International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS)

Vol. 11, No. 2, June 2022, pp. 113~125

ISSN: 2252-8814, DOI: 10.11591/ijaas.v11.i2.pp113-125  113

Single phase grid interconnected high gain boost converter with

soft switching capability

Bogimi Sirisha, Akhilesh Saieni

Department of Electrical, University College of Engineering, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: The grid-interconnected application systems require high voltage levels
which leads to an efficiency reduction. To overcome this, a new high gain
Received Oct 26, 2021 boost converter in association with a buffer capacitor, and passive clamp
Revised Mar 24, 2022 recovery circuit to restore leakage energy in coupled inductor is presented.
Accepted Apr 20, 2022 The magnetic field of the linked inductor stores the energy obtained from the
supply. The energy is transmitted to the connected load for consumption in
further operating modes. A passive clamp network recovers the energy that
Keywords: is stored in the leakage inductance, enhances the gain of voltage, and
improves overall system efficiency. The essential feature of this converter is
Buffer capacitor that, high duty ratios are not required to achieve higher voltage gain, hence
Coupled inductor the reverse recovery problem of the diode is prevented. Moreover, a passive
Grid synchronization clamp network decreases the voltage stress of the switch, thus a minimum
High voltage gain rating switch is used, as a result, the system's total efficiency improves. This
Passive clamp converter output is fed as input to a single-phase full-bridge inverter and also
synchronized to a single-phase grid. The performance and powers injected
are analyzed by connecting a resistive load.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Bogimi Sirisha
Department of Electrical, University College of Engineering, Osmania University
Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Over the previous two decades, electricity demand increased drastically. This eventually led to
excess consumption and depletion of non-renewable fuels. These served as a strong reason for the researchers
to shift to solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind energy, and other renewable energy sources. But they suffer
from major challenges such as, Because of the nonlinear features, efficient use of the source is critical. There
is a need to use a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) in order to observe the peak power of a PV module
[1]. They are generally operated at low output voltages (typically 30-50 V). As a result, using them for a
variety of applications such as grid-connected systems and stand-alone applications becomes challenging due
to the high voltage boosting requirement [2].
To increase the voltage level to the required level, a boost converter is required. However, there are
certain drawbacks in using traditional DC-DC converters, like, on the supply side, large peak current flows,
deteriorating magnetic components such as inductors, and eventually leading to substantial losses. Across the
switch, a high voltage appears. The switch on-state resistance is proportional to the square of the voltage
rating.
So due to high voltage, the on-state resistance of the switch also increases which increases the
conduction losses. Moreover, the operation of the converter at large duty cycles increases the losses in
parasitic resistances of components. To increase the voltage level, it is essential to design and study new high

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114  ISSN: 2252-8814

gain, efficient boost converters. Some of the following methodologies are implemented to obtain high voltage
at converter output and are shown in Figures 1(a)-1(f).
Isolated converters (DC-DC) use high-frequency transformer which causes a large ripple in the
current due to leakage inductance and also spikes in voltage across the switch during turn on and are
comparatively bulky and costly [1]–[3]. Use of coupled inductors, they utilize the high reluctance core due to
air gap and store the energy in magnetizing inductance of the core and uses turns ratio. But they have high
leakage inductance increasing losses [4], [5]. Use of interleaved coupled inductor: They use comparatively
smaller values of inductances, reducing useful for applications requiring high power [6]. To restore the leakage
energy, the active clamp is used. But due to conduction losses in the power switch, generally passive clamp
network is preferred [7], [8]. Intermediate storage capacitors can be employed to store energy and transfer it to
load and resulting in boosting of voltage at moderate duty ratio values [9]–[11].

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Figure 1. Topology converter output for (a) isolated DC-DC converter, (b) coupled inductor-based, (c)
coupled inductor in interleaved arrangement, (d) active clamp-based, (e) passive clamp-based, and (f) energy
storage buffer capacitor

2. METHOD OF NOVEL CONVERTER

Solar PV systems have a modest efficiency (about 14 to 28%). As a result, in order to maximize the
utilization of PV-generated power, an efficient power conversion system is required. The novel converter
(boost) topology with maximum gain comprising a coupled inductor (L1, L2), one passive clamp recovery
network (Ccl and DCl), and a buffer capacitor (Cint) shown in Figure 2, is presented.

