Lecture 1 Integration of Algebraic Function

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LECTURE 1

Integration of Algebraic Functions


Definition 1.1

A function 𝐹 is called an antiderivative of a function 𝑓 on an interval 𝐼 if 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) for


every value of 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝐼

Theorem 1.1

If 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 are two functions such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑔′(𝑥) for all 𝑥 in the interval 𝐼, then there
is a constant 𝐶 such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) + 𝐶 for all 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝐼

Theorem 1.2

If 𝐹 is a particular derivative of 𝑓 on an interval 𝐼, then every antiderivative of 𝑓 𝑜𝑛 𝐹 is


given by

𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶

where 𝐶 is an arbitrary constant, and all antiderivatives of 𝑓 𝑜𝑛 𝐼 can be obtained from


𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 by assigning particular value to 𝐶.

Formulas for Integration


1. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
2. ∫ 𝑐𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑛+1
3. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
𝑥 𝑛+1
4. ∫ 𝑐𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑛+1 +𝐶
𝑑𝑥
5. ∫𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶 , 𝑥 ≠ 0
6. ∫(𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
7. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝐶
𝑢 𝑛+1
8. ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 𝑛 ≠ −1
𝑛+1
9. ∫(𝑓(𝑢) ± 𝑔(𝑢))𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢
10. ∫ = ln|𝑢| + 𝐶 , 𝑢 ≠ 0
𝑢

Example 1.1 Integrate the following functions:


1. ∫(3𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥
2. ∫(3𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 − 1)𝑑𝑥
1
3. ∫ (1 − 𝑥 − 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
1 2
4. ∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥
1
5. ∫ (√𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
6. ∫(4 − 7𝑥) 3√𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
7. ∫(√𝑥 − √𝑎) 𝑥𝑑𝑥
√𝑥−1
8. ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
9. ∫ (𝑥 − 2)2 𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥
10. ∫ √𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥

Solution:

1. ∫(3𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
= 3 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1+1
= 3 ( 1+1 ) − 2𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥2
= 3 ( 2 ) − 2𝑥+C
3𝑥 2
= − 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2

2. ∫(3𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 − 1)𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 3𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥

= 3 ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑥 5+1 𝑥 3+1
= 3 ( 5+1 ) − 2 ( 3+1 ) − 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑥6 𝑥4
= 3(6)−2(4)− 𝑥 + 𝐶

𝑥6 𝑥4
= − −𝑥+𝐶
2 2
1
3. ∫ (1 − 𝑥 − 3 ) 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥
1
− +1
𝑥 3
= 𝑥−( 1 )+𝐶
−3+1
2
𝑥3
=𝑥− 2 +𝐶
3
3
3 √𝑥 2
=𝑥− +𝐶
2
1 2
4. ∫ (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ (𝑥 4 − 2 + 𝑥 4) 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4+1
= − 2𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥
4+1
𝑥5 𝑥 −4+1
= − 2𝑥 + +𝐶
5 −4+1
𝑥 5 𝑥 −3
= − 2𝑥 + −3 + 𝐶
5
𝑥5 1
= − 2𝑥 − +𝐶
5 3𝑥 3

1
5. ∫ (√𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

1
= ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
1
1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
1 1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
+1 − +1
𝑥2 𝑥 2
= 1 + 1 +𝐶
+1 − 2+1
2

3 1
𝑥2 𝑥2
= 3 + 1 +𝐶
2 2

1 1
2𝑥𝑥 2 2𝑥 2
= + +𝐶
3 1

2𝑥√𝑥
= + 2√𝑥 + 𝐶
3

6. ∫(4 − 7𝑥) 3√𝑥 𝑑𝑥


3
= ∫(4√𝑥 − 7𝑥 3√𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
= 4 ∫ 3√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 7 ∫ 𝑥 3√𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 4 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 7 ∫ 𝑥 ∙ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1 4
= 4 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − 7 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
1 4
+1 +1
𝑥3 𝑥3
= 4(1 ) − 7(4 )+𝐶
+1 +1
3 3
4 7
𝑥3 𝑥 3
= 4( 4 ) − 7( 7 )+𝐶
3 3
4 7
3𝑥 3 3𝑥 3
= 4( ) −7( ) +𝐶
4 7
1 1
1 2
3𝑥 3 3𝑥 3
= 4( )− 7( )+𝐶
4 7
1 1
= 3𝑥1 3 − 3𝑥 23 + 𝐶
1 1
= 3𝑥𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
= 3𝑥 3√𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 3√𝑥 + 𝐶

