Sustainability 14 13061

sustainability
Review
Permeable Pavement Systems for Effective Management of
Stormwater Quantity and Quality: A Bibliometric Analysis and
Highlights of Recent Advancements
Mohamed N. Singer 1 , Mohamed A. Hamouda 1,2, * , Hilal El-Hassan 1 and Gilbert Hinge 1
1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, United Arab Emirates University,

Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
2 National Water and Energy Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
* Correspondence: [email protected]
Abstract: In recent years, there has been growing interest in the field of permeable pavement systems
(PPS), especially in the scope of stormwater management as a sustainable urban drainage system
(SUDS). In this study, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis followed by a systematic review were
conducted to capture the nature and evolution of literature, intellectual structure networks, emerging
themes, and knowledge gaps in the field of PPS. Relevant publications over 22 years (2000–2021) were
retrieved from the Web of Science database for analysis. Results revealed that slight modifications
within the PPS layers or incorporation of innovative filters could result in improved contaminant
removal efficiency. Impermeable soils and PPS pore size were the main limiting factors affecting
the permeability and infiltration rates. A combination of maintenance procedures was presented
and proven effective in mitigating clogging effects, mostly occurring at the upper 1.5–2.5 cm of the
PPS. Although partial replacement of the PPS mix design with recycled aggregates improved the
Citation: Singer, M.N.; Hamouda, overall permeability, the compressive strength was slightly compromised. The present study also
M.A.; El-Hassan, H.; Hinge, G. discusses several evolving aspects for water quality improvements, innovative investigations that
Permeable Pavement Systems for include recycled aggregates, and other lessons learned and future research directions in the area of
Effective Management of Stormwater PPS. Findings from the conducted analysis provide researchers, designers, urban planners, and even
Quantity and Quality: A Bibliometric municipalities with research gaps and technical deficiencies in implementing and investigating PPS.
Analysis and Highlights of Recent
Advancements. Sustainability 2022, Keywords: permeable pavement systems; stormwater management; performance; bibliometric analysis
14, 13061. https://doi.org/10.3390/
su142013061
Academic Editor: Miklas Scholz

1. Introduction
Received: 14 September 2022
Accepted: 7 October 2022
The continuous increase in global temperatures due to the emissions of greenhouse
Published: 12 October 2022
gases, such as carbon dioxide, has led to various climate change impacts and environmental
issues [1,2]. This has caused increased frequency and duration of extreme weather events,
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
resulting in increased rainfall and short-duration intensity [3–5]. In addition, the rise in
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
the use of impervious surfaces due to rapid urbanization has also resulted in increased
published maps and institutional affil-
stormwater runoff, peak flows, and a reduced infiltration rate [6]. Stormwater runoff can
iations.
carry different pollutants, including heavy metals, nutrients, and polyaromatic hydrocar-
bons (PAHs), resulting in groundwater and soil contamination [7,8]. These pollutants may
also result in eutrophication or algal blooms in the receiving water bodies [9]. Furthermore,
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
ineffective management of stormwater runoff may overload the sewerage systems and
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. result in localized flooding events [10]. Therefore, there has been increasing interest in
This article is an open access article sustainable stormwater management practices.
distributed under the terms and Different practices have been developed to reduce stormwater runoff and improve its
conditions of the Creative Commons quality. These practices can be classified as sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) and
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// include techniques such as permeable surfaces, filter and infiltration trenches, retention
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ basins, wetlands, ponds, and water harvesting [11]. One of the most promising SUDS is per-
4.0/). meable pavement systems (PPS). They are considered viable options due to their structural,
Sustainability 2022, 14, 13061. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013061 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2022, 14, 13061 2 of 24
economic, and road-user benefits. However, the challenges in the practical implementation
of SUDS are due to constraints related to construction costs, characteristics of the land,
long-term performance, and technical difficulties in installation and maintenance [11].
Some literature reviews have already discussed the different materials used to con-
struct PPS [12–15]. However, this study is different from the previous works of literature, as
the main interest of this paper is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the published research
over the past 22 years, highlight trends in this field of research, and discuss the recent
advances in improving the performance of PPS. Bibliometric analysis is a quantitative
and statistical tool that plays an important role in identifying the productivity of authors,
countries, and institutions and provides information about the total publications and ci-
tations by thorough network analysis of keywords, articles, and authors [16–18]. These
analyses are represented as network maps or graphs to highlight different characteristics,
such as identifying collaboration among authors, and countries, identifying main research
themes, emerging trends in articles, and understanding the evolution of articles and hence
finding the research gaps [19]. In addition, bibliometric analyses can be combined with
systematic reviews to provide a more in-depth and comprehensive review of the state-
of-the-art while also examining the evolution of certain aspects within the research field
with time [20,21]. Previous bibliometric analyses were performed on specific areas of PPS,
such as sponge city [16], stormwater management practices [18,22], runoff pollution control
technologies [23], and urban heat island effect mitigation [24]. However, a bibliometric
analysis that simultaneously studies different aspects of PPS has not yet been conducted.
Accordingly, this study is a bibliometric analysis that provides insights and recent
highlights on different aspects of PPS in the field of stormwater management, such as
the emergence of unique technologies and structural modifications, improvements in
contaminant removal efficiency, characterization mechanisms to reduce clogging and
improve infiltration rates along with sustainability considerations. The adaptation of
these new technologies could be promising in prolonging the life of PPS, increasing its
effectiveness in reducing pollutants from stormwater runoff and results in overall cost
savings, which could increase the reliability and feasibility of such systems. Therefore, it
is essential to analyze the nature and evolution of literature in the field of PPS to capture
conceptual and intellectual structure networks, key concepts, trends, and knowledge gaps
in this area of research. Hence, the main objective of this paper is to evaluate the origin,
evolution, and research direction for permeable pavement systems with a focus on their
performance in managing stormwater quality and quantity. A comprehensive bibliometric
analysis of the relevant literature published between 2000 and 2021, followed by an account
of recent advancements, was conducted to answer the following research questions:
RQ1: What trends can be detected when analyzing studies investigating the use of PPS for
stormwater management?
RQ2: Who are the major contributors to research in the area of PPS for stormwater management?
RQ3: What are the recent advancements and research gaps/future directions?
The structure of this paper includes several sections. Section 2 provides a brief back-
ground on investigations concerning the use of PPS for managing stormwater quantity and
quality. Section 3 discusses the methodology implemented in this research which includes
data extraction, trend analysis, co-citation analysis, and content analysis. Section 4 presents
and discusses the results of the bibliometric analysis. Finally, Section 5 provides highlights
of recent developments and research opportunities in the field of PPS.
2. Background
There are mainly three types of PPS: pervious concrete, porous asphalt, and permeable
interlocking concrete pavers (PICP) [25,26]. Depending on the site and soil conditions, they
could be full infiltration, partial infiltration, or no infiltration (full exfiltration), mainly used
for low-permeability or clay subgrade soils [27]. These permeable pavements share similar
benefits in mitigating stormwater quality impacts. Meanwhile, few studies on PPS have
typically focused on evaluating the strength, permeability, design configurations, water
quality parameters, stormwater harvesting, groundwater recharge, water reuse, and life
cycle assessment (LCA) [15,28–32]. Kia et al. and Mishra et al. have evaluated factors
that affect the clogging of PPS, including physical clogging such as the entrapment of fine
particles within the pores of the structure, chemical clogging that relates to the formation of
scale, and biological clogging due to the accumulation of bacteria and algae or penetration
of plant roots [33,34]. These factors were found to reduce the overall functionality of PPS,
limit their hydrological performance, and decrease the infiltration capacity. Other factors
that were reported to affect clogging in PPS are the size of pollutants present, concrete
mix design, the pore structure arrangement, and permeability [35]. In terms of subgrade
characteristics, it was found that the presence of clayey soil results in low bearing capacity
and low hydraulic conductivity, which affects the exfiltration rate, lag times and the strength
of the permeable pavement with time [35].
In addition, some practical field investigations have been conducted by many re-
searchers to simulate the performance and infiltration capacities of different permeable
pavements in Australia and the Netherlands. It was reported that although the infiltra-
tion capacity of the PPS tended to decrease with time due to the buildup of sediments,
poor maintenance, and installation, almost 90% of the 55 pavements (ranging from 1 to
12 years of age) tested had surface infiltration rates that satisfied the infiltration rate stan-
dards [24,27]. Another study in Santa Catarina, Brazil, collected stormwater from PPS
parking lots and concluded that such systems could save up to 54% in potable water [36]. In
Florianopolis, Brazil, stormwater harvesting from permeable pavements was implemented
and resulted in potable water savings of up to 19.4, 70.0, and 75.7% in the residential,
commercial, and public sectors, respectively [28]. In Melbourne, Australia, there has been a
tendency and growing popularity toward rainwater harvesting for domestic purposes ever
since the city encountered severe drought for several successive years [30,37].
Few investigations have considered PPS performance in improving stormwater quality.
Although several research studies discussed stormwater reuse for potable/non-potable
uses for PPS, few articles evaluated their water quality performance [38–41]. In terms
of stormwater quality, there has been some literature that has addressed the benefits of
PPS in reducing significant contaminants such as turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS),
total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), heavy metals, oils, and hydrocarbons [42–45].
A study in Reze, France, investigated removal efficiency from stormwater pollutants runoff
to permeable pavements, which resulted in respective reductions of approximately 59,
84, 77, and 73% for TSS, Pd, Cd, and Zn (heavy metals) when passed through PPS [39].
Another study evaluated the efficiency of PPS with swale to remove yearly pollutant runoff
from a 4.65-hectare parking lot in Florida. It was revealed that the system achieved around
75 to 94% removal rates of solids and metal loads [46]. Furthermore, long-term monitoring
performed in a section of a road in Auckland resulted in a reduction of around 95% for
total zinc loads and 70% for TSS [47].
Therefore, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis is warranted to investigate the evo-
lution and development of different aspects in the field of PPS for stormwater management.
In addition, it is important to highlight recent advancements in the field and research
opportunities that could be further investigated to improve the performance of PPS.
3. Methods
The results presented in this paper are based on a comprehensive bibliometric analysis
of articles published between 2000 and 2021 in the area of PPS for stormwater manage-
ment. The analysis extracts useful information from the record of published literature to
help answer the research questions, discern research trends, identify research gaps, and
provide guidance for future research directions. In addition, recent literature, from 2015
to 2022, in the field was screened to highlight developments in the use of PPS, particu-
larly for stormwater contaminant control. The framework for the bibliometric analysis
and identifying recent developments is shown in Figure 1, and further explained in the
following subsections.
Figure 1. Research methodology flowchart. (n: number of articles, and RQ: Research Question).
3.1. Data Collection and Search Methods

