the execution of their criminal plan.
ABSOLUTORY CAUSES Is “a circumstance which is present prior to or simultaneously with the offense by reason of
which the accused who acts with criminal intent, freedom and intelligence does not incur criminal liability for an act
constitutes a crime.”
INSTIGATION, INSTIGATOR In _____, the ____ practically induces the would-be defendant into the commission of
the offense, and himself becomes a co-principal.
DISCERNMENT a child above 15 years of age but below 19 years of age shall be exempt from criminal liability unless he
has acted with _____
DISCERNMENT must be proved by showing that the accused acted with knowledge or understanding of the
consequences of his act.
AN ACT DONE IN OBEDIENCE Which of the following is an exempted circumstance?
HE IS STILL CRIMINALLY LIABLE What will be the effect on the criminal liability of the accused who was sane when he
committed the crime, but becomes insane at the time of the trial?
NO H (husband) and W (wife) are legally married. H saw W having sex with P (paramour). H attacked P with a bolo. P
defended himself by inflicting knife wounds on H. H die due to knife wound. Is P liable for death of H?
THAT THE MEANS Which of these is NOT a requisite of “avoidance of greater evil or injury?”
YES A and B agreed to fight outside at around 5 pm. However, at 3:00 pm, A treacherously attacked B so b defended
himself and killed the former while A is attacking him. Can B still claim self defense even though he agreed to fight?
SELF DEFENSE Which of these justifying circumstances has civil liability?
ABSOLUTORY One where the act committed is a crime but for some reasons of public policy and sentiment there is no
penalty
ALL What is the basis of complete exempting circumstances?
AGGRAVATING How is accidental drunkenness appreciated as a circumstance in commission of offense?
ENTRAPMENT it is the ways and means are resorted to for the purpose of trapping and capturing the lawbreakers in
the execution of their criminal plan.
MITIGATING those which do not entirely free the actor from penal responsibility but serve only to lessen or reduce
the impossible penalty.
ALL Which of these may show the presence or non-presence of the killing being really a case of “self-defense” on the
part of the accused?
JUSTIFYING Those who must be taken into consideration as aggravating or mitigating according to the nature and
effects of the crime and other conditions attending its commission.
ABSO a circumstance which is present prior to or simultaneously with the offense by reason of which the accused who
acts with criminal intent, freedom and intelligence does not incur criminal liability for an act constitutes a crime.
CHILD A _____ below nine years old is absolutely free from criminal liability. But the parent or guardian of said child
may be held civilly liable.
THE CAUSE THAT BOUGHT Which of the following statement is NOT true?
ABSO One where the act committed is a crime but for some reasons of public policy and sentiment there is no penalty:
AN ACT DONE IN OVE Which of the following is a mitigating circumstance?
IMBECILE It is a person marked by mental deficiency, while an insane is one who has an unsound mind or suffers
from a mental disorder.
INSTIGATION it induces the would-be defendant into the commission of the offense, and himself becomes a
coprincipal.
CONSPIRACY exist when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission of a felony and
decide to commit it
CORPUS DELICTI is the fact of the commission of the crime that may be proved by the testimonies of
eyewitnesses.
PRINCIPALS, ACCOMPLICES For “light felonies,” the following are criminally liable:
PRINCIPALS, ACCOMPLICES, ACCESSORIES criminally liable for “grave and less grave felonies”
ACCESSORIES are those who, having knowledge of the commission of the crime, and without having participated
therein, either as principals or accomplices, take part subsequent to its commission
ACCOMPLICES it is merely instrument who perform acts not essential to the perpetration of the offense.
JURIDICIAL PERSON It is being the subject of legal existence, susceptible of rights and obligations, or of being the
subject of juridical relations.
CONSPIRACY it exist when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission of a felony and
decide to commit it.
NATURAL PERSON Only __________ can be the active subject of crime because of the highly personal nature of the
criminal responsibility. However, under certain special laws, juridical persons are criminally liable.
CORPUS DELICTI means “the body or substance of the crime.”
THOSE WHO TAKE Under Art. 17 of the RPC, who are considered principals.
ALL Criminal law should be prospective. However, penal laws may have retroactive effect if the new law is:*
CORPUS DELICTI it is the fact of the commission of the crime that may be proved by the testimonies of
eyewitnesses.
PRINCIPAL BY INDUCTION a common-law wife who induced the killing of another common-law wife of her
husband by giving money to the killer is a
ALL To be liable as principals, the offender must*
CRIMINALLY LIABLE Under B.P. 22 (bouncing checks law), the person who signed the bouncing check in behalf of the
juridical person which is the drawer
ACCESSORIES those who, having knowledge of the commission of the crime, and without having participated therein.
INTENT Which one of the following does not belong to the group.
PRINCIPALS They are persons criminally liable due to their direct participation in the commission of the crime.
PRINCIPALS The penalty prescribed by law for the commission of a felony shall be imposed upon the _______ in the
commission of the felony.
ACCOMPLICES those persons who, not being a principal, cooperate in the execution of the offense by
previous or simultaneous acts.
OMMISION is meant inaction, the failure to perform a positive duty which one is bound to do.
JURIDICAL PERSON testate or intestate is one of the example of.
PROPOSAL there is a proposal when the person who has decided to commit a felony proposes its execution to
some other person or persons.
