Jsce Recommendations For Upgrading of Concrete Structures With Use of Continuous Fiber Sheets

I.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
UPGRADING OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES WITH USE OF
CONTINUOUS FIBER SHEETS
I. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR UPGADING OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES WITH
USE OF CONTINUOUS FIBER SHEETS
CONTENTS
CHAPTER1 GENERAL ..............................................................................................................1

1.1 Scope ....................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Definitions………………………………..…………...........................................................3
CHAPTER2 BASICS OF UPGRADING....................................................................................4
2.1 General..................................................................................................................................4
2.2 Upgrading process.................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER3 MATERIALS..........................................................................................................9
3.1 General..................................................................................................................................9
3.2 Quality of Materials..............................................................................................................9
3.2.1 Continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands................................................9
3.2.2 Impregnation resin....................................................................................................10
3.2.3 Primer.......................................................................................................................11
3.2.4 Smoothing agent.......................................................................................................12
3.2.5 0thermaterials...........................................................................................................12
3.3 Characteristic Values and Design Values of Materials.......................................................13
3.3.1 General.....................................................................................................................13
3.3.2 Continuous fiber sheets............................................................................................14
3.3.3 Continuous fiber strands...........................................................................................17
CHAPTER4 LOADS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS ...............................................20
CHAPTER5 DETAILED INSPECTION OF EXISTING CONCRETE STRUCTURES...21
5.1 General................................................................................................................................21
5.2 Detailed inspection USING DOCUMENT,RECORDS,ETC.............................................21
5.3 Detailed inspection at the site..............................................................................................22
CHAPTER6
PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION FOR UPGRADED CONCRETE STRUCTUKS.......... 24
6.1 General................................................................................................................................24
6.2 Design strength of materials in existing structures.............................................................25
6.2.1 General.................................................................................................................................25
6.2.2 Concrete............................................................................................................................27
6.2.3 Steel..................................................................................................................................29
6.3 Safety factor............................................................................................................................30
6.4 Verification of Safety..............................................................................................................31
6.4.1 Design flexural and axial load-carrying capacity.............................................................31
6.4.2 Design shear capacity for bar members...........................................................................35
6.4.3 Design flexural fatigue resistance....................................................................................46
6.4.4 Design punching shear fatigue resistance of planar members.........................................47
6.4.5 Safety with respect to seismic action...............................................................................48
6.4.5.1 Design ductility ratio of members.........................................................................48
6.4.5.2 Member restoration force model...........................................................................51
6.4.6 Fire safety.........................................................................................................................52
6.4.7 Collision safety.................................................................................................................55
6.5 Verification of serviceability...................................................................................................57
6.5.1 Stress level........................................................................................................................57
6.5.2 Crack width......................................................................................................................58
6.5.3 Displacement/deformation.............................................................................................. 59
6.6 Restorability............................................................................................................................60
6.6.1 Restorability after earthquake..........................................................................................60
6.7 Changes of performance of upgraded structures with the elapse of time…………………...61
6.7.1 General.............................................................................................................................61
6.7.2 Verification of the effect of using continuous fiber sheets to prevent
intrusion of chloride ions.................................................................................................62
6.8 Verification of structural details ...........................................................................................65
6.8.1 General.........................................................................................................................65
6.8.2 Corner angles of members............................................................................................66
6.8.3 Overlap splices of continuous fiber sheets...................................................................66
6.8.4 Anchoring of continuous fiber strands.........................................................................67
6.8.5 Mechanical anchoring of continuous fiber sheets........................................................68
CHAPTER7 UPGRADING WORK..........................................................................................69
7.1 General................................................................................................................................69
7.2 Work plan............................................................................................................................70
7.3 Handling of materials..........................................................................................................71
7.4 Surface preparation..............................................................................................................72
7.5 Bonding and jacketing.........................................................................................................74
7.6 Finishing work.....................................................................................................................76
7.7 Inspections...........................................................................................................................78
7.7.1 General.........................................................................................................................78
7.7.2 Receiving inspection for materials...............................................................................78
7.7.3 Inspection of material storage condition......................................................................79
7.7.4 Inspection of surface preparation, primer coating and smoothing...............................79
7.7.5 Inspection of continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands during
and after construction................................................................................................80
CHAPTER8 WORK RECORDS...............................................................................................82
CHAPTER9 MAINTENANCE OF UPGRADED CONCRETE STRUCTURES................83
9.1 General................................................................................................................................83
9.2 Inspections and evaluations.................................................................................................84
9.3 Countermeasures ................................................................................................................86
References.......................................................................................................................................87
I Recommendations for Upgrading of Concrete Structures with Use of Continuous Fiber Sheets
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL
1.1 Scope
(1) These recommendations provide design and construction standards for the
upgrading of existing concrete structures through bonding or jacketing with
continuous fiber sheets.
(2) These recommendations may also be applicable to the upgrading of structures
by wrapping with continuous fiber strands.
[Commentary]
(1) These recommendations consist of design and construction standards for the
upgrading of existing concrete structures using continuous fiber sheets with the
aim of improving their strength and durability. The recommendations include
standards not only for repair and strengthening as described in the
Recommendations for Maintenance of Concrete Structures (Draft), but also for
the recovery of structural functionality, such as by reducing deflection, and for
measures to ameliorate adverse effects on third parties by preventing spalling of
concrete.
The recommendations are predicated on a process that involves bonding fiber

sheets onto the structure or jacketing the structure with such sheets at the site,
then impregnating them with epoxy resin. The types of continuous fiber covered
by these recommendations are carbon and aramid fibers, with which Japan has
considerable experience. Both have a mass per unit area of less than 400 g/m2.
When applying these recommendations to cases where another material, such as
glass fiber, is to be used, or where the unit mass of the fiber sheet is greater than
stated above, or the prefabricated sheets are used, performance should be
verified through experimental tests or by other means.
Continuous fiber sheets are light, very strong, durable, and resistant to corrosion.
Upgrading of structures using such sheets offers the following advantages in
design and construction:
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Advantages in design
- Since the continuous fibers are arranged in a single orientation, the

maximum reinforcing effect can be achieved by bonding or jacketing with
the fibers aligned in the direction designated in the design.
- Any required volume for upgrading can be easily obtained by
increasing/decreasing the unit mass and the number of plies.
- The dead weight added to an upgraded structure is minimized because of
the light weight of fiber sheets.
- The fiber sheets protect the concrete from deterioration while also
protecting reinforcing steel from corrosion because the matrix itself is
highly resistant to corrosion and can block external influences.
Advantages in construction
- Upgrading manually is possible, because the work entails simply bonding

fiber sheets to the structure or jacketing the structure with sheets using
cold-setting resins
- Because the materials are light in weight, upgrading can be carried out by a
small number of workers over a short period, and there is no need for heavy
construction equipment or large preparation areas.
- Since the fiber sheets are easily shaped on site, the method is suitable even
when a structure has complicated shape.
(2) Even when upgrading existing concrete structures by jacketing with continuous
fiber strands, the same performance as with continuous fiber sheets can be
anticipated. Therefore, these recommendations can be applied to continuous
fiber strands as well. However, they are not applicable to flexural strengthening
or to punching shear strengthening for planar members.
One of the advantages of upgrading by jacketing with continuous fiber strands is

that it is possible to reduce manpower by using a winding equipment.
What are not covered in these recommendations shall conform to the following
Standard Specifications and Recommendations.
-2-
Standard Specifications for Design and Construction of Concrete 1996

Structures (Design) (Seismic Design) (Construction) established
1996
Standard Specifications for Design and Construction of Concrete 1999
Structures (Construction) "Durability Verification Standards"
established 1999
Recommendations for Design and Construction of Concrete 1996
Structures Using Continuous Fiber Reinforcing Materials
Recommendations for Maintenance of Concrete Structures 1995
Recommendations for Retrofit of Concrete Structures 1999
1.2 Definitions
The following terms are defined in these recommendations:
Continuous fiber strand:

Several thousand to several tens of thousands of continuous fibers bound
together, each fiber measuring from several micrometers to a dozen or more
micrometers in thickness
Continuous fiber sheet:
Continuous fiber strands arranged in a sheet-like or textile-like form in one or
two planar directions
Fiber mass per unit area:
The mass of fibers in a continuous fiber sheet per square meter. In the case of
strands, this value is defined for the wound interval.
Impregnation resin:
The resin used to impregnate and bond the continuous fiber filaments and give
them the functions of a composite material, and to attach the continuous fiber
sheet to the surface of concrete
Interfacial fracture energy:
The amount of energy per unit bonding area needed to produce interfacial failure
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CHAPTER 2 BASICS OF UPGRADING
2.1 General
When upgrading concrete structures with continuous fiber sheets, suitable methods
shall be used to verify that the performance requirements for the upgraded structure
are adequately maintained. In addition to the feasibility of upgrading work and the
ease of maintenance after its completion, economy shall also be considered.
[Commentary]
In general, the performance required for concrete structures during the service life is
specified in advance. Nevertheless, the performance level of concrete structures may
sometimes decline to a greater degree than expected, due to excessive deterioration
caused by changing environmental conditions or by unforeseeable disasters or the
like. In other cases, a higher performance level may be required, or new performance
criteria had been introduced due to changes in load conditions and purpose of use
accompanying the revision of standards. In such cases, the concrete structures are
generally upgraded.
Concrete structures are subject to a wide variety of performance requirements, and

appropriate techniques are needed to verify these performance requirements.
Table C2.1.1 shows some examples of verification items and performance
requirements extracted from the Recommendations for Retrofit of Concrete
Structures. However, when verifying the performance of upgraded concrete
structures, unlike with new structures, suitable verification techniques for upgrading
should be employed.
Upgrading using the continuous fiber sheets covered by these recommendations is

done by bonding the continuous fiber sheets onto the structure or jacketing the
structure with such sheets. Consequently, it is expected not only to improve the
load-carrying performance of the concrete structure but to block the intrusion of
substances in the surrounding environment that might cause deterioration of concrete.
This method can also be applied to prevent spalling of deteriorated concrete,
ameliorating the adverse effects on third parties.
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However, these features can only be realized with quantitative evaluation methods
and appropriate verification techniques. Previous research has empirically
demonstrated the improvement of load-carrying performance of upgraded concrete
structures, and evaluation methods have also become quantitative to a considerable
extent based on the mechanical properties of continuous fibers. Based on these
achievements, methods for the quantitative evaluation of how the sheet contributes to
improving safety (flexural load-carrying capacity, shear capacity and ductility) and to
improving serviceability (restraining flexural deformation and flexural cracking
widths) are proposed in these recommendations.
When selecting an upgrading method, whether the upgraded concrete structure will
satisfy the specified performance requirements or not should be considered. In
addition, economy throughout the entire life cycle, including ease of construction and
ease of maintenance and should also be considered. Continuous fiber sheets and
strands have major advantages such as they are lightweight, can be placed manually,
and can be easily shaped on site to cope with complex shapes. They can also easily
accommodate additional upgrading. However, quantitative methods for evaluating
these advantages, as in the case of changes over time in the performance of concrete
structures after upgrading, have not yet been established. Future research is expected
to result in the further utilization of these advantages.
-5-
Table C2.1.1 Sample indicies for verifying the performance of concrete structures
upgraded with continuous fiber sheets
Indicies for conventional evaluation Indicies for elaborated

Performance Item
methods evaluation methods
Safety Failure and Flexural load-carrying capacity, Deformation of or
collapse shear capacity, torsional capacity, damage to structure due
fatigue capacity, response to application of
displacement, ductility ratio, etc. anticipated load
(evaluation and
Rigid body Over-turning moment resistance,
verification by numerical
safety sliding resistance, vertical bearing
simulations)
capacity, etc.
Fire Self-extinguishing ability, fire
spreading resistance
Serviceability Driving Displacement/deformation, rigidity, Sense on the part of
comfort/walking smoothness of road surface, level users and neighbors of
comfort differences, vibration characteristics the structure's response
of structure and foundation, velocity, to the application of
Vibration
acceleration, vibration level, sound anticipated load and the
resistance
pressure, etc. transmitted to users effect of the environment
Noise resistance and neighbors (evaluation and
verification of the
Watertightness/ Crack width, coefficient of water
interrelationship between
airtightness permeability, coefficient of air
the structure's response
permeability, etc.
and human sensations)
Appearance Crack width, crack density, size of
stained area, density of stains, color
of materials used, paint color, etc.
Visual safety Displacement, deformation, crack
width, crack density, sheet peeling
area, etc.
Restorability Restoration Failure mode, response Deformation and failure of
time/restoration displacement, residual structure due to
cost displacement, residual crack width, application of anticipated
degree of damage to constituent load, and decomposition
materials, fire-resistance rating of of constituent materials
materials, wear strength and impact due to environmental
strength of materials, etc. actions
2.2 Upgrading process
The upgrading of concrete structures using continuous fiber sheets shall be in

accordance with the procedures specified in the Recommendations for Retrofit of
Concrete Structures.
[Commentary]
When upgrading concrete structures, the required performance level for the structure
is first set up and an appropriate upgrading method is selected to satisfy the
-6-
requirements. When the method of using continuous fiber sheets is selected, the
process from planning through construction is implemented as shown in the flow
chart in Figure C2.2.1.
Specifically, upgrading should be performed using the following procedure.
(1) A plan for the upgrading of existing concrete structures using continuous fiber
sheets is drafted covering the steps from detailed inspection through design of
the structure, implementation of upgrading work, and maintenance.
(2) A detailed inspection of the structure is performed in accordance with Chapter 5

"Detailed Inspection of Existing Concrete Structures."
(3) Considering the performance of the structure after upgrading, the current
condition of the structure and the conditions for construction, the following
items are set up: the continuous fiber material (carbon fiber or aramid fiber),
fiber mass, number of plies, scope of use, impregnation resin material,
smoothing of existing concrete surfaces, other upgrading specifications and the
construction method (bonding or jacketing).
(4) The verification is done to confirm that the upgraded structures using continuous
fiber sheets will satisfy the performance requirements at all points during the
remaining design service life. The method specified in Chapter 6 "Performance
Verification for Upgraded Concrete Structures" should be used for the
verification. Since the strengthening of some members may alter the failure
mode of the entire structure, due consideration should be given not only to the
performance of the members to be strengthened but also to that of the entire
structure.
(5) After the structure has been verified to satisfy the performance requirements
with use of the specifications and the construction method for upgrading, the
upgrading work is implemented in accordance with Chapter 7 "Upgrading
Work," and after completion maintenance is conducted in accordance with
Chapter 9 "Maintenance of Upgraded Concrete Structures."
-7-
Required performance after upgrading
Other methods Selection of upgrading methods

(flow in these recommendations)
(1) Drafting of upgrading plan using

continuous fiber sheets
(2) Detailed inspection of existing structure
(3) Set up upgrading specifications