Web of Science (WoS) is considered one of the most popular databases for scientific
citation indexing [48]. Some past studies have compared WoS and Scopus databases and
reported that both are equally good. However, WoS provides an in-depth citation by source
and includes a larger number of scientific papers compared to Scopus, which was only
launched in 2004 [49,50]. In addition, the choice of WoS as the source database was made
since data from WoS can be easily imported into HistCite software, which will be utilized
for the citation network analysis (Figure 1) [51–56]. Hence, to capture all the important past
articles that were published in this area of research, WoS was chosen as the database for the
present study. The search query targeted published articles from January 2000 until the end
of December 2021. This time frame was chosen, as most publications appeared during this
period, with only three journal articles published between 1995 and 1999. The data were
retrieved on 15 July 2022. The search string performed in WoS was based on “title”. The
keywords used to conduct the search were selected to screen the articles based on relevance,
as follows: (“permeable pavement” OR “pervious concrete” OR “permeable concrete” OR
“pervious pavements”) AND (“water quality” OR “hydraulic” OR “drainage” OR “runoff”
OR “stormwater” OR “infiltration” OR “percolation” OR “hydrolog*”)). The asterisk
(*) in the search query indicates a continuation of the keyword, such as “hydrological”,
“hydrology” or “hydrologic”.
The initial search string produced 177 articles. To further limit the search query,
all articles in the year 2022 were disregarded in the bibliometric analysis, as this may
underestimate the number of publications and citations in this year (i.e., 2022) when
presenting a research trend. However, papers published in 2022 were included in the
analysis of recent advancements. To limit the search to high-quality scientific research, the
primary document type among the screened articles was peer-reviewed original research
journal articles. Non-relevant articles were excluded, such as articles that focused on the use
of harvested stormwater in non-potable use and fire extinguisher systems. Other excluded
articles were related to acid mine drainage application in pervious concrete. Moreover,
only articles written in English were included in the analysis. A total of 137 articles were
obtained after the screening and filtering stage and used for the core bibliometric analysis.
A search query that excluded the hydrological and water quality aspects was also
conducted to identify the research themes on PPS that were not water related. The search
query included only the first part of the search string as follows: (“permeable pavement” OR
“pervious concrete” OR “permeable concrete” OR “pervious pavements”). Interestingly,
this returned a total of 631 articles. This means that 494 articles were associated with
other research fields that were not relevant to stormwater management or water quality.
Apparently, past research focused mainly on either “mechanical performance” or “hydraulic
performance” while refraining from investigating any of these two aspects along with the
hydrological parameters.
3.2. Data Analysis