COMSPIRACY The act of one is the act of all.
SUBSIDIARY It is the personal penalty prescribed by law in substitution of the payment of fine embodied in the
decision when the same can not be satisfied because of the culprit’s insolvency.
PENALTY It is the punishment imposed by lawful authority upon a person who commits a deliberate or negligent
act.
COMPLEX XRIMES When a single act constitutes two or more grave or less grave felonies, or when an offense is a
necessary means for committing the other.
PRISON MAYOR 6 years and 1 day to 12 years, except when the penalty of disqualification is imposed as an
accessory penalty, in which case, its duration shall be that of the principal penalty.
DELICTO COMPUESTO When a single act constitutes two or more grave or less grave felonies
CONTINUING It is a single crime consisting of a series of acts arising from one criminal resolution, it is continuous,
unlawful act or series of acts set on foot by a single impulse and operated by an unintermittent force however long a
time it may occupy.
AGE* In imposing fines, the court may fix any amount within the limits established by law; in fixing the amount in each
case attention shall be given, not only to the mitigating and aggravating circumstances, but more particularly to the
________ of the defendant.
PLURALITY It consists of the successive execution by the same individual of different criminal acts upon any of
which no conviction has yet been declared.
DESTIERRO It is “a punishment whereby the convict is vanished to a certain place and is prohibited from entering or
coming near the place designated in the sentence, not less 25 km. but cannot extend beyond 250 km. If the convict
should enter the prohibited place designated in the sentence, he commits the crime of evasion of sentence.”
ARESTO MAYOR* Any person sentenced to ___________ shall not be permitted to enter the place or places
designated in the sentenced, nor within the radius therein specified.
DEATH PENALTY It is the penalty which cannot be imposed when the guilty party is more than seventy years of
age.
DELITO COMPLEJO When an offense is a necessary means of committing the other
ACQUITTAL Articles which are forfeited, when the order of forfeiture is already final cannot be returned even in case
of an __________
HABITUAL DELIQUENT A person shall be deemed to be ________ if within a period of ten years from the date of his
release or last conviction of the crimes of serious or less serious physical injuries, estafa, or falsification, he is found
guilty of any of said crimes a third time or oftener.
PROBATION It is a disposition under which a defendant, after conviction and sentence, is released subject to
conditions imposed by the court.
PREVENTIVE It is the incarceration undergone by a person accused of a crime which is not bailable, or even if bailable,
can not afford to post bond.
INTERMEDIATE The purpose of this law is to uplift and valuable human material and prevent unnecessary and excessive
deprivation of personal liberty and economic usefulness.
PRISON CORRECTIONAL 6 months and 1 day to 6 years, except when suspension is imposed as an accessory
penalty, in which case, its duration shall be that of the principal penalty.
RECIDIVSM when the time of trial for one crime, shall have been previously convicted by final judgment of another
crime embraced in the same title of the revised penal code.
NOT LESS 25, MORE THAN 250 The radius specified in the penalty of destierro shall be _____________.
EXECUTIVE it refers to the commutation of sentence, conditional pardon and absolute pardon may be granted by
the president upon recommendation of the board.
COMMUTATION it is the reduction of the period of a prison sentence.
PROBATION is a disposition under which a defendant, after conviction and sentence, is released subject to conditions
imposed by the court.
PAROLE it is the release of a prisoner from prison after serving the minimum period of his indeterminate
sentence.
PAROLE It is an Executive clemency given to the convicted offender after the offender has served the minimum
penalty through the Board of Pardons and Parole.
15 DAYS During the eleventh and successive years of his imprisonment, the prisoner shall be allowed a deduction
of _____ for each month of good behavior.
CONDITIONAL It is considered a contract between the sovereign power of the executive and the convict that
the sovereign power will release convict upon compliance with the condition.
MINIMUM Whenever any prisoner shall have served the ________ penalty imposed on him, it shall appear to the
Board of Indeterminate Sentence that such prisoner is fitted for release, said Board may authorize the release of such
prisoner on parole, upon such terms and conditions as may be prescribed by the Board.
CONTINUE Amado was change with homicide during the pendency of the case Amado died what will happen to the
case filed against him.
COMMUTATION It is a change of the decision of the court made by the Chief Executive by reducing the degree of
the penalty inflicted upon the convict, or by decreasing the length of the imprisonment of the amount of the fine
DOJ There is hereby created under the __________ an agency to be known as the Probation Administration herein
referred to as the Administration, which shall exercise general supervision over all probationers.
FINAL No penalty shall be executed except by virtue of a _________ judgment.
STRICTLY Any person who has been granted conditional pardon shall incur the obligation of _____ otherwise, his
non compliance shall result in the revocation of the pardon.
SUSPENDED When a convict becomes insane or imbecile after final sentence has been pronounced, the execution of
said sentence is __________ only as regards the personal penalty.
COURT The probationer and his probation program shall be under the control of the ____ who placed him on probation
subject to actual supervision and visitation by a probation officer.
INSTITUTIONAL In determining whether an offender may be placed on probation, the court shall consider all information
relative, to the character, antecedents, environment, mental and physical condition of the offender, and available
__________.
PROBATION is a disposition under which a defendant, after conviction and sentence, is released subject to conditions
imposed by the court and to the supervision of a probation officer.