Figure 2. Novel converter (boost DC-DC)

Where L1 and L2 are inductances (primary and secondary) of a connected inductor. Passive clamp recovery of
L1 is denoted by Ccl and DCl. The output capacitor is Cout, and the output diode is Do. Vout is the voltage
across the load. On the secondary side, the buffer capacitor Cint and diode Dfb are connected.

Gain ratio (n) is given by n = VL2/VL1 (1)

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2.1. Various operating modes in continuous conduction mode (CCM)

In mode-I, as in Figure 3, the metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) switch is
kept on, and current passes by means of a switch and coupled inductor primary winding (L1), energizing
coupled inductor’s magnetizing inductance (Lmag). DCl and Do are reverse biased in this mode, while Dfb is
forward biased. L2 and Ccl charge the intermediate capacitor Cint through Dfb. Dfb switches off when the
voltage across Cint equals the sum of the voltages across L2 and Ccl.

Figure 3. Mode I operation of the novel converter (boost DC-DC)

In mode-II, as shown in Figure 4, the magnetizing current flowing through the primary inductor L 1
charges the switch parasitic capacitance. The feedback diode D fb remains in forwarding bias, current flows
through supply, inductance (magnetizing), and parasitic capacitance of MOSFET switch.

Figure 4. Mode II operation of the novel converter (boost DC-DC)

Diodes DCl and Do become forward biased in mode-III. Dfb is reverse biased. The primary side
coupled inductor (L1) leakage energy is collected through DCl. and stored in the Ccl. Furthermore, as
illustrated in Figure 5.

Figure 5. Mode III operation of the novel converter (boost DC-DC)

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In Figure 6, Mode-IV begins after the leakage energy from coupled inductor L 1 has been fully
recovered. While diode DCl gets reverse biased, diode Do remains forward biased. Current flows from input
to the load side through inductor L2, intermediate capacitor Cint, and then to the load.

Figure 6. Mode IV operation of the novel converter (boost DC-DC)

Mode-V as seen in Figure 7, the magnetizing current energizes the leakage inductor, while the
switch parasitic capacitance discharges. Diodes, DCl, and Dfb, both are reverse biased. When the output diode
Do gets reverse biased and the current direction through inductor L2 reverses, this mode ceases shown in
Figure 7.

Figure 7. Mode V operation of the novel converter (boost DC-DC)

2.2. Mathematical analysis

The converter's mathematical analysis is required in order to design the components that would be
employed in its construction. All of the converter's components are considered to be ideal. During the switch-
on state.

𝑉𝐿1 = 𝑉𝑆 (2)

𝑉𝐿2 = 𝑉𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑉𝐶𝑐𝑙 (3)

As per gain ratio, 𝑉𝐿2 = 𝑛𝑉𝑆 . During switch off state.

𝑉𝐿1(𝑜𝑓𝑓) = −𝑉𝐶𝑐𝑙 (4)

Applying KVL in mode 3 gives 𝑉𝐿2 = 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡 – 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (5)

By substituting VCint from (3), (4),

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𝑉𝐿2 = 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑛𝑉𝑆 + 𝑉𝐶𝑐𝑙 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡

𝑉𝐿2 = 𝑉𝑆 + 𝑛𝑉𝑆 – 𝑉𝐿1(𝑜𝑓𝑓) – 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (6)

𝑉𝐿2
From gain ratio, 𝑉𝐿1 = (7)
𝑛

By substituting (6) into (7),

(𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝐿1(𝑜𝑓𝑓) + 𝑛𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 )

𝑉𝐿1(𝑜𝑓𝑓) =
𝑛
(𝑉𝑠 +𝑛𝑉𝑠 −𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 )
= (8)
(𝑛+1)

Voltage gain, a cross primary inductor L1, on applying voltage-second balance, we get: 𝑉𝐿1(𝑜𝑛) . 𝑑 +
(𝑉𝑠 +𝑛𝑉𝑠 −𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 )
𝑉𝐿1(𝑜𝑓𝑓) . (1 − 𝑑) = 0. Substituting (2) and (8), we get: 𝑉𝑠 . 𝑑 + (𝑛+1)
(1 − 𝑑) = 0.

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑛+1
= (9)
𝑉𝑠 1−𝑑

Where d = duty ratio and n= gain ratio.