WoS database was employed to elucidate articles with the highest number of citations,
identify publication trends, and extract the keywords. Data from WoS were imported into
VOSviewer (Visualization of Similarities) (version 1.6.18) and HistCite (version 12.3.17)
to analyze the articles. VOSviewer was used for visualization, considering it has built-in
graphics and algorithms [57–59]. HistCite was used for bibliographic analysis, as it offers
extensive citation analysis [56]. Further, VOSviewer and HistCite software analysis tools
were collectively employed to visualize and identify the influential countries, leading
articles, top journals, and key authors. The ranking of authors, journals, and countries was
based on total publications (TP), total citations (TC), and the citations per publication (CPP).
TP can represent an author’s or country’s contribution to the area of research, whereas TC
can indicate the relevance and the quality of the papers published. Meanwhile, CPP can be
a more reliable indication of the consistency of contribution to knowledge. In addition, for
the top authors, the ranking was performed using a normalized citation score, defined as
the total number of citations of a particular publication divided by the average number of
citations of all the publications in the same year [60].
Co-citation analysis was carried out to facilitate the identification of the collaboration
among the authors and countries using the text mining feature of VOSviewer [18]. This
analysis helps in identifying the important research studies, interconnections between
authors and countries and the fundamental research themes [18]. Top articles were ranked
using local and global citation scores. Global citations are the total number of citations
across all indexing databases [61]. On the other hand, local citations are those inside the
selected 137 articles. A visualization map was plotted to highlight co-authorship between
countries and authors to determine which research collaborations are the strongest.
Furthermore, identification and visualization of keywords and their number of oc-
currences were carried out to determine the timeline for emerging, trending, and missing
keywords. In addition, the ‘graph maker’ tool in HistCite software was applied to create
a publication map based on the total number of citations. This tool clusters similar pub-
lications into research themes [62]. The clusters were verified by reviewing the abstract,
reading the articles’ contents, and identifying the major research findings.
4. Results of Bibliometric Analysis

4.1. Data Overview
This section gives a synthesis of the bibliometric analysis results to answer the first
research question. To discover research trends on the topic of PPS use in stormwater
management, the relevant outcomes included publication trends, citation trends, and
emerging versus missing keywords in the literature. From Figure 2, it can be observed that
although the search query was initially set to the year 2000, the first two articles appeared
in 2003. There was a publication gap between 2004 and 2005, and citations were limited to
only three. From 2006 onwards, there has been a steadily increasing trend in citations and
the number of publications. The number of citations increased from approximately 10 in
2007 to 740 in 2021. Similarly, as can be inferred from Figure 2, the number of publications
has surged since 2013, with an annual average growth rate of approximately 53%. The most
productive years with the greatest number of publications were between 2018 and 2020,
where the publications varied between 16 to 19, and the peak was reached in 2018. This
observation, i.e., the increase in publications after 2014, can be attributed to the fact that
articles published prior to 2014 had less emphasis on the performance of PPS in stormwater
management, which consequently limited the target audience.
Figure 2. Number of articles and number of citations for articles published on the topic of PPS for
stormwater management.
4.2. Keyword Analysis and Recent Research Trends

VOSviewer was used to generate a conceptual keyword map of the research area.
A threshold value of five minimum occurrences was set to include keywords that are
frequently used [18]. It was observed that out of the 578 keywords obtained, only 47 met
the threshold criterion. Figure 3 represents the authors’ keywords and the clustered
publication themes. It can be noted that three clusters were formed, and for each cluster, a
primary keyword represents a specific field. For example, the words “pervious concrete”
and “performance” are the main clusters that are illustrated by green color. This cluster
includes several significant keywords, such as permeability, hydraulic conductivity, and
compressive strength. Similarly, there are other keywords represented by smaller circles,
such as “no-fines concrete”, “drainage” and “rainfall-runoff”. Similarly, “infiltration”
and “clogging” are the main themes in the blue cluster. The articles in this cluster link
“infiltration” and “clogging” with different themes, such as “stormwater management”,
“urban drainage”, “best management practice”, “maintenance”, and “SUDS”. Lastly, the
prominent keyword in the red cluster is “runoff”, and the related words are “water quality”,”
removal”, “bioretention”, “reduction”, and “adsorption”. Therefore, it is inferred that the
green cluster is primarily associated with the structural and hydrological performance
of permeable pavements, the blue cluster is related to various stormwater management
practices, and the red cluster focuses on different water quality aspects. In addition, all three
clusters have the words permeable, porous, and pervious pavement/concrete in common.
Figure 3. Network map for the top keywords subdivided into three different clusters based on the
main research theme. The green cluster represents aspects of structural and hydrological performance,
the blue cluster includes stormwater management practices, and the red cluster focuses on water
quality aspects. (The size of the bubble represents the frequency of occurrence, and the curved lines
show the co-appearance between the keywords).
Furthermore, analyzing the sequence of keywords year-wise provides information on