PTOB OFFICER No person shall be placed on probation except upon prior investigation by the __________ and a
determination by the court that the ends of justice and the best interest of the public as well as that of the defendant
will be served thereby.
PROBATIONER means a person placed on probation.
SIXTY DAYS The probation officer shall submit to the court the investigation report on a defendant not later than
__________ from receipt of the order of said court to conduct the investigation.
PROB ADMIN The Administration shall be headed by the __________, hereinafter referred to as the Administrator,
who shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines. He shall hold office during good behavior and shall not be
removed except for cause.
CONDITIONAL PARDON It is the conditional exemption of a guilty offender for the punishment imposed by a court.
ABSOLUTE PARDON It is the total extinction of the criminal liability of the individual
PROBATION OFFICER one who investigates for the court a referral for probation or supervises a probationer or both.
PROBATIONER a person placed on probation
P.D. No. 968 LAW THAT TOOK EFFECT ON JULY 24 1976
ONCE TIMES CAN ONE BE GRANTED PROBATION
AMNESTY Which of the following is an executive clemency that requires the concurrence of congress?
MIN. AS MAX. In the preceding problem, impose the proper penalty on A taking into consideration the Indeterminate
Sentence Law.
QUASI It refers to commission of another crime during service of sentence of penalty imposed for another previous
offense.
MINIMUM Whenever any prisoner shall have served the ________ penalty imposed on him, it shall appear to the
Board of Indeterminate Sentence that such prisoner is fitted for release, said Board may authorize the release of such
prisoner on parole, upon such terms and conditions as may be prescribed by the Board.
RESTITUTION Pedro was required to provide financial remuneration for the losses incurred by the victim.
What is the type of penalty described?
AMNESTY Which of the following is an executive clemency that requires the concurrence of congress?
COMMUNITY The parole and probation administration administers a _________ correctional program.
CORR ADMIN It is concerned with the management of adult and juvenile offenders after they are convicted by the
courts.
GO AND PLAY Which of the following should a probationer avoid?
NONE Which agency performs the evaluation of prisoner’s fitness and qualifications for the grant of pardon or parole?
INCARCERATION It include shock incarceration, placing offenders in confinement for a set period and then
releasing them to serve probation, confinement in jail and confinement in prison. The four basic types are:
indeterminate discretionary determinate presumptive, and mandatory
4103 What law is very supportive for the convicted prisoner after he completely served the minimum sentenced of his
indeterminate prison term of his incarceration can be eligibility for his early release.
ISL The RA 4103 known as:
INTERME A minimum and maximum amount of time to be served in prison is referred to as _______.
MIN AND MAX Why is the sentence in the Indeterminate Sentence Law called indeterminate?
CONDITIONAL It is considered a contract between the sovereign power of the executive and the convict that
the sovereign power will release convict upon compliance with the condition.
PROBATION OFFICER One who investigate for the court a referral for probation or supervises a probationer or both
AMNESTY It denotes the general pardon to rebels for their treasons and other high political offenses.
BY COMPEN It is one of the extinguishment of civil liability.
1 YR The crime of libel on other similar offenses shall prescribed in _____
COMMUTATION It is a remission of a part of the punishment. It is a substitution of a less penalty for the one
originally imposed.
6MOS The 0ffense of oral deformation and slander by deed shall prescribed in _____
PRESCRIPTION In computing the period of ______ the first day is to be excluded and the last day included.
15 YRS Crimes punishable by other affective penalties shall prescribe in _____
NONE It is an act of grace, proceeding from the power entrusted with the execution of the laws which exempt the
individual on whom it is bestowed from the punishment which the law inflicts for a crime he has committed.
STRICTLY Any person who has been granted conditional pardon shall incur the obligation of _____ otherwise, his
non compliance shall result in the revocation of the pardon.
ABSOLUTE It removes all the consequences of conviction because such kind of pardon blots out the crime
committed.
TRIAL Criminal liability is totally extinguished by
PROBATIONER A person placed on probation.
THE DEAt\TH The death of the convict, whether before or after final judgment, extinguishes only when the death
occurs before final judgment. But civil liability is extinguished only when __________.
20YRS Crimes punishable by reclusion perpetua or reclusion temporal shall prescribed in _____
PRESCRIPTION OF CRIME It is the forfeiture or loss of the right of the state to prosecute the offender after the
lapse of a certain time.
COMMUTATOIN It is a change of the decision of the court made by the Chief Executive by reducing the degree of
the penalty inflicted upon the convict, or by decreasing the length of the imprisonment of the amount of the fine
10YRS Crimes punishable b correctional penalty shall prescribed in _____
SUSPENDED When a convict becomes insane or imbecile after final sentence has been pronounced, the execution of
said sentence is __________ only as regards the personal penalty.
CRIMINAL LAW Is that branch or division of law which defines crimes, treats of their nature, and provides for their
punishment.
ARREST A restraint on person, depriving one of his own will and liberty, binding him to become obedient to the will of
the law
PREMISES signifies distinct and definite locality. It may mean a room, shop, building or definite area, but in either
case, locality is fixed.
THEFT Is committed by any person who, with intent to gain but without violence against or intimidation of persons nor
force upon things, shall take personal property of another without the latter’s consent.
REPARATION In case of inability to return the property stolen, the culprit must pay the value of the property stolen.
