ESTIMATE

By: Arch. Lester Umang, UAP

ESTIMATE
An approximation of the probable cost of a project computed on the basis
of available information on unit prices of materials, labor and equipment..

COMMON TYPES OF COST ESTIMATES:

1. ROUGH ESTIMATE – is an estimate that is computed in general and

vague. It is often an assumption by area, volume, or bulk. Also known
as BALL PARK ESTIMATE.

2. LUMP SUM – is an assumption of the totality of an item without

consideration of its specific components.

3. DETAILED ESTIMATE – is an estimate that breaks the subject down into

as many items or components possible. Each component are often
described with specifications.
ESTIMATE
4. QUANTITY SURVEY – is a preliminary estimation technique that
aims to establish the quantity of each material for a project, not yet
considering their cost.

5. PRODUCTIVITY ESTIMATES – is concerned with the determination

of probable cost of labor by logical assumptions of the productivity of
the workers.

6. BUDGET ESTIMATE - an approximation based on well-defined cost

data and established ground rules.

7. FIRM ESTIMATE - a figure based on cost data sound enough for

entering into a binding contract.

8. BILL OF MATERIALS – is a list of materials needed for a project. It

usually presents the probable cost for each item.
CONCRETE
1. PLAIN CONCRETE – is an artificial stone as a result of mixing
cement, fine aggregates and water.

2. REINFORCED CONCRETE – is a concrete with reinforcement

properly embedded in such a manner that the two materials act
together in resisting forces.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCRETE USED IN CONSTRUCTION:

1. Ordinary Portland Cement

2. Rapid Hardening Portland Cement

3. Blast Furnace or Sulfate Cement

4. Low Heat Portland Cement

5. Pozzolan Cement

6. High Alumina Cement

AGGREGATES

1. Coarse Aggregate – such as crushed stone, crushed gravel or

natural gravel with particles retained on a 5mm sleeve.

2. Fine Aggregate – such as crushed stone, crushed gravel, sand or

natural sand with particles passing on a 5mm sleeve.

ACI requirements for concrete:

1. Workability

2. Strength

3. Durability

4. Economical
CONCRETE PROPORTION:

CONCRETE MIXTURE PROPORTION

Cement in Bag Sand Gravel

Mixture Class Proportion

40 kg. 50 kg. cu. m. cu. m.

AA 1 : 1 1/2 : 3 12.0 9.5 .50 1.0

A 1 : 2 : 4 9.0 7.0 .50 1.0

B 1 : 2 1/2 : 5 7.5 6.0 .50 1.0

C 1 : 3 : 6 6.0 5.0 .50 1.0

 SAMPLE PROBLEM #1

A proposed concrete Slab on grade has a general dimensions of 10

cm thick, 3.00 meters wide and 5.00 meters long. Determine the number of
cement in bags (40kg), sand and gravel in cubic meters required using class
C mixture.

SOLUTION
VOLUME OF CONCRETE
.1 x 3 x 5 = 1.5 cu. m.
TYPE OF CONCRETE MIXTURE = CLASS C
Cement = 1.5 cu. m. x 6 bags/ cu. m. = 9 bags
Sand = 1.5 cu. m. x .50 = .75 cu. m.
Gravel = 1.5 cu. m. x 1.0 = 1.5 cu. m.
MASONRY
CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCK – also known as CHB, it is classified as
load bearing and non-bearing blocks. Load bearing blocks are those
whose thickness ranges from 15 to 20 cm and used to carry load aside
from its own weight.

Non bearing blocks are intended for walls, partitions, fences, dividers and
likewise carry its own weight whose thickness ranges from 10 to 15cm.

Commercial sizes of CHB:

1.) 10 x 20 x 40 cm

2.) 15 x 20 x 40 cm

3.) 20 x 20 x 40 cm
MORTAR AND PLASTER PROPORTION:

QUANTITY OF CEMENT & SAND FOR MORTAR & PLASTER IN CU.M.

Cement in Bag Sand

Mixture Class Proportion

40 kg. 50 kg. cu. m.