the frequency of the published papers containing that keyword. Figure 4 represents the
trends in the top ten (10) keywords based on the WoS search query and HistCite analysis.
It can be depicted that the word “infiltration” has been steadily increasing from 2013 until
2021. This indicates that the frequency of the word “infiltration” has been investigated in
several studies throughout this period. Although the word “performance” first appeared
in 2003, there was a large gap until the year 2009, evident by the horizontal line during that
period, which indicates that the articles gained less attraction during this period. However,
there has been an increase since 2009, and it spiked in 2018. One possible explanation is that
the authors are interested in the long-term performance of PPS. Similarly, for “stormwater”,
there has been a large gap from 2007 until 2013, and ever since, there has been a large
interest in the topic. This could be associated with the increased impervious surfaces that
resulted in increased stormwater, hence being given more attention. The word “removal”
had been prominent in the early years but had a large gap from 2010 to 2015 and has been
increasing since 2020. This gap could be associated with more emphasis on other PPS
topics, such as “hydrological/hydrologic”, which steadily increased from 2005 until 2021.
The word “hydraulic conductivity” had a series of gaps from 2006 to 2010 and 2012 to 2015,
and there has been a slight increase from 2015 to 2021. This trend is evident and parallel
to those of other keywords. For instance, when the word “stormwater” had a steady
increase, there was a corresponding increase for other words, such as “water quality”,
“permeability”, “hydraulic conductivity” and “clogging”. In addition, a combination of
two or more keywords could be mentioned in the same article. Therefore, it is evident
that since 2013 there has been a surge and constant increase in the major keywords in the
field of PPS in stormwater management. This provides a strong indication that the core
keywords are gaining momentum, and the number of articles is increasing accordingly.
Figure 4. Year-wise analysis of major keywords in the field of PPS and stormwater management.
In addition to the top ten (10) keywords mentioned above, several keywords started
to emerge, and other continued to disappear within the studied timeframe (2000–2021), as
shown in Figure 5. From 2015 onwards, specific keywords, such as “bioretention”, “recy-
cled” and “adsorption” had lower occurrences; however, there has been an increase lately
in the recent research trends. The word “biodegradation” appeared from 2010 until 2013
and ever since has not been mentioned in any articles related to PPS. Furthermore, another
significant missing keyword, “Kozeny carman”, which is mostly implemented for correlat-
ing the porosity of PC and hydraulic conductivity, was not mentioned from 2016 onwards.
This could be due to the emergence of different modeling software tools and/or empirical
models that are easier to adapt. Moreover, some of the emerging keywords, such as “X-ray
tomography” appeared from 2008 until 2011, and there was a ten-year gap until 2021,
when they started to reappear. In research related to the improvement of stormwater
quality by PPS, the first appearance of the word “adsorption” in 2017 was investigated by
Holmes et al. [63]. This work examined the use of cementitious fly ash material to enhance
the removal of heavy metals in pervious concrete due to their effectiveness as an adsorption
material in industrial wastewater containing cadmium and zinc. It was found that the high
sulfur and carbon contents provided improved removal capacity for heavy metals in PPS,
especially at lower concentrations due to the presence of adsorption sites [63].
Figure 5. Emerging keywords in the field of PPS and stormwater management.
Similarly, in 2020, a lab experiment was performed on the use of multifunctional green
pervious concrete (MGPC) to adsorb organic materials such as PAHs [64]. Results showed
that it has great potential for long-term use and effective stormwater quality control [64].
Furthermore, the word “bioretention” first appeared in 2017, when Hwang et al. [46]
reported that bioretention basins played a very important role in reducing the non-point
source pollutants and certain nutrients, thereby improving the overall stormwater quality
and reducing the runoff volume [47]. The number of publications on this topic surged
from one to four articles during the one-year period from 2017 to 2018. Most recent articles
in 2020 by Winston et al. [36] found that a treatment train that incorporates permeable
pavements, along with internal water storage (IWS) zone, significantly reduced the peak
flow rate and runoff volume and had a promising nutrient removal percentage similar to
bioretention cells [40,65]. Lastly, the word “no-fines concrete” vanished in 2011 and started
reappearing in 2018 and 2019 with more than two articles.
Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that some new keywords emerged within the past
decade (2012–2021), as shown in Figure 5. The term “adsorption” was used in articles that
mainly examined the use of novel materials for water treatment and quality assessment,
including photocatalysts and nano materials. Meanwhile, the keyword “recycled” was
highlighted in various articles that examined the replacement of aggregates and/or cement
with recycled waste materials. In some articles the inclusion of bioretention basins was
proposed to contribute to the degradation of pollutants by physical and biological processes
and to reduce stormwater runoff. Green infrastructure is another keyword that is a synonym
for sustainable urban drainage systems “SUDS” and low-impact development or “LID”;
the three terms focus on technologies that maximize the beneficial reuse of stormwater
with minimal impact on the environment and lower costs. Indeed, from their first use,
the keywords “adsorption”, “recycled”, “bioretention”, and “green infrastructure” had
respective annual growth rates of 55, 52, 61, and 63%, signifying their importance in the field
of PPS as more investigations focus on their hydrological and water quality performance.
4.3. Major Contributors to Research in the Area of PPS for Stormwater Management
The analysis revealed that the top journals, based on total publications (TP), are
Construction and Building Materials (Constr. Build. Mater.), Journal of Hydrologic Engineering
(J. Hydrol. Eng.), Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering (J. Irrig. Drain. Eng.), Journal
of Environmental Management (J. Environ. Manage), and Journal of Environment Engineering
(J. Environ. Eng.) with TPs of 13, 9, 9, 8, and 6, respectively. Similarly, in terms of total
citations (TC) and citations per publication (CPP), these journals have the highest rankings
and appear in the top 10 for all the classifications, as shown in Table 1. Although Water
Research (Water Res.) appears to have around 410 TC, it had relatively lower TP and
CPP compared to other journals. The most cited article from the journal Constr. Build.
Mater. is an experimental study performed on different pervious concrete (PC) mixtures.
Different relationships were established between the size of aggregates, cement content,
water-to-cement ratio and permeability, porosity, and tensile strength to assess concrete
mechanical and hydrological properties [66]. Similarly, J. Hydrol. Eng. had the highest
number of citations during the years 2008 and 2010, with a total number of citations of
around 369 out of the 541 total citations. Articles published in J. Hydrol. Eng. discussed
important hydrological aspects, such as peak flow rate, surface runoff volume, and total
outflow volume from permeable pavement systems. Other articles discussed the effects of
PPS installation over impermeable soils and compared similar hydrological parameters.
Lastly, J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. had most of their cited articles discussing the infiltration rates of
different PPS; however, the last published article was in 2015 [32,67]. Water Res. journal
has the highest TC and CPP, and this is linked to one of the earliest articles published in
2003 [44].
Table 1. Top Journals ranked by total citations, total publications, and citation per publication.
Ranked by TP * Ranked by TC * Ranked by CPP *

Rank Journal Name TP Rank Journal Name TC Rank Journal Name CPP
1 Constr. Build. Mater. 13 1 J. Hydrol. Eng. 541 1 Water Res. 103
2 J. Hydrol. Eng. 9 2 J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 508 2 J. Hydrol. Eng. 60
3 J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 9 3 Constr. Build. Mater. 426 3 J. Irrig. Drain. Eng. 56
4 J. Environ. Manag. 8 4 Water Res. 410 4 J. Hydrol. 45
5 J. Environ. Eng. 6 5 J. Environ. Manag. 290 5 J. Environ. Manag. 36
6 Water Sci. Technol. 6 6 J. Hydrol. 178 6 Constr. Build. Mater. 33
7 Water 6 7 Environ. Eng. 75 7 JOEE 13
J. Sustain. Water Built
8 5 8 Water Sci. Technol. 59 8 Water Sci. Technol. 10
Environ.
9 J. Test. Eval 5 9 Water 53 9 Water 9
J. Sustain. Water Built J. Sustain. Water Built
10 Water Res. 4 10 38 10 8
Environ. Environ.
* TP: Total Publications, TC: Total Citations, CPP: Citation per publication, Constr. Build. Mater.: Construction
and Building Materials, J. Hydrol. Eng.: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, J. Irrig. Drain. Eng.: Journal of Irrigation
and Drainage Engineering, J. Environ. Manag.: Journal of Environmental Management, J. Environ. Eng.: Journal of
Environment Engineering, Water Sci. Technol.: Water Science & Technology, Water: Water (Switzerland), J. Sustain. Water
Built Environ.: Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, J. Test. Eval.: Journal of Testing and Evaluation,
J. Hydrol.: Journal of Hydrology.
An overview of the most influential countries is presented in Table 2, with a minimum