INSTIGATION Public officer or private detective induces an innocent person to commit a crime and would arrest him
upon or after the commission of the crime by him
AGGRA Are those which, if attendant in the commission of the crime, serve to increase the penalty without, however,
exceeding the maximum of the penalty provided by law for the offense.
LIGHT Are those infractions of law for the commission of which the penalty of arresto menor or a fine not exceeding
200 pesos, is provided
LEWD Is designed as obscene, lustful, indecent, and lecherous. It signifies the form of immorality which has relation to
moral impurity; or that which is carried on a wanton manner.
BATTERY Application of force to another, resulting in harmful or offensive contact.
LESS GRAVE Are those which the law punishes with penalties which in their maximum period are correctional.
GRAVE Are those to which the law attaches the capital punishment or penalties which in any of their periods are
afflictive.
ACQUITTAL a jury verdict that a criminal defendant is not guilty or the finding of a judge that the evidence is
insufficient to support a conviction.
INFANTICIDE The killing of any child less than three days of age, whether the killer is the parent or grandparent, any
other relative of the child, or a stranger.
EXEMPTING Are those grounds for exemption from punishment because there is wanting in the agent of the crime
any of the conditions which make the act voluntary, or negligent.
LIBEL Is a defamation committed by means of writing, printing, lithography, radio, phonograph, painting or theatrical
or cinematographic exhibition, or any similar means.
JUSTI Are those where the act of a person is said to be in accordance with law, so that such person is deemed not to
have transgressed the law and is free from both criminal and civil liability.
OFFENSE Is an act or omission that is punishable by special laws such as Republic Acts, Presidential Decrees,
Executive Orders, Memorandum Circulars, Ordinances and Rules and Regulations.
MITI Those which, if present in the commission of the crime, do not entirely free the actor from criminal liability but
only serve to reduce the penalty.
SEIZE It means to place in the control of someone a thing or to give him the possession thereof.
FORTULOUS EVENT CASO FORTULIO
TORTIOUS ACT CULPA ACQUILANA
BREACH OF CONTRACT CULPA CONTRACTUAL
INTENT use a particular means to affect such result.
MOTIVE moving power which impels one to action for a definite result
SPECIFIC apply only to particular crime
QUALIFYING change the nature of the crime.
INHERENT necessity accompany the commission of the crime.
ACCIDENT any happening beyond control of persons, consequences of which are not foreseeable.
IGNOMINY moral suffering
CRUELTY moral suffering
ABERRATIO ICTUS mistake in the blow
ERROR IN PERSONAE mistake in the identity of the victim
Criminal liability is totally extinguished by:
1. Death of the convict;
2. Service of the sentence;
3. Amnesty;
4. Absolute pardon;
5. Prescription of the crime;
6. Prescription of the penalty; and
7. Marriage of the offended woman, as provide in Art. 344 of the RPC.
 Under the New Civil Code, civil liability is extinguished by:
1) Payment or performance;
2) Loss of the thing due;
3) Condonation or remission of debt;
4) Confusion or merger;
5) Compensation; and
6) Novation.

FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION & INTELLIGENCE (CPCDI1)

FLAVIANNO GUERERO He is the only Filipino member of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation.
USA The FBI introduced the beginning of Automated Fingerprint Identification System in:
FRANCIS GALTON He is an English man who published his study on classifying fingerprints and recognized the
uniqueness of the fingerprints to be used as evidence against a suspect.
ALFRED THE GREAT He established a system of “mutual pledge” (Social Control), which was organized for the
security of the country into several levels.
HOWARD VINCENT He headed the newly organized Criminal Investigation Department in Scotland Yard.
BERTILLION He was considered the founder of Criminal Investigation as well as the Father of Personal Identification.
CONAN DOYLE He is known as the creator of the character of master sleuth Sherlock Holmes.
KATE WAYNE She was the first woman detective in the history of criminal investigation.
MODUS OPERANDI someone’s habits of working particularly in the context of business or criminal investigation.
VIDOQ He was considered as the Father of Modern Criminology in the French Police Department.
ENDURANCE This is the ability of the investigator to last physically and mentally hence he/she must have the
extraordinary physical and mental energy, enduring sleepless nights and tiresome days.
TO INQUIRE ‘Investigat’ means:
MANWONG 2004 “Criminal investigations science because it involves the application of knowledge of forensic
science is in the process of identifying, locating, collecting, processing, and/or evaluating physical evidence.”
COURAGE It is the moral fortitude of the investigator to tell the truth irrespective of who gets hurt.
INVESTIGATION The act or process of investigating or the condition of being investigated.
ART AND SCIENCE Investigation is a mixture of ____________.
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION A _________ is an official effort to uncover information about the crime.
DR. HANS GROSS He said that criminal investigation is 95% perspiration, 3% inspiration and 2% luck.
PERSEVERANCE It refers to steadfastness, persistence, and resolution to bring the desired conclusion in spite of
obstacles connected with criminal investigation.
INVESTIGAT Investigation came from the Latin term __________, which means “to inquire or to discover” during the
5th century.
KNOWLEDGE ON LAWS The investigator should have basic knowledge on legal matters concerning investigation.
MOTIVE It is the moving power or force which compels a person to commits acts towards a definite result.
INSTRUMENTALITY It involves the use of materials in other means which are essential in the commission of the
crime.