(materials, quantities, scope etc.) and
construction methods using continuous
fiber sheets or strands
NG (4) Performance verification of upgraded

structures
OK
(5) Implementation of upgrading work
Figure C2.2.1 Upgrading using continuous fiber sheets
-8-
CHAPTER 3 MATERIALS
3.1 General
The continuous fiber sheets or continuous fiber strands used for upgrading shall be
those whose quality has been confirmed. Quality shall be confirmed for the primer,
the impregnation resin, and the smoothing material and surface preparation material
for concrete surfaces.
[Commentary]
The upgrading method by bonding continuous fiber sheets to concrete structures or

jacketing with the sheets (continuous fiber sheet method) or with continuous fiber
strands (continuous fiber strand method) are those in which upgrading is carried out
after impregnation resin applied to the continuous fibers hardens and bonds to
concrete surface.. In addition to continuous fiber sheets, continuous fiber strands, and
impregnation resin, the materials used include smoothing agents (used to smooth the
surface irregularities and level differences in the concrete), surface preparation
material, grout for filling cracks on the surface, and primer to improve bonding.
The effect of upgrading using continuous fibers varies depending on the quality of
the materials and their combination. Therefore, the quality of each material should be
confirmed in advance.
3.2 Quality of Materials
3.2.1 Continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands
The quality of continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands shall be specified
in terms of the characteristic values of tensile strength, Young's modulus, and
ultimate strain with the combination of impregnated resin.
[Commentary]
The continuous fibers covered by these recommendations are carbon fibers or aramid
fibers. Both of these fibers have excellent properties (lightweight, high strength, high
-9-
flexibility and high resistance to corrosion), making it possible to select the fiber with
the quality required for the application. However, different from the ordinary steel
reinforcement, these materials are quite elastic up to fracture without yield
phenomena.
The tensile strength and Young's modulus depend on the type and use conditions of
the impregnation resin. Therefore, the characteristic values of continuous fibers and
those combined with the impregnation resin should be confirmed in accordance with
the JSCE-E 541 "Test method for tensile properties of continuous fiber sheets."
3.2.2 Impregnation resin
Impregnation resin shall satisfy the following requirements.
(1) As a binding material of fibers, it shall have a suitable viscosity and work life
for the operation. It shall also impregnate the continuous fiber sheets and
continuous fiber strands and harden thoroughly.
(2) After the impregnated continuous fibers have hardened, the quality of the
composite shall be ensured.
(3) The quality required for the bonding of the continuous fiber sheets to concrete
surface through the primer or smoothing agent shall be ensured.
(4) The quality required for the overlap splice for continuous fiber sheets shall be
ensured.
[Commentary]
(1) Hardening of the impregnation resin produces the binding of continuous fibers
to one another, and creates a composite material with the appropriate strength,
Young's modulus, and other properties. Accordingly, the impregnation resin
should thoroughly impregnate the continuous fiber sheets or continuous fiber
strands. Also, during the construction process, it should have suitable viscosity
to hold the sheet in place during attachment work. As the viscosity varies
depending on the temperature, a resin with good viscosity at the anticipated
temperature during construction should be selected. It is also important for the
resin to have a certain work life for the completion of operation without dripping
during upward application.
- 10 -
(2) The quality of continuous fiber sheets or that of continuous fiber strands is
evaluated after the impregnation resin has hardened, and a composite material
has formed. Without the impregnation resin, the fibers break one after another
under tension force, as in a rope, and it is impossible to effectively use the
strength of individual fibers. Moreover, even if the fibers are thoroughly
impregnated with the impregnation resin, differences in the type of impregnation
resin and the forming method result in different tensile strength and Young's
modulus. Therefore, a suitable impregnation resin should be selected and the
composite should be tested in accordance with the JSCE-E 541 "Test method for
tensile properties of continuous fiber sheets" to ensure the quality required for
(4) When it is necessary to place an overlap splice between the continuous fiber
sheets, , the bond strength of the overlap splice should be confirmed in
accordance with the JSCE-E 542 "Test method for overlap splice strength of
continuous fiber sheets" to prevent the overlap splice from becoming a weak
point.
3.2.3 Primer
The primer shall have the required bond strength for bonding continuous fiber sheets
to concrete surfaces.
[Commentary]
The primer is applied to the concrete surface in advance to ensure a thorough bond
between concrete surface and the continuous fiber sheets. The primer also prevents
air bubbles from developing between the continuous fiber sheets and the surface of
concrete during construction or curing as a result of exposure to direct sunlight. In
other words, the primer penetrates the surface of concrete and strengthens the surface
layer, creating the required bond strength between the continuous fiber sheets and the
surface of concrete. As noted previously, the bond strength of the primer should be
confirmed by examining the combination of the primer with the impregnation resin.
- 11 -
3.2.4 Smoothing agent
(1) The smoothing agent shall be able to smooth level differences and
comparatively small irregularities in the concrete surface. It shall also have
sufficient viscosity and stickiness to enable the application work to be
performed smoothly.
(2) The smoothing agent shall be able to bond sufficiently with the primer and
impregnation resin.
[Commentary]
(1) If there is any unevenness caused by the joints of formwork or traces of bubbles
in the surface of concrete, construction defects such as wrinkles, new bubbles,
and resin accumulations tend to occur. Also, the continuous fiber sheets that
contact the overhangs tend to break. Large overhangs should be removed with a
disc sander or the like, but minor irregularities can be smoothed by coating with
a smoothing agent. To ensure that the smoothing work is accomplished without
any problem, it is important to select a proper smoothing agent which has
viscosity, stickiness and work life that matches the temperature, climate and
other construction conditions. In general, epoxy resin putties or the like can be
used.
(2) In the verification of upgrading performance, the smoothing agent should have
the required bond strength with the primer when the continuous fiber sheets are
expected to be bonded to the existing concrete.
3.2.5 Other materials
(1) Surface preparation materials shall have sufficient bond strength at the damaged
sections of the existing concrete, and their strength shall be at least equal to that
of the existing concrete.
(2) Crack grout shall penetrate to the deepest portion of the cracks, shall have the
bond strength needed to bond with the concrete, and shall be able to prevent
infiltration of water through the cracks.
(3) Surface protection materials shall maintain the required quality of continuous
fiber sheets or continuous fiber strands during the prescribed period of time.
- 12 -
[Commentary]
(1) If the cover of the existing concrete is missing in places, these sections are
restored to the original condition by coating with surface preparation materials.
If the surface preparation material tends to come loose from the existing
concrete or has low strength, the transmission of force is hindered between the
continuous fibers and the existing concrete. Normally, resin mortar and polymer
cement mortar with high adhesion properties and high strength are used as
surface preparation materials.
(2) Both epoxy resin type and cement type crack grout are available and a suitable
material should be selected to match the situation of cracking and water leakage.
(3) through both the continuous fiber sheet method and the continuous fiber strand
method, the composite material made of continuous fibers with impregnation
resin is placed on the outer surface of the structure. In order to prevent
deterioration of the continuous fiber composite material during the service life, a
protective layer should be created by coating the surface with paint, concrete, or
mortar when necessary. However, surface protection is not necessary if it can be
confirmed that the quality of the continuous fiber composite material will not
change over time by the results of suitable numerical simulations and
accelerated exposure tests (JSCE-E 547 "Test method for accelerated artificial
exposure of continuous fiber sheets") or actual exposure tests, or, that the
required quality can be maintained.
If a noncombustible cover or flame-resistant cover is needed for protection

against fire, or if protection against impacts caused by drifting wood or
automobiles or other type of protection is needed, a surface protection material
should be selected to match the environment where the structure is located.
3.3 Characteristic Values and Design Values of Materials
3.3.1 General
The following method shall be used to determine characteristic values and design
values for continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands.
- 13 -
(1) The characteristic values for material strength and ultimate strain of continuous
fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands shall be defined as the values which
ensure that most of the test results do not fall below the values, assuming
variations in the test results.
(2) The design material strength and design ultimate strain for continuous fiber
sheets and continuous fiber strands shall be obtained by dividing the
characteristic value by the material factor.
[Commentary]
The continuous fiber sheet method and continuous fiber strand method involve
primer and impregnation resin as supplementary materials. For this reason, the tensile
strength, Young's modulus and other values of continuous fiber sheets or continuous
fiber strands used for upgrading design should generally be determined for the
composite material formed after impregnating with resin and allowing it to harden.
Accordingly, the method used to determine the characteristic values and design
values for continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands is described here.
3.3.2 Continuous fiber sheets
(1) As a rule, the characteristic value for the tensile strength of continuous fiber
sheets shall be determined based on the test results. The tension test shall be
done in accordance with the JSCE-E 541 "Test method for tensile properties of
continuous fiber sheets."
(2) As a rule, the characteristic values for the bond strength of continuous fiber
sheets to concrete, the characteristic values for the interfacial fracture energy
and the relationship between bond stress and relative displacement shall be
determined by the bond test. The bond test shall be done in accordance with the
JSCE-E 543 "Test method for bond properties of continuous fiber sheets to
concrete."
(3) The compressive strength and shear strength of continuous fiber sheets shall not
be considered in the design.
(4) As a rule, the Young's modulus for continuous fiber sheets shall be determined
by the tension test. The tension test shall be done in accordance with the JSCE-E
541 "Test method for tensile properties of continuous fiber sheets (draft)."
- 14 -
(5) The tensile stress-strain relationship for continuous fiber sheets, used to verify
safety and serviceability, may be a straight line passing through the origin with
the Young's modulus.
(6) The coefficient of thermal expansion for continuous fiber sheets shall be
calculated from the coefficient of thermal expansion, Young's modulus and the
volume ratio of the constituent materials, such as the continuous fibers and
impregnation resin.
(7) As a rule, the characteristic values for the tensile fatigue strength shall be
determined by the tensile fatigue test. The tensile fatigue test shall be done in
accordance with the JSCE-E 546 "Test method for tensile fatigue strength of
(8) The material factors for continuous fiber sheets shall be determined using
Section 2.6 (2) in the Standard Specifications for Design and Construction of
Concrete Structures (Design).
[Commentary]
(1) Continuous fiber sheets function as a composite material with continuous fibers
bonded using impregnation resin. Even if the same strengthening fibers are used,
the strength of continuous fiber sheets may vary depending on the shape of the
sheets and the bond with the impregnation resin. Therefore, this value is
measured using the condition of the composite material after the sheet is
impregnated with the resin and it has hardened. It is known that variations in the
tensile strength of continuous fiber sheets are generally greater than those of
steel, but the distribution can be thought of as conforming almost completely to
a normal distribution. In general, the characteristic value for tensile strength is
derived by subtracting three times the standard deviation (σn) from the mean
strength (X):(X-3σn). This is equivalent to a 99.9% confidence limit for the
tensile strength. However, if the material manufacturer has established
guaranteed strengths based on sufficient test results, these values may be used as
the characteristic values for the tensile strength of continuous fiber sheets.
(2) The bond strength between continuous fiber sheets to concrete, the relationship
between interfacial fracture energy, bonding stress and relative displacement
vary depending on the type of continuous fiber sheet and number of plies, the
type of primer and impregnation resin, the strength and surface processing
- 15 -
condition of the concrete and other factors. Therefore, as a rule, these values
should be determined through testing.
(3) Since continuous fiber sheets are extremely thin compared to the size of the
members to be upgraded, they have little influence on the compressive
rigidity/load-carrying capacity and shear rigidity/ of the members. For this
reason, the compression rigidity/strength and shear rigidity/strength of
continuous fiber sheets are not considered in the design.
(4) In general, the mean value obtained through testing may be used as the Young's
modulus for continuous fiber sheets. If the material manufacturer has established
a value for Young's modulus based on sufficient test results, the value may be
used as a characteristic value.
(6) At present, there is almost no sample measurement for the coefficient of thermal
expansion of continuous fiber sheets. However, it is known that the coefficient
of thermal expansion for unidirectional strengthened fiber-reinforced composite
materials can be estimated from the thermal expansion coefficients and Young's
modulus values of each constituent material, such as the continuous fibers and
impregnation resin, and the specific volume of continuous fibers, using
Equation C3.3.1.
E f ⋅ α f ⋅ V f + Em ⋅ α m ⋅ (1 − V f )
αL = .................................................(C3.3.1)
E f ⋅ V f + Em ⋅ (1 − V f )
where:
αL : Coefficient of thermal expansion of the continuous fiber sheet in the
direction of the fibers
αf : Coefficient of thermal expansion of continuous fibers
αm : Coefficient of thermal expansion of impregnation resin
Ef : Young's modulus of continuous fibers
Em : Young's modulus of impregnation resin
Vf : Specific volume of continuous fibers in continuous fiber sheet
- 16 -
(7) When the characteristic values for fatigue strength is determined through testing,
considerations should be given to the type of continuous fiber sheet, the size and
frequency of applied stress, and the environmental conditions.
(8) In general, when appropriate construction and protection are conducted, the
values used in Table C3.3.1 may be used as the material factors for the
Table C3.3.1 Standard values for material factor of continuous fiber sheets
Type of verification Material factor

Safety and restorability 1.2-1.3
Serviceability 1.0
3.3.3 Continuous fiber strands
(1) As a rule, the characteristic values for the tensile strength of continuous fiber
strands shall be determined through the tension test.
(2) The compressive strength and shear strength of continuous fiber strands shall
not be considered in design.
(3) As a rule, the bond strength between continuous fiber strands and concrete shall
not be considered in design.
(4) As a rule, the Young's modulus for continuous fiber strands shall be determined
through the tension test.
(5) The tensile stress-strain relationship for continuous fiber strands, used to verify
safety and serviceability, may be a straight line passing through the origin with
the Young's modulus derived from the tension test.
(6) The coefficient of thermal expansion for continuous fiber strands shall be
calculated from the thermal expansion coefficient, Young's modulus and the
volume ratio of the constituent materials, such as the continuous fibers and
impregnation resin.
(7) As a rule, the characteristic value for the fatigue strength of continuous fiber
strands shall be determined through the fatigue test.
(8) The material factor for continuous fiber strands shall be determined using
Section 2.6 (2) in the Standard Specifications for Design and Construction of
- 17 -
[Commentary]
(1) JIS R 7601 "Testing methods for carbon fibers" should be used as the standard
for tensile properties tests for continuous fiber strands. However, when the
material manufacturer has established guaranteed strength values based on
adequate test results, those values may be used as the characteristic values for
the tensile strength of continuous fiber strands.
(2) Since continuous fiber strands have extremely tiny cross-sectional area in
comparison with the members to be upgraded, they have little influence on the
compressive rigidity/load-carrying capacity and shear rigidity/ of the members.
For this reason, the compressive rigidity and strength and shear rigidity and
strength of the continuous fiber strands are not considered in the design.
(3) With the method of winding continuous fiber strands, the continuous fiber
strands and concrete in contact with the bond area of each strand is very small.
There is little data on the bond strength of the continuous fiber strands to
concrete. Therefore, as a rule, the bond strength of the continuous fiber strands
to concrete is not considered in design.
(4) JIS R 7601 "Testing methods for carbon fibers" should be used as the standard
for tensile properties tests. In general, the cross-sectional area used to calculate
Young's modulus of the continuous fiber strands is that of the continuous fibers
only, as calculated from the fiber weight. If the material manufacturer has
established values for Young's modulus based on adequate test results, these
values may be used as Young's modulus of the continuous fiber strands.
(6) The coefficient of thermal expansion in the axial direction of the continuous
fiber strands should be calculated using equation (C3.3.1) for unidirectional
fiber-reinforced composite materials, in the same manner as for continuous fiber
sheets.
(7) When characteristic values for fatigue strength is determined through testing,
considerations should be given to the type of continuous fiber strand, the size
and frequency of applied stress, and the environmental conditions.
- 18 -
(8) When appropriate construction and protection are conducted, the values used in
Table C3.3.2 may be used as the material factors for continuous fiber strands.
Table C3.3.2 Standard values for material factor of continuous fiber strands
Type of verification Material factor

Safety and restorability 1.2-1.3
Serviceability 1.0
- 19 -
CHAPTER 4 LOADS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS
In general, the loads and the environmental actions shall be considered in accordance
with the Standard Specifications for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures
1996 (Design) (Seismic Design) (Construction) and the Standard Specifications for
Design and Construction of Concrete Structures 1999 (Construction).
[Commentary]
The type of load, combination of loads, characteristic value for loads, load factors
and other values should be considered in accordance with the Standard Specifications
for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures (Design). Moreover, the seismic
actions should be considered as "accidental load" in accordance with Standard
Specifications for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures (Seismic Design).
Environmental actions imply the successive actions on the structure during its service
life, causing the materials in the structure to change and deteriorate over time. These
actions include temperature, humidity, the influence of dryness and moisture, salts,
acids, alkaline, chemical substance, ultraviolet light, wear caused by drifting sand,
and so on.
In addition, when preparing upgrading design using continuous fiber sheets or

continuous fiber strands, it is important to consider impacts from drifting rocks,
drifting wood, vehicles, flying objects, and the effects of fire as factors causing
change and deterioration to upgraded materials, in accordance with the structure
environment. At present, there is no general established methods for expressing the
magnitude of the actions and the change over time for most types of environmental
actions. However, suitable values for environmental actions may be established after
referring to these recommendations, the Standard Specifications for Design and
Construction of Concrete Structures (Design) (Construction), the Recommendations
for Durability design of Concrete Structures, the Recommendations for Maintenance
of Concrete Structures.
- 20 -
CHAPTER 5 DETAILED INSPECTION OF EXISTING

CONCRETE STRUCTURES
5.1 General
When upgrading using continuous fiber sheets, a detailed inspection of documents,

records and the conditions at the site shall be conducted taking account of the
mechanical properties of materials and special conditions for construction.
[Commentary]
These recommendations are to be used as reference documents when studying

measures for upgrading existing concrete structures, and as specific design and
construction recommendations for the use of continuous fiber sheets as the method of
upgrading. The inspection and verification of performance of the existing structure
and the method of selecting the upgrading techniques are not within the scope of
these recommendations. They should be done based on the Recommendations for
Retrofit of Concrete Structures and Recommendations for Maintenance of Concrete
Structures.
Here, only the detailed inspection items deemed particularly necessary for conducting
upgrading design and construction using continuous fiber sheets are described.
Although continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands are lightweight, they
are easily damaged and are extremely weak with respect to shearing force as
compared to high tensile resistance in the fiber direction. Moreover, the quality of
construction with resin has a large influence on the performance after upgrading.
Accordingly, a detailed inspection of these properties is needed through an inspection
of documents and records in advance and an inspection at the site.
5.2 Detailed inspection using documents, records, etc.
(1) For the selection of resin and the Quality Control Plan, the meteorological
conditions at the site during construction shall be studied in detail by perusing
documents, records, etc.
(2) To ensure that the construction goes smoothly, the geographical conditions at the
site shall be studied in detail by perusing documents, topographical maps, etc.
- 21 -
[Commentary]
(1) In general, the viscosity of resins is greatly affected by temperature. The use of a
resin with adequate viscosity is crucial for ensuring the ease of the operation and
the success of the work. In addition, the hardening time for the resin is
dependent on the temperature of the resin. At low temperatures, the hardening
time increases dramatically. If this happens, it affects the processes to be
performed after hardening of resin. For these reasons, it is necessary to
determine the climatic conditions at the site during the period in which the work
is planned.
(2) Upgrading using continuous fiber sheets can be performed easily even under
cramped conditions. However, a minimum space for work is required. Before
drafting specific work plans, it is necessary to determine the restrictions at the
site.
5.3 Detailed inspection at the site
At the site, a detailed inspection of the existing concrete structure shall be conducted
in terms of the following aspects:
(1) Progress of deterioration after upgrading

