THERMODYNAMICS AND FLUIDS

(BMT 2133)

PROJECT - VENTILATION SYSTEM REPLACEMENT

NAME NO. MATRIC COURSE

AHMAD ARFAN SYAZWAN BIN 20B03I001 BEMT
RAMLI
MUHAMMAD NUKMAN BIN 20B03I002
MUSTAFFA
ABDUL WAKEEL BIN IDERIS 20B03I004
 TITLE: VENTILATION SYSTEM REPLACEMENT

1. INTRODUCTION

a) Theory

Heat transfer is one of the most important topic in Thermodynamics & Fluids
as its application is varied from simple object to complex cooling system. Generally,
heat transfer describes the flow of heat due to temperature differences and the
subsequent temperature distribution and changes. Without external help, heat will
always flow from hot objects to cold ones which is a direct consequence of
the second law of thermodynamics.

Industrial ventilation system is a must have for any factories and workshops
which in this case a steel-making plant. Ventilation system isn’t designed for total
climate control but instead for reducing the heat by improving airflow. Each industrial
facility needs a ventilation system designed to meet its individual requirements.
Factors such as building size, process heat, and external environment, all play a part
in determining the ventilation required in your building. Also, ventilation system helps
with cleaning air contaminants, removing dust fumes, and bringing in large amounts
of fresh air that will be a first line of defence against sickness.

Currently, ventilation system for a lot of factories and plants are outdated and
not providing the absolute best in terms of efficiency of ventilation. Thus, we are
tasked with the project of designing a new ventilation system for a steel-making plant.

b) Objective

 To understand the applications of heat transfer in ventilation system

 To design a new ventilation system that provides better ventilation in
factories and plants
 To study the effects of better ventilation system on overall airflow in the
plants.

2. REVIEW

Te new ventilation system will be comprised into these 3 core ideas:-

a. Conduction: This is the transfer of heat through a solid. For example, heat
generated inside an enclosure is transferred to the outer surface by
means of conduction. This will be applied with insulation.

b. Convection: Convection is the transfer of heat from a surface by means of a fluid

such as air. Natural convection occurs as air is heated: it expands,
rises, and is replaced by cooler air.This will be achieved by adding
industrial fan & exhaust fan.

c. Radiation: This is a process where energy is radiated through the air by

means of electromagnetic radiation. Although effective for high
temperature sources such as the sun, it’s less effective at ambient
temperatures on earth. This will only affect the exterior of the plant.
3. METHODOLOGY

Conduction

Radiant cooling system consists of coils embedded within the concrete wall of
the plant. The coils carry chilled water generated electric chiller system or low energy
chilled water generation system. Then, Either chilled slabs or ceiling panels is used
as the conduction panel to dissipate heat in enclosure of the plant. Chilled water in
the coils cols down the slabs or panels which in turn acts like a heat sinks for
sensible loads of the internal spaces.

Radiant Cooling System

Concrete slabs are generally cheaper than ceiling panels and offer advantage
of the thermal mass while panel system offers faster temperature control and
flexibility. Capital expenditure of this system is the same as a high efficiency chilled
water system; however, operational expenditure is less than the chilled water system.
Concrete structures typically used with radiant cooling systems also increase the
thermal mass of buildings. This introduces inertia in the structure against
temperature fluctuations and allows it to absorb heat from internal spaces.

Convection

To increase the flow of air through the plant, we used industrial graded fans
on the side of the plants and exhaust fans on the roof so that cool air is drawn into
the plant and the hot air discharged to the top exhaust fans. Also, we need to make
sure that there’s no unnecessary hole in the plants except for windows and air vent
that air can escape through because it will obstruct the flow of air inside. Exhaust
fans should also be fitted with filters to accumulated dust and debris and also to
preserve the shelf life of the exhaust fan. Routine cleaning of both ventilation fans
and exhaust fans will ensure up to 50 years of uses that will be cost efficient.
 Industrial Ventilation(left) & Top Exhaust(right) Fan

As for the amount of fans used in the plants, we need a rate of 0.35 or 3
CFM(cubic feet per minute) per 100 square feet for an adequate rate of airflow. Since
the average of a factory is 10,000 sq ft, a factory should have a minimum of 8
ventilation fans and 4 exhaust fans.

Radiation

Heat radiation from the sun might only affected the exterior of a building but is
significant enough that improper radiation cooling system can worsen the internal
temperature of the factory. The colour of the building is one way to reduce heat
radiation especially the outer wall which has a really big surface area. A darker colour
object will absorb more radiation than a lighter coloured one, thus heat up faster
under the sun. The best colours to pick are a range from white, cream, beige, and
orange.

Heat absorption percentage & Ventilation system

Roof of the building is also important a most factory roof used metal roof such
as zinc because it is cheaper to mass produce and easier to install. However, using
zinc roof alone is not good for cooling since zinc metal is a conductor of heat and it
creates an excessive amount of heat that will eventually bleed into the building.
Hence, we need to put insulator under the roof to prevent hat from seeping through.

4. RESULT
 Now, I would like to propose which is/are the best system to ventilate the
steel-making plant. I would propose a combination between convection and radiation
system into replacing the ventilation system. Industrial ventilation fan and top exhaust
fan will be the air cooling system for the steel making plant while using the white
colour on the exterior of the plant and insulated zinc roof as the secondary passive
cooling system. The wall of the plant should be made out of concrete since it will
eliminate any unnecessary hole that a steel wall often have.

5. DISCUSSION

i. The reason for the proposed design is that it would be cost efficient for the
replacement to be made and the design doesn’t need to scrap down the
entire plant for the system to be installed.
ii. There are pros and cons of every system such as following:-

System Conduction Convection Radiation

Pros  Easier to maintain  Creates a healthy  Little cost to set up
optimum internal working environment.  Only on the exterior of a
temperature.  Improving airflow in a building.
building.

Cons  Adding another points  Not as powerful as  Only affected a little into
of failure. Conduction cooling cooling a building.
 Costly to initially system.
upgrade

iii. Even though there’s disadvantages on not using conduction but combining
both convection and radiation cooling system will be enough to counter the
cons.

6. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, industrial ventilation system have a lot more room for

improvements that will ensure the efficiency of the factory is at all time high. We are
able to understand the applications of heat transfer in designing a better ventilation to
be replaced. Moreover, combining more cooling systems instead of only using one
cooling system should be the way to go in the future of designing a new ventilation
system. Lastly, we are able to study the effects of better ventilation system on overall
airflow and internal temperature in the said building.
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