OPPORTUNITY It is the chance, or the time given to the offender in committing the crime.
LUCK Dr. Hans Gross said that criminal investigation is 95% perspiration, 5% inspiration and 2% _____.
MOTIVE Three elements of crime: Instrumentality, Opportunity, and ________.
5TH CENT Investigation came from the Latin term ‘investigat’, which means “to inquire or to discover” during the
_________.
TECHNICAL KNOWLEDGE This refers to the investigator’s capability of defense tactics, use of firearms and the like.
INVESTIGATION The act or process of investigating or the condition of being investigated.
TIPS ______are leads provided by the citizen that aid in the progress of an investigation.
PRESENTATION This element is primarily manifested in the courtroom.
INSTRUMENTATION process of applying instruments or tools of the police sciences in criminal investigation and
detection
GARCIA, 2004 The purpose of this rule is to avoid the mutilation, alteration, and contamination (MAC) of
the pieces of physical evidence found at the crime scene.
CRIMINAL INVES Discussed in the preceding section. It is a process that involves several steps.
COLLECTION This element refers to the gathering this identify data or facts, or physical things that are
significant to the case under investigation.
PRESERVATION It is a function that is almost simultaneously performed during the collection stage.
EVALUATION This element refers to the process of determining the probative value of the evidence.
PATTERNS _______ are serious of similarities that may link particular cases or indicate that the same
person is committing a series of crimes .
RECOGNITION This element involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical things that may
provide relevant information regarding the criminal case being investigated.
CULTIVATED Information are furnished by informants or informers.
GRAPEVINE SOURCES When the information is disclosed by the underworld characters such as prisoners or ex-
convicts.
RECOGNITION Involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical things that may provide relevant information
regarding the criminal case being investigated.
INFORMATION These are the knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or acquired from persons or
documents, which are pertinent or relevant concerning the commission of the crime or criminal activities
FRIENDLINESS A friendly approach coupled with a posture of sincerity may induce the suspect to confess.
HUMILITY He or she must be courteous, sympathetic, and humble, ready to ask apologies for the inconvenience of
the interview.
DECITFUL WITNESS This is a liar type of witness.
SACTING QUAL He or she must possess the quality of an actor, salesman and psychologist and know how to use
the power persuasion.
INTERVIEW It is the simple questioning of a person believed to possess information, which are relevant to the
investigation of a crime or on criminal activities.
RAPPORT It refers to the good relation between the interviewer and interviewee, which is conducive to a fruitful
result.
Q&A Visitor view as practiced by some investigators requires the interviewee to answer the question posed by the
investigator.
TIMID WITNESS This is a shy witness.
INTERROGATION It is the vigorous in confrontational questioning of a reluctant suspect about his/her
participation in the commission of crime.
TALKATIVE TYPE This is a witness who is prone to exaggerate, adding relevant or new matters to their narration.
HONEST WIT This is the truthful in cooperative witness where the investigator could rely upon, with little or no
problem in handling them.
RATIONALIZATION It is the use of reasons, which is acceptable to the subject that led to the commission of the
crime.
PROJECTION It is the process of putting the blame to other persons, not alone to the suspect.
CHANGE OF FACIAL COLOR Anger is indicated if the face is blushing.
APPROACH PHASE This is none through investigators careful selection of the kind of
approach to use, which may be a single kind, a combination of two or the application of all techniques.
MINIMIZATION It is the act of minimizing the culpability of the suspect.
DRUNKEN TYPE The style of questioning by the investigator should be adapted to the psychology of the subject.
KNOWLEDGDE ON PSYCHOLOGY will help the interviewer determine the personality and intelligence of the
subject.
12 hours ______ if the crime is punishable by Arresto Menor (prison term for 1 to 30 days), public censure, fine
below PHP 200.
Arrest _____ is the taking of a person into custody in order that he or she may be bound to answer for the
commission of an offense (Sec., 1, Rule 113, Rules of Court).
standard operationg procedure SOP stands for:
PROBABLE CAUSE Refers to the evidence that warrants a person of reasonable caution in the belief that a crime
was committed.
RULE 7 _______ of Police Operational Procedure (2010) provides that reasonable force can be used during an
armed confrontation.
ARRESTARE The term “arrest” came from the Latin word ______ which means “cause to stop” and “restare” which
means “stay behind”.
10 DAYS The head of office to whom the warrant of arrest was delivered for execution shall cause the warrant to
be executed within _____ from its receipt.
400 YEARS OLD The right of the law enforcement officers to use force to enter a building to make an arrest is
almost _______.
WARRANT OFFICER Is any authorized member from the law enforcement agency usually from the Philippine
National Police (PNP) or National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) who holds a warrant for execution within 10 days from
receipt subject to renewal in case of failure to execute the same.
14TH CENT The term “arrest” came from the Latin word “arrestare” which means “cause to stop” and “restare”
which means “stay behind”. This term was used as early as the __________.
10 DAYS The head of office to whom the warrant of arrest was delivered for execution shall cause the warrant to
be executed within _____ from its receipt.
ARREST It is the taking of a person into custody in order that he or she may be bound to answer for the
commission of an offense (Sec., 1, Rule 113, Rules of Court).