(2) Bond with continuous fiber sheets
(3) Conditions for work practice
(4) Necessity for surface protection
[Commentary]
(1) The deterioration progress of the upgraded concrete structure depends on the
type and degree of the causes of deterioration. Accordingly, when damaged
concrete structures are upgraded, it is necessary to pre-examine the type and
degree of external factors causing deterioration. Particularly when concrete
damaged by alkali aggregate reaction is upgraded, volumetric expansion may
occur after construction. Therefore, the quantity and area of continuous fiber
- 22 -
sheets for upgrading should be determined taking account of the amount of

residual expansion.
(2) When upgrading using continuous fiber sheets, bond of the continuous fibers to
the existing structure is crucial to obtain the desired effect of upgrading.
Necessary measures should be implemented to ensure proper bond by inspecting
the surface deterioration and damage of the existing structure.
(3) The completion of construction is greatly affected by irregularities in the surface

of the existing structure. The irregularities tend to cause residual bubbles and
impair bond and durability. Failure to remove them invites the danger that the
required performance after upgrading may not be attained. For this reason,
smoothing should be performed as needed and the condition of irregularities on
the surface of the existing structure should be examined in advance.
Due to construction errors, existing structures may not necessarily have been
completed as specified in the design documents. When using continuous fiber
sheets, it is possible that there may be too much or too little material at the site.
For this reason, the finished dimensions of the existing structure should be
ascertained in advance.
The occurrence of bubbles or whitening while the resin is hardening may

adversely influence the effectiveness of upgrading. Therefore, curing should be
implemented as needed in such cases. Accordingly, it is necessary to determine
the wind, sunshine, temperature changes and other conditions at the site in
advance.
(4) When the continuous fibers are damaged by impacts from drifting stones,
drifting wood or other sources, it is necessary to study whether surface
protection should be implemented. In such cases, the material and thickness of
the surface protection should be determined through consideration of the degree
of damage from impacts to the existing structure. Accordingly, the potential for
damage to the continuous fibers through impacts and the degree of damage to
the existing structure from the impacts should be estimated.
- 23 -
CHAPTER 6 PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION FOR

UPGRADED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
6.1 General
The performance of concrete structures upgraded with continuous fiber sheets shall
be verified through appropriate evaluation of the effect of upgrading in addition to
the evaluation of the performance of the existing structure.
[Commentary]
For concrete structures to be upgraded with continuous fiber sheets, various

performances should be verified to determine whether the performance requirements
have been satisfied, based on the assumed materials, structural specifications, and
construction methods. The performance of upgraded structures is achieved through
the overall performance of both existing sections and upgraded sections.
This chapter presents the methods used to verify the performance of ordinary
concrete structures upgraded with continuous fiber sheets. Verification of
performance other than those presented in this chapter may be done through testing
or through numerical analysis, but it should be done based on reliable research results
and achievements.
Almost all performance verification methods presented in this chapter are established,
through test results, with the standard construction methods in Chapter 7 "Upgrading
Work." Accordingly, when performance verification methods presented in this
chapter are used, strict adherence to the work methods stipulated in Chapter 7 is
required. If the work methods differ from those prescribed in Chapter 7 or if less
stringent construction specifications are to be approved, the content of such
specifications should be clearly noted in the design documents.
- 24 -
6.2 Design strength of materials in existing structures
6.2.1 General
As a rule, the design strength of the materials used in the existing structure shall be
determined through the test of the specimens sampled from the structure. When
testing is not possible, the determination may be made based on the characteristic
values used in the original design.
[Commentary]
Figure C6.2.1 shows the method for determining the design strength of the materials
in the existing structure for upgrading of the structure.
Mean fm for test values Coefficients provided to take

Factors to be considered
using test specimens causes into consideration
Coefficient of variation δ
Likelihood of being less than • Variations in test values
characteristic value k
Characteristic value fk • Insufficiency or bias of material

testing data
• Degree of quality control
Material factor γm
• Differences of material strength
between test specimens and
Design strength fd actual structure
• Changes over time in design life
after construction
• Influence on limit state
S6.2.1 (a) Cases of new structures and existing structures without sampling of core concrete
- 25 -
Mean fm for test

values using test Coefficients provided to take
Factors to be considered
specimens sampled causes into consideration
from the structure
Coefficient of variation δ
Probability of being less than • Factors to be considered
characteristic value k
Characteristic value fk • Variations in test values

• Insufficiency or bias of sampled
data
Material factor γm
• Changes over time in remaining
design life after upgrading
Design strength fd • Influence on limit state
S6.2.1 (b) Case of existing structures with sampling of core concrete
Figure C6.2.1 Determination of design strength of materials in existing structure
In the upgrading of existing structures, the design strengths of the materials should be
determined by sample testing specimens taken from the structure in question with
appropriate considerations given to various coefficients and to the discrepancies in
the test values shown in the figure and other uncertain factors, as shown in
Figure C6.2.1 (b). Note that the factors to be considered differ from those considered
in the original design of structures as shown in Figure C6.2.1 (a). Accordingly, the
material factor γm and other coefficients for which various factors are considered may
not necessarily be the same for existing structures as for new structures.
When the inspection of the existing structure does not find deterioration or change in
the materials in the structure, the design strength may be determined without
conducting tests of the material strength. In such cases, the characteristic values and
material factors used when the structure was built may be used in accordance with the
procedure shown in Figure C6.2.1 (a).
- 26 -
6.2.2 Concrete
(1) As a rule, the characteristic value f''ck for the compressive strength of the
concrete in the existing structure shall be determined based on the test results of
core samples taken from the structure.
(2) The characteristic value f'ck shall be determined so as to ensure that most test
results do not fall below this value, assuming variations in the test results of core
samples.
(3) The design compressive strength f'cd of the concrete in the existing structure
shall be obtained by dividing the characteristic value f'ck by the material factor γc
determined with considerations given to inadequate or biased sampling data,
changes over time in the remaining designs life after upgrading.
(4) When not taking core samples, the design strength f'cd may be determined by
taking the characteristic strength f'ck in the original design divided by the
material factor γc, in which the deterioration identified through inspection should
be taken into account.
[Commentary]
(1) When an unexpected deterioration is observed through the test results of the
concrete strength in the structure, the results should be reflected accurately in
the upgrading design. If the strength is higher than the necessary level of the
original design this should also be effectively considered in upgrading design.
(2) The characteristic value f'ck for the compressive strength of concrete in the
existing structure should generally be determined using Equation C6.2.1.
f 'ck = f 'cm (1 − kδ ) ............................................................................(C6.2.1)
where:
f'cm : Mean value of tested compressive strength by core samples
δ : Coefficient of variation of the test results of compressive strength
determined from core samples
k : Coefficient
The coefficient of variation δ for the compressive strength test results may
generally be assumed to be 10%. The coefficient k should be determined from
- 27 -
the probability of a tested value being lower than the characteristic value and the
distribution pattern of the test results. In general, the distribution pattern can be
assumed to be a normal distribution. If the probability that the test value is lower
than the characteristic value is 5%, the coefficient k will be 1.64.
(3) Table C6.2.1 shows a comparison (with new structures) of the factors that
should be considered using the material factor γc when the strength of the
concrete in the structure is actually measured in the upgrading of existing
structures. Table C6.2.2 shows the standard values for concrete material factors
γc used in upgrading design.
Table C6.2.1 Differences of material factors for new and existing structures
New Existing
Remarks
Structure Structure
Data insufficiency/bias Small Great Due to limitations on the number of
core samples taken and sampling
locations
Degree of quality control Considered − No need to consider for existing
structures
Difference between test Considered − No need to consider for existing
specimen and material in structures
actual structure
Changes over time Large Small Because, for existing structures, only
the deterioration during the remaining
design life after upgrading need be
considered
Influence on limit state Considered Considered Same as new structures
Table C6.2.2 Standard material factors for concrete
Verification item Material factor γc

Safety and restorability 1.3 or 1.5
Serviceability 1.0
In general, the number of core samples from existing structures is limited for
statistic treatment. This should be compensated for by using material factors.
However, it is possible to reduce the insufficiency or bias of the data by
increasing the number of core samples taken and taking them from locations that
are more appropriate for evaluation of the performance of the structure, and to
this extent the material factor may be made smaller.
(4) If the inspection of the existing structures finds no deterioration and change in
concrete of the structure and the structure is considered to meet the quality
- 28 -
requirements of the original design, the design concrete strength f'cd for the
concrete in the existing structure may be determined without conducting
concrete strength tests with core samples. In such cases, the characteristic value
f'ck for compressive strength and the material factor γc in the original design may
be employed.
Even when it is difficult to take core samples from the existing structure to be
upgraded, the design compressive strength f'cd for the concrete in the existing
structures should be determined regardless of whether tests are conducted. In
such cases as well, the value used when the structure was built may be used for
the characteristic value f'ck for compressive strength. However, the material
factor γc should be set to an appropriate value matching the condition of
deterioration discovered in the inspection and a suitable value for design
compressive strength f'cd determined. If the deterioration is greater than that
anticipated when the structure was built, the material factor γc should be made
greater than the value of the original design.
6.2.3 Steel
(1) When the inspection of the existing structure finds no particular rusting of the
steel in the structure, the characteristic value for steel strength and the material
factor used in the original design may be used, and the design strength may be
determined based on these values.
(2) When the inspection of the existing structure finds rusting of the steel in the
structure, the material factor γs shall be set to an appropriate value matching the
degree of rusting.
[Commentary]
(1) Table C6.2.3 shows the standard values for the material factor γs for steel used in
upgrading design.
Table C6.2.3 Standard material factors for steel
Verification item Material factor γs

Safety and restorability 1.0 or 1.05
Serviceability 1.0
- 29 -
(2) When the characteristic value of steel strength is used as the value in the original
design without testing of samples, not only the condition of deterioration at the
time of upgrading but the progress of deterioration during the remaining design
life after upgrading should be considered and the material factor γs set to an
appropriate value. When the characteristic value for steel strength is determined
based on tests of the samples taken from the existing structure, , the changes
over time considered by means of the material factor γs need only the progress of
deterioration during the remaining design life after upgrading. In either case, if
intrusion of corrosive substances is expected to be prevented by bonding
continuous fiber sheets to the structure, this effect may be taken into account for
the progress of deterioration in the steel after upgrading.
Rusting of steel reduces the cross-sectional area, but for simplicity this is taken
as a reduction of material strength in the design. Accordingly, even if rusting
occurs, the nominal value should be used for the cross-sectional area of the steel.
6.3 Safety factor
The safety factor used to verify the performance of existing concrete structures shall
be determined appropriately based on the detailed inspection of the structure and tests
of the materials in the structure.
(1) The characteristic value fk for the strength of the material in the existing
structure and the material factor γm shall be determined in accordance with 6.2.
(2) The characteristic value fk for the strength of continuous fiber sheets and
continuous fiber strands and the material factor γm shall be determined in
accordance with Chapter 3.
(3) The member factor γb for the sections of the upgraded structure shall be
determined by considering the uncertainty in the calculations of the
load-carrying capacity of members and the influence of the variations of
member size discovered during inspections.
(4) The characteristic value for load Fk and the load factor γf shall be determined by
considering the actual loads for the existing structure and changes of the loads
during the remaining design life of the structure after upgrading.
- 30 -
(5) The structural analysis factor γa shall be determined by considering the

uncertainty in the structural analysis when calculating sectional forces. When
general structural analysis techniques are used, this value may be set at 1.0.
(6) The structure factor γi shall be determined by considering the importance of the
upgraded structure and the impact on society when it reaches the limit state. In
general, this value shall be set to 1.0 - 1.2.
[Commentary]
The characteristic values for material strength, load, and the significance of the safety
factors mean the same for both new and existing structures. However, for existing
structures, most of the unknown quantities at the time of construction are found out
through inspections. Accordingly, the characteristic values and safety factors for
upgrading of existing structures may not be the same as those for new structures.
Appropriate values may be determined in accordance with the present condition of
the structure.
6.4 Verification of Safety
6.4.1 Design flexural and axial load-carrying capacity
(1) The design flexural and axial load-carrying capacity of members upgraded by
bonding continuous fiber sheets to the surfaces to which tensile stresses are
acted shall be determined by an appropriate method concerned with the failure
mode, giving consideration as to whether the peeling failure of the continuous
fiber sheets occurs or not.
Peeling failure stress of the continuous fiber sheets may be determined
using Equation 6.4.1. In other words, no peeling of the continuous fiber sheet
occurs when the stress σb of the continuous fiber sheet at the location of flexural
cracking caused by the maximum bending moment in the member satisfies
Equation 6.4.1.
2G f E f
σf ≤ ................................................................................... (6.4.1)
nf ⋅ t f
- 31 -
where:
nf : Number of plies of continuous fiber sheets
Ef : Modulus of elasticity for continuous fiber sheet (N/mm2)
tf : Thickness of one layer of continuous fiber sheet (mm)
Gf : Interfacial fracture energy between continuous fiber sheet and
concrete (N/mm)
(i) If peeling failure of the continuous fiber sheet does not occur, the design
flexural capacity and axial load-carrying capacity of the member may be
determined using the same method as for reinforced concrete members. In
other words, the fiber strain of the continuous fiber sheet is assumed to be
proportional to the distance from the neutral axis of the section, and this
value may be determined using the method specified in Section 6.2.1 (2) of
the Standard Specifications for Design and Construction of Concrete
Structures (Design). In general, the material factor γb may be set to 1.15.
(ii) If peeling or breakage of the continuous fiber sheets occurs, the presumed
failure mode for (1) and (2) below shall be determined and the
load-carrying capacity in each case shall be calculated. The smaller value
shall be used for the design flexural capacity and axial load-carrying
capacity of the member. In general, the material factor γb may be set to
1.15.
(1) If the ultimate failure mode of the member is not peeling failure of the
continuous fiber sheet, or even though the continuous fiber sheet peels
in places, the flexural capacity bending and axial load-carrying capacity
of the member may be calculated by the method in (i) multiplied by the
reduction factor of 0.9.
(2) If member failure occurs due to peeling failure of the continuous fiber
sheet caused by the progress of interfacial fracture that started from the
end of flexural cracking or shear cracking, the flexural capacity and
axial load-carrying capacity of the member may be calculated in such a
way that the maximum value ∆σf for the difference in tensile stress
occurring in the continuous fiber sheet satisfies Equation C6.4.2.
2G f E f
∆σ f = ................................................................................ (6.4.2)
nf ⋅t f
- 32 -
Where,
∆σf : Maximum value of the differences in tensile stress in the continuous
fiber sheet between the flexural cracking location and at the next
cracking location due to the maximum bending moment (N/mm2)
(2) The design axial compressive load-bearing capacity for members upgraded by
wrapping with continuous fiber sheets may be determined by an appropriate
evaluation method taking account of the effect of such reinforcement.
[Commentary]
(1) The flexural failure modes for members upgraded with continuous fiber sheets
are classified as follows:
• Breakage of the continuous fiber sheet after yielding of steel reinforcement