2
7. ∫(√𝑥 − √𝑎) 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 − 2√𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎)𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ (𝑥 2 − 2√𝑎𝑥 2 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3
= ∫ (𝑥 2 − 2√𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
3
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2√𝑎 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎 ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3
+1
𝑥 2+1 𝑥2 𝑥 1+1
= − 2√𝑎 ( 3 ) + 𝑎 ( 1+1 ) + 𝐶
2+1 +1
2
5
𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥2
= − 2√𝑎 ( 5 )+𝑎( )+𝐶
3 2
2
1
𝑥3 2𝑥 2𝑥 2 𝑥2
= − 2√𝑎 ( )+𝑎(2)+𝐶
3 5
𝑥3 √𝑥 2𝑥 2 𝑥2
= − 2√𝑎 ( ) + 𝑎 ( )+ 𝐶
3 5 2
𝑥3 4𝑥 2√𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥 2
= − + 2 +𝐶
3 5

√𝑥−1
8. ∫ ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

√𝑥 1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
3
= ∫ 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
3
− +1
𝑥 2 𝑥 −2+1
= 3 − +𝐶
− 2+1 −2+1

1

𝑥 2 𝑥 −1
= 1 − +𝐶
−2 −1

−2 1
= 1 + +𝐶
𝑥
𝑥 2

−2 1
= +𝑥+𝐶
√𝑥

−2 √𝑥 1
= ∙ +𝑥+𝐶
√𝑥 √𝑥

−2√𝑥 1
= 𝑥
+𝑥+𝐶

9. ∫(𝑥 − 2)2 𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4)𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 −2 − 4𝑥 −3 + 4𝑥 −4 )𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −2+1 𝑥 −3+1 𝑥 −4+1
= − 4 ( −3+1 ) + 4 ( −4+1 ) + 𝐶
−2+1
𝑥 −1 𝑥 −2 𝑥 −3
= − 4 ( −2 ) + 4 ( −3 ) + 𝐶
−1
1 2 4
= − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝐶

10. ∫ √𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫ √𝑥(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
= ∫ √𝑥(𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫(𝑥 + 1)√𝑥𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫(𝑥 + 1)𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 1
= ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
3 1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 1
+1 +1
𝑥2 𝑥2
= 3 + 1 +𝐶
+1 +1
2 2
5 3
𝑥2 𝑥2
= 5 + 3 +𝐶
2 2
1 1
2𝑥 2𝑥 2 2𝑥𝑥 2
= + 3 +𝐶
5
2𝑥 2√𝑥 2𝑥√𝑥
= + 3 +𝐶
5

Example 1.2 Evaluate the following:

1. ∫ √3𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ (5−2𝑥)2
1
𝑦3
3. ∫ 4 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑦 3 +9)

1 2 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ (1 − 𝑥) 𝑥2
cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 1+sin 2𝑥
6. ∫ (1 + 2𝑒 3𝑥 )𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
7. ∫ (tan 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3+1
8. ∫ ( 𝑥−1 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
9. ∫ 𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑥
𝑥+𝑒 2𝑥
10. ∫ 𝑥 2+𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:

1. ∫ √3𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫(3𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑢
=3
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥
1
1
= 3 ∫(3𝑥 + 1)2 (3𝑑𝑥)
1
1
= 3 ∫ 𝑢2 (𝑑𝑢)
1
+1
1 𝑢2
= ( ) +𝐶
3 1+1
2
3
1 𝑢2
= ( 3 )+ 𝐶
3
2
1
1 2𝑢𝑢 2
= 3( ) +𝐶
3
2𝑢√𝑢
= +𝐶
9
2(3𝑥+1)√3𝑥+1
= +𝐶
9
(6𝑥+2)√3𝑥+1
= +𝐶
9

𝑑𝑥
2. ∫ (5−2𝑥)2
= ∫(5 − 2𝑥)−2 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 5 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑑𝑥
−1
= 2 ∫(5 − 2𝑥)−2 (−2𝑑𝑥)
−1
=
2
∫ 𝑢 −2 𝑑𝑢
−1 𝑢 −2+1
= (
2 −2+1
)+𝐶
−1 𝑢 −1
= ( −1 ) + 𝐶
2
1
= +𝐶
2𝑢
1
= 2(5−2𝑥) + 𝐶
1
= 10−4𝑥 + 𝐶

1
𝑥3
3. ∫ 4 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 3 +9)