400 YRS OLD The right of the law enforcement officers to use force to enter a building to make an arrest is almost
_____________.
JOHN DOE WARRATN It is a warrant containing no specific person to be arrested but only descriptions based
on the testimonies of the victim/s or the witnesses.
ALIAS WARRANT Refers to the warrant of arrest issued by a judge to the peace officer after returning the original
warrant of arrest after the lapse of the 10-day validity period.
FRISK SEARCH This search was established by Terry vs. Ohio, that officers could conduct a pat down of an individual
the stopped if they believed the person is armed and dangerous. This is a protective search for weapons only.
SEARCH As used in criminal investigation, it is the act of examining persons, documents, papers, and effects.
EXCLUSIONARY RULE This rule was derived from the case of Weeks v. United States in 1914. It established a rule that
federal courts may not accept evidence by unreasonable search and seizure, regardless of the relevance of these to the
case.

CIRCARE The word “search” was derived from the Anglo-Norman word “searcher”, old French ________ which
means “to explore”, and Latin word “circare” which means “go around in circles.”
PRONE SEARCH The suspect in this search lies on his stomach with arms and legs outstretched.
HANDCUFFS Using these are the best method of restraint if it is applied properly; it is good preventive measure but if
improperly applied it could be dangerous.
SEARCH OF MOVING VEHICLES This search is popular called as “check points.” This instance of warrantless search
cannot be done anytime.
WALL SEARCH The initial purpose of this search is to put the suspect in an “off-balanced position”.
CONSENTED SEARCH This is if the person submitted himself/herself voluntarily to a search, it is valid because he
consented to the search.
PLAIN VIEW DOCTRINE Under this doctrine, police officers can seize articles or objects which inadvertently come to
their view without exerting any effort and which object is incriminatory to the accused.
SADILI AND PENA It is believed that as part of effecting arrest and search of enforcing the law we need to be
guided by legal established rules. Given below are situational questions and explanatory notes about “shoot to kill
order”

SILENCE These are effectiveness of a Raid except:

RAID It is a surprise invasion of a building or area. It is a small scale attack of a limited territory.
TEAM LEADER Each man should hold his/her assigned position until his/her orders are changed by the ________.
COORDINATION The _____ of individual efforts is an essential element in the success of the raid. The raiding
party should act as a team.
SUPERIORITY OF ARMS These are qualifications of Raid Team, except:
SPEED The success of a raid depends upon intelligent planning and competent implementation. To achieve the
necessary elements of surprise, the operation must be performed surreptitiously with ________.
INVESTIGATION Raid is usually made after careful _________ and when other method of accomplishing the mission is
not suitable.
TO ATTACK THE ARRESTED PERSON These are purposes of Raid, except:
COORDINATION The ________ of individual efforts is an essential element in the success of the raid. The raiding
party should act as a team.
COOLNESS These are effectiveness of raid, except:
WARRANT OF ARREST A raid must be legal, having its basis in lawful process and conducted in a legal manner through
____________.

BULLET This can provide information about the make and type of ammunition and weapon from which the
bullet was fired.
CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE This evidence is incontrovertible or one which the law does not allow to be
contradicted.
BLOOD This becomes important evidence in homicide, assaults, robberies or other cases where it may be spilled. It may
be categorized into major groups of A, B, AB, and O depending on the condition of the stain on receipt.
GLASS This can be important evidence in robberies and hit and run cases.
EVIDENCE It is the means, sanctioned by these rules, of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a
matter of fact.

DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE It refers to writing, including official records, or contents “could speak for themselves”
when read by the investigators and the court.
TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE This is the product of interview and interrogation from which witness’ smell, hear, taste
and touch are being described through oral and written testimony.
PRIMA FACIE This evidence suffices for the proof of a particular fact until contradicted by other evidence.
HAIR This may be found anywhere in the crime scene. It often found on the clothing of the victim and suspect who has
come into physical contact with each other.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE These are physical objects used as evidence which are obtained through searches at the scene
of the crime.
OBJECTEVIDENCE This evidence is either verbal or oral. It is an evidence which consists of the narration or
deposition by one who observed or has personal knowledge of that to which he/she is testifying.
MATERIAL EVIDENCE This evidence tends to prove the fact in issue and is determined by the rules of substantive law
or rule of court.
TESTIMONIAL EVIDENCE This is the product of interview and interrogation from which witness’ smell, hear, taste
and touch are being described through oral and written testimony.
TOOL MARK This potential piece of evidence is any mark that is created when an instrument has contact with another
surface. The mark left by the tool may indicate the type of tool, the size of tool and even the skill of the perpetrator.
FINGERPRINTS These consist of ridges, depression and separations. These remained unchanged and consistent
throughout lifetime.
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE It refers to writing, including official records, or contents “could speak for themselves”
when read by the investigators and the court.
CORROBORAIVE EVISENCE This evidence is of different kind and character as that already given and tends to prove the
same proposition.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE These are physical objects used as evidence which are obtained through searches at the scene
of the crime.
BROAD DAYLIGHT A person can hardly be recognized by another person at a distance further than 100 yards if the
person has never been seen before, but persons who are almost strangers may be recognized at a distance of 25 yards.
MANNERISM Stereotype movement or habit peculiar an individual.
COMPLEXION This may be determined when the whole body is exposed preferably to ordinary sunlight.
