1.

1 Discuss any two common functions of the three Maritime Administrations

Two main functions common with all three Maritime Administrations.
i) Manning.
Ghana Maritime Authority Act, sec. 2(g): Oversee matters pertaining to the training,
recruitment and welfare of Ghanaian seafarers.
and
Ghana Maritime Authority Act, sec. 2(h): Plan, monitor and evaluate training
programmes of seafarers to ensure conformity with standards laid down by
international maritime conventions.
Liberia Maritime Authority Act, sec. 5(8): Expand and create maritime employment
opportunities for Liberian seafarers, to include training and certification.
Kenya Maritime Authority Act, sec. 5(k): Oversee matters pertaining to the training,
recruitment and welfare of seafarers.
ii) Flag State and Port State Responsibilities.
Ghana Maritime Authority Act, sec. 2(c): Fulfill flag state and port state
responsibilities in an effective and efficient manner, having due regard to
international maritime conventions, instruments and codes.
Liberia Maritime Authority Act, sec. 5(4): Regulate, control and administer all
regulatory matters related to the standards for merchant shipping, and all foreign
and domestic water-borne commercial and non-commercial activities as provided for
under the Liberia Maritime Law or any other related law, and consistent with
prevailing Liberian laws, so to avoid duplication of or conflict with the functions of
other Government Agencies.
Kenya Maritime Authority Act, sec. 5(e): Discharge flag State and port State
responsibilities in an efficient and effective manner, having regard to international
maritime conventions, treaties, agreements and other instruments to which Kenya is
a party.

1.2 Discuss any two un-common functions of the three Maritime Administrations
Two main functions un-common with all three Maritime Administrations.
i) Establishment and Development of Private Shipping Lines.
Ghana Maritime Authority Act, sec. 2(o): Initiate action for the promotion,
establishment and development of private shipping lines.
ii) Regulation of Shipping Agents and Freight Forwarders.
Ghana Maritime Authority Act, sec. 2(r): Regulate the activities of shipping agents,
freight forwarders and similar shipping service providers.
 2.1 Sketch and describe OTEC.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

OTEC is a renewable energy technology that uses the natural temperature difference
between the surface and the deeper parts in oceans to produce clean, reliable
electricity, day and night and all year-round.
It works best in the tropical equatorial zone where the temperature difference
between the ocean surface (heated by sunlight) and the deeper parts of the ocean is
at least, 20°C throughout the year.
How It Works
The basic components of OTEC.
1. Evaporator: Heat exchanger to raise the temperature of Ammonia liquid to
vapour, by heating with the use of warm sea water.
2. Condenser: Heat exchanger to reduce Ammonia vapour to liquid, by cooling
with the use of cold sea water.
3. Pumps: To pump water and the working fluid through the system.
4. Turbine: To harness the kinetic energy of Ammonia vapour into a rotational
motion.
5. Generator Alternator: Produces electrical energy when rotated.
6. Ammonia: A stable working fluid (like refrigerant) that has low boiling point.
The ocean’s surface water with a temperature of about 25°C, is pumped through the
evaporator tubes. The warm seawater is used to heat the liquid ammonia in the
evaporator which creates pressure as it evaporates.
The evaporated ammonia then runs through pipping into the turbine which spins the
turbine blades creating rotational motion.
The rotational force produced by the turbine, as a result of the pressurised ammonia
gas acting on the turbine blades, also rotates the generator alternator that is
coupled to the turbine.
The generator alternator produces electrical energy by the principle of
electromagnetic induction. This principle uses a conductor, magnetic field and
mechanical energy to produce electricity when rotated by any means.
The now low-pressure ammonia vapor then runs through pipping into the
condenser. The temperature in the condenser is about 5°C with the aid of cold
seawater being pumped from seawater dept of about 1000 meters running through
the condenser tubes, to condense the ammonia back to liquid state.
The liquid ammonia is then pumped back into the evaporator to repeat the process,
making it a complete cycle of continues electricity generating cycle.
The efficiency of the cycle is strongly determined by the temperature differential.
The bigger the temperature difference, the higher the efficiency.

2.2 Advantages of OTEC over other ocean energy sources.

It provides Baseload Electricity, which means constant day and night (24/7) and
year-round energy supply.
The energy source of OTEC is free, available abundantly and is continually being
replenished as long as the sun shines and the natural ocean currents exist.
Power produced by other ocean energy sources (Tide and Waves), are intermittent
and not steady due to the nature of the energy sources.
3.1 Discuss the Protected Areas under the Control of Fishing Effort (Gear)
3.2 Discuss the Protected Areas under the Control of Age of Entry
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are geographically defined areas that afford natural
resources greater protection in relation to fisheries management.
The management unit/zone are fishery or ecosystem.
This is a no-take area to protect spawning of fish species targeted by a fishery or an
area with specific gear prohibitions.
Definition of fisheries management by the International Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN):
“A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through
legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with
associated ecosystem services and cultural values.”
Two of the primary reasons for establishing MPAs are;
1. Nature conservation,
2. Fisheries management.
The use of MPAs for conservation has increased along with the growing global
recognition of the need to safeguard the marine environment.
In fisheries, protected areas have a long history and predate the MPA concept by
several decades. Measures such as area and time restrictions for protection of a
component of a fish stock or community, e.g. adult spawning grounds or juvenile
nursery areas, are considered types of MPA. With the increasing trend of applying an
ecosystem-based approach to fisheries, MPAs with broader combined objectives for
ecosystem management are likely to become more common.
How do MPAs relate to spatial planning?
MPAs are an integral part of spatial management and represent tools used within
larger frameworks such as integrated coastal zone management (ICZM), integrated
ocean management (IOM) and marine spatial planning (MSP). These frameworks are
place-based or area-based and apply to planning and managing human activities
across sectors, generally intending to achieve multiple objectives. When used in the
context of fisheries management, MPAs need to be considered in a larger spatial
context and should be anchored within a broader fisheries or ecosystem
management framework.

