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    Alternator - and - Its - Generated - Voltage

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    Epi Fanio
    The document discusses alternators and AC generators. It describes the differences between DC and AC generators, including that AC generators have slip rings to bring currents out to the terminal instead of a commutator, and have a stationary armature and rotating field poles instead of the opposite. It also discusses types of alternators including synchronous, induction, and induction alternators. The document outlines advantages of having a stationary armature and describes rotor types. It introduces concepts such as coil pitch, pole pitch, pitch factors, distribution factors, and how harmonics affect these factors. Several examples are also included to demonstrate calculations related to generated voltage.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Alternator - and - Its - Generated - Voltage

    Uploaded by

    Epi Fanio
    20 views8 pages
    The document discusses alternators and AC generators. It describes the differences between DC and AC generators, including that AC generators have slip rings to bring currents out to the terminal instead of a commutator, and have a stationary armature and rotating field poles instead of the opposite. It also discusses types of alternators including synchronous, induction, and induction alternators. The document outlines advantages of having a stationary armature and describes rotor types. It introduces concepts such as coil pitch, pole pitch, pitch factors, distribution factors, and how harmonics affect these factors. Several examples are also included to demonstrate calculations related to generated voltage.

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    Alternator voltage

    Original Title

    1. Alternator_and_Its_Generated_Voltage(2)

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    The document discusses alternators and AC generators. It describes the differences between DC and AC generators, including that AC generators have slip rings to bring currents out to the terminal instead of a commutator, and have a stationary armature and rotating field poles instead of the opposite. It also discusses types of alternators including synchronous, induction, and induction alternators. The document outlines advantages of having a stationary armature and describes rotor types. It introduces concepts such as coil pitch, pole pitch, pitch factors, distribution factors, and how harmonics affect these factors. Several examples are also included to demonstrate calculations related to generated voltage.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views8 pages

    Alternator - and - Its - Generated - Voltage

    Uploaded by

    Epi Fanio
    The document discusses alternators and AC generators. It describes the differences between DC and AC generators, including that AC generators have slip rings to bring currents out to the terminal instead of a commutator, and have a stationary armature and rotating field poles instead of the opposite. It also discusses types of alternators including synchronous, induction, and induction alternators. The document outlines advantages of having a stationary armature and describes rotor types. It introduces concepts such as coil pitch, pole pitch, pitch factors, distribution factors, and how harmonics affect these factors. Several examples are also included to demonstrate calculations related to generated voltage.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    Tuesday, 29 June 2021 7:10 AM

    Alternator/ AC Generator
    an electrical machine converting mechanical energy to AC electrical energy.

    Difference between DC and AC Generator

    DC Generator AC Generator

    • Has slip rings which allow the currents to


    • Has commutator which converts AC
    be brought out to the terminal
    to DC
    • Stationary armature
    • Stationary field poles
    • Rotating field poles
    • Rotating armatures
    • The field is always excited by the DC
    • Maybe separately or self-excited
    source
    • Manufactured is relatively small sizes
    • Manufactured in relative large sizes
    • Regulation is affected only by
    • Regulation is affected by
    armature resistance drop
    armature resistance
    armature reaction
    leakage resistance
    • Terminal voltage is affected by the
    armature reaction
    magnitude of the load.
    • Terminal voltage is affected by the
    magnitude as well as the power factor of
    the load

    Types of Alternator

    • Synchronous Generator
    a generator is called synchronous because it is driven at constant speed or
    synchronous speed.
    • Induction Generator
    it is an induction motor which run as a generator with the speed above synchronous
    speed.
    • Induction Alternator
    it generated voltage at high frequency (500-10,000 Hz)
    it is used to supply power by means of induction in the furnace in order to heat or
    melt the metal.

    Advantages of Stationary Armature

    • Output current is delivered to the load without passing it through brush contacts.
    • Easier to insulate stationary armature winding for high AC voltage.
    • Armature winding can be easily braced to prevent deformation which could be
    produced by mechanical stresses.
    • Easily insulated slip rings which transfers low voltage, low power dc field circuit.
    Stationary-Armature
    Rotating Field Poles-Rotor

    Alternator Page 1
    Advantages of Stationary Armature
    • Output current is delivered to the load without passing it through brush contacts.
    • Easier to insulate stationary armature winding for high AC voltage.
    • Armature winding can be easily braced to prevent deformation which could be
    produced by mechanical stresses.
    • Easily insulated slip rings which transfers low voltage, low power dc field circuit.
    Stationary-Armature
    Rotating Field Poles-Rotor

    Two Types of Rotor Used


    • Salient Pole
    used for slow speed alternators, large diameter than axial length (from 6-40 poles).
    • Smooth Cylindrical
    used for high speed alternators, diameter is less than axial length, having less
    number of poles.