20TH YEAR The human skeleton is unchangeable after the ________.
IDENTIFICATION It is the process of determining the personality of a person or thing.
MENTAL MEMORY These are characteristics which may easily be changed, except:

SOLIS 1987 “There is no rigid rule to be observed in the procedure of identification of persons.”
GROWTH OF HAIR These are characteristics which may not easily change, except:
TATTOO MARK This is the introduction of coloring pigments in the layers of the skin by multiple punctures.
LAW OF MULTIPLICITY OF EVIDENCE The greater the number of points of similarities and the similarities of two
persons compared, the greater is the probability to be correct. This is known as the __________ in identification.
MENTAL MEMORY These are characteristics that may not easily change, except:
POSITIVE IDENTIFICATION This uses information that identify an individual beyond question and is legally acceptable as
pertaining to and originating from a particular individual
DEFORMITY This may be congenital or acquired. It may cause peculiar way of walking, body movement, facial
expression, mannerisms, etc.
CHANGES IN THE EYS A person is identified because he is nearsighted, farsighted, colorblind, astigmatic, presbyopic,
or cross-eyed.
WORKING AREA It is an area surrounding the inner scene, where other support police may enter, and
equipment is staged, and evidence is brought to.
THE MEANS OF REPORT This is either personal appearance, by phone or any other means.
PHOTOGRAPHER It is the one who takes photographs of all pieces of evidence that are relevant to the crime
committed.
TAKE-MID RANGE These are photos of the immediate CS and the location of objects of evidence within the area
or room which portrays the scene from approximately 10-20 feet from the subject matter.

CRIME SCENE It is said to be a “treasure island” in criminal investigation.

DAYTIME CRIME SCENE This type of crime scene refers to a crime committed from sunrise to sunset.
OUTDOOR CRIME SCENE This crime scene is located in an open area. It could be inside the vehicle, airship, and vessel.
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION It refers to a comprehensive inquiry of a crime scene by conducting systematic
procedure of various investigative methodologies.
TEAM LEADER It is the one who directs the processing of the crime scene.
INDOOR CRIME SCENE This crime entails that the offender committed the crime in an enclosed place; crime could
have been committed in a room or inside the house but not necessarily the house of the victim.
THE TIME OF THE REPORT The exact time of the report, the hour and the minute should be recorded.

CRIME SCENE It is said to be a “treasure island” in criminal investigation.

SKETCHER The one who makes sketches of the immediate, background and inside the scene of the crime.
RUNNING CRIME SCENE This crime scene has mixed location from indoor to outdoor or vice-versa.
EVIDENCE RECOVERY LOG It consists of the record of how physical evidence was recognized, collected, marked, and
packaged for administrative and “chain of custody” purposes.
TAKE CLOSE RANGE These photos of specific evidence (strands of hair, fibers, footprints and bloodstains)
approximately 5 feet or less from the subject matter.
NIGHTIME CRIME SCENE This type of crime scene refers to a committed from sunset to sunrise.
INNER SCENE It is the actual crime scene, where only authorized investigators and crime scene technicians operate.
CRIME SCENE INVES It refers to a comprehensive inquiry of a crime scene by conducting systematic procedure of
various investigative methodologies.
INDOOR CRIME SCENE This crime entails that the offender committed the crime in an enclosed place; crime could
have been committed in a room or inside the house but not necessarily the house of the victim.
DOUBLE STRIP This is another variation on the strip search. Searchers follow strips in one direction, then cut across the
scene in another set of strips, oriented 90 degrees to the first.
SPIRAL The searchers in this method follow each other the path of a spiral, beginning from the outside and spiraling in
towards the center.
LINE SEARCH This is a variation of the strip search, where multiple surgeries follow a single strip in one direction, while
on-line with each other.
COORDINATED The entire team must coordinate their efforts in order for everyone to pursue the same goal.
KNOWLEDGE This refers to the basic understanding of the crime scene technicians about what they are trying to
accomplish and why.
OBSWERVING This is the most common activity involved in crime scene processing. It is the act of mentally registering
the condition of the scene and artifacts found in it.
ASSESSING This action assists the investigator in deciding on what to do, when to do it, and what resources may be
required.
PARALLEL The following are methods of search, except:
WHEEL This type of searching the crime scene is applicable to areas which are circular in size or area.
FLEXIBILITY Although methodical, the technician must also be flexible in order to deal with unique situations.
COLLECTION It is a very intrusive action. It is accomplished only after all seen context is documented.
SKILLS AND TOOLS In this critical ingredient, the technician must have the appropriate equipment and be skilled
with it in order to collect the various types of evidence he/she may encounter.
TRUTH The function of an investigation is to discover the ______.
METHODOLOGICAL The methods employed by the technician must be encompassing and purposefully regular.
ZONE The area to be searched is divided into quadrants and each searcher or a group of searchers is assigned to the
quadrant.
FLEXIBILITY Although this ingredient is methodical, the technician must also be flexible in order to deal with unique
situations.
COORDINATED EFFORT The entire team must coordinate their efforts in order for everyone to pursue the same
goal.
LOCALITY This deals with the vicinity of the crime scene in relation to the environs, to include neighboring
buildings, structures, or means of access leading to the scene.
NAME OF SUS It refers to the forehead of a sketch where the name of the suspect is written.