number of five publications. The USA is ranked first for the total number of publications
and citations but ranked third in the citation per publication. In addition, the USA was
the first country to introduce stormwater quantity and quality aspects in the field of PPS
and assess long-term performance in 2003. Although China is ranked second for TP, it is
ranked fourth and seventh in TC and CPP, respectively. China initially started publishing
in 2011 about various water quality aspects, including stormwater harvesting, storage, and
reuse in the previous pavement, but there was a five-year gap until publishing again in
2016. However, from 2016 until 2021, there have been continuous publications, with a
peak of five publications in 2021 on different aspects of stormwater quantity and quality. It
is evident from Table 2 that Canada has the highest number of CPP, which is due to the
article published in 2010 that investigated the hydrologic performance over clayey soils
and included long-term quality monitoring and practical investigations [68]. However,
Canada is ranked seventh in total publications, with only six in the country. Lastly, Italy
is ranked second for the total number of publications and citations. Recent articles focus
on different aspects of the numerical modeling and characterization of hydraulic strength
of pervious concrete for deep-drain trenches. It is also worth mentioning that the total
number of publications in Table 2 adds up to more than 137 because the counting method
in WoS is based on the total number of countries affiliated with a published paper. For
example, if a published article had authors affiliated with different countries, i.e., two
or more countries are in the same published paper, then the paper is counted once for
each of those countries, hence overestimating the number of publications [69]. Most of the
investigated publications are in geographic locations that experience frequent rainfall from
medium to high intensities. Many countries with arid to semi-arid climate conditions have
very few publications. Furthermore, most investigations are based on laboratory work
rather than practical field investigations.
Table 2. Influential countries ranked by total publications, total citations, and citations per publication.
Ranked by TP Ranked by TC Ranked by CPP

Rank Country TP Rank Country TC Rank Country CPP
1 USA 61 1 USA 2315 1 Canada 49
2 China 20 2 Italy 395 2 Italy 40
3 England 10 3 Canada 293 3 USA 38
4 Brazil 10 4 China 231 4 Australia 27
5 Italy 10 5 Australia 187 5 Scotland 20
6 Spain 8 6 England 143 6 England 14
7 Australia 7 7 Scotland 98 7 China 12
8 Canada 6 8 Spain 79 8 Germany 11
9 Scotland 5 9 Germany 57 9 Spain 10
10 Germany 5 10 Brazil 50 10 Brazil 5
In addition, the analysis of the top authors provides a better understanding of their
expertise in certain topics of PPS. VOSviewer was used to determine the top authors from
the 137-node network analyzed. The minimum number of publications per author was
set to 3, and hence 18 authors out of the 446 met that threshold. Furthermore, many
authors had three publications, so the top 10 were filtered based on the normalized citations
presented in Table 3. From the normalized citation score, the top authors are William Hunt,
Ryan Winston, Xuheng Kuang, Vittorio Ranieri, and John Sansalone, with normalized
citation scores of 13, 9, 5, 5, and 5, respectively. Therefore, these five authors are considered
to be the most productive in this field. They are from the USA, China, and Italy and have
discussed various mechanical, hydraulic, hydrologic, and water quality aspects of PPS.
The last part of this section discusses the leading articles in stormwater management.
Table 4 depicts the top 10 articles in terms of global and local citations that were obtained
from HistCite software. For the global citations, Brattebo and Booth were ranked first
with 318 citations, followed by Fassman and Blackbourn, Collins et al., and Bean et al.
with 169, 167, and 165 citations, respectively. From the perspective of local citations
relating to the citations within the 137 node-network, it is evident that these four articles
are still the most impactful articles. For instance, Brattebo and Booth [44] evaluated
different commercial paving systems (grass pave, gravel pave, turf stone, and eco-stone)
and assessed their durability, infiltration rate, and water quality parameters, such as
motor oil, copper, zinc, and lead. They revealed that all the incoming precipitation was
infiltrated, even during intense rainfall events [44]. Furthermore, copper, zinc, and motor
oil had very low concentration levels compared to traditional asphalt pavements [44].
Fassman and Blackbourn evaluated permeable pavements over impermeable soils with
an underdrain and compared them with traditional asphalt pavements [68]. A large
reduction in the surface runoff volume and peak rate was reported alongside a delay in
the peak flow rate [68]. A similar investigation was carried out by Collins et al., who
assessed four different types of permeable pavements over poorly drained soils. The results
were identical in that the PPS systems reduced the runoff volumes, thus, decreasing and
delating the peak flow rate [70]. Therefore, it is clear from previous literature and their
global citations that more attention was given to the hydrologic parameters, such as runoff
reduction, comparison between asphalt and permeable pavement, and construction of
such PPS systems over low-permeability soils. In addition, many of these articles had
practical field investigations compared to other articles that evaluated PPS in laboratory
scale studies.
Table 3. Top authors ranked by normalized citations.
Ranked by Normalized Citation Score (NCS)

Rank Author Affiliation Country NCS
1 William Hunt North Carolina State University USA 13
2 Ryan Winston Ohio State University USA 9
3 Xuheng Kuang Tsinghua University China 5
4 Vittorio Ranieri Politecnico di Bari University Italy 5
5 John Sansalone University of Florida USA 5
6 Jay Dorsey Ohio State University USA 4
7 Krishna Biligiri Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)—Tirupati India 4
8 Luis Sanudo-Fontaneda University of Oviedo Spain 3
9 Haiyan Li China University of Mining & Technology China 3
10 Xiaoran Zhang Beijing Adv Innovat Ctr Future Urban Design China 3
11 Ziyang Zhang Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture China 3
Table 4. Top ten articles based on global and local citations.
Ranked by Global Citations Ranked by Local Citations

Rank Article Global Citations Rank Article Local Citations
1 Brattebo and Booth (2003) [44] 318 1 Brattebo and Booth (2003) [44] 44
2 Fassman and Blackbourn (2010) [68] 169 2 Bean et al. (2007a) [67] 29
3 Collins et al. (2008) [70] 167 3 Collins et al. (2008) [70] 28
4 Bean et al. (2007a) [67] 165 4 Bean et al. (2007b) [32] 25
5 Ibrahim et al. (2014) [66] 134 5 Fassman and Blackbourn (2010) [68] 19
6 Bean et al. (2007b) [32] 126 6 Montes and Haselbach (2006) [71] 18
7 Sansalone et al. (2008) [72] 115 7 Drake et al. (2014) [73] 12
8 Rahman et al. (2015) [74] 84 8 Sansalone et al. (2008) [72] 11
9 Montes and Haselbach (2006) [71] 83 9 Chopra et al. (2010) [75] 11
10 Drake et al. (2014) [73] 79 10 Kwiatkowski et al. (2007) [76] 11
4.4. Nature of Collaboration in the Field of PPS