• Crushing of concrete after yielding of steel reinforcement
• Crushing of concrete
• Anchorage failure of the continuous fiber sheet
• Interfacial fracture of the continuous fiber sheet to concrete due to the
progress of flexural cracking and shear cracking
These failure modes should be suitably considered when determining flexural

capacity and axial load-carrying capacity.
For members subjected to bending and axial force, it is best to prevent the
peeling failure except in cases where suitable evaluation of peeling failure can
be performed.
Researches regarding the criteria of peeling of continuous fiber sheet peeling are
currently underway.1) Peeling can be prevented when the maximum value for
tensile stress applied to continuous fiber sheets satisfies Equation 6.4.1. The
value Gf for interfacial fracture energy used in this method can be derived from
the bond strength test of continuous fiber sheets to concrete. When a test is not
conducted, a value of Gf = 0.5 N/mm may be used. The interfacial fracture
energy Gf is a physical property relating to the surface strength of the concrete
and the interfacial bond conditions, and it may vary depending on the type and
- 33 -
number of plies of the continuous fiber sheet, the anchoring reinforcement of the
bond surfaces. Accordingly, this value should be determined through testing in
cases where detailed consideration of the effect of these factors is needed and
when a more accurate value is desired.
(1) (i) When peeling failure of the continuous fiber sheet does not occur, the
flexural capacity and axial load-carrying capacity may be determined based on
the conventional flexural theory for reinforced concrete members.
(1) (ii) When peeling failure of the continuous fiber sheet occurs in places, the
hypothesis that plane sections remain plane does not hold true. The flexural
capacity may be less than the value derived based on the conventional flexural
theory for reinforced concrete members. Since recent research has found that the
degree of reduction is about 10% at most, a reduction coefficient of 0.9 is used.
(1) (ii) 2. Equation C6.4.2 expresses the maximum stress gradient for peeling failure.
It is known that the interval between the position at which flexural cracking
occurs due to the maximum bending moment, and the flexural cracking in the
surrounding area, is related to the number of plies of continuous fiber sheets.
However, when the number of plies of continuous fiber sheets nf is less than 3,
in general a value of 150 - 250 mm should be used. It is assumed that the stress
on the continuous fiber sheet at each flexural cracking location is proportional to
the distance from the neutral axis of the section.
(2) According to past experiments,2)3) members jacketed with continuous fiber

sheets exhibit increased axial compressive load-carrying capacity and ductility,
but currently no calculation techniques have been established for quantitatively
evaluating the effect of these properties. Accordingly, as a rule, the value for
design axial compressive load-carrying capacity should be based on testing.
However, when the load-carrying capacity is predicted from the experimental
results, the size effects should be considered.
- 34 -
6.4.2 Design shear capacity for bar members
The design shear capacity Vfyd for bar members upgraded with continuous fiber sheets
may be determined by Equation 6.4.3.
V fyd = Vcd + Vsd + V fd ........................................................................... (6.4.3)
where:
Vcd : Design shear contribution due to concrete (according to
Equation 6.4.4)
Vcd = β d ⋅ β p ⋅ β n ⋅ f vcd ⋅ bw ⋅ d / γ b ................................................ (6.4.4)
f vcd = 0.203 f 'cd (N/mm2), however, fvcd≤0.72 (N/mm2) .......... (6.4.5)
β d = 4 1 / d (d:m), 1.5 when βd>1.5
β p = 3 100 pw (d:m), 1.5 when βp>1.5
β n = 1 + M 0 / M d ( N ' d ≥ 0), when β n > 2
= 1 + 2 M 0 / M d ( N ' d ≥ 0), when β n > 0
N'd : Design axial compressive force
Md : Design bending moment
M0 : Decompression moment
bw : Web width
d : Effective depth
pw : As/(bw x d)
As : Cross-sectional area of reinforcing bars in tension side
f'cd : Design compressive strength of concrete (unit: N/mm2)
γb : Member factor (in general, may be set to 1.3)
Vsd : Design shear contribution due to shear reinforcing bars (according to
Equation 6.4.6)
Vsd = Aw ⋅ f wyd (sin α s + cosα s ) / ss  ⋅ z / γ b .................................. (6.4.6)
Aw : Total cross-sectional area of shear reinforcement in space ss
fwyd : Design tension yield strength of shear reinforcement (400 N/mm2
max.)
αs : Angle formed by shear reinforcement about the member axis
ss : Spacing of shear reinforcement
z : Lever arm length (generally may be set to d/1.15)
γb : Member factor (generally may be set to 1.15)
- 35 -
Vfd : Design shear contribution due to continuous fiber sheets obtained by

either method (1) or method (2) in the following clauses.
(1) Method in which the coefficient expressing the shear reinforcing efficiency of
the continuous fiber sheet is used to evaluate the ultimate mean stress of the
sheet and to determine the shear contribution of the sheet
V fd = K ⋅ [ A f ⋅ f fud (sin α f + cos α f ) / s f ] ⋅ z / γ b ................................. (6.4.7)

K : Shear reinforcing efficiency of continuous fiber sheets according to
Equation 6.4.8
K = 1.68 - 0.67 R, however, 0.4 ≤ K ≤ 0.8 ............................... (6.4.8)
2/3
 f fud 
1/ 3
 1 
R = (ρ f ⋅ E f )     , however, 0.5 ≤ R ≤ 2.0
1/ 4
 E 
 f   cd 
f '
ρ f = A f / (bw ⋅ s f )
Af : Total cross-sectional area of continuous fiber sheets in space sf
sf : Spacing of continuous fiber sheet
ffud : Design tensile strength of continuous fiber sheet (N/mm2)
Ef : Modulus of elasticity of continuous fiber sheet (kN/mm2)
ρf : Angle formed by continuous fiber sheet about the member axis
γb : Member factor (generally may be set to 1.25)
(2) Method in which the stress distribution of the continuous fiber sheets is
evaluated based on the bond constitutive law to determine the shear contribution
of the sheet
This method uses numerical calculation based on the following hypothesis to

evaluate the stress distribution of the continuous fiber sheet in upgraded
members for determining the shear contribution of the sheet.
(i) Shear crack forms a 35° angle about the member axis.
(ii) Member deformation after shear crack has occurred is expressed by a rigid
body rotation model with the end of a shear crack as the center of rotation.
(iii) The progress of sheet peeling that traverses the shear crack is evaluated
through stress analysis assuming that the concrete is a rigid body, the sheet
is an elastic body, and there is a linear relationship between the relative
- 36 -
displacement and bond stress between the sheet and the concrete (the bond
constitutive law).
(iv) The strain of concrete in compression sections is expressed as a function of
the angle of rotation of the members for which rigid body rotation is
assumed.
The member factor used for this method is generally 1.25.
[Commentary]
As shown by Equation 6.4.3, the design shear capacity with continuous fiber sheets
Vfyd may be expressed as the sum of the concrete contribution Vcd , the steel
contribution Vsd , and the contribution of continuous fiber sheet Vfd.
It has been confirmed that Equation 6.4.3 is applicable to members reinforced with
carbon fiber sheets, carbon fiber strands and aramid fiber sheets. When using other
types of continuous fiber sheets, the applicability should be confirmed through
testing.
The usual failure mode of the members reinforced with continuous fiber sheets is one
of the following:
(1) Failure following peeling of the continuous fiber sheet

(2) Breakage of the continuous fiber sheet and compression failure of the concrete
in the compression zone occurring almost simultaneously
(3) Compressive failure of concrete in the compression zone.
When the percentage of reinforcement with continuous fiber sheets is extremely
low, a fourth mode may occur:
(4) Breakage of the continuous fiber sheet before peeling occurs
(1) Equation 6.4.8 is obtained through regression of the test results4)-9) for failure
modes (1) (2) and (3). However, this equation excludes some data in failure
mode (1) showing high reinforcement efficiency and the data for failure mode
(4). The equation corresponds to failure mode (1) when the value of R is
approximately R<1.3 and K=0.8. The contribution of continuous fiber sheet Vfd
is expressed using the truss analogy with an angle of 45° as the same as the steel
- 37 -
contribution Vsd . Failure modes (2) and (3) correspond to 0.4<K< 0.8, and K
decreases linearly from 0.8 to 0.4. Here it is assumed that the truss analogy
holds until the member concrete contribution Vcd decreases suddenly. The
reinforcement efficiency K of the continuous fiber sheet is a variable
corresponding to the R value of the member. For Vsd , the contribution of bent-up
bar members in the axial direction is generally considered in addition to stirrups
and lateral ties. However, when alternating load is applied, the contribution of
bent-up bars should be deleted.
Equation 6.4.8 shows the mean of the test data shown in Figure C6.4.1. The
applicable range of this equation is approximately 1.0<R<1.8. A value of 0.8
was used as the value for reinforcement efficiency K and the lower limit was
made 0.4 from the applicable range for R. In other words, Equation 6.4.8 cannot
be applied when K is less than 0.4. The member factor was determined as a 95%
confidence limit through consideration of the variations in the test data.
This equation matches adequately the numerical test results from analysis using
the finite element method. It is formulated such that the greater the tension
load-carrying capacity of the continuous fiber sheet, the smaller the tension
rigidity of the continuous fiber sheet, and that the lower the strength of the
concrete strength, the smaller the value of K. The problems with this equation
are that there are few test results for failure mode (3). Failure mode (4) cannot
be evaluated in the domain in which R is small. Factors such as member shape
and size have not been studied.
Figure C6.4.1 Relationship between coefficients R and K (experimental equation)
- 38 -
(2) This method is used to evaluate the stress distribution of the continuous fiber
sheets in the members in order to determine the shear capacity of the sheet,
through numerical calculations in accordance with the flow shown in
Figure C6.4.2.10) The method assumes programming and the use of a computer
for calculation.
The scope of the method is as follows:
• The method can be applied whether the shear failure mode for members is
sheet failure mode (1) (2) (4) or concrete compression failure mode (2) (3).
• The method can be applied when the entire circumference of the member is
jacketed with sheets and when the end is anchored using mechanical
anchoring that can be expected to provide complete anchoring.
• If the mechanical characteristic values for the sheet, bond and peeling of the
sheet to concrete are provided, the method can be applied regardless of the
type of sheet.
• The method can be applied if the form of failure is one in which a single shear
crack or a small number of shear cracks is predominant.
Calculations at each step in the flow may be performed as follows (see

Figure C6.4.3).
- 39 -
Divide the portion traversing the shear crack in the member into n number of calculation elements in
the member axial direction
ρ=0 (ρ is the angle of member rotation with the end of the shear crack as
the center of rotation)
ρ=ρ+∆ρ
i=0
i = i+1
Determine the shear crack width wy,j for the number "i" element
Consider sheet bonding, peeling and rupture and perform stress

analysis for the number "i" element
Determine the shear force Wf,j applied to the sheet at the number "i"
element
i=n NO
YES
Determine the total shear force vf = ΣVf, i applied to the sheet
Is the value for Vf less than the YES

value in the previous step?
NO
NO Determine whether or not there is

concrete compressive failure
YES
Sheet rupture
Shear compressive failure mode
mode
Shear capacity of sheet Vfd=Vf/γb
Figure C6.4.2 Flow of calculating shear capacity based on the bond constitutive law
for continuous fiber sheets
- 40 -
Modeling of shear crack

The angle of diagonal shear crack θ is assumed to be 35° and the distance
ye from the end of the shear crack to the upper edge is assumed to be 0.1d (d:
effective depth).
Division into elements

The portion of the member for which calculations are to be performed is
the region which is traversed by diagonal shear crack, and the portion is divided
into equal parts. It is recommended that the number of parts n is at least 10.
Modeling of the deformation of members after shear cracks occur

The deformation of the member after shear cracks have occurred is
modeled through a rigid body rotation with the end of the shear crack as the
center of rotation. The vertical component wy,i of crack width in the number "i"
element is expressed as follows:
wy ,i = ρLx ,i ........................................................................................(C6.4.1)
where:
Lx,i : The horizontal distance from the center of rotation to the center of the
number "i" element.
Figure C6.4.3 Concept for calculating shear capacity based on the bond constitutive
law for continuous fiber sheets
- 41 -
The distance from the upper edge to the crack hu,i and the distance from the
lower edge to the crack hd,i are expressed as follows:
hu ,i = ye + Lx ,i tan θ ...........................................................................(C6.4.2)
hd ,i = h − hu ,i .....................................................................................(C6.4.3)
Stress analysis for each element

Stress analysis is conducted for each element and the tensile force Vf,i on
the sheet is determined when the width of cracks in the element is wy,i
(Equation C6.4.3). Stress analysis should be based on the following
assumptions:
• Cracked concrete is a rigid body.

• The sheet is an elastic body. The modulus of elasticity and tensile strength (or
rupture strain) of the sheet are provided based on material tests.
• The elasto-peeling model shown in Figure C6.4.4 may be used as the bond
constitutive law for the sheet and concrete (the relationship between relative
displacement δ and bonding stress τ). The material constant for the bond
constitutive model can be determined using the method shown in the
Commentary for the bonding test methods for continuous fiber sheets to
concrete. It is known that, for ordinary adhesive resins and standard
construction, the values are approximately τu=7.5 N/mm2, and δu= 0.2 mm
regardless of the type of sheet.
The solutions to stress analysis based on the above assumptions are as follows.
Figure C6.4.5 shows the relationship between the width of crack in the element
wy,i and the tensile force vf,i. With the opening of the crack, peeling of the
continuous fiber sheet progresses through the following stages.
Stage I (0<wy,i<w1): sheet does not yet peel

Stage II (w1<wy,i<w2): The sheet peels on the side above or below cracks
where the initial anchoring length was greater
Stage III (w2<wy,i): sheet peels at both top and bottom of crack
- 42 -
Figure C6.4.4 Bond constitutive law for Figure C6.4.5 Relationship between
sheet and concrete element crack width wy,i and tensile
strength Vf,I
Hereafter, of the above and below (hu,i and hd,i) cracks, the longer one is written
as h1 (= max (hu,i, hd,i) and the shorter as h2 (= min (hu,i, hd,i). The value for k is
set at k=τu/(Eftfδu)
Crack widths w1 and w2 in Figure 6.4.5 alter peeling are determined by

Equations S6.4.4 and S6.4.5, respectively.
 tanh h2 k 
w1 = δ u 1 +
( )
( )
 ..................................................................(C6.4.4)
 tanh h1 k 
 (h − h ) k  ..................................................................(C6.4.5)
w2 = δ 2 + 1 2
 tanh h2 k 

( )
The relationship between crack width wy,i and tensile strength Vf,i at each stage is
as follows:
Stage I (0<wy,i<w1)
2 wy , i E f t f b f , i k
V f ,i =
( )
tanh h1 k + tanh h2 k ( ) ........................................................(C6.4.6)
- 43 -
Stage II (w1<wy,i<w2) and Stage III (w2<wy,i)
2δ u E f t f b f ,i k
V f ,i =
( )
tanh l k
.......................................................................(C6.4.7)
Here l is the anchorage length on the side where peeling progresses; in Stage II
and Stage III, this value satisfies Equations S6.4.8 and S6.4.9, respectively. In
these equations, l is not expressed in a positive form, but if the crack width wy,i
is provided, the value can be determined through repeated calculation.
Stage II:
 (h − l ) k + tanh h2 k 
wy , i = δ  1
( )
 tanh l k ( )
 ...................................................(C6.4.8)

Stage III:

w y , i = δ 2 +
(h − 2l ) k  .................................................................(C6.4.9)
 tanh l k ( )