2.3. Design procedure

A turns ratio is chosen for an input and output voltage requirement, and the duty ratio be computed
using (9).
1 𝑉𝑠 ∗𝑑
The magnetizing inductance value 𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑔 = ∗ (10)
2 ∆𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔 ∗𝑓𝑠

𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔 ∗𝑑𝑙𝑘
The minimum value of the clamp capacitor 𝐶𝑐𝑙 = (11)
∆𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑙 ∗𝑓𝑠

The minimum value of the energy storage capacitor.

𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔 ∗𝑑
𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡 = (12)
𝑛∗∆𝑉𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∗𝑓𝑠

The minimum value of the output capacitor.

𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗𝑑
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 = (13)
∆𝑉𝑜 ∗𝑓𝑠

The minimum required value of output capacitance.

∆𝐼𝑜 ∗𝑥𝑇𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡(𝑚𝑖𝑛) = (14)
0.01𝑉𝑜

where Ts hold-up time corresponding to load transient of ∆𝐼𝑜 .

𝑉 (𝑛+1) 1
For Vs=35 V, Vout=350 V, n=4. From (9), 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = ,We get d = 0.5. From (10), 𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑔 > ∗
𝑉𝑠 (1−𝑑) 2
𝑉𝑠 ∗𝑑 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔 ∗𝑑𝑙𝑘
, We get, 𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑔 > 48𝜇𝐻. From (11), 𝐶𝑐𝑙 = we get Ccl=1 µF. From (12), 𝐶𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
∆𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔 ∗𝑓𝑠 ∆𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑙 ∗𝑓𝑠
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔 ∗𝑑 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗𝑑
we get Cint=47 µF. From (13), 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 = we get Cout=180 µF.
𝑛∗∆𝑉𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∗𝑓𝑠 ∆𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗𝑓𝑠
With converter parameters as per Table 1, voltages across and current through capacitors, diodes
𝑉𝑠
and inductance are obtained as reverse voltage across switch S is 𝑉𝐷𝑆 = = 70 V, reverse voltage across
(1−𝑑)
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑙 ∗𝑑𝑙𝑘
DCl is 𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑙 = = 70 V, peak current through DCl is 𝐼𝑑𝑐𝑙 = = 5.6 A, peak current through Lmag is
(1−𝑑) 𝐿1 ∗𝑓𝑠
𝑉𝑠 𝑛
𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑔 = ∗ 𝑑𝑇𝑠 = 7 A, peak current through L1 is 𝐼𝐿1 = ∗ 𝐼𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑔 = 14 A, reverse voltage across Dfb is
𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑔 2
(𝑉𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑡 −𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑙 )∗𝑑
𝑉𝑑𝑓𝑏 = 2𝑛𝑉𝑠 = 280 V, peak current through Dfb is 𝐼𝑑𝑓𝑏 = = 2.25 A, reverse voltage across Do is
𝑛∗𝐿2 ∗𝑓𝑠

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𝑛 (𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 −𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑙 −𝑉𝑠 )∗(1−𝑑−𝑑𝑙 𝑘)

𝑉𝑑𝑜 = 𝑉
(1−𝑑) 𝑠
= 280 V, peak current through Do is 𝐼𝑑𝑜 = = 1.5 A, voltage across Ccl
𝑛∗𝐿2 ∗𝑓𝑠
𝑑 𝑑(1−𝑛)+𝑛
is 𝑉𝑐𝑐𝑙 = 𝑉 = 35 V, and voltage across Cint is 𝑉𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑉𝑠 =175 V.
1−𝑑 𝑠 (1−𝑑)

Table 1. Converter specifications

Parameters Value
Source DC voltage 35 V
Output voltage 350 V
Coupled inductor turns ratio 4
Switching frequency 50 kHz
Coupled inductor Magnetizing inductance Lmag = 50 𝜇H
Clamp capacitor 1 µF
Intermediate capacitor 47 µF
Output capacitor 180 µF

The operation of the novel converter is compared with the boost converter in terms of parameters
given in Table 2. But in practical application circuits, the inductor in a conventional boost converter will not
be perfectly inductive with zero internal resistance due to which the maximum operating duty ratio of the
traditional boost converter will be restricted to (0.4-0.6). As a result, we can't operate at 0.9 duty cycle
practically, and thus can't obtain a large voltage gain using the traditional converter. The switch drops and
switching losses obtained are high. So, it causes high loss switching. Hence it is clear that the novel topology
is superior in performance.

