WEEK 7 Handout

CO QAH + MELC LW
HANDOUT No. 7
Course Outline &Quality Assured
Handouts paired with MELC- in INQUIRIES
Based Learner’s Worksheet , INVESTIGATION AND IMMERSION
MELC: Describes data gathering instrument and samples.
Semester:2nd SEMESTER Week No. 7 Day: 1 - 4
LESSON: (Data Gathering Instrument and Sample)
This handout helps you to determine the correct sample size and how the samples are selected that are
crucial in ensuring the accuracy and precision of an estimate leading to valid research findings.
TOPIC : (Data Gathering Instrument and Sample)

Population vs sample
In order to understand the sampling method, one must understand first the difference
between population and sample.
 The population is the entire group that you need to entice inferences about. It could be an
analysis of a person, group, organization, country, object
 or any other entity that you wish to draw scientific inferences about.
For example, if a manufacturer wants to determine whether finished goods manufactured at a

production line meets certain quality requirements or must be scrapped and reworked, then the
population consists of the entire set of finished goods manufactured at that production facility.
 The sample is the specific group of individuals that you will collect data from. The sample
depends on the size of the population, and on how you want the results to represent the
For example, average person earns. Time and finances stop you from knocking on every
door in America, so you choose to ask 1,000 random people. This one thousand people
are your sample.
SAMPLE METHODS
Two Groups of Sampling Methods

A. Probability Sampling
B. Non-Probability Sampling
A. Probability Sampling. It involves random selection, allowing you to make statistical inferences
about the whole group. It tends to be time-consuming and expensive than non-probability
sampling for in non-probability it does not start with the sampling frame which means that not all
individual has the chance to be selected.
DIFFERENT PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
1. Simple Random Sampling