When the value for Vf,i determined through the above procedure is
V f ,i ≥ 2b f ,i t f E f ε fu (εfu being the breakage strain of the sheet), the sheet has
broken at that element, so Vf,i=0.
Determination of the member failure mode and ultimate shear capacity of the
sheet
If member deformation progresses and the sheet breaks at a certain element, the
total shear force supported by the sheet Vf begins to decline. In such cases, the
member failure mode is judged to be sheet rupture mode and the maximum
value for Vf becomes the ultimate shear force (Figure C6.4.6).
If member deformation has progressed without the sheet rupture, the failure
mode is concrete compression failure. The compressive edge strain ε b' of the
concrete should be calculated with the following equation.
- 44 -
ε b' = ρ y e / d ................................................................................(C6.4.10)
The compressive strain of the concrete at the compression failure should be set
to ε b' = 0.0025. The value for Vf is the ultimate shear force of the sheet when
compression failure of concrete occurs (Figure C6.4.6).
Figure C6.4.6 Determination of failure mode and shear capacity
The accuracy of the shear force supported by the sheet (Vf) that is calculated
with this method also depends on the portion contributed by the concrete (Vc)
and the portion contributed by the shear reinforcement (Vs) determined through
testing. Therefore, after an overall determination of these values, the member
factor (γb) was set to 1.25.
- 45 -
6.4.3 Design flexural fatigue resistance
The design flexural fatigue resistance of members upgraded with continuous fiber
sheets shall be calculated considering the flexural fatigue characteristics of existing
sections, the fatigue characteristics of the continuous fiber sheet and the
characteristics of interfacial peeling fatigue failure between the continuous fiber sheet
and the concrete.
The member factor γb is generally set to 1.0 - 1.1.
[Commentary]
Methods for accurate calculation of the flexural capacity fatigue resistance of

members upgraded with continuous fiber sheets have not yet been established.
Therefore, the resistance should be evaluated based on a reliable test data or through
testing conducted for the purpose.
When mechanical anchorages are used, the fatigue behavior should be examined.
The safety with regard to interfacial peeling fatigue failure between the continuous
fiber sheet and concrete at the location of flexural cracks should be confirmed by
examining whether the maximum value for tensile stress σf acting on the continuous
fiber sheet satisfies Equation C6.4.11.
2 µG f E f
σf ≤ ............................................................................(C6.4.11)
nf ⋅t f
Here µ is the reduction factor, due to the influence of fatigue load on the interfacial
fracture energy relating to the bond of continuous fiber sheets to concrete. In general,
this value may be set to 0.7.
- 46 -
6.4.4 Design punching shear fatigue resistance of planar members
The design punching shear fatigue resistance of planar members upgraded with
continuous fiber sheets shall be calculated by adequately considering the punching
shear fatigue characteristics of existing members as well as the fatigue rupture of
continuous fiber sheets and the characteristics of interfacial peeling fatigue failure of
the continuous fiber sheets and concrete.
The member factor γb is generally set to 1.0 - 1.1.
[Commentary]
It has been confirmed that planar members in the deck slabs of highway bridges
subjected to repeated traveling loads suffer fatigue damage caused by the occurrence
and progression of bidirectional cracks ultimately leading to punching shear failure.
This failure mode is a typical phenomenon of reinforced concrete deck slabs
subjected to repeated running wheel load, in which cracks occur unidirectionally
and progress bidirectionally and then penetrate deck slabs, reducing the continuity of
the deck slab in the transverse reinforcement direction and leading to failure
through a complex mechanism known as punching shear failure. When repeated
loads are applied at a fixed point, the bidirectional cracks do not occur. With the
same magnitude of loads, the number of loads until failure is much lower for running
wheel loads. Also, if water has penetrated from the upper surface of the deck, the
fatigue life of the deck is greatly reduced.
Existing research has confirmed that bonding continuous fiber sheets to the bottom
(tension) surface of the reinforced concrete deck slabs elongates the fatigue life of the
deck slabs.11) 12) This is because the continuous fiber sheets restrict the opening and
closing of cracks caused by the bending moment, prevent crack propagation in the
deck depth direction and reduce the deflection caused by bend and the degree of
stress on the reinforcement, and thereby increasing the life of the member.
Verification of the punching shear fatigue resistance of planar members reinforced

with continuous fiber sheets should be done through wheel load running tests or other
test methods capable of reproducing the mechanism by which planar members suffer
fatigue damage. In verifying the punching shear fatigue resistance of planar members
- 47 -
reinforced with continuous fiber sheets, adequate consideration should be given to the
fatigue failure characteristics of the concrete in planar members as well as the fatigue
breakage of continuous fiber sheets and the interfacial peeling fatigue failure of
continuous fiber sheets and concrete. However, in general, the repeated tensile strain
occurring in the bottom surface under normal use conditions is less than the breakage
strain of continuous fibers. Therefore, in most cases the fatigue breakage of
continuous fiber sheets need not be examined.
In addition, the effect of reinforcement is primarily dependent on the tensile rigidity

of the continuous fiber sheets (the product of the Young's modulus of the continuous
fiber sheets and the cross-sectional area). Therefore, the type and number of plies of
the continuous fiber sheet should be considered in verification. In many cases,
bidirectional cracks occur in the lower surface of the deck, and generally continuous
fiber sheets are bonded in two directions. Since the condition of damage before
reinforcement has a large influence on punching shear fatigue resistance after
reinforcement, the condition of damage before reinforcement is considered, the
suitability of the continuous fiber sheet bonding method should be examined
carefully. In the reference,13) a general guide is given for the degree of damage to
existing deck slabs, the applicability of the carbon fiber sheet method, and the
standard reinforcement amounts for carbon fiber sheets, based on the results of the
reinforced concrete deck slabs of highway bridges by running wheel load tests.
6.4.5 Safety with respect to seismic action

6.4.5.1 Design ductility ratio of members
The ductility ratio µfd of upgraded members may be determined by Equation 6.4.9.
 (0.5 ⋅ Vc + Vs )  ε fu ⋅ ρφ  
µ fd = 1.16 ⋅ ⋅ 1 + α 0  + 3.58 / γ bf ≤ 10 .. (6.4.9)
 Vmu  Vmud / (B ⋅ z )  
where:
µfd : Ductility ratio of members upgraded with continuous fiber sheets
Vc : Shear contribution due to concrete (both material factor and member
factor are calculated as 1.0 with Equation 6.4.4 in 6.4.2 "Design shear
capacity for bar members")
- 48 -
Vs : Shear contribution due to shear reinforcing bar members (both

material factor and member factor are calculated as 1.0 with Equation
6.4.6 in 6.4.2 "Design shear capacity for bar members")
Vmu : Maximum shear force when a member reaches the existing flexural
load-carrying capacity Mu
1.0 is used as the material factor, material correction factor and
member factor for the reinforcement and concrete.
γbf : Member factor used for calculation of µfd (generally set to 1.3)
εfu : Ultimate strain of continuous fiber sheet (design tensile strength of
continuous fiber sheet divided by the characteristic value of modulus
of elasticity)
ε fu = f fud / E f = ( f fuk / γ mf ) / E f
ffud : Design tensile strength of continuous fiber sheet (unit: N/mm2)
ffuk : Characteristic value of tensile strength of continuous fiber sheet
(unit: N/mm2)
Ef : Characteristic value of modulus of elasticity of continuous fiber
sheet (unit: N/mm2)
γmf : Material factor of continuous fiber sheet (generally set to 1.2)
ρf : Shear reinforcement ratio of continuous fiber sheet
ρ f = A f / (S f ⋅ B ) = 2 ⋅ n f ⋅ t f ⋅ S 'f / (S f ⋅ B )
Sf : Spacing of continuous fiber sheets (unit: mm)
tf : Thickness of one ply of continuous fiber sheet (unit: mm)
nf : Number of plies of continuous fiber sheets
S'f : Width of continuous fiber sheet (unit: mm)
α0 : Coefficient used to calculate member ductility ratio (for columns
shear-reinforced with lateral ties, α0 may be used as the modulus of
elasticity for the lateral ties)
α 0 = Es
B : Member width (unit: mm)
z : Lever arm length (generally set to d/1.15)
[Commentary]
Referring to the results14)-20) of members reinforced by lateral ties under reversed

cyclic load tests , the experimental data on the contribution of continuous fiber sheets
are organized in terms of the relationship between the ductility ratio µfd and
- 49 -
(0.5 ⋅ Vc + Vs ) / Vmu ⋅ {1 + α 0 ⋅ ε fu ⋅ ρ f
/ Vmu / (B ⋅ z )} . The results are shown in
Figure C6.4.7. The values for shear capacity of each test specimen and the maximum
shear force when the member reaches the existing flexural capacity are calculated
using the mean values of the material strengths for continuous fiber sheets, concrete
and steel, and with all material factors and member factors set to 1.0. The ductility
ratio µfd of upgraded members is determined using the envelope in the hysteresis
curve for load-peak displacement (P-δ curve) obtained through reversed cyclic load
tests. The limit displacement δlimit at which the load-carrying capacity at the yield
point δy can be maintained is divided by the yield displacement. However, the
ductility ratio ufd in the figure is set to the average for positive direction load and
negative direction load.
From Figure C6.4.7 it can be seen that, by organizing the ductility of the members
reinforced with carbon fiber sheets and aramid fiber sheets in terms of the
relationship with (0.5 ⋅ Vc + Vs ) / Vmu ⋅ {1 + α 0 ⋅ ε fu ⋅ ρ f / Vmu / (B ⋅ z )}, it is possible to
integrate both and evaluate them as a linear relationship.
However, as can be seen from the horizontal axis in the figure, the proposed function
for evaluating ductility ratio is a relatively accurate one developed through various
trials. In these recommendations, a member factor is introduced based on the
regression equation for the test results in order to propose a calculation equation
(6.4.9).
In addition, the values for the modulus of elasticity Ef and shear reinforcement ratio
ρf for the continuous fiber sheets used in previous tests are in the range of
80 - 235 kN/mm2 and 0 - 2.54 x 10-3, respectively. Therefore, it is important to note
that Equation 6.4.9 is only applicable within these ranges. The spacing (Sf) and sheet
width (S'f) of continuous fiber sheets used to calculate the shear reinforcement ratio ρf
for the continuous fiber sheets are shown in Figure 6.4.8.
Equation 6.4.9 confirms that ductility ratio can be ensured for reinforcement of
reinforced concrete columns with the typical rectangular section using carbon fiber
sheets and aramid fiber sheets. Accordingly, when the conditions are markedly
different from those of rectangular reinforced concrete columns, a separate safety
study is required.
- 50 -
Figure C6.4.7 Ductility ratio of Figure C6.4.8 Spacing (Sf) and sheet
members upgraded with continuous fiber width (S'f) for continuous fiber sheets
sheets
6.4.5.2 Member restoration force model
The restoration force model used to calculate the response displacement shall be in
accordance with Chapter 3 of the Standard Specifications for Design and
Construction of Concrete Structures (Seismic Design).
[Commentary]
A suitable model may be used to evaluate the restoration force characteristics of

members upgraded using continuous fiber sheets. It has been confirmed that, in
general, analytical models used for ordinary reinforced concrete members may be
applied to the restoration force characteristics of members upgraded using continuous
fiber sheets. Accordingly, this is set in accordance with Chapter 3 of the Standard
The restoration force model shown in Figure C6.4.9 is an example of calculation of

the envelope of members upgraded with continuous fiber sheets and modeling with
the hysteresis characteristics used for reinforced concrete members.22)
- 51 -
Figure C6.4.9 Sample restoration force model
6.4.6 Fire safety
To ensure the required safety of upgraded concrete structures with respect to safety,
suitable covering of the surface shall be performed as needed. When structures are
covered with noncombustible or fire-resistant coverings to ensure fire safety, their
effect may be considered.
[Commentary]
The required level of fire safety depends on the structure to be upgraded and the
surrounding environment. In general, three levels of safety required can be
categorized for structures upgraded with continuous fiber sheets.
(1) Flame-retardant:
The combustibility of the continuous fiber sheets is low and it can be
confirmed that, even if they are damaged in a fire, they can be repaired
(2) Noncombustible and quasi-noncombustible:

In a fire, the continuous fiber sheets are not ignited and no harmful fumes
are produced. However, the continuous fiber sheets are not required to maintain
their load-carrying capacity during and after the fire.
- 52 -
(3) Fire-resistant:
The continuous fiber sheets are required to maintain the effect of upgrading
during and after the fire without repair.
Table C6.4.1 shows the fire safety categories and required fire safety levels.
Table C6.4.1 Fire safety categories and required fire safety levels
Category Required Safety Level

Flame retardant In the event of a fire, the structure does not collapse even without the upgrading
effect of continuous fiber sheets. The quantity of flammable substances due to
continuous fiber sheets on the surface is low and the scale of the fire does not
increase.
Noncombustible/ In the event of a fire, continuous fiber sheets are not ignited (restrictions on
quasi interior furnishings according to Building Standard Law). In the event of a fire, the
structure does not collapse even without the upgrading effect of continuous fiber
sheets. After the fire, the continuous fiber sheets that have suffered damage are
repaired.
Fire-resistant (1) In the event of a fire, the structure does not collapse even without the upgrading
effect of continuous fiber sheets. After the fire, when the temperature has
returned to normal, the continuous fiber sheets demonstrate the same strength as
before the fire and repair is not necessary.
Fire-resistant (2) Even in the event of a fire, the continuous fiber sheets should demonstrate the
upgrading effect. During the fire, the continuous fiber sheets maintain the required
strength for the duration of the design fire-resistant period.
For verification of fire safety, a test specimen with the same surface covering as the
actual structure should be manufactured and subjected to combustion tests. During
the combustion test, ignition, the generation of gases, harmful surface deformation,
changes in the quality of the continuous fiber sheets after the fire are studied
according to the level of fire safety required.
One method of performing the combustion test to check category 1 (flame retardant)
is to bring a burner flame near the continuous fiber sheet, and see whether the sheet is
ignited and whether there is any residual flame on the surface of the test specimen
when the burner flame is removed. When the surface is to be covered in order to
ensure flame retardancy, a test specimen with surface covering provided on the
continuous fiber sheet is used. For continuous fiber strands, the test is performed in
the same manner.
In a normal fire, the carbon fibers used in continuous fiber sheets do not combust or
produce a chemical reaction. However, with aramid and other organic fibers, the
- 53 -
fibers are flame retardant but thermal decomposition occurs under high temperatures.
In addition, impregnation resin and other resin materials are flammable. When
attached to the concrete surface, the heat capacity of the concrete is great and the
combustibility of the continuous fiber sheets is not great, and it has been confirmed
with carbon fibers that, even when ignited with an external flame, the fibers are
self-extinguishing once the flame is removed. Therefore, they are thought to be flame
retardant even without surface covering.
In general, with the continuous fiber sheet method, existing concrete structures
support dead loads and other permanent loads, while continuous fiber sheets support
live loads and other fluctuating loads, seismic loads and so on. In such cases, even if
continuous fiber sheets fail to function due to a fire, there is no danger of the
structure collapsing immediately. If there is little danger of a fire occurring, and no
danger of the fire spreading even if a fire should occur, and if adequate refugee space
is available and there is little likelihood of danger to human life, there is no particular
need to provide flame resistant covering on the continuous fiber sheets.
When covering the surface to ensure fire safety, the condition of use and surrounding
environment of the upgraded structure should be considered and the covering
material and thickness selected to match the requirements for fire resistant
performance.
When the surface of continuous fiber sheet has been covered in order to test
category 2 (noncombustible and quasi-noncombustible), the method given in the
supplementary materials for the recommendations entitled "II Test Methods for
Continuous Fiber Sheets/11. Test method for flame retardancy of surface of
protective materials for continuous fiber sheets" should be used.
When preventing combustion during a fire is an objective and nonflammable or

quasi-nonflammable coverings based on the premise that the sheets will be repaired
after the fire are used, these should generally consist of mortar, rock wall or other
coverings.
(3) One method of checking the flame resistance in category 3 is to fabricate a test
specimen by bonding continuous fiber sheets to the concrete members or jacketing
with such sheets and covering the surface, then heating the test specimen in a furnace
- 54 -
at the prescribed temperature for the prescribed duration and measuring the
temperature of the continuous fiber sheets during heating in order to see if the
properties of the continuous fiber sheets are altered in undesirable ways.
When the continuous fiber sheets are expected to provide the upgrading effect
without repair even after the fire, the temperature of the continuous fiber sheets
during the fire should be kept below that at which resin decomposes (for epoxy resins,
about 260°C). They should be covered with approximately 50 mm of mortar.
6.4.7 Collision safety
(1) When there is a possibility that the upgraded structures with continuous fiber
sheets may be subjected to impacts, one of the following methods shall be used
to confirm that the performance requirements are satisfied even after the impact.
(i) The magnitude of impacts during the service life of the structure shall be
estimated through statistical data, and the performance requirements under
the impacts shall be verified by conducting impact load test or the
equivalent method.
(ii) The possible impacts during its service life shall be estimated based on the
damage surveys of structures thought to have been subjected to the same
impacts as the structure being verified, and the performance requirements
under the impacts shall be verified by conducting impact load test or the
equivalent method..
(2) When the structure is subjected to impacts only on very rare occasions during its
service life, verification may be conducted to ensure that, even if the
performance drops temporarily after an impact, the structure can be quickly
restored.
(3) When suitable protective facilities are in place for the structures to be upgraded
with continuous fiber sheets, or such facilities are provided at the same time as
the upgrading work, the effect of this protection may be considered.
[Commentary]
(1) Structures to be upgraded using continuous fiber sheets may be subjected to

impacts such as those listed in Table C6.4.2.
- 55 -
Table C6.4.2 Sample impacts
Location subjected to impact before