4.1 Five (5) uses of Fisheries Product

Fish is consumed as food. Some fish are also utilized for other purposes.
During preservation and processing, some materials of fish and prawn are discarded
as waste. Similarly, some trash and distasteful fishes are unsuitable for human
consumption. These waste material and uneatable fishes become an important
source to produce fish by-products.
Fish flesh on an average contains 15-20% protein. Some species of fish contain very
high amounts of body oil. Few species of fish like shark are good sources of liver oil.
Fish processing and filleting industries turn out large quantities of fishery waste.
All these are good sources of high-quality protein, fat, minerals etc.
Some of the important fishery by-products is given below.
1. Pharmaceuticals Products:
INSULIN is a hormone that can be extracted from fish and used for correcting the
medical condition called diabetes in humans.
ASTAXANTHIN is the pigment that gives shrimps its red colour.
It can be extracted and used as a powerful antioxidant.
2. Pet Foods:
Fish is commonly used in dog food because it provides
OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS. Omega-3 fatty acids are essential for dogs' growth and
early development.
PROTEIN. Fish is an excellent source of protein to help support strong muscles.
FLAVOR. Cats aren't the only ones that love fish. Dogs do too.
3. Leather from Shark, Salmon and Alligator skin:
Shark, Salmon and Alligator skin can be used to make flexible, durable and water-
resistant leather. This type of leather are used to make top-class wallet, passport
cases, etc.
4.
4.2 Five (5) reasons why Fishermen are vulnerable
1. Perils at Sea: Fishing is high risk occupation. There is always a risk for loss or
damage to the catch, the fishing gear and even, the fishing crew.
2. Capital Costs: The cost of fishing gear required for commercial fishing, can be a
major capital cost, putting a lot of pressure on the investor/fisherman to deliver
profits within the nearest possible time frame, as capital cost may be taken on loan.
3. Fish Products: Fish products face increased competition from other agricultural
protein sources (e.g., poultry sources), as fish becomes more expensive.
4. Fish Price Fluctuations: Minor fluctuations in the price of fish at a particular time,
can be disastrous for the fishermen, who may have invested resources into a
particular voyage based on the catch.
5. Middlemen Expenses: The ‘çut’ for retailers and processers in the middle is
relatively high, due to the factors of storage, perishability and transportation.

5.1 Draft and discuss four (4) Local Content as a member of legislator.
Local content is the value that an extraction project brings to the local, regional or
national economy beyond the resource revenues.
Countries can encourage implementation of Local Content Policies (LCPs) through
requirements and targets written in national laws, as well as, individual contracts.
The purpose of local content policies is to stimulate economic developments
necessary to alleviate poverty, achieve prosperity and ensure sustainable economic
and social outcomes, even though their use has achieved mixed results.
The four local contents I would include in legislation as a member of drafting
committee includes;
1. Helicopter Service
2. Supply Vessels
3. Storage Facility
4. Vessel Maintenance.
Helicopter Service
Helicopter service is a transportation medium that will be required during exploration
and exploitation phases of the oil and gas industry, as well as, other industries in the
country.
Helicopter service include;
1. Transportation of personnel,
2. Transportation of items urgently required,
3. Search and rescue operations, and
4. Forest fire suppression and prevention.
to and from the offshore facilities and remote areas within the country.
The operation of the helicopter service being carried out by the mother company
should not only be about resource revenue, but must include the involvement of
local personnel in the helicopter service operations. These personnel include;
1. Pilots and/or Assistant Pilots
2. Helicopter Landing Officer
3. Helicopter Maintenance Engineers
4. Search and Rescue Personnel.
Where the local personnel may not be qualified to take up such positions, the
company should be obliged to implement training procedure for the local personnel,
which should include promotions to take over such positions after a specific time
frame.

Supply Vessels
Supply vessels are ships that are engaged with oil and gas offshore installations for
the transportation of oil and gas materials, oil and gas tools, oil and gas personnel,
marine crew, drilling chemicals, etc.
Where the local personnel may not be qualified to take up such positions, the
company should be obliged to implement training procedure for the local personnel,
which should include promotions to take over such positions after a specific time
frame.
Storage Facilities