A respondent is chosen entirely by chance where everybody can be selected. The advantage of
this sampling is that it is straightforward or direct. While, its disadvantage is that a researcher may not be
able to select enough participants with the same characteristics of interest.
Example.
A researcher wants to collect a sample of 100 employees in a Company. The researcher assigns
a number to every employee in the company database from 1 to 1000 then use a generator to select 100
out of 1000 employees.
2. Systematic Sampling
Respondents are selected at a regular interval from its population. Intervals are chosen to ensure
an adequate sample size.
Example.
In a company, all employees are listed in alphabetical order. A researcher selects a starting point
where from there, a researcher counts every 10th employee on the list and select the respondents
(10,20,20,40, and so on)
3. Stratified Sampling
The population is divided into subgroups (or strata) that share all similar characteristics. It
improves the accuracy and representativeness of the results by decreasing bias.
Example.
The company has 1000 male and 200 female employees. The researcher want to ensure that the
sample will reflect the gender balance of the company being studied. In order to get the sample, the
researcher will divide the population into strata based from their gender. After which, the researcher will
use random sampling selecting 100 female and 20 male which gives the representative of the whole
population sample of 120 people.
4. Clustered Sampling
In this sampling technique, subgroups of populations are used as the sampling unit rather than as
individuals. The population is being divided into subgroup which is known as cluster that is randomly
selected to be included in the research study. It can be more efficient comparing to other probability
sampling especially when a study takes place over a wide geographic region. However, it increases the
risk of bias if the chosen clusters are not a representative of the population.
Example.
The company has different offices in 20 cities across the Philippines roughly with the same
number of employees in similar roles. Since the researcher do not have the capacity to travel in all offices
to gather data, the researcher will use random sampling to select at least 6 offices as the cluster sample
to obtain the data needed for the study.
5. Multi-Stage Random Sampling
A combination of one or more of the above.
Non-Probability Sampling. It involves non-random selection based on convenience or other
criteria, allowing you to easily collect initial data.
DIFFERENT NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
1. Convenience Sampling.
It is said to be the easiest method of sampling because respondents are being selected based on
their availability and willingness to take part in the study. From there, a useful results is obtained,
however the results may show bias when the volunteer that took part from the study may be different
from the one who is not chosen. It could be the respondents may not be a representative of the
characteristics that is been investigated. It is also called accidental or opportunity sampling.
Example.
A research is investigating on the opinions about student support services in your school. After a
class the researcher ask the student to complete the survey. Even the researcher took the sample within
the same class and same level the sample is considered to be not a representative of all the students in
your school. Though it may be that way is still a way to gather the need data of a certain study.
2. Quota Sampling
It is a non-random sampling that deals with the chosen respondents on the basis of
predetermined characteristics so that sample will have the same distribution of characteristics from the
population. This king of method is usually used in the field of marketing research. The quota chosen
should proportionally represent the characteristics of the underlying population.
Example.
An interviewer were told to go out and select 25 men , and 25 women, 15 teenage girls and 15
teenage boys so that they could interview all of them about television viewing. It shows that all must be
interviewed to reach its quota in gathering its needed data for the said interview.
3. Purposive Sampling
It is also known as judgement, selective or subjective sampling A kind of sampling that relies on
the judgement of the researcher as to whom the researcher is going to choose for the study that will fit in
to the necessary information. Or that will suit to the characteristics being investigated.
Example.
Researchers want to know about the opinions and experiences of student’s athlete in your school
towards their academic status. In order to have the data, the researcher will purposively get the opinion
of the student’s athlete in your school.
4. Snowball Sampling
It starts by identifying respondents that will match the criteria for inclusion of the study and will
encourage others to also take part in the selection. This kind of sampling is useful when a researcher
know little about a group being studied.
Example.
A researcher is studying about the homeless in a city. Since the researcher does not have a list of
the homeless. The researcher will meet one of the homeless and will encourage other homeless that
they knew to take part in the study.
Illustration No. 1
REFERENCES
Baraceros, Esther L., PRACTICAL RESEARCH II, First Edition 2016, Rex Book Store, 856 Nicanor, Sr. St.,
Manila, Philippines. Pp. 86-90
Prieto, N.G., Naval, V.C. & Carey, T.G. (2017). Practical research for senior high school 2. Lorimar
Publishing Inc. Pp. 96-100
‌Figueroa, A. (2019, September 4). Data Samples and error visualization techniques - Towards Data
Science. Retrieved August 20, 2020, from Medium website: https://towardsdatascience.com/data-
samples-and-error-visualization-techniques-832c4a7fbcb2
Key Elements of a Research Proposal Quantitative Design. (n.d.). https://www.wssu.edu/about/offices-
and-departments/office-of-sponsored-programs/pre-award/_Files/documents/develop-
quantitative.pdf
POPULATIONS AND SAMPLING. (2020). Umsl.Edu. https://www.umsl.edu/~lindquists/sample.html
Research, in. (2020). What is Sampling in Research? - Definition, Methods & Importance - Video &
Lesson Transcript | Study.com. Study.Com. https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-sampling-
in-research-definition-methods-importance.html
‌Sample Statistic: Definition, Examples - Statistics How To. (2019, July 20). Retrieved August 20, 2020,
from Statistics How To website: https://www.statisticshowto.com/sample-statistic-definition-
examples/#:~:text=A%20sample%20is%20just%20a,thousand%20people%20is%20your
%20sample.
‌Laura Mata García. (2018, April 24). The 10 most common myths surrounding design research. Part 2.
Retrieved August 20, 2020, from Medium website: https://medium.designit.com/the-10-most-
common-myths-surrounding-design-research-part-2-bc7ffdf42497
Prepared by:
SUSANIE Y. DIOMANGAY
SHS- TII
Checked and Reviewed by: Noted by:
RHUEL R. YONGOTYONGOT ARNOLD M. JARABA

Principal I Education Program Specialist-TLE

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CO QAH + MELC LW

MELC: Describes data gathering instrument and samples.

Semester:2nd SEMESTER Week No. 7 Day: 1 - 4

LESSON: (Data Gathering Instrument and Sample)

TOPIC : (Data Gathering Instrument and Sample)

For example, if a manufacturer wants to determine whether finished goods manufactured at a

Two Groups of Sampling Methods

DIFFERENT PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

1. Simple Random Sampling

DIFFERENT NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Checked and Reviewed by: Noted by:

RHUEL R. YONGOTYONGOT ARNOLD M. JARABA

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