Table 2. Comparsion with boost converter (Vs=35 V, Fsw=50 kHz, L=50 µH, C=4.7 µF)
Boost converter Proposed converter
(d=0.9, Ron=0.068 ohms) (d=0.5, Ron=0.0035 ohms)
Voltage gain 𝑉𝑜 1 𝑉𝑜 𝑛+1
= =350 v = = 350 v
𝑉𝑠 (1−𝑑) 𝑉𝑠 1−𝑑
2 (𝑛+1)𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 2
Switch loss 𝐼
𝑅𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ ( 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) = 6.12 w 𝑅𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ ( ) =0.18 w
1−𝑑 1−𝑑
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠
Current through inductor 𝑑𝑇𝑠 = 12.6 A 𝑑𝑇𝑠 = 7 A
𝐿 𝐿
𝑉𝑠 𝑉𝑠
Switch voltage drop = 35/1-0.9 = 350 v = 35/1-0.5 = 70 v
1−𝑑 1−𝑑
2 2
Leakage energy 1 𝑉𝑠 1 𝑉𝑠
𝐶( 𝑑) =0.23 w 𝐶( 𝑑) = 0.004 w
2 1−𝑑 2 1−𝑑

3. GRID SYNCHRONIZATION
The following Figures 8 and 9 depict the complete block diagram of the system with
synchronization and resistive load. The grid current is sensed and converted into two orthogonal signals 𝐼𝛼 , 𝐼𝛽
by introducing a transport delay of 90°.

𝐼𝛼 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) (15)
𝜋
𝐼𝛽 = 𝐴 sin (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 − ) = − 𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) (16)
2

Figure 8. Block diagram of entire grid-connected system

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Figure 9. Proposed control scheme for management of power flow of a grid connected PV system

The signals are transformed to dq reference frame to get corresponding current signals by using
parks transformation.

𝐼𝑑 sin 𝜔𝑡 − cos 𝜔𝑡 𝐼𝛼
𝐼𝑑𝑞 = [𝐼 ] = 𝑇 𝐼𝛼𝛽 = [ ][ ] (17)
𝑞 cos 𝜔𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝐼𝛽

𝜋
𝑖𝛼 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐴 sin (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 − ) (− cos 𝜔𝑡) = 𝐴 cos 𝜙 (18)
2

𝜋
𝑖𝛽 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐴 sin (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 − ) (sin 𝜔𝑡) = 𝐴 sin 𝜙 (19)
2

The grid voltage Vg is given as input to the phase-locked loop to get the corresponding phase angle. The
actual current signals are compared with current signals obtained from the grid reference current [12]–[25].
The obtained errors are minimized using proportional-integral controllers. The output signals are transformed
into a stationary frame using the inverse parks transform shown.

𝐼𝛼 sin 𝜔𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝐼𝑑
𝐼𝛼𝛽 = [𝐼 ] = 𝑇 −1 𝐼𝑑𝑞 = [ ][ ] (20)
𝛽 cos 𝜔𝑡 − sin 𝜔𝑡 𝐼𝑞

The output generates the required reference wave to the pulse width modulation (PWM) generator
and compared with the carrier wave and generates the switching pulses and thus controlling the output
voltage of the full-bridge inverter. Figure 10 shows the complete simulation model of the system with
detailed description parameters in Table 3.

Single phase grid interconnected high gain boost converter with soft switching capability (Bogimi Sirisha)
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Figure 10. Simulation model of the overall system

Table 3. Values of simulation

Parameters Their Values
Switching frequency 5 kHz
Couple inductor turns ratio 4
Filter inductance 1 mH
Filter capacitor 5 µF
AC peak voltage 324 V
Resistive load active power 500 W
Resistive load reactive power 0 VAR
Module peak power 240 W
Open circuit module voltage(Voc) 51 V
Short circuit module current(Isc) 6.3 A
MPP voltage of module(Vmp) 42.8 V
MPP current of module(imp) 5.6 A
Peak power of array (Pmp) 1200 W
Open circuit array voltage(Voc) 51 V
Short-circuit array current(Isc) 31.5 A
MPP voltage of array(Vmp) 42.8 V
MPP current of array(Imp) 28.03 A

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The converter is analyzed in simulation with a matrix laboratory (MATLAB/Simulink)
environment. The waveforms of current and voltage supplied by the PV array are shown in Figure 11.
Outputs of switch voltage, Magnetizing current, voltage through diode, and voltages of clamped capacitors
during various operational modes are shown in Figure 12 and Figure 13. Efficiency at full load is obtained as
94% shown in Figure 14.