Country authorship analysis was conducted with a minimum of two publications per
country. Out of the 33 identified countries, 16 met the criterion. However, three countries
did not have any link with the other 13 countries and hence were excluded from the
country–coauthor map, as presented in Figure 6. The circled nodes depict the total number
of publications for each country. As the node size increases, it indicates a larger number
of publications. Furthermore, the curved lines that connect one country to another signify
the co-authorship among these countries. In the same context, the thickness of the lines
illustrates the term recurrence between the countries [18]. Accordingly, the USA had the
largest number of publications (61), followed by China, England, Brazil, and Italy, with 20,
10, 10, and 10 publications, respectively. The most prominent collaboration is between the
USA and Italy, with a total link strength of 6, followed by Spain and England, with a link
strength of 5. This means that a total number of 6 and 5 publications were co-authored
between each of these two countries, respectively. Similarly, the link strength between the
USA and China is 3. The rest of the countries exhibit low co-authorship, with 2 links or
less. Most of the collaborative articles between these countries include various fields in
stormwater management ranging from hydrological properties such as infiltration rate,
stormwater runoff, and different water quality testing. As such, more collaborations are
needed between different countries to study the effect of variability in materials and climate
conditions on the performance of the PPS.
Figure 6. Co-authorship and countries (size of the bubble represents the volume of publications, and
line thickness illustrates the term recurrence between the countries).
Similarly, a co-authorship map was created between the authors, with the minimum
number of documents being 2. This resulted in 51 authors meeting this criterion out of a
total of 443. However, 44 authors were excluded from the analysis as no links/cooperations
were found among them, as shown in Figure 7. The greatest collaboration was between
William Hunt (North Carolina State University) and Ryan Winston (Ohio State University),
with a total link strength of 6, followed by William Hunt/Ryan Winston and Jay Dorsey
(Ohio State University), with a total link strength of 3. It is worth noting that these authors
are ranked among the top 6 in terms of normalized citation score. The rest of the authors
have a link strength of 1 or 2, indicating a maximum number of one or two articles published
together among the authors. Furthermore, it is very evident that although 44 authors were
independent and did not collaborate, many of these authors focused on the same research
field, but international collaborations were very low. Therefore, it is worth mentioning that
there is a lack of cooperation among many authors who are experts in the same field of
stormwater management.
4.5. Co-Citation Analysis and Clustering

There are different processes and techniques that can be utilized in bibliometric ci-
tation analysis, including co-authorship, bibliometric coupling-citation, co-word, and
co-occurrence analysis [77]. Co-citation analysis describes the frequency of two or more
articles cited by other articles [78]. It is considered to be one of the significant analyses, as
it presents different research themes and assists in analyzing the source and direction for
future research in the field of PPS. From the co-citation analysis performed in Figure 7, the
co-cited articles were determined. These articles were grouped into several sub-streams,
i.e., clusters, according to the context similarity, which corresponds to specific research
themes [79]. It is worth mentioning that some articles belonged to two clusters, i.e., the
topic under investigation fit two research themes, highlighting the presence of interrelations
between the different clusters [51].
Figure 7. Network mapping associated with the greatest co-operation between authors (the size of
the bubble depicts the number of publications, and the thickness of the curved lines represents the
number of shared articles between the authors).
The clustering of the articles was performed using HistCite. Only articles within the
top 30 based on global citations score were considered based on previous bibliometric
analyses performed [80,81]. Figure 8 depicts the historiographic citation mapping of the
top 30 most cited papers on the basis of global citations score. The circles (or nodes)
represent the articles, while the number inside each circle represents the unique node
number assigned for each article. The larger the circle, the larger the global citations and
the more influential this article is compared to others [81]. The citation links among the
articles are shown by a set of lines and arrows, where the head of the arrow represents
the article being cited. For instance, the article of node #5 was cited by articles in nodes
#27, #55, #68, #12, and #52. It is worth mentioning that some articles appeared not to be
cited. This is due to the limiting of the number of articles to the top thirty (30) most cited
articles only.
The column on the left of Figure 8 represents the year in which the node (article) was
published, with the total number of publications in that year shown in parentheses (i.e., the
number of circles horizontally across the year). However, as the number of articles shown
in Figure 8 was limited to the top 30 most cited articles, a limited number of articles is
shown on the same row as that number. Furthermore, the closer the nodes are to each
other, the more often these articles are likely to have been co-cited together [82,83]. Yet,
it should be noted that some articles either did not focus on any of the topics associated
with the five major clusters or were not linked to any other articles. Hence, they were not
assigned to a specific cluster and were subsequently excluded from the clustering process.
For instance, node #30 discussed the effect of evaporation on the hydrological aspects of
pervious concrete [84]. Similarly, node #33 investigated twenty-four PC mixes by varying
the aggregate sizes and assessed their effect on hydrological properties, such as porosity,
permeability, and compressive strength [66]. Node #3 assessed the performance of PPS in
a motorway service station parking [85]. In addition, certain independent nodes, such as
node #20 and node #93, were part of the red and yellow clusters, respectively [86,87]. Still,
they did not have any co-citations with other articles and were therefore excluded. From
this point, the citing and cited articles and their clusters can be identified. For example,
article #37 ([73]), published in 2014, was cited by article #89 [41], published in 2018.
Figure 8. Citation mapping of the top thirty cited papers along with the clusters and years of
publication.
From the clusters formed in Figure 8, one can infer that the red cluster primarily
illustrates the removal efficiency of different water contaminants such as total suspended
solids (TSS), heavy metals, nutrients (total phosphorus and total nitrogen), turbidity, and
chemical oxygen demand (COD) [32,43,44,76]. Articles associated with the red cluster
had either lab or field investigations, with study durations ranging from 10 to 26 months.
Meanwhile, articles belonging to the magenta cluster utilized regression analysis equations,
such as Kozeny–Carman models, to establish relationships among various hydraulic pa-
rameters for PPS [71,88,89]. In addition, this cluster incorporated articles that employed
modeling software, such as Hydrus 1-D and Hydrus 2-D, to analyze the hydraulic behavior
and properties of PPS [90,91]. On the other hand, the blue cluster focuses on exploring
the effects of different sediment materials, characterizing layers prone to clogging, and
the effects of soil type on clogging and maintenance techniques required to prolong the
life of the PPS [67,75,92–96]. Furthermore, the green cluster discusses the reduction in
hydrological properties, such as outflow volumes, peak flow rates, and surface runoff, with
respect to PPS systems built over poorly drained soils [65,68,97,98]. These studies involved
long-term monitoring, typically in the range of 10–24 months. Lastly, the yellow cluster
illustrates the inclusion of different recycled materials in the mix design of PPS to assess its
mechanical and hydraulic properties [74,87,99].
Moreover, it is interesting to note that articles belonging to a certain cluster cited
articles from the same or different clusters. For instance, article #4, belonging to the red
cluster, has been cited by articles in the red, blue, magenta, and green clusters, highlighting
its importance as a resource across different research themes [44]. Similarly, it is evident
from Figure 8 that there are frequent co-citations between the magenta and blue clusters.
This is because articles employing regression or numerical analysis need to analyze porosity,
hydraulic conductivity, and clogging potential. Similarly, the red and green clusters are
closely related in terms of co-citations, owing to the fact that certain articles examined
water quality parameters over PPS built on impermeable soils. Additionally, the green and
blue clusters were closely linked to one another. This is because articles associated with
PPS over impermeable soils also examined the effect of clogging and/or maintenance.
5. Discussion of Recent Developments

