EGR2208_Final_August 2022_ Page 2 of 9

INTI INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

EGR2208: ENGINEERING MATERIALS

FINAL EXAMINATION: AUGUST 2022 SESSION

NAME : LINDA JUNIA NINGSIH

STUDENT ID :( I22023032)

QUESTION 1 (25 Marks)

a) Explain Five (5) types of engineering materials and give examples.

ANSWER:

The engineering materials can broadly be classified as:

a). Ferrous Metals
b). Non-ferrous Metals (aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel, titanium)
c). Plastics (thermoplastics, thermosets)
d). Ceramics and Diamond
e). Composite Materials & f) Nano-materials.

b) Identify and illustrate Three (3) types of unit cell.

ANSWER:

 Primitive Cubic Unit Cell

Every single atom which is present in the unit cell is shared with the other adjacent
cell. Meaning each unit cell shares its atoms with 8 other primitive cubic unit cells.
Thus, a particular unit cell contains only ⅛ of an atom. On the other hand, 4 unit cells
are present in the same layer, and there are 2 layers. The upper and the lower layer
makes a particular unit cell be 1/8th of the atom that is present inside it. The total
number of atoms present in the single primitive cubic unit cell can be counted by
taking eight atoms present in the corner. Thus, ⅛ X 8 = 1 atom.
 Body-Centered Cubic Unit Cell
The BCC is almost the same as a simple cubic unit cell, meaning it has eight atoms
present in each corner of the cube and one atom in the center of the cube. BCC has an
open structure. The atom which is present at the center solely belongs to the unit cell
in which it is present. First, 8 corners will make ⅛ per corner atom = 8 x ⅛ = 1 atom
One atom present at the center of the body = 1 atom Thus, the body-centered cubic
unit cell has two atoms.
 Face-Centered Cubic Unit Cell (FCC)
A face-centered cubic unit cell is the most densely populated unit cell. In addition to
this, at the center of the cube's faces, you will find out one atom. These face-centered

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atoms are shared between 2 adjacent unit cells, and only ½ of each atom is a part of
the individual cell. There are 8 corners x 18 per corner atom = 8 x 18 = 1 atom 6 face-
centered atoms x 12 atoms per unit cell = 3 atoms Thus, we have 4 atoms in a Face
centered cubic unit cell.

c) In line defects, list Three (3) types dislocations.

ANSWER:

 Edge dislocation or line/side dislocation.

Where there is an extra atomic plane or half atomic plane, and the edges end in the
middle (inside) the crystal. Schematic diagram (kisiplane) showing side dislocations.
Burgers vector black, dislocation line in blue.
 Dislocation of screws or threads.
Is a dislocation that occurs due to shear forces where the top of the crystal front is
shifted to the right by one atom towards the bottom of the Schematic Diagram (lattice
plane) showing Threaded Dislocations.
 Mixed dislocation.
Is a dislocation in a material where both types of dislocations are present. In many
materials, dislocations can be found where the direction lines and Burgersvectors are
not perpendicular or parallel and these dislocations are called mixed dislocations,
which consist of both thread and edge characters.

d) Explain Two (2) factors that cause defects in the engineering materials.

ANSWER:

Factors affecting defects in technical materials are the tundish temperature factor and working
shift factor

e) Give Two (2) examples on the importance in studying corrosion properties of materials.

ANSWER:

 The importance of studying corrosion is one of them that we can do corrosion

prevention, like Oiling, greasing, painting & lubricating Casualty protection (Zn, Sn
& Mg etc) Electrical protection - Reactive metal is made Anode & Least reactive
metal is made Cathode. Electrons are lost from the anode.
 We know how use chemicals like Bisphenol, a solution of a chromate compound that
acts as an anti-rust solution. Stainless steel (Fe, Ni & Cr) does not corrode. if we
already know all the dimensions related to corrosion then we will know the
importance of studying corrosion and its effect on something.

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QUESTION 2 (25 Marks)

A cylindrical specimen of steel having an original diameter of 12.8 mm is tensile-tested to

fracture and found to have an engineering fracture strength σ f of 460 MPa. If the cross-sectional
diameter at fracture is 10.7 mm, calculate:
a) The percent reduction in area of the sample.

ANSWER:

b) Draw and differentiate engineering and true stress-strain diagram and indicate yield stress,
ultimate stress and fracture stress.

ANSWER:
Hubungan antara tegangan dan regangan sebagai hasil dari uji tarik secara umum
digambarkan dalam suatu diagram yang dikenal sebagai diagram tegangan-regangan.