Figure 11. PV voltage-current waveforms

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(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Figure 12. Waveforms of (a) gate to switch voltage, (b) switch voltage, (c) magnetizing current, and
(d) current through feedback diode

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 13. Waveforms of (a) voltage of clamp diode, (b) voltage of intermediate capacitor, and (c) voltage of
clamp capacitor

Figure 14. The efficiency of the proposed converter

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Filter inductance is designed based on limiting ripple in load current to 20% of the rated current.
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝐿= = 1 mH (21)
4𝑓𝑠𝑤 ∆𝐼𝑝𝑝𝑚𝑎𝑥

Underrated conditions, the reactive power that can be absorbed must be restricted to 5% of rated power,
therefore filter capacitance is calculated accordingly.

𝑉2
𝑄= = 𝑉 2 . 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 (22)
𝑋𝑐

𝐶 = 5 µF (23)

Table 4 shows total harmonic distortion (THD) before and after the inductor and capacitor (LC)
filter. By employing the filter, the square wave output wave of the inverter is converted to a nearly sinusoidal
signal and higher-order harmonics are eliminated. THD obtained is 4.62%, and fast Fourier transform (FFT)
analysis is presented in Figure 15 and Figure 16.

Table 4. Total harmonic distortion (THD) before and after inductor and capacitor (LC) filter
Parameters THD
Before filter 52.08%
After filter 4.62%

Figure 15. THD of voltage waveform without LC filter

The system is tested during both light load and overload conditions. During light load conditions,
the excess power output from the inverter is fed to the grid and hence the grid power appears as negative in
the waveform. During overload conditions, the inverter supplies a portion of the load's required power, while
the grid supplies the remaining active power, as indicated in Figure 17, Figure 18, and Figure 19. Table 5
shows the power balance between load and grid.

Table 5. The power balance between load and grid

Total inverter power(1100 W) Power supplied by inverter Grid power
a) Light load (500 W) 500 W -600 W (injected to grid)
b) Overload (1800 W) 1100 W 700 W (injected by grid)

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Figure 16. THD of voltage waveform with LC filter

Figure 17. Power output from the inverter

Figure 18. Power injected to the grid (light load conditions)

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Figure 19. Power injected by the grid to load (overload conditions)

5. CONCLUSION
A boost converter with a large gain was implemented for low and medium-voltage source
applications. High voltage gain is obtained at lower duty cycles with minimum switching is obtained. The
converter is fed to a single-phase full-bridge inverter, which is then interconnected to the grid. The system is
synchronized to the grid by using d-q axis current control. The proposed converter's performance is verified
in a simulation environment, and the findings are presented. The switching pulses to the inverter are
generated from the pulse generator based on d-q axis control. Output voltages and power with and without
LC filter are observed at light load and overload conditions and THD is calculated.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Bogimi Sirisha She holds a B.E. in Electrical Engineering from Osmania

University, M. Tech Power Eelectronics from JNTUH in 2003, and a Ph.D. degree from
Osmania University 2018. She has over 16 years of experience in research and teaching and is
currently employed as an Associate Professor in Electrical Department, Engineering College,
Osmania University, Hyderabad, INDIA. She has published various articles in international
and national journal publications and conferences. Multilevel Inverters, Power Electronics and
Drives, Renewable Energy Applications and Special Electrical Machines are among her
research interests. Osmania University awarded her a Ph.D. in the field of multilevel inverters.
She can be contacted at email: [email protected].

Akhilesh Saieni He holds a B.E. in Electrical Engineering, M.E. in Industrial

Drives and Control from University College of Engineering (A), Osmania University,
Hyderabad, Telangana, India.His field of interests are Renewable energy resources and its
applications, Power electronics and drives. He can be contacted at email:
[email protected].

Single phase grid interconnected high gain boost converter with soft switching capability (Bogimi Sirisha)