4 −2 1
= ∫ (𝑥 3 + 9) 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
4
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 9
1
𝑑𝑢 4
= 3 𝑥3
𝑑𝑥
1
4
𝑑𝑢 = 3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
4 −2
3 4 1
= 4 ∫ (𝑥 3 + 9) 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
3
3
= 4 ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢
3 𝑢 −2+1
= 4 ( −2+1 ) + 𝐶
3 𝑢 −1
= 4 ( −1 ) + 𝐶
3 1
= − 4 (𝑢 ) + 𝐶
3
= − 4𝑢 + 𝐶
3
=− 4 +𝐶
4(𝑥 3+9)
3
=− 1 +𝐶
4(𝑥𝑥 3+9)
3
=− +𝐶
4(𝑥 3√𝑥 +9)
3
=− +𝐶
4𝑥 3√𝑥 +36

1 2 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ (1 − 𝑥) 𝑥2
1
Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥
𝑢 = 1 − 𝑥 −1
𝑑𝑢
= 𝑥 −2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
= 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥2
1 2 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ (1 − 𝑥) 𝑥2
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 2+1
= 2+1
+𝐶
𝑢 3
= +𝐶
3

1 3
(1−𝑥 )
= +𝐶
3
𝑥−1 3
( 𝑥 )
= +𝐶
3
(𝑥−1 )3
𝑥3
= +𝐶
3
(𝑥−1 )3
= +𝐶
3𝑥 3

cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 1+sin 2𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 1 + sin 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 2 cos 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 2 cos 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
= ∫
2 1+sin 2𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢
= ∫𝑢
2
1
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1
= ln|1 + sin 2𝑥 |+𝐶
2
1
= ln |(1 + sin 2𝑥)2 | + 𝐶
= ln|√1 + sin 2𝑥| + 𝐶

6. ∫(1 + 2𝑒 3𝑥 )𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 1 + 2𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑒 3𝑥 (3)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 6𝑒 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= ∫(1 + 2𝑒 3𝑥 )6𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6
1
= 6 ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢

1 𝑢 1+1
= 6 ( 1+1 ) + 𝐶

1 𝑢2
= 6(2 )+ 𝐶

𝑢2
= 12 + 𝐶
2
(1+2𝑒 3𝑥 )
= +𝐶
12

𝑥 𝑥
7. ∫ (tan 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
Let 𝑢 = tan 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑥 1
= sec 2 (2 ) (2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑥
= sec 2 ( )
𝑑𝑥 2 2
1 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2 sec (2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1 𝑥
= 2 ∫ (tan 2 ) (2 sec 2 (2 ) 𝑑𝑥)
= 2 ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢
𝑢 1+1
= 2 ( 1+1 ) + 𝐶
𝑢2
= 2(2 )+𝐶
= 𝑢2 + 𝐶

𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 2 + 𝐶

Solution 2:
𝑥 𝑥
∫ (tan 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= ∫ (tan 2 sec 2 sec 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= ∫ sec 2 (tan 2 sec 2 𝑑𝑥)
𝑥
Let 𝑢 = sec 2
𝑑𝑢 𝑥 𝑥 1
= sec 2 tan 2 (2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑥 𝑥
= 2 sec 2 tan 2
𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2 sec 2 tan 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑥
= 2 ∫ sec 2 (2 tan 2 sec 2 𝑑𝑥)
= 2 ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢
𝑢 1+1
= 2 ( 1+1 ) + 𝐶
𝑢2
= 2(2 )+𝐶
= 𝑢2 + 𝐶
𝑥
= sec 2 (2 ) + 𝐶

𝑥 3+1
8. ∫ ( 𝑥−1 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
= ∫ (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥
2
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1 𝑑𝑥
= + + 𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥−1
2+1 1+1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑢
=1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑑𝑢
= + +𝑥 +2∫
3 2 𝑢
𝑥3 𝑥2
= + + 𝑥 + 2ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
3 2
𝑥3 𝑥2
= + + 𝑥 + 2ln|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
3 2

𝑑𝑥
9. ∫ 𝑥𝑙𝑛 𝑥
Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
=𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑥

𝑑𝑢
=∫ 𝑢
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
= ln|ln 𝑥| + 𝐶

𝑥+𝑒 2𝑥
10. ∫ 𝑥 2+𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
= 2(𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝟏 2(𝑥+𝑒 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
= 𝟐∫ 𝑥 2+𝑒 2𝑥
𝟏 𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑢
𝟐
𝟏
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝟐
𝟏
= ln|𝑥 2 + 𝑒 2𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝟐
1
= ln |(𝑥 2 + 𝑒 2𝑥 )2 | + 𝐶
= ln|√𝑥 2 + 𝑒 2𝑥 | + 𝐶

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