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    Lecture 13

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    alfalfa man
    The document defines open and closed sets in metric spaces. A set is open if each point in it has an open ball contained within the set. The interior of a set is the largest open set contained within it. A set is closed if its complement is open. Some key properties discussed are that the intersection of finitely many open sets is open, the union of arbitrarily many open sets is open, and the union of finitely many closed sets and intersection of arbitrarily many closed sets are closed.

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    Lecture 13

    Uploaded by

    alfalfa man
    27 views8 pages
    The document defines open and closed sets in metric spaces. A set is open if each point in it has an open ball contained within the set. The interior of a set is the largest open set contained within it. A set is closed if its complement is open. Some key properties discussed are that the intersection of finitely many open sets is open, the union of arbitrarily many open sets is open, and the union of finitely many closed sets and intersection of arbitrarily many closed sets are closed.

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    The document defines open and closed sets in metric spaces. A set is open if each point in it has an open ball contained within the set. The interior of a set is the largest open set contained within it. A set is closed if its complement is open. Some key properties discussed are that the intersection of finitely many open sets is open, the union of arbitrarily many open sets is open, and the union of finitely many closed sets and intersection of arbitrarily many closed sets are closed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views8 pages

    Lecture 13

    Uploaded by

    alfalfa man
    The document defines open and closed sets in metric spaces. A set is open if each point in it has an open ball contained within the set. The interior of a set is the largest open set contained within it. A set is closed if its complement is open. Some key properties discussed are that the intersection of finitely many open sets is open, the union of arbitrarily many open sets is open, and the union of finitely many closed sets and intersection of arbitrarily many closed sets are closed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    Open and closed sets

    Definition 79
    Let (X , d) be a metric space. A ⊂ X is called open if A ⊂ int(A).
    By using int(A) ⊂ A and the definition of interior point, we
    immediately have
    Theorem 80
    In a metric space (X , d), a subset A is open ⇐⇒ int(A) = A ⇐⇒
    every x ∈ A has an open ball Br (x) such that Br (x) ⊂ A.

    Example 81
    ▶ In a metric space (X , d), X and ∅ are open sets. Every open
    ball Br (x) is open because int(Br (x)) = Br (x).
    ▶ (0, 1] is not open in R because 1 is not an interior point.
    Theorem 82
    Let (X , d) be a metric space. For any set A ⊂ X , int(A) and
    ext(A) are open.
    Proof. We have

    x ∈ int(A) =⇒ ∃Br (x) such that Br (x) ⊂ A


    =⇒ ∃Br (x) such that Br (x) = int(Br (x)) ⊂ int(A)
    =⇒ int(A) is open.

    Since ext(A) = int(Ac ) and int(Ac ) is open, ext(A) is also open. □


    Theorem 83
    (i) The intersection of finitely many open sets is open.
    (ii) The union of arbitrarily many open sets is open.

    Proof.
    (i) Let A1 , · · · , An be open sets. For any x ∈ ∞
    T
    i=1 Ai we have
    x ∈ Ai for all i = 1, · · · , n. Thus there exists ri > 0 such that
    Bri (x) ⊂ Ai for each i. Let r := min{ri : i = 1, · · · , n} > 0.
    Then
    Br (x) ⊂ Bri (x) ⊂ Ai for i = 1, · · · , n
    which implies Br (x) ⊂ ∞
    T Tn
    i=1 Ai . Thus i=1 Ai is open.
    S
    (ii) Let {Ai }i∈I be a family of open sets. For any x ∈ i∈I Ai , we
    have x ∈ Ai0 for some i0 ∈ I . Hence there
    S exists r >S0 such
    that Br (x) ⊂ Ai0 and hence Br (x) ⊂ i∈I Ai . Thus i∈I Ai is
    open. □

    Theorem 84 (Structure of open sets in R)


    Every open sets in R is a countable union of disjoint open intervals.
    Sketch of the proof. Let A be open in R. For each x we can find
    a < x < b such that (a, b) ⊂ A. Let

    ax := inf{a : (a, x] ⊂ A}, bx := sup{b : [x, b) ⊂ A}.

    Then x ∈ Ix := (ax , bx ) ⊂ A. One can show, for any x, y ∈ A with


    x ̸= y , either Ix = Iy or Ix ∩ Iy = ∅. This completes the proof. □
    Definition 85
    Let (X , d) be a metric space. A ⊂ X is called closed if Ac is open.

    From the definition and the fact A = (Ac )c it follows that


    Theorem 86
    In a metric spaces a set A is open iff Ac is closed.

    Example 87
    ▶ In a metric space (X , d), both ∅ and X are closed and open
    sets.
    Example 88
    Let (X , d) be a discrete metric space. Then

    B1 (x) = {x} and ext(B1 (x)) = X \ {x}

    are open sets. Thus every single point set {x} is closed and open.
    Consequently, every subset of X is open and hence every subset of
    X is closed.

    Theorem 89
    Let (X , d) be a metric space and A ⊂ X . Then

    A is closed ⇐⇒ A = A.
    Proof. We have

    A is closed ⇐⇒ Ac is open ⇐⇒ Ac = int(Ac ) = ext(A)


    ⇐⇒ A = ext(A)c = A. □

    Theorem 90
    Let (X , d) be a metric space and A ⊂ X . Then A and ∂A are
    closed.
    Proof. Recall that A = ext(A)c and ext(A) is open. Thus A is
    closed. Recall also that

    ∂A = X \ (int(A) ∪ ext(A))

    and both int(A) and ext(A) are open. Hence ∂A is closed. □


    Theorem 91
    (i) The union of finitely many closed sets is closed.
    (ii) The intersection of arbitrarily many closed sets is closed.

    Proof. This follows from Theorem 83 and the de Morgan’s law. □


    Theorem 92
    int(A) is the largest open set contained in A. A is the smallest
    closed set containing A.
    Proof.
    ▶ If B is an open set contained in A, then B = int(B) ⊂ int(A).
    ▶ If B is a closed set containing A, then ext(B) ⊂ ext(A) and
    hence A = ext(A)c ⊂ ext(B)c = B = B. □

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