From the bibliometric analysis presented in this paper, it can be deduced that the
main distinctive themes in the research topic of PPS for stormwater management are as
follows: (1) improving and predicting the removal of contaminants, (2) characterizing and
minimizing the effects of clogging, (3) improvements for infiltration rate (IR) assessment
and characterization, and lastly, (4) sustainability considerations. Therefore, it is pertinent
to highlight recent advancements to overcome challenges in each of the identified research
themes. This would, in turn, allow for identifying knowledge gaps and future research
opportunities. Table 5 depicts some of the major recent advancements along with the
research opportunities that researchers could address in their future investigations.
Table 5. Recent advancements and research opportunities.
Research
Recent Advancement Research Opportunity
Theme
• Mixing sorbent materials such as pozzolanic
materials [100], photocatalytic nanomaterials, and • Assessing the long-term performance of
iron oxides [101–103], replacing sand and gravel PPS for:
layer with coal gangue [104], biofilms for removal ◦ Water quality enhancement
of mercury [105], bentonite [106], diatomite and ◦ Leaching of adsorbed contaminants
zeolite powder [107] ◦ Possibility of simplifying the PPS
Improving and • Structural modifications, such as: increasing the system to be implemented by
predicting the number of layers and their thicknesses [108], a another research.
removal of combination of different layers with varying ◦ Limiting the number of contaminants
contaminants properties [109], the inclusion of an internal water investigated and detailed focus on the
storage zone [40,41,110], multifunctional effect of certain contaminants
green-pervious concrete (MGPC) to remove PAHs on clogging.
contaminants [64]. ◦ Focus on the effectiveness of PPS in
• Predicting contaminant removal: modeling removing emerging contaminants
contaminant removal rates by regression
analysis [111].
• Relating clogging to maintenance effectiveness:

clogging usually affects the top 1.5–2.5 cm of the
PPS system [70,93–95] and hence vacuum
sweeping and/or pressure washing are the most • Develop a standardized clogging test that
common and [112] effective methods for increasing researchers can adopt and implement to
IR [95,112,113]. In addition, maintenance is not compare their results.
required when IR is greater than • In addition to sediments, exposing the PPS
250 mm/min [114]. systems to a wide variety of pollutants and
• Accurate characterization of clogging such as X-ray clogging materials to assess the clogging effect.
Characterizing CT for analyzing pore network, computational • Investigate different chemical or biological
and fluid dynamic (CFD) to predict hydraulic techniques that could be more effective in
minimizing the conductivity [115,116], utilizing 2D and 3D removing soluble contaminants.
effects of microtomography techniques to visualize • Emphasize the use of numerical modeling
clogging clogging [117,118], water content reflectometers along with experiments to verify clogging
(WCR) and time domain reflectometers effects and predict optimal porosities and
(TDRs) [119], regression analysis and artificial pore size.
neural networks (ANN) to predict clogging by • Investigating deep layers of PPS using
means of lab experiments [120,121]. advanced imaging techniques to attribute the
• Modeling of clogging dynamics such as: observed effects on IR and
determining and predicting hydraulic conductivity hydraulic conductivity.
and pore-clogging using regression analysis,
discrete element modeling, and the
Kozeny–Carman model [89,122–124].
Table 5. Cont.
Research
Recent Advancement Research Opportunity
Theme
• Enhancements for PPS field tests: large infiltration
rings (>200 mm) are recommended for accurate
assessment of field infiltration tests [125,126]. PC • Comparing results from previous literature to
slab specimens are more representative of field assess the feasibility and conduct LCA for the
Improvements conditions than cylindrical specimens [33,127].
for IR long-term monitoring of such modifications.
• Modifying PPS structure, such as coarse aggregates • Investigate the effect of different rainfall
assessment and with copper slag or inclusion of a
characteriza- intensities on the IR and the impact it may
high-permeability media mixture (HPMM) cause with varying dry and wet
tion increases porosity, permeability rate, and weather conditions.
infiltration rate [87,110,128], reducing fine
aggregates from 0% to 100% from concrete mix
design increases IR significantly [129].
• Focus on cement replacement such as a

combination of PA mix (PAC) and permeable
cement mix (PCC) with varying layers and
• Including life cycle assessment and relying on
structural thicknesses [108], recycled asphalt
advanced inventories such as (SimaPro and
pavement (RAP) aggregate [130], incorporation of
Ecoinvent) in terms of construction costs,
sugar cane bagasse ash (SCBA) pozzolanic
acquisition of materials, feasibility studies, cost
materials [100,131], recycled fine aggregates [132],
Sustainability savings, and overall environmental impact.
GGBS [133], and construction and demolition
Considerations • Importance of incorporating stormwater
(C&D) materials [74].
harvesting and continuous monitoring of such
• Life cycle analysis (LCA): energy and cost
systems to determine any degradation in the
assessment based on the transport and operational
water quantity or quality, especially for areas
energy of the PPS and LC cost assessment based on
prone to drought.
the main and subcomponents for the construction
of PPS [10,134].
In addition to Table 5, it is important to emphasize certain elements that were previ-

ously discussed in the bibliometric analysis. For instance, most of the clogging tests were
performed by either evaluating the infiltration rates or permeability. The most common IR
tests are ASTM C1701 and ASTM C1781 for PC and PICP, respectively [35,94,119,135,136].
In addition, falling head and constant head permeability tests were used to assess the
clogging effect of different materials by measuring their permeability over a simulated time
period [117,137]. Although some infiltration and permeability tests follow Darcy’s laminar
flow regime, this may not be valid for some PPS applications, and hence modifications of
such equations have been addressed by some authors [127,138,139]. Furthermore, in the ar-
ticles that conducted clogging experiments, the sediment loadings were not specified, with
some either evaluating sand and/or clay with different proportions. Therefore, it is essential
to have a benchmark and consistent sediment loadings for other researchers to follow and
compare the findings. Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that the conclusions relevant
to clogging effects in PPS varied and conflicted across different articles. Some authors
reported that sand sediments did not substantially reduce the permeability, whereas others
concluded that sand particles were a major contributor to clogging [33]. Such anomalies
need to be addressed and discussed in detail when performing future investigations.
Moreover, some articles explained that the removal efficiency of selected contaminants
in PPS was enhanced with an increase in the pH values (> 8.0) [101,137,140]. However,
there could be a set of drawbacks when such effluents are to be discharged into natural
or ground water bodies and may have a negative effect on the environment. Therefore,
modifications to the concrete mix design, stabilization of the pH, or additional secondary
treatments could be employed in the future.
Other interesting findings observed that the reductions in runoff volumes were greatly
reduced from 70 to 90% when transitioning from a relatively wet climate to a relatively drier
one [141]. Yet, such a conclusion was limited to one article. Therefore, future investigations
could incorporate additional parameters when evaluating PPS, including weather and
climatic data conditions, such that researchers could adopt an optimal design depending
on the site location and weather conditions.
Although infiltration rates tended to increase with increased rainfall intensities, such
pavements deteriorated over time and required frequent service and maintenance [119,142].
Experimental investigations regarding the variations in cross slope, longitudinal slope,
and rainfall intensity with respect to infiltration rate are of great importance, especially for
terrain areas [142]. Therefore, continuous research on such aspects is essential for effective
planning and designing in large-scale construction.
6. Conclusions and Way Forward