Type of structure Impact
upgrading with continuous fibers
Bridge piers in river Boulders and Cover
drifting wood
Bridge piers subjected to wave erosion Waves/sand/rocks Breakwater blocks/covering
Bridge piers in parks, etc. Defacement Cover
Bridge piers in parking structures Vehicle collisions Guard fences/cover
Bridge piers near highways and Vehicle and train Guard fences/concrete blocks
railways collisions
Bridge piers in harbors and waterways Ship collisions Fenders
Bridge piers in regions where Landslides/ Check dams, etc.
landslides or pyroclastic flows may pyroclastic flows
occur
Superstructures that have intersections Vehicles Girder protection
with low clearances
Bridge superstructures/substructures Blowing sand Cover
near coasts
(1) (i) With the exception of special impacts, the normal impact resistance of the
structure can be evaluated through drop impact tests and pendulum impact tests.
The degree of impact recreated through testings should be estimated by
considering the type and likelihood of impacts applied to the structure during its
service life. For example, impacts applied to bridge piers in rivers by boulders
and drifting wood can be estimated statistically from the planned water flow of
the river, the mass and hardness of rocks upstream and other factors.
(1) (ii) When it is difficult to make statistical calculations of the impacts applied to
the structure during its service life, simple methods that consider the urgency of
upgrading, costs required for study, the accuracy of the study, and ease of
restoration in the event of damage can be used, based on the results of the survey
of existing structures.
(2) In the case of seismic retrofit, as the likelihood of occurrence is extremely low
for both earthquakes and impacts, it is thought that they do not occur
simultaneously. Accordingly, damage to upgraded materials through impacts has
little effect on reducing the safety of the structure. This is true if the structure
has the required load-carrying capacity regardless of whether normal upgrading
has been performed or whether the structure has not yet been repaired or
reinforced. With this type of upgrading, if speedy and appropriate upgrading are
- 56 -
conducted for impacts that occur only rarely, it is judged that the performance
requirements of the structure may have been satisfied. However, when the
upgrading should be conducted in an extremely difficult location or damage to
upgrading materials in a short period of time will have a great impact on safety,
the effect of these factors should be verified.
(3) Of the items shown in Table C6.4.2, for example in the case of superstructures
that have intersections with low clearances, portal type girder protectors or the
like are usually installed, and there is little chance that the structure itself will be
subjected to external impacts. For the design of other structures such as bridge
piers in rivers, on the other hand, no special measures are devised. Only the
cover concrete should enable the structure to maintain serviceability for the
several times to several dozen times of impacts from boulders and drifting wood
during its service life. In such cases, the impact protection is expected of the
continuous fiber sheets bonded on the surface of structures.
6.5 Verification of serviceability
6.5.1 Stress level
(1) The stresses of concrete and steel in upgraded member sections may be
evaluated in accordance with Section 7.2 of the Standard Specifications for
Design and Construction of Concrete Structures (Design).
(2) The stresses due to the permanent loads applied before upgrading may be
calculated using the existing sections. The stresses due to permanent loads added
after upgrading and variable loads may be calculated using composite sections
made up of the existing sections and the upgraded sections. The overall stress
shall be evaluated by adding these values together.
(3) The member factor γb is generally set to 1.0.
[Commentary]
The limit value of stress level in Section 7.3 of the Standard Specifications for
Design and Construction of Concrete Structures (Design) is recommended as the
limit value for the stress level under ordinary load conditions.
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To calculate the stress level when continuous fiber sheets are used, the direction of
the continuous fiber sheets should be considered. When the existing sections and the
continuous fiber sheets have bonded, calculation of the stress level produced in the
concrete, steel and continuous fiber sheets in member sections is based on the
assumptions in 1 - 5 below:
1. Fiber strain is proportional to distance from the neutral axis of the section.
2. Concrete, steel and continuous fiber sheets are elastic bodies.
3. The tensile stress of concrete is ignored.
4. As a rule, the stress-strain curve for concrete and steel should be in accordance
with Chapter 3 of the Standard Specifications for Design and Construction of
5. The Young's modulus of continuous fiber sheets should be in accordance with
Chapter 3 "Materials" in the recommendations.
When there is thought to be no bonding force between the continuous fiber sheets and
the concrete, the individual stress levels should be calculated using a suitable method.
6.5.2 Crack width
(1) The flexural crack widths shall be calculated taking into account the effect of
(2) The member factor γb may generally be set to 1.0.
[Commentary]
If the crack interval of members upgraded with continuous fiber sheets is the same as
those for reinforced concrete members, a safe value for the crack width can be
determined by substituting the stress level of the reinforcement derived through
consideration of the effect of continuous fiber sheets in Equation C7.4.1 in the
Standard Specifications for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures (Design).
In general, cracks in members to which continuous fiber sheets have been bonded are
dispersed, and accordingly, the crack width is reduced. In pull-out tensile strength
tests of members bonded with carbon fiber sheets, the crack width is almost
proportional to the average strain of the sheet and reinforcement, and is almost
independent of the concrete cover, the steel diameter, the rigidity of the continuous
- 58 -
fiber sheets and the compressive strength of concrete. At the level just before the
yield point of the reinforcement, the crack width is approximately 0.3 to 0.7 times the
width of cracks in members not bonded with sheets.
However, when cracks have already occurred in a structure governed by dead loads,
it is not clear whether the effect of the distribution of further cracking can be
anticipated even if upgrading with continuous fiber sheets is conducted. For this
reason, in structures with large dead loads, the crack width calculated with Equation
7.4.1 in the Standard Specifications for Design and Construction of Concrete
Structures (Design) may be used for the flexural crack width when continuous fiber
sheets are attached to the underside of the girders. In other words, the crack width
after upgrading should be the width of cracks produced in the existing structure by
drying shrinkage and dead loads, added to the additional crack width caused by the
additional load (live loads, etc.) after upgrading with continuous fiber sheets. To
calculate the additional crack width, the reinforcement strain caused by the additional
load considering the continuous fiber sheets should be used.
Even when the dead load is large, for structures with no cracking or those governed
by live loads, the flexural crack width may be calculated using Equation C6.5.1, in
which the crack width calculated with Equation 7.4.1 in the Standard Specifications
for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures (Design) is multiplied by the
maximum crack width ratio of 0.7.
σ  σ pe  
w = 0.7k [4c + 0.7(C s − Φ )] se  or  + ε cs'  ..............................(C6.5.1)
 E s  E  
 p 
For shear cracks, the mechanism of initiation and propagation of cracks is different
from flexural cracks., It should be studied using appropriate methods. Examination of
crack widths is not necessary for concrete structures upgraded with continuous fiber
sheets since the surface is protected.
6.5.3 Displacement/deformation
(1) The amount of displacement and deformation of upgraded members shall be

determined according to Section 7.5.3 of the Standard Specifications for Design
and Construction of Concrete Structures (Design)
(2) The member factor γb may generally be set to 1.0.
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[Commentary]
The amount of displacement and deformation of upgraded members should be

calculated by evaluating the effects of cracks at a suitable rigidity. If the width of
cracks produced in existing members is large, the cracks are generally filled with
crack grout as surface preparation before upgrading. The effect of this factor should
be considered when calculating the amount of displacement and deformation of
upgraded members.
In general, if it has been only a few years since the structure was erected, it is
possible that additional displacement and deformation may occur due to concrete
compression and creep after upgrading. This should be suitably evaluated and added.
6.6 Restorability
6.6.1 Restorability after earthquake
Restorability of an upgraded structure after earthquake shall be evaluated by the

extent of damage to the structure, the location of damage in the structure and the
restoration method to be used.
[Commentary]
As quantitative indices for judging whether an upgraded structure damaged by an

earthquake can be restored or not, the maximum response displacement of the
structure during the earthquake and the residual displacement after the earthquake
may be taken. These displacement values can be obtained by conducting a dynamic
response analysis taking the upgraded structure in a suitable dynamic model. The
analytical model and dynamic response analysis for the upgraded structure can be
derived in the same manner as the those for ordinary reinforced concrete structures,
as shown in 6.4.5.2 "Member restoration force model," based on the Standard
- 60 -
6.7 Changes of performance of upgraded structures with the elapse of time
6.7.1 General
(1) Upgraded structures shall satisfy various performance requirements throughout

the entire remaining design service life under the load and environmental
conditions. This may be done by evaluating the changes of the performance of
the upgraded structures with the elapse of time under the given conditions.
(2) When upgrading is introduced to prevent the deterioration of the performance of
the structure, suitable methods shall be used to ensure the attainment of the
required effect.
[Commentary]
(1) The material factor γm used to verify the performance of the structure involves
the deterioration of materials in the structure over time. In general, changes in
the performance of the structure over time are not only those produced by
deterioration in material strength. In practice however, the reduction of material
strength may only be considered when upgrading is conducted to improve the
dynamic performance of the structure. It is important to consider the material
strength, dimensions and condition of deterioration of the existing sections at the
time of upgrading, based on detailed inspections of the structure, as well as to
ensure that the upgrading work conforms to Chapter 7 of these
recommendations, and to consider the deterioration in material strength in the
existing sections and the upgraded sections after upgrading in the respective
material factors.
(2) Continuous fiber sheets not only improve the dynamic performance of the
structure but prevent intrusion of harmful substances, protect existing concrete
and prevent deterioration in the performance of the structure over time.
Nevertheless, although progress is being made in research on the changes in the
performance over time of structures upgraded using continuous fiber sheets,
quantitative techniques for forecasting such changes have not yet been
established and test data is not yet sufficient. Accordingly, when conducting
upgrading with continuous fiber sheets with the primary objective of preventing
a decline in performance, or when conducting upgrading in the hope of both
- 61 -
improving dynamic performance and preventing deterioration, suitable methods

should be used to ensure that the required effects are achieved.
Section 6.7.2 describes methods to verify the effect of using continuous fiber
sheets to block salts.
6.7.2 Verification of the effect of using continuous fiber sheets to prevent

intrusion of chloride ions
The effect of continuous fiber sheets attached to concrete surfaces to prevent

intrusion of chloride ions shall be verified by confirming that the chloride ion
concentration Cd at the locations of steel reinforcement is less than the value of the
corrosion limit concentration Clim during the remaining design life, divided by the
structure factor.
C d ≤ C lim / γ i ...................................................................................... (6.7.1)
where:
γi : Structure factor (may generally be set to 1.0)
Clim : Corrosion limit value of chloride ion concentration for steel (May
generally be set to 1.2 kg/m3)
Cd : Chloride ion concentration at the locations of the steel reinforcement
(may be derived from Equation 6.7.2 for structures upgraded with
continuous fiber sheets)
    
 0 .1 ⋅ c  + C  (however, t > t ) . (6.7.2)
C d = γ cl (C 0 − C i )1 − erf 

 
 2 D (t − t
 d f )  i  f
erf(x) : the error function, expressed as erf ( x ) =

2 x
∫ e −ξ dξ .
2
π 0
where:
γcl : Safety factor that covers the uncertainty of calculations of chloride ion
concentration at the locations of steel reinforcement (may generally be
set to 1.3)
- 62 -
C0 : Chloride ion concentration on the surface of the structure (kg/m2). The

values in Table 6.7.1 may be used.
Table 6.7.1 Chloride ion concentration C0 (kg/m3) on surface of structure
Distance from coast (km)

Splash zone
Shoreline 0.1 0.25 0.5 1.0
13.0 9.0 4.5 3.0 2.0 1.5
Regarding heights near the coast when determining C0: one meter of height corresponds to 25 meters
of distance from the shoreline.
C1: Chloride ion concentration (kg/m3) at the locations of steel reinforcement at the
time of upgrading. If chloride ions do not exist before upgrading, this value may
be set to 0 if suitable desalinization treatment, etc. is conducted during
upgrading.
c: Cover thickness (mm). It would be best to use the measured value obtained from
inspecting existing structures.
Dd: Dispersion coefficient of chloride ions for cover concrete (cm2/year). This value
shall be determined based on the results of the inspection of the existing
structure.
t: Remaining design life (years). The period from the time of upgrading to the
estimated end of service.
tf: The period the continuous fiber sheets are expected to block chloride ions
(years). The values in Table 6.7.2. may be used.
Table 6.7.2 Expected period for continuous fiber sheets to block chloride ions
(years)
Environmental category
Number of plies Environments with harsh
Ordinary environments
climatic conditions
Only one sheet 10 5
Two or more sheets 15 7.5
"Environments with harsh climatic conditions" refers to environments in which the

blocking effect may be impaired due to physical deterioration of the boundary
between continuous fiber sheets and concrete due to the impact of freezing and
thawing, repeated dryness and moisture and so on. Ordinary environments refers to
environments other than those with harsh climatic conditions.
- 63 -
[Commentary]
The verification of the effectiveness of continuous fiber sheets to prevent the

intrusion of chloride ions may be done by examining whether the concentration of
chloride ions at the steel locations in concrete would reach the corrosion limit
concentration for steel during the remaining design life. The verification method
presented here conforms to the method entitled "Verification of steel corrosion
accompanying the intrusion of chloride ions" adopted in the "Durability Verification
Standards" in the 1999 Standard Specifications for Design and Construction of
Concrete Structures (Construction).
Equation 6.7.2 is derived based on the hypothesis that the movement of chloride ions
in concrete is shown by Fick's law. Chloride ion movement models and numerical
analysis methods other than those presented here may be used. For example, the
finite element method, the finite differential method and other numerical analysis
methods make it possible to consider fluctuations in environmental conditions over
time, enabling the use of movement models capable of elaborate consideration of the
non-linearity of material properties, the coupled movement of multiple substances
that accelerate corrosion and other factors.
In some cases chloride ions have already penetrated the structure before upgrading.
The effect of these ions is considered with Ci in Equation 6.7.2. The values used for
calculation, such as cover thickness c, concentration of chloride ion Ci at steel
location in the existing structure, and dispersion coefficient Dd for chloride ions in the
concrete, should be determined by the actual measurement. However, if measurement
cannot be taken, the values may be estimated using suitable methods. In such cases,
the uncertainty of the estimations of the values should be considered using a safety
factor. For example, if the dispersion coefficient Dd for chloride ions in the concrete
cannot be determined through testing, this value may calculated using
Equation C6.7.1 based on the water-cement ratio W/C for the existing concrete.
( )
log Dd = [4.5(W / C ) + 0.14(W / C ) − 8.47] + log 3.15 × 10 7 ..................(C6.7.1)
2
When cracks exist in the existing sections of the cover concrete, the dispersion
coefficient obtained from Equation C6.7.1 should be increased to consider the effects.
- 64 -
In the recommendations, it is specified to express the effectiveness of continuous

fiber sheets in blocking chloride ions in the form of complete blockage for a certain
period of time after upgrading and complete loss of blocking capability thereafter. It
is also specified that the values in Table 6.7.2 may be used as the number of years
that the blocking effect will continue. The blocking effect of continuous fiber sheets
in ordinary environments is set at 10 years after referring to the effect of the paint
layer used for making repairs. When more than one layer of continuous fiber sheets is
used, the blocking effect may increase. However, since there is insufficient
quantitative evidence, it is assumed that two or more layers would increase the
duration of blocking effectiveness 1.5 times that of a single layer. In environments
with considerable impact from freezing and thawing and repeated dryness and
moisture, peeling progresses at the boundary between the continuous fiber sheets and
the concrete. There is a possibility that the blocking effect may be impaired. In such
environments, the reduction in the blocking effect is set at a reduction by half.
Nevertheless, in either case the values shown in Table 6.7.2 are not based on
sufficient performance results, and it is hoped that future research will result in a
further accumulation of knowledge.
6.8 Verification of structural details
6.8.1 General
Methods for verifying the performance of upgraded structures shown in the

recommendations are based on the premise that continuous fiber sheets keep the
strength at corner angles and overlap splices, and that the anchorage has sufficient
anchoring strength. This section covers verification methods for these structural
details.
[Commentary]
The continuous fiber sheet method is based on the premise that the continuous fiber
sheets are either bonded to the surface of the concrete to form a unit or wrapped
tightly around the structural members, such that stress is appropriately transmitted
between the sheets and the existing concrete surface, and that the overlap splice
sections of the reinforcing materials, corner angles and other areas have sufficient
strength.
- 65 -
6.8.2 Corner angles of members
The corner angles of members when continuous fiber sheets are jacketed shall be
verified by confirming that the continuous fiber sheet has a sufficient radius of
curvature at the corner angles to ensure the required strength.
[Commentary]
When the radius of curvature at the corner angles is small, the concentration of stress
and the out-of-plane shear force will decrease the apparent tensile strength of the
continuous fiber sheet. These sections should be chamfered to reduce the stress
concentration. In general, the chamfer radius is set to approximately 10 mm - 50 mm.
The type and thickness of continuous fiber sheet and the thickness of the strands have
a large influence on the necessary chamfer radius. When determining the necessary
chamfer radius through testing, these conditions should be considered before
conducting the test. In the reference test methods described in II "Test Methods for
Continuous Fiber Sheets" is one entitled "Test method for flexural tensile strength of
6.8.3 Overlap splices of continuous fiber sheets
The overlap splice sections of continuous fiber sheets shall be verified by confirming
that the overlap splice length needed to ensure the required overlap splice strength is
secured. As a rule, the necessary overlap splice length shall be determined through
testing in accordance with the JSCE-E 542 "Test method for overlap splice strength
of continuous fiber sheets."
[Commentary]
The overlap splices of continuous fiber sheets are placed in the fiber direction to
transmit loads. When the overlap length is short, the overlap splice strength varies
depending on the overlap length. If the overlap length is long enough, the overlap
splice strength may become the tensile strength of sheet. If possible, it is desirable to
take the overlap length which ensures that peeling failure in the overlap splice section
does not occur. Nevertheless, depending on the type of continuous fiber sheet and the
type of impregnation resin, the overlap splice strength may be lower than the tensile
- 66 -
strength of the continuous fiber sheet and failure may occur in the bonded layers even
if the overlap length is increased. Therefore, the strength of the overlap splice section
should be confirmed through testing and the tested value should be used for the
design since the minimum overlap splice length required to ensure a stable overlap
splice strength depends on the type of continuous fiber sheet and the type of adhesive,
an appropriate combination of materials should be determined through testing. The
carbon fiber sheets and aramid fiber sheets used today require the overlap splice
length of approximately 100 mm at the lower stress level produced in the splice zone
and about 200 mm for strengthening of shear capacity and ductility.
When only one layer of continuous fiber sheet is used for reinforcement, the
variations in the overlap splice strength due to construction error may influence the
safety of the upgraded structure at a great extent. In such cases, it is recommended to
elongate the overlap spice length and to attach one more layer of continuous fiber
sheet at the overlap splice section.
Overlap splices should be placed so as to avoid positions subjected to large bending