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Actual Voltage:
• Load at fracture
F=σ f A 0=(460 x 10 ¿¿ 6)(128.7 x 10¿¿−6)=59.200 N ¿ ¿
F 59.200 −6 2
σ T= = =6.6 x 10 N /m =660 MPa
A f 89.9 x 10−6

c) Discuss the importance of impact testing for selecting materials that will be applied in a wide
range of operating temperature that require ductile properties.

ANSWER:
The importance of testing is to determine the effect of impact loads on the mechanical
properties of the material. Know standard impact testing procedures. Knowing the factors
that affect material failure with impact loads. Knowing the material's ability to impact loads
from various measured temperatures.

d) Compare the effects of carbon contents on stress-strain diagram.

ANSWER:

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e) Compare the effects of temperature on stress-strain diagram.

ANSWER:

QUESTION 3 (25 Marks)

A portion of iron-carbon phase diagram is presented in Figure Q3. Based on the figure,
a) Describe the microstructural change in hypoeutectoid composition Co when it cooled from
austenite phase (1) to below the eutectoid temperature (3),

ANSWER:

The phase transformation occurs in the y region to the ∝+ Fe3 C . In the formation of the ∝+ Fe3 C

phase with a composition below the eutectoid point.

b) Calculate the mass fraction of proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite at position three (3), if Co is
0.50 wt% C.

0,76−0,50
ANSWER: W ∝= =0,36
0,76−0,022

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c) Supposed that the cooling rate from point one (1) is increased, explain by using continuous
cooling transformation (CCT) diagram, the possible phases that could be formed at room
temperature.

ANSWER:

This temperature is shown by the CCT diagram above as the t point. then the steel stops with
various cooling variations. The cooling process is indicated by a slanted line where the sloping
the line formed the faster the cooling. Slowest cooling (for annealing) is indicated by the straight
line v1, slightly faster cooling is indicated by line v2, faster (for oil cooling) is indicated by lines
v3 and v4 and fastest (water cooling) is indicated by lines v5 and v6.

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SECTION B
QUESTION 4 [25 Marks]

a) Describe Two (2) types process to manufacture polymers products and give examples names
and characteristics of products.

ANSWER:
• thermoplastic which is a polymer with the ability to be re-melted through a heating process so
that it can return to its original shape. Its production begins with forming plastic pellets, then
heating them until they can be formed into various products.
• thermoset, ie polymer which cannot be returned to its original shape. The heating process to
form it into the final product usually results in an acrylic-like object

b) As engineering materials, it is appropriate to divide polymer into Three (3) categories.

Explain and name those categories.

ANSWER:
• semi-synthetic polymers
• thermoplastic polymers
• commodity polymers

c) Super alloys and refractory materials are example of non-ferrous alloys. Discuss their
properties and applications.

ANSWER:
Non-ferrous metals or non-ferrous metals are metals that do not contain the element iron (Fe).
Most pure non-ferrous metals are not used without being combined with other metals, because
usually their properties do not meet the desired requirements. Non-ferrous metals are also used to
alloy iron or steel with the aim of improving the properties of steel. Of the types of heavy non-

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ferrous metals that are often used for steel alloys, among others, nickel, chromium, molybdenum,
tungsten and so on,

QUESTION 5 (25 Marks)

a) Blow molding and injection molding are two types of production technique in polymer
processing technology. Explain Three (3) the basic principles of the processes and describe
the characteristics of products that commonly produce by these processes.

ANSWER:
a. extrusion blow molding,
b. stretch blow molding, dan
c. injection blow molding.

b) A ceramic is a solid material comprising an inorganic compound of metal, non-metal or

metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent bonds. Describes Three (3) physical
properties of ceramics materials.

ANSWER:
a. Mechanical Properties

Ceramic is a strong, hard and corrosion resistant material. In addition, ceramics have a low
density and also a high melting point.

b. Thermal Properties

The thermal properties of ceramic materials are heat capacity, coefficient of thermal
expansion and thermal conductivity. The heat capacity of a material is the ability of the
material to absorb heat from the environment.

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c. electrical properties

The electrical properties of ceramic materials vary widely. Ceramics are well known as
solators. Some ceramic insulators (such as BaTiO3) can be polarized and used as capacitors.

c) Describe Three (3) functions of matrix in composite materials.

ANSWER:
• transfers fiber tension
• form covalent covalent bonds on the matrix/fiber surface
• protect the fiber

d) Describe Two (2) main differences between plastics and metalic materials

ANSWER:
• Plastic can decompose in the air, plastic can also be affected by bacterial attack, meanwhile
• Metals corrode and are not affected by bacterial attack.

- THE END –

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