The bibliometric analysis revealed important findings regarding research in the field
of PPS for stormwater management. The results revealed that the number of citations in-
creased from approximately 19 in 2009 to approximately 740 in 2020. Similarly, the number
of publications had an annual growth rate of 53% from 2013 to 2020 in the field of PPS and
stormwater management. It was also concluded that some of the most impactful journals in
terms of publications included Constr. Build. Mater., J. Hydrol. Eng., J. Environ. Manag., and
J. Environ. Eng. Furthermore, three major clusters were identified as the dominant themes
in PPS research, namely hydrological performance, stormwater management practices, and
water quality aspects. Furthermore, the use of keywords “infiltration”, “performance”,
“stormwater”, “runoff” and “hydrological” have been increasing exponentially. This was
associated with the growing interest in investigating various fields in PPS. Furthermore,
the analysis highlighted key emerging trends in the field of PPS, the most compelling of
which included “bioretention”, “adsorption” and “no-fines concrete”. It was also revealed
that the USA, China, England, Brazil, and Italy are the leading countries in PPS investi-
gations. The greatest collaboration was between the USA and Italy and both countries
investigated different aspects of PPS, with recent articles focusing on the use of modeling
software such as Hydrus 1-D and clogging characterization using X-ray chromatography.
However, only six articles were co-authored between the two countries, indicating a need
for more collaboration.
Similarly, there was a lack of collaboration among authors, and the maximum number
of collaborative articles between William Hunt and Ryan Winston was 6 out of 137 articles.
Other key conclusions from the bibliometric analysis and recent development are as follows:
• For water quality improvements, different structural modifications, the addition of
different sorbent materials, and modeling to predict the removal of contaminants
could be promising in increasing the percentage removal of certain contaminants.
• Recent advancements in water quality improvements were investigated by the ad-
dition of adsorbents such as pozzolanic materials, nanomaterials, or cementitious
materials. This was proven by the use of the keyword “adsorption” in recent years.
• Clogging characterization gained momentum in recent findings, especially using
imaging techniques. The keywords associated with this topic included “clogging”,
“hydraulic conductivity” and “permeability”.
• Improving the infiltration rate characterization and assessment of PPS has taken two
routes: (1) concrete mix design modifications and (2) enhancing lab experiments to
better represent field investigations.
• Innovative investigations and design considerations that included recycled aggregates
within the PPS systems provided adequate mechanical and hydrologic properties
while, importantly, being more sustainable in the long run.
Furthermore, the identified recent developments and research gaps pave the way for
future researchers and decision makers to develop a better understanding of the behavior
and performance of PPS. The following are the key recommendations that can be adopted
for future studies on PPS:
• Leaching from PPS is an important aspect to investigate to safeguard the quality of

the groundwater.
• A holistic approach is needed to incorporate the hydrological, mechanical, hydraulic,
and water quality investigations to understand the overall functionality of the PPS.
• Developing a dataset of benchmark performance of PPS is essential for standardizing
the PPS investigations.
• More on-site investigations need to be conducted to simulate the actual performance of PPS
exposed to different wet and dry conditions, unlike lab-scale experimental investigations.
• There is a lack of models to predict the long-term performance of PPS. Hence, it would
be important to incorporate both model and experimental simulations in future studies
to simulate field experiments.
• Unifying testing parameters across conducted investigations is essential for assessing
the viability of PPS.
• More investigations on the potential water savings from PPS harvesting schemes.
• There needs to be more collaboration between authors from different countries to
assess the impact of different materials and climatic conditions on the performance
of PPS.
The analysis conducted in this study might be affected by some limitations. The study
only included publications after the year 2000, which was justified by the focus on recent
advancements in the field. However, this may have resulted in the exclusion of earlier
contributions to the field of PPS from the analysis. Furthermore, as the search focused
on the occurrence of the keywords in the “title” rather than “all fields”, this could have
resulted in missing some relevant articles from the analysis. Limiting the document type
to only journal articles and not including conference papers or book chapters could have
eliminated some relevant research from the analysis; however novel ideas are usually
present in journal articles.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, H.E.-H., M.A.H. and G.H.; methodology, M.N.S., H.E.-H.,
M.A.H. and G.H.; software, M.N.S. and G.H.; formal analysis, M.N.S., H.E.-H., M.A.H. and G.H.;
investigation, M.N.S., H.E.-H., M.A.H. and G.H.; resources, H.E.-H., M.A.H. and G.H.; data cu-
ration, M.N.S., G.H., M.A.H. and H.E.-H.; writing—original draft preparation, M.N.S. and G.H.;
writing—review and editing, M.N.S., H.E.-H., M.A.H. and G.H.; visualization, H.E.-H. and M.A.H.;
supervision, H.E.-H., M.A.H. and G.H.; project administration, H.E.-H. and M.A.H.; funding
acquisition, H.E.-H. and M.A.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of
the manuscript.
Funding: The authors acknowledge the financial support from ASPIRE UAE under Grant Num-
ber 21N235 and from the National Water and Energy Center at UAE University under Grant
Number 12R019.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not Applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not Applicable.
Data Availability Statement: The data that support the findings of this study are available on request
from the corresponding author.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
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sustainability

1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, United Arab Emirates University,

Academic Editor: Miklas Scholz

Sustainability 2022, 14, 13061. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013061 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

3.1. Data Collection and Search Methods

3.2. Data Analysis

4. Results of Bibliometric Analysis

4.2. Keyword Analysis and Recent Research Trends

Furthermore, analyzing the sequence of keywords year-wise provides information on

Figure 5. Emerging keywords in the field of PPS and stormwater management.

Ranked by TP * Ranked by TC * Ranked by CPP *

An overview of the most influential countries is presented in Table 2, with a minimum

Ranked by TP Ranked by TC Ranked by CPP

Table 3. Top authors ranked by normalized citations.

Ranked by Normalized Citation Score (NCS)

Table 4. Top ten articles based on global and local citations.

Ranked by Global Citations Ranked by Local Citations

4.4. Nature of Collaboration in the Field of PPS

4.5. Co-Citation Analysis and Clustering

5. Discussion of Recent Developments

Table 5. Recent advancements and research opportunities.

• Relating clogging to maintenance effectiveness:

• Focus on cement replacement such as a

In addition to Table 5, it is important to emphasize certain elements that were previ-

6. Conclusions and Way Forward

• Leaching from PPS is an important aspect to investigate to safeguard the quality of

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