SKETCHER’S NAME This is where the name of the sketcher and the team leader or the officer in charge are written and
signed.
SKETCH OF DETAILS This includes the positions and exact location of the physical evidence in the crime scene.
SKETCH This means to draw or the skill, with important dimensions at the scene being shown to a good degree
of accuracy.
MEASUREMENT It is an element of sketch with measurements showing accurate spaces in this instance of
relevant objects to their point of reference.
TITLE This part of sketch refers to the crime committed, or the incident happened such as vascular accident, homicide
case, drowning, rape case, and others.
LOCATION It refers to the place where the incident happened.
ROUGH SKEYCH This is a sketch made by the investigator at the crime scene, which is full of important details
but without the scale of proportion.
TO REFRESH Why is sketching the crime scene vital?
SCALE OF PROPORTION It is the element of the finished sketch. It is the essential of the finished sketch to the
actual size or measurements at the scene.
SKETCH The word _____ means to draw or the skill, with important dimensions at the scene being shown to a
good degree of accuracy.
LEGEND This is usefully placed at the bottom of the sketch outside the sketch of the scene.
THE SUPPLEMENT Why is sketching the crime scene vital?
SKETCH OF GROUNDS This is the kind of sketch which illustrates the same of the crime with the nearest physical
surroundings, such as the room adjacent or opposite the room of the crime scene, the number of floors of a building or
house, the yard and the other natural structures.
CROSS PROJECTION It also describes the immediate scene only, specifically inside a room at the scene of the crime.
NSTURE OF CASE It refers to the status of the case whether currently committed or days had passed after its discovery.
NAME OF VICTIM This is the part of the sketch where name of the victim is written.
BODY It refers to the sketch proper to include the position of the victim and other items in the crime scene. It includes
proper measurements of distances of objects in the crime scene.
CIGARETTES The following are the tools used in fixed surveillance, except:
FIXED SURVEILLANCE This is usually performed when surveillance is directed to a particular building or premise. The
surveillant is immovable in place while observing his/her subject.
SHADOWIG The term _____ refers to the act of the surveillance of following his/her subject to detect criminal
activities, to establish the association of subject, to find a wanted person and many other purposes.
TWO-MAN SHADOW This is easier for the surveillance to fully cover the subject.
SURVEILLANCE It is defined as the discreet observation of persons, places, and bagels for the purpose of obtaining
information concerning the identities or activities of criminals.
OVERT SURVEILLANCE This occurs if the subject is aware that he/she is under surveillance.
COVERT SURVEILLANCE This is a type of surveillance conducted to a subject who is unaware that he/she is
under surveillance.
MOVING SURVEILLANCE It is performed by foot or by the use of any transportation vehicle in order to observe the
subject.
ROOING It is a kind of undercover work wherein surveillant assumes different rules and identity in order to
obtain information.
SURVEILLANT It is the person who conducts the surveillance or performs the observations.
SHADOW This refers to the act of the surveillance of following his/her subject to detect criminal activities, to
establish the association of subject, to find a wanted person and many other purposes.
FIXED This is usually performed when surveillance is directed to a particular building or premise. The surveillant is
immovable in place while observing his/her subject.
MOVING It is performed by foot or by the use of any transportation vehicle in order to observe the subject.
SECRET MEETINGS This communication is pre-arranged to pass important and vital messages which should be
immediately acted upon.
BASIS FOR A SUCCESSFUL RAID The information obtained by the undercover agents are direct, hence they are
important base for the planning and execution of future raids.
SOCIAL ASS These are places of amusements, such as bars, night clubs, in other places of entertainment for a subject
frequently goes.
GRAPEVINE SOURCE This method of tracing has easier access to the underworld where vital information could be
gathered as to the whereabouts of the particular criminal.
UNDERCOVER OP It is presently one of the best means to solve crimes committed by professional criminals.
INSTALLATION The agent is in a position to secretly install surveillance equipment such as hearing devices or
wiretapping facilities.
GATHERING EVI The undercover agent can observe criminal activities, hear conversations, photographs
documents and performs other activities for collating and gathering evidence.
PENETRATING By nature of the operations in this organization, which is clandestine, the only effective method of
obtaining of information is by undercover operations.
RESIDENTIAL This concerns the neighborhood of the suspect where the undercover agent fits himself/herself as a new
resident, without generating suspicion.
UNDERCOVER It is a person who conducts an undercover assignment.
GATHERING The undercover agent can observe criminal activities, hear conversations, photographs documents and
performs other activities for collating and gathering evidence.
UNDECOVER OP It is a police operation wherein the investigator assumes a fictitious identity in order to
infiltrate the ranks of the criminals for the purpose of obtaining information.
RESIDENTIAL This concerns the neighborhood of the suspect where the undercover agent fits himself/herself as a new
resident, without generating suspicion.
DO NOT USE MEN These are the don’ts in a undercover assignment, except:
SIGN LANGUAGES These are communications by the undercover agent to the headquarters, except:
INTALLATION The agent is in a position to secretly install surveillance equipment such as hearing devices or
wiretapping facilities.
SOCIAL ASS These are places of amusements, such as bars, night clubs, in other places of entertainment for a subject
frequently goes.
COUNTER-INTEL It is a means to identify the double-crossers. the undercover agent could validate the
truthfulness of the information given by informants.