moment. When more than one layer is used, the overlap splices should not be placed
at the same section, since this reduces the overlap splice strength.
6.8.4 Anchoring of continuous fiber strands
The end anchorage of continuous fiber strands shall be verified by confirming that
the continuous fiber strand is wound with the required number of turns at the section
to be anchored. As a rule, the required number of turns for continuous fiber strands
shall be determined through testing.
[Commentary]
Continuous fiber strands are anchored by winding them several times at the same
section of the bar member. As a rule, the number of wraps should be confirmed
through testing. It has been proven that one to two wraps is sufficient for carbon fiber
strands composed of 12,000 filaments.
- 67 -
6.8.5 Mechanical anchoring of continuous fiber sheets
Mechanical anchorage accomplished with anchor bolts and anchor plates shall be
verified by confirming that the anchorage has sufficient strength to prevent anchorage
failure.
[Commentary]
In the reinforcement of bridge pier foundations, mechanical anchoring by means of

anchor plates and anchor bolts may be necessary because attaching the continuous
fiber sheets to the footing surface is not good enough for anchorage. For girder
members, when continuous fiber sheets are bonded to the sides of the members for
shear reinforcement , anchoring should be ensured mechanically through anchor bolts
and anchor plates. In such cases, the tensile force of the continuous fiber sheet is
transmitted through the bond to the anchor plate. It is necessary to confirm that
peeling failure does not occur between the continuous fiber sheet and the plate under
the design loads, and that failure does not occur at the anchor bolts or in concrete.
- 68 -
CHAPTER 7 UPGRADING WORK
7.1 General
(1) As a rule, upgrading work using continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber
strands shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of this chapter.
(2) As a rule, the upgrading work shall be performed under the supervision of an
engineer who has thorough knowledge of these tasks.
[Commentary]
The continuous fiber sheet method and continuous fiber strand method involves using
impregnation resin to bond or seal continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber
strands to the surface of the concrete. The reinforcement and the existing concrete
structure become a single unit and demonstrate the required upgrading performance.
Accordingly, in order to achieve this, appropriate techniques, material selection,
construction and construction supervision are essential, and suitable maintenance
should be performed to ensure that the performance requirements are maintained
after upgrading.
In this chapter, considerations regarding the construction needed to achieve the

designed upgrading performance are described. Upgrading using continuous fiber
sheets and continuous fiber strands involves applying impregnation resin to the
continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands at the site in order to ensure the
upgrading performance. Therefore, decisions should be made taking account of the
condition of the work site and based on the unique operational and environmental
conditions at the site, and the skill of the work supervisor who supervises the
construction and the work personnel will have a comparatively great influence on the
process. A qualification system for skills should be required and has been established
in some areas. For these reasons, when implementing these techniques, it is important
to consider qualifications, experience when selecting supervisors and work personnel.
- 69 -
7.2 Work plan
(1) The work using continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands shall be
done so as to satisfy the work requirements in accordance with a work plan
based on the upgrading design of the concrete structure with considerations
given to the construction and environmental conditions.
(2) The work plan shall specify the work procedure, processes and quality control
methods.
[Commentary]
The quality of the work plan is a major factor on the reliability and safety of the
structure. For this reason, necessary preliminary studies should be performed to
ensure the performance requirements for the design and a work plan drafted based on
the results.
To ensure that the work is performed reliably, the work plan should include the
followings.
1. Reasonable work schedule considering possible working period

2. Adequate space for work
3. Preparation of necessary amount of materials with sufficient quality
4. Employment of construction workers with the necessary capabilities and
adequate experience
The following items should be taken into account to ensure the safety of the work:
1. Measures to ensure the safety of work personnel.

2. Measures to ensure the safety of third parties.
3. Measures to prevent damage to shared facilities.
4. Establishment of a system for quick countermeasures in the event of an accident.
5. Measures for waste processing.
(2) The continuous fibers used to upgrade concrete structures include those in sheet
form and strand form. Work procedures should be established that utilize the
characteristics by selecting the type that best satisfies the performance
requirements of the design.
- 70 -
The following are the standard work procedures for upgrading using continuous
fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands.
1. Delivery and storage of materials to be used

2. Preparation work
3. Surface preparation work
4. Primer coating work
5. Bonding of continuous fiber sheets and jacketing with continuous fiber
strands
6. Finishing
7. Restoration of existing facilities
The procedures should include the environmental conditions at the construction

site, the work period and other restrictions. They should also specify processes
that match the construction tasks and quality control methods to ensure the
performance requirements of the design.
7.3 Handling of materials
The handling precautions relating to material deterioration and safety during delivery,
storage, mixing and processing, and use shall be confirmed in advance and strictly
observed.
[Commentary]
Materials used in the continuous fiber sheet method and continuous fiber strand
method should be those for which quality has been confirmed, not only the mechanic
characteristics of the continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands but the
quality of impregnation resin and all other materials. Moreover, the performance of
the composite of all of these materials is crucial, and materials whose strength,
deterioration characteristics and other properties as a composite have been confirmed
through testing should be used.
Since the quality of the materials affects the effectiveness of upgrading, the quality
should be confirmed upon receipt. In general, the materials are manufactured in
- 71 -
accordance with the quality standards of the manufacturer. Therefore, their quality
may be checked by the test results submitted by the manufacturer.
If reinforcements, adhesives and other materials deteriorate during shipment, storage,

mixing and processing, it is very difficult to ensure required upgrading performance.
For this reason, materials should be properly shipped and stored considering material
properties to ensure that no deterioration occurs during shipment and storage.
Continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands are easily damaged before being
impregnated with impregnation resin, and some types of continuous fibers may
deteriorate if exposed to ultraviolet light and moisture. Therefore, thorough
precautions should be taken to ensure that they are handled properly. In general, to
prevent deterioration of the resin materials used for bonding, the materials should be
stored in a cool dark place without being exposed to direct sunlight.
Resins that contain diluents are harmful to the human body when the concentration of
the fumes emitted exceeds a certain level. Accordingly, the container should be
sealed securely and stored in a cool dark place. These resins are also flammable and
fire precautions should be observed and the storage quantities kept within the limits
prescribed by the Fire Defense Law (Class 4 primary petroleum products: designated
quantity 200 or 400 liters). In addition, considerations should be given for material
deterioration and safety in the handling of materials in accordance with the handling
manuals prepared by the material manufacturer.
7.4 Surface preparation
(1) Construction defects, remarkable deterioration and cracking in the surface of

concrete shall be repaired appropriately.
(2) Embrittled sections and projections, level differences and other unevenness in
the surface of concrete shall be removed through chipping or polishing to make
the surface smooth.
(3) When continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands are placed
perpendicular to corner angles, the corner angles shall be rounded through
chipping or polishing, or through the use of a smoothing agent.
- 72 -
[Commentary]
(1) To ensure that the continuous fiber sheet method and continuous fiber strand
method satisfy performance requirements, the continuous fiber sheets and
continuous fiber strands should be properly bonded or sealed to the surface of
the concrete. For this reason, suitable methods should be used to prepare the
surface of the concrete. Surface preparation includes scouring, sectional repair,
smoothing and so on, and should ensure that the condition of the concrete
surface is as required for upgrading of the structure.
If there are rock pockets, honeycombs or other construction defects on the

concrete surface, or if there is remarkable deterioration or cracking, the defects
impairs the required performance even if there are no problems with the
continuous fiber sheets or continuous fiber strands. Imperfection of surface
reduces the effect of upgrading with continuous fiber sheets or continuous fiber
strands. Accordingly, before attaching continuous fiber sheets or jacketing with
continuous fiber strands, suitable methods should be used to repair the existing
concrete surface.
(2) (3) To ensure proper bond between the continuous fiber sheets or continuous
fiber strands to the surface of concrete, deteriorated layers, oils and fats should
be removed from the surface, and unevenness and projections that might hinder
the bonding of the continuous fiber sheets or continuous fiber strands should be
chipped away or removed with a smoothing agent.
Sharp projections, level differences, corner angles on the concrete surface are
likely to reduce the strength of the continuous fiber sheets or continuous fiber
strands by stress concentration. Accordingly, these projections and level
differences should be cut away or smoothed using putty and mortar. Corner
angles should be rounded by cutting them away or coating them with mortar.
However, the strength reduction depends on the type of continuous fiber sheet or
continuous fiber strand. Measures should be devised to match the type of
continuous fiber sheets or continuous fiber strands.
- 73 -
7.5 Bonding and jacketing
Bonding and sealing or wrapping with continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber
strands shall be done so as to ensure the performance requirements for upgrading. To
ensure the reliability of construction, the following items shall be checked at each
stage of the work.
(1) The environmental conditions for the work is suitable.

(2) Surface preparation is suitably performed.
(3) Mixing and coating of primer are appropriately performed.
(4) Mixing and coating of smoothing agent are appropriately performed.
(5) When using continuous fiber sheets:
a) The sheets are attached at the specified position in the specified direction,
with the specified number of plies.
b) The sheet is bonded or sealed securely to the concrete surface.
c) The impregnation resin is suitably mixed and applied and has thoroughly
impregnated the sheet.
d) The impregnation resin is cured thoroughly.
(6) When using continuous fiber strands:
a) The strand winding interval is appropriate.
b) The strand winding tension is constant.
c) The strand winding speed is appropriate and the strands are thoroughly
impregnated with impregnation resin that has been suitably mixed and
applied.
d) The impregnation resin is cured thoroughly.
[Commentary]
(1) In general, epoxy resin is used as the primer, smoothing agent, and impregnation
resin. Since the viscosity, work life, and setting time are affected by the
atmospheric temperature at the site and the surface temperature of the concrete,
the proper type should be selected to match the temperature during the work
(summer, winter and spring/fall types are available). In the case of epoxy resins,
the environmental conditions that match the construction are a temperature of
5°C or higher and humidity of no more than 85%.
- 74 -
When the atmospheric temperature and the surface temperature of the concrete
at the site are low (less than 5°C), the construction site should be warmed or
low-temperature primer and resin may be used. If the surface of the concrete is
not dry, special primers for wet surfaces should be used.
(2) (3) (4) The level of smoothness matching the objective of upgrading should be
confirmed for the prepared surface. In addition, the primer and smoothing agent
should be mixed and agitated with the proper mix proportions. In general, the
work life of epoxy resin depends on the mixing amount and temperature. Thus,
the atmospheric temperature and concrete surface temperature should be
carefully measured. The coat of primer and smoothing agent should be allowed
to harden until it is firm to the touch, and should be checked visually and by
touch to make sure there is no dust or moisture on the surface. If the primer and
smoothing agent take a long time to harden causing a problem with bond to the
surface, a countermeasure such as roughen the surface with sandpaper should be
taken to increase its adhesion properties. To prevent improper hardening of the
primer and smoothing agent, the materials should be applied to a dry surface. If
there is condensation or other moisture on the surface before the initial
hardening, causing whitening, that area should be wiped with solvent or
removed with sandpaper.
(5) A working schedule diagram matching the actual structure should be prepared
based on the design. The diagram should clearly identify the reference point for
attachment, the overlap splice positions and the number of plies to enable the
sheets to be attached properly. After the primer and smoothing agent have been
applied, the guide should be placed in accordance with the diagram and the
continuous fiber sheets attached carefully along the guide.
The work should ensure that reliable bond strength is attained when stress is
transmitted by the bond between the continuous fiber sheets and concrete
surface. However, when the design requirements do not specify the bond
strength, the concrete surface may be treated with finishing mortar or paint.
The continuous fiber sheets should be impregnated with impregnation resin for
fibers being bonded together - each of the fibers is bonded and the entire sheet
receives external stress evenly up to the specified strength. For this reason, the
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impregnation resin should be made to thoroughly impregnate the sheet.

Particularly in the overlap splice sections, the impregnation resin should
thoroughly penetrate between the fibers and sheets to make them a unit.
After attaching the continuous fiber sheets, the inspection should be done
visually or through sounding with regard to lift, swelling, peeling, slackness,
wrinkles, and epoxy resin impregnation condition.
After the impregnation resin is applied, it should be cured for a suitable period
of time before the next sheet is attached. Before the initial setting of the
impregnation resin begins, the surface should also be covered with vinyl sheets
to protect it from rain or dust and to prevent it from being affected by sudden
climatic changes.
(6) When carbon fiber strands are wound by hand, the tension force applied to
continuous fiber strands is not constant, resulting in variations of stress
distribution in the continuous fiber strands after completion. Moreover, since the
winding speed is not constant, there may also be variations in the degree of
permeation of the impregnation resin. Problems may remain with respect to
ensuring the tensile strength of the continuous fiber strands. For these reasons,
the use of a machine to wind the continuous fiber strands, to control the winding
interval, tension and speed is recommended.
7.6 Finishing work
Upgraded surfaces shall be finished appropriately to ensure that the performance

requirements including weatherproofing, fire resistance, shock resistance, and
appearance are satisfied.
[Commentary]
Performance requirements for finishing include the following:
(1) Resistance to direct sunlight

(2) Shock resistance
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(3) Fire resistance (or noncombustability)

(4) Appearance
(5) Brightness
(6) Roughness
Finishing work includes painting work for durability and appearance; surface
protection work such as noncombustible cover and fire-resistant cover. The excellent
durability of continuous fiber sheets after application of impregnation resin has been
confirmed through outdoor exposure tests and accelerated exposure test. However,
depending on the type of fiber, durability may be impaired by use conditions. In such
cases, the finishing should be planned after carefully considering the properties of the
fiber. The impregnation resin surface deteriorates and whitens when exposed to
ultraviolet light and ozone, and its appearance is easily marred. Accordingly, when an
aesthetic appearance and illumination are required in the environments exposed to
direct sunlight, it should be finished with protective paint.
Materials shown in Table C7.6.1 may be used for finishing work. Finishing work is
generally performed after confirming that the initial setting of the impregnation resin
is complete.
Table C7.6.1 Finishing Work
Finishing Work Applicable Objective Sample Specification