    Note:
    • If the rotor will be mounted to a shaft, then connected to a DC source it will cause
    rotation producing flux, then an alternating voltage will be generated at the rotor.

    resistance of rotor winding


    • If the armature current supplied to the load at lagging power factor it tends to
    demagnetize the rotor that will cause the reduction of flux in the core as the lagging pf
    is increased. If the armature current supplied to the load at leading pf it tends to
    magnetize the rotor that will cause the increase of flux in the core as the leading
    current is increased.
    • In the winding, flux density is sinusoidal in its distribution around the air gap, the output
    will be sinusoidal in nature.

    Example

    1. A 36 pole alternator is operated of which the rotor moves 2000 times in 6 part of an
    hour. What is the generated frequency?

    Generated Voltage in Alternator

    • 1 Volt is generated through a turn of coil if 1 x 10 8 flux of maxwell is cut per second.
    max flux thru the coil

    Alternator Page 2
    max flux thru the coil

    zero flux thru the coil

    Average Value of Generated Voltage

    (Volts)

    pole should be rotated 360 e for 1 cycle.

    Formulas

    Example:

    1. Calculate the average voltage generated in six turn full pitch coil of a 25 Hz
    alternator if the maxwell. What will be the effective phase voltage if
    the alternator has a total of 240 coils and the winding is Y connected?

    Coil Pitch

    • distance between two sides of the coil. When the coil is exactly equal to the distance
    between the centers of two adjacent poles, i.e. 180 e , the coil is said to be full pitch
    winding, if it is less than 180 e , it is a fractional pitch.
    • Fractional pitch winding are more generally used than those of full pitch winding,
    because their generated voltage can be made approximate a sine wave more easily.

    Pole Pitch

    • distance between two adjacent poles or distance between the center lines of the
    Alternator Page 3
    Pole Pitch

    • distance between two adjacent poles or distance between the center lines of the
    adjacent North and South Pole.
    • always equal to 180 e

    Formulas:

    •
    • CP= PP= 180 e
    full pitch winding (kp=1)
    • CP<PP<180 e
    fractional pitch winding (kp<1)
    • d = no. of e between adjacent slots
    • p = span of the coil
    • cp= coil pitch in terms of slots
    • where:
    • p cp d

    • d

    • Y s= ;

    Pitch Factors or Chording Factor (k p)

    • the ratio of voltage generated in a fractional pitch to the generated voltage in full
    pitch coil.

    Advantages
    • save copper at end connections
    • improve waveform of the generated emf
    • due to elimination of frequency, harmonics, eddy current and hysteresis losses are
    reduced there by increasing the efficiency.

    Distribution factor/ Breath factor/ Belt factor (k d)


    • The voltage generated by each group of coils is not equal to the voltage per coil
    multiplied by number of coils. It is always less than this, because the coil are displaced
    from each other which individual voltage are not in phase.

    • where:

    Alternator Page 4
    • where:

    n=

    P=no. of poles;

    Effects of Harmonics on Pitch And Distribution Factor

    Effect on Generated Voltage

    1.) Calculate the pitch factor of the ffg:


    36 slots, 4 poles, span 1-9
    72 slots, 6 poles, span 1-8
    96 slots, 8 poles, slots 1 to 15

    2.) An alternator has , 3 and the first coil lies in slot 1 to 12. Calculate the pitch and
    distribution factor for fundamental, 3 rd and 5th harmonic.

    Alternator Page 5
    3.) The ffg. Information is given in connection with an alternator:
    84 slots, 4 poles, 1500 rpm, 18 turns per coil, maxwell, slot 1 to 22, half-
    coiled. Calculate the open circuit emf of the generator.

    4.) A 6 pole, 60 cycle, 18 ,4 , the winding is 86.66% pitch. Determine the


    generated emf between lines?

    5.) A synchronous generator runs at 500 rpm and generates at 50 Hz. There are 216 slots
    each containing 5 conductors arrange in a full pitch winding for a 3 , Y connection. All
    the conductor of each phase are in series and the flux per pole @ NL sinusoidally
    distributed over the pole pitch is 40 mWb. Determine the generated voltage per phase
    and between lines.

    Alternator Page 6
    6.) Calculate the rms value of the induced emf/phase of a 10 pole, 3 , 50 Hz alternator
    with and in 2 layers. The coil span is 150 , the flux/pole has a fundamental
    components of 0.12 Wb and a 20% 3 rd harmonics.

    7.) Given: 120 slots, ,10 poles, double layer winding, coil pitch is shorted by 2 slots, f=60
    Hz, Y connected. Determine the generated voltage per phase given that /ind= 8.12 V.

    8.) A 4 pole, 50 Hz star connected alternator has 15 slot/pole and each slot has 10
    conductors. All the conductors of each phase are connected in series, the winding
    factor being 0.95. When running @ no load for a certain flux per pole, the terminal emf
    was 1825 V. If the winding are lap connected and runs as dc machine, what would be
    the emf between the brushes for the same speed and the same flux/pole.
    Assume sinusoidal distribution of flux.

    Alternator Page 7
    Alternator Page 8

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