Painting Measures to prevent exposure to ultraviolet light Resin coating
Surface protection
Surface protection Measures to prevent exposure to ultraviolet light Mortar spraying
Composite paint film
Surface protection Mortar spraying
Measures to prevent external damage and Mortar coating
collision damage
Noncombustible cover Noncombustible cover Mortar coating
Fire-resistant cover Fire-resistant cover Attachment of
fire-resistant panels
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7.7 Inspections
7.7.1 General
(1) Necessary inspections shall be conducted for upgraded concrete structures at

each stage of the work to ensure that they have the required performance.
(2) In general, the inspections needed at each stage of the work shall consist of
receiving inspections for continuous fiber sheets or continuous fiber strands,
primer, smoothing agent, impregnation resin and other materials; inspections of
the storage condition of these materials; surface preparation inspections; and
inspections of the bonding or jacketing condition of the continuous fiber sheets
or continuous fiber strands after the work is completed.
(3) If the work is judged to fail the inspection, suitable corrective measures shall be
taken.
[Commentary]
Even when continuous fiber sheets or continuous fiber strands are used, the
importance of quality control, quality assurance and inspections is the same as when
conventional materials are used.
Upgrading with continuous fiber sheets or continuous fiber strands is done by using
impregnation resin to make the continuous fiber sheets or continuous fiber strands
harden on the concrete surface, and to make the continuous fiber sheets and the
existing concrete structure bond together to achieve the required upgrading
performance. The upgrading performance should last for a long period of time after
completion. Accordingly, the performance of the composite formed by the
combination of these materials is of importance, and therefore materials whose
physical properties, deterioration and other properties should be confirmed and
whose quality should be assured through the tests of the composites.
7.7.2 Receiving inspection for materials
(1) Continuous fiber sheets or continuous fiber strands, primer, smoothing agent,
impregnation resin and other materials shall be inspected at the time they are
received to determine whether or not they are of the required quality.
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(2) If the inspection finds that the quality is unsuitable, the material shall be
changed or other appropriate measures taken.
[Commentary]
To confirm that each of the materials used for upgrading has the required quality, the
material should be inspected at the time it is received and before work begins.
Inspection of materials should be done in accordance with the quality assurance sheet,
test results or other documents issued by the manufacturer. However, if the materials
have suffered significant damage during shipment, during long-term storage at the
site, or due to errors during construction work, they should be tested to confirm the
quality, even if they appear to be all right.
7.7.3 Inspection of material storage condition
(1) Material storage condition shall be inspected to ensure that materials are being
stored appropriately.
(2) If the inspection finds that the storage condition is unsuitable, the method of
storage shall be improved.
[Commentary]
In general, the materials should be stored indoors in a well-ventilated location away

from direct sunlight, flame, humidity, and rain, and at appropriate temperature and
humidity conditions to ensure that their quality is not adversely affected. Laws
relating to storage should be strictly observed.
7.7.4 Inspection of surface preparation, primer coating and smoothing
(1) Surface preparation shall be inspected regarding the completeness of sectional

restoration work, surface smoothness, processing of corner angles, primer
coating and smoothing condition.
(2) If the inspection finds that the condition of surface preparation is unsuitable,
measures to improve the situation shall be implemented.
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[Commentary]
It should be confirmed by surface inspections that the objective of upgrading the

concrete structure and the construction conditions at the site are maintained as shown
in the upgrading design. The inspection items should include the completed condition
of surface repair, surface smoothness and corner angle processing condition.
7.7.5 Inspection of continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands during
and after construction
(1) During and after construction, continuous fiber sheets shall be inspected for
attached position, lifting, peeling, slackness, wrinkles, overlap splice length,
number of plies, and quantity of impregnation resin coated.
(2) Bond strength test shall be conducted as needed for continuous fiber sheets
bonded or used for jacketing, to check the bonding performance to concrete.
(3) Continuous fiber strands shall be inspected for winding position, winding
interval, winding tension and winding speed to ensure that these values are
appropriate, and that they are thoroughly impregnated with impregnation resin.
(4) If the inspection finds that the bonding or jacketing condition of continuous fiber
sheets and continuous fiber strands is unsuitable, this situation shall be
improved.
[Commentary]
(2) The performance of continuous fiber sheets during and after construction can be
confirmed by the bond strength test. The tensile strength performance of
continuous fiber sheets during construction is generally checked by means of
existing test data obtained under similar construction environments and
conditions. However, if the scale of construction is large or the construction
conditions are severe, it would be best to conduct confirmation tests using test
specimens fabricated at the site.
The same materials as those used at the site should be used for tests, and as a
rule the test should be performed on the concrete at the site. However, if it is
difficult to perform the test on the concrete at the site, the test may be performed
on a slab specimen whose concrete properties have been identified.
- 80 -
(3) The performance of continuous fiber strands can be confirmed after construction
by conducting a tensile strength test on a continuous fiber strand test specimen
that has been bonded with impregnation resin. Accordingly, during construction,
the quality can be checked by conducting inspections to make sure that the
winding position, winding interval, winding tension and winding speed are
appropriate and that the impregnation resin has impregnated the strands
thoroughly. The tensile strength performance of the continuous fiber strands
during construction is generally confirmed using existing test data. However,
when necessary, it would be best to conduct confirmation tests using test
specimens fabricated at the site.
- 81 -
CHAPTER 8 WORK RECORDS
Work records consisting of necessary data selected and compiled from construction
procedures during the work process, work procedures, curing methods, weather and
climate, quality control and inspections, inspections of structures shall be provided
for long-term storage.
[Commentary]
In general, continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands, as materials for
reinforcing structures, have a higher corrosion resistance with respect to chloride ions
than the conventional steel reinforcements. As a result, the durability of concrete
structures upgraded with continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands is also
excellent. However, in the longer term, the continuous fiber sheets and continuous
fiber strands are thought to exhibit complex behavior under a variety of
environmental conditions, both by themselves and in combination with concrete.
Consequently, work records should be kept and stored on a long-term basis to enable
basic reference materials to be submitted for the maintenance of structures.
- 82 -
CHAPTER 9 MAINTENANCE OF UPGRADED CONCRETE

STRUCTURES
9.1 General
(1) Concrete structures upgraded with continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber
strands shall be appropriately maintained throughout their service life to ensure
that they continue to satisfy performance requirements.
(2) Upgraded concrete structures shall be maintained through a systematic
combination of prediction of deterioration, inspections, evaluations and
judgements, countermeasures and records.
[Commentary]
The maintenance of concrete structures upgraded with continuous fiber sheets and
continuous fiber strands should be implemented in accordance with the
Recommendations for Maintenance of Concrete Structures. For this reason, this
chapter is prepared to complement the Recommendations for Maintenance of
Concrete Structures, with additional knowledge acquired since 1995 when the
Recommendations were issued.
(1) As a rule, concrete structures upgraded with continuous fiber sheets and
continuous fiber strands should maintain performance requirement throughout
their service life after upgrading.
(2) To achieve the objective stated in (1), maintenance should be conducted through
a systematic combination of the items listed below.
1. Repairs to prevent anticipated deterioration:

Anticipated deterioration at the time of upgrading design should be
repaired during maintenance, and more accurate predictions of
deterioration should be made.
2. Inspections:
Inspections consist of initial, daily, periodic, detailed and extraordinary
inspections. These should be based on the performance requirements of the
owner and the predictions of deterioration of the performance.
- 83 -
3. Evaluations and judgements:

There are two stages of evaluations and judgements: those based
primarily on visual inspections, and those based on detailed inspections. In
the visual inspections, a judgement is made as to whether detailed
inspections are required or not. In the detailed inspections, the need for
countermeasures is judged and the type of countermeasure is selected.
4. Countermeasures:
These include stricter inspections, service restrictions, repair of
continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands, additional upgrading,
improvement of appearance, dismantling and disposal.
5. Records:
To implement suitable maintenance, the results of design, construction,
inspection, evaluations and judgements, repair of continuous fiber sheets
and continuous fiber strands, additional upgrading and so on are recorded
and the records should be stored.
The ease of maintenance is affected by the upgrading plans, and by design and
construction. More specifically, the placement of inspection routes, and
monitoring equipment ensure the ease of maintenance. These increase the initial
investment, but it can be expected to reduce maintenance costs during the
service life of the structure and to increase the reliability of the structure. For
this reason, it would be best to give thorough consideration to ease of
maintenance in the upgrading plan, and in design and construction.
9.2 Inspections and evaluations
(1) Inspections shall be conducted visually or using appropriate inspection

equipment, with consideration given to both performance requirements and the
mechanism of deterioration.
(2) Based on the results of inspections, the performance requirements from the
owner shall be evaluated; if the requirements are not satisfied, necessary
countermeasures shall be taken.
- 84 -
[Commentary]
(1) (2) Deterioration of the concrete structures upgraded with continuous fiber
sheets or continuous fiber strands consists of deterioration of the continuous
fiber sheets or continuous fiber strands, deterioration of the resin, deterioration
as a composite material (interfacial deterioration) and deterioration of bond to
the concrete. The cause may be not only a single factor but a combination of
factors. The visual features of this deterioration mechanism may include the
following:
Swelling, peeling, lifting, softening, discoloration, whitening, choking, cracking,

wearing, erosion, pinholes, scratches, deformation, and embrittlement,
The following changes in properties may also occur:
Changes in weight, changes in volume, changes in mechanical properties

(hardness, bond strength to concrete, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity,
elongation, etc.), changes in physical properties (electrical properties, thermal
properties, optical properties, etc.)
Inspections may reveal the deterioration mechanism for each required

performance element and, in order to obtain data on visual features and changes
in properties, a combination of visual inspections and inspections using suitable
inspection equipment should be conducted.
In concrete structures upgraded with continuous fiber sheets, the continuous

fiber sheets can be expected to block or limit the intrusion of various external
substances. Improved durability by attachment of the sheets can be anticipated
with respect to the salt attack, carbonation, freezing resistance, alkali aggregate
reaction, chemical attacks, fatigue and other deterioration for the existing
concrete structure.
- 85 -
9.3 Countermeasures
Countermeasures shall be conducted to satisfy the level of performance requirements,

based on the results of evaluation and judgement.
[Commentary]
Countermeasures include stricter inspections, service restrictions, repair of

continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands, additional upgrading,
improvement of appearance, dismantling and disposal. They should be selected based
on the results of evaluation and judgement.
For minor deterioration, countermeasures should consist primarily of stricter

inspections and repair of continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands. The
method of countermeasures should be selected depending on the appeared features of
the deterioration mechanism and the extent of changes of physical properties, but the
following methods can be considered:
For swelling, peeling, lifting, etc.: Resin fill

For cracking, wearing, erosion, etc.: Patching
When serious deterioration or deterioration over a wide area is observed, primarily

additional upgrading should be conducted. In such cases, as a rule, the existing
continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands should be removed and the
upgrading plan examined again.
- 86 -
References
1) Wu, Zc and Niu, H.: Study on Debonding Failure Load of RC Beam Strengthened with FRP
Sheet, Journal of Structural Engineering, JSCE, Vol.46A, 2000.4.
2) Ohno, T. and et a1.: Compressive Behavior of Concrete Confined by Wrapping of Carbon Fiber,
Proceedings of the 47th JSCE Annual Conference, Part V, pp.736-737, 1992.9. ( in Japanese)
3) Hosoya, M. and et a1.: Formulation of Stress-Strain Relationship of Concrete Confined by
Carbon Fiber Sheet, Proceedings of the JSCE, No.592N-39, pp.37-52, 1998.5. ( in Japanese)
4) Katsumata, H. and Kobatake, K: A Study on The Retrofit of RC Columns using Non-metalic
Reinforcement (Part 3: Shear Capacity of RC Members Wrapped by Carbon Fiber Strand),
Proceedings of the AlJ Annual Conference, pp.825～826, 1988.10. ( in Japanese )
5) Ando, H. and et a1.: A Study on The Contribution of Carbon Fiber to The Strengthening of
Shear Capacity, Proceedings of the 49th JSCE Annual Conference, V-467, pp.934～935,
1994.9. ( in Japanese )
6) Okano, M. and et a1.: Shear Strengthening of Railway Viaduct Columns by Carbon Fiber Sheet,
Proceedings of the JCl, Vo1.19, No.2, pp.249～254, 1997.10. ( in Japanese )
7) Oda, M. and et al.: Shear Strengthening of RC Columns by Wrapping of Aramid Fiber Strand,
Proceedings of the JCI, Vo1.15, No.2, 1993.10. ( in Japanese )
8) Umezu, K and et al.: Shear Behavior of RC Beams with Aramid Fiber Sheet, Japan Concrete
Institute, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Non-Metallic (FRP)
Reinforcement for Concrete Structures, Vo1.1, pp.491-498, 1997. 10
9) Nakajima, N. and et a1.: Shear Behavior of Railway Viaduct Columns with Aramid
Fiber Sheet, Proceedings of the JCI, vo1. 19, No.2, 1997.10. ( in Japanese )
10) Kamiharako, A. and et a1/. A Study on the Evaluation of Shear Capacity of Concrete Members
Strengthened by Continuous Fiber Sheets, Proceedings of the JSCE, No.648N-47, pp.217-226,
2000.5. ( in Japanese)
ll) Mori, S. and et a1.: A Study on The Effectiveness of Retrofit of RC Slab with Carbon Fiber
Sheet, Bridge and Foundation, pp25-32, 1995.3. ( in Japanese )
12)Public Research Institute of Ministry of Construction: Technical Report of the Collaboration
Research Work on Repair and Strengthening of Concrete Members - Part 1: A Study on The
Effectiveness of Retrofit of Concrete Members by Attaching of Carbon Fiber Sheet, No.220,
1999.3. ( in Japanese )
13) Public Research Institute of Ministry of Construction: Technical Report of the
Collaboration Research Work on Repair and Strengthening of Concrete Members -
Part 3: A Study on The Effectiveness of Retrofit of Concrete Members by Attaching
of Carbon Fiber Sheet, No.235, 19993. ( in Japanese )
- 87 -
14) Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI): Design/Construction Guidelines on

the Seismic Retrofitting of Railway Viaduct Columns using Carbon Fiber Sheet,
1996. (in Japanese).
15) Railway Technical Research Institute (RTRI): Design/Construction Guidelines on
the Seismic Retrofitting of Railway Viaduct Columns using Aramid Fiber Sheet,
1996. (in Japanese).
16) Research Institute on Strengthening of Concrete Structures by Aramid Fibers:
Design/Construction Guidelines on the Retrofit of RC Piers using Aramid Fiber
Sheet, 1997.8. (in Japanese).
17) Masukawa, J. and et al... Seismic Retrofit of RC Piers Using Carbon Fiber and
Aramid Fiber Sheets, Proceedings of the Symposium on Utilization of Non-Metallic
Materials for Concrete Structures, pp.193-198. 1996.ll. (in Japanese)
18) Osada, K. and et al.: Seismic Retrofit of RC Piers Using Carbon Fiber, Concrete
Research and Technology, JCI, pp.189-203, 1997.1. (in Japanese)
19) Hakamada, F.: Experimental and Analytical Study on Seismic Retrofit of RC Wall
Type Piers and Seismic Retrofit of RC Structures Using Carbon Fiber Reinforcing
Polymers, Proceedings of the Symposium on Seismic Resistant Technology of
Concrete Structures, 1997.4. (in Japanese)
20) Ohno, S. and et al.: Experimental Study on Seismic Retrofit of RC Piers Using
Carbon Fiber, Proceedings of the 51th JSCE Anual Conference, Part V, pp.950-951,
1996.9. (in Japanese)
21) Architectural Institute of Japan: Data Book on Ultimate Strength Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures - Part 8: Variation of Quality of Steel Reinforcing
Bars, pp.34-36, 1987.9. (in Japanese)
22) Machida, A. and et a1.: Seismic Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Piers By
Wrapping of Aramid Fiber Sheet, Developments in Short and Medium Span Bridge
Engineering '98.
- 88 -

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I.

CHAPTER1 GENERAL ..............................................................................................................1

The recommendations are predicated on a process that involves bonding fiber

- Since the continuous fibers are arranged in a single orientation, the

- Upgrading manually is possible, because the work entails simply bonding

One of the advantages of upgrading by jacketing with continuous fiber strands is

Standard Specifications for Design and Construction of Concrete 1996

The following terms are defined in these recommendations:

Continuous fiber strand:

CHAPTER 2 BASICS OF UPGRADING

Concrete structures are subject to a wide variety of performance requirements, and

Upgrading using the continuous fiber sheets covered by these recommendations is

Indicies for conventional evaluation Indicies for elaborated

2.2 Upgrading process

The upgrading of concrete structures using continuous fiber sheets shall be in

Specifically, upgrading should be performed using the following procedure.

(2) A detailed inspection of the structure is performed in accordance with Chapter 5

Required performance after upgrading

Other methods Selection of upgrading methods

(1) Drafting of upgrading plan using

(2) Detailed inspection of existing structure

(3) Set up upgrading specifications

NG (4) Performance verification of upgraded

Figure C2.2.1 Upgrading using continuous fiber sheets

The upgrading method by bonding continuous fiber sheets to concrete structures or

3.2 Quality of Materials

3.2.1 Continuous fiber sheets and continuous fiber strands

3.2.2 Impregnation resin

Impregnation resin shall satisfy the following requirements.

3.2.4 Smoothing agent

3.2.5 Other materials

If a noncombustible cover or flame-resistant cover is needed for protection

3.3 Characteristic Values and Design Values of Materials

3.3.2 Continuous fiber sheets

Type of verification Material factor

3.3.3 Continuous fiber strands

Type of verification Material factor

CHAPTER 4 LOADS AND ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS

In addition, when preparing upgrading design using continuous fiber sheets or

CHAPTER 5 DETAILED INSPECTION OF EXISTING

When upgrading using continuous fiber sheets, a detailed inspection of documents,

These recommendations are to be used as reference documents when studying

5.2 Detailed inspection using documents, records, etc.

5.3 Detailed inspection at the site

(1) Progress of deterioration after upgrading

sheets for upgrading should be determined taking account of the amount of

(3) The completion of construction is greatly affected by irregularities in the surface

The occurrence of bubbles or whitening while the resin is hardening may

CHAPTER 6 PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION FOR

For concrete structures to be upgraded with continuous fiber sheets, various

6.2 Design strength of materials in existing structures

Mean fm for test values Coefficients provided to take

Characteristic value fk • Insufficiency or bias of material

Mean fm for test

Characteristic value fk • Variations in test values

S6.2.1 (b) Case of existing structures with sampling of core concrete

Figure C6.2.1 Determination of design strength of materials in existing structure

f 'ck = f 'cm (1 − kδ ) ............................................................................(C6.2.1)

Table C6.2.2 Standard material factors for concrete