A 1 : 2 18.0 14.5 1.0

B 1 : 3 12.0 9.5 1.0

C 1 : 4 9.0 7.0 1.0

D 1 : 5 7.5 6.0 1.0

 COMPUTATION FACTORS FOR CHB, MORTAR & PLASTER:

CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS = 12.5 pcs. per square meter area of wall

VOLUME FOR MORTAR FILL = 0.0015 cu. m. per piece of 4” CHB

0.003 cu. m. per piece of 6” CHB
0.0045 cu. m. per piece of 8” CHB

VOLUME FOR MORTAR LAY = 0.001016 cu. m. per piece of 4” CHB

(1 inch thick) 0.001524 cu. m. per piece of 6” CHB
0.002032 cu. m. per piece of 8” CHB

VOLUME FOR PLASTER = 0.0023 cu. m. per piece of CHB (1 side)

0.0046 cu. m. per piece of CHB (2 sides)

0.029 cu. m. per sqm of wall (1 side)

0.058 cu. m. per sqm of wall (2 sides)
 SAMPLE PROBLEM #2

Determine the number 4”-CHB, and amount of cement and aggregate

needed for laid and plastered (2 sides) CHB wall 10 meters in length and 3.2 m. in
height (from the finished floor level), with a 0.90m x 2.10m door and 1.20m x 2.40m
window opening. Top of wall footing is 60 cm below the finished floor level.
Give the number of cement bags(50kg) and Sand in cu. m. Using Class B mixture.
SOLUTION
Area of Wall =
(10m X [3.2m+0.60m]) – (0.9m X 2.1m) – (1.2m X 2.4m) = 33.23 sqm
Number of 4”-CHB needed = 33.23 m2 X 12.5 pcs./m2 = 415.375 ~ 416 pcs
Volume of Mortar Fill needed = 416pcs. X 0.0015 cu. m./pc. = 0.624 cu. m.
Volume of Mortar Lay needed = 416pcs. X 0.001016 cu. m./pc. = 0.423 cu. m.
Volume of Plaster needed = 416pcs. X 0.0046cu.m./pc. = 1.91 cu. m.
TOTAL cu. m. of Concrete mixture = 0.624 + 0.423 + 1.91 = 2.96 cu. m.
SOLUTION CONT’D.
TOTAL cu. m. of Concrete mixture = 2.96 cu. m.

TYPE OF CONCRETE MIXTURE = CLASS B

Cement = 2.96 cu. m. x 9.5 bags/ cu. m. = 28.12 ~ 29 Bags
Sand = 2.96 cu. m. x 1.0 = 2.96 cu. m.
METAL REINFORCEMENT
STEEL BARS

Steel is the most widely used reinforcing materials for almost all types
of concrete construction. It is an excellent partner of concrete in resisting both
tension and compression stresses. Comparatively, steel is ten times stronger
than concrete in resisting compression load and hundred times stronger in
tensile stresses.

COMPUTATION FACTORS FOR METAL REINFORCEMENT

Ø2 x .00617 = Weight per 1 meter of REBAR in KILOGRAM

Designation Number of Bar x 25.4 = Diameter (mm) of REBAR

8
 SAMPLE PROBLEM #3

Given a 3.2m high CHB wall between 2 columns with 4m clear span. How
many pieces of #4 Rebar (6m) is required if, Horizontal rebars @ every 3 layer &
Vertical rebars @ .80 O.C. ; What is the Weight of total Rebars?
SOLUTION

Vertical Rebar = 4m = 5 spacing - 1 = 4pcs 4 x 3.2m = 12.8 m

.80

Horizontal Rebar = 3.2m = 5 spacing = 5pcs 5 x 4m = 20 m

.60(3 layer)

Total Rebar Pieces = 12.8 + 20 = 32.8 ~ 33m 33 = 5.5 ~ 6 pcs

6(commercial size)

Diameter Rebar = #4 x 25.4 = 12.7 ~ 12mm

8
Weight of Rebars = (12)2 x .00617 = .888 kg per meter

Total Weight = 6 x 6pc = 36m x .888kg = 31.96 ~ 32 kg.

LUMBER
WOOD - the hard, fibrous substance composing most of the stem and
branches of a tree and lying beneath the bark, also known as xylem.

LUMBER – is the term applied to wood after it has been sawed or sliced
into boards, planks, timber etc.

ROUGH LUMBER – is the term applied to un-planed or un-dressed

lumber or with rough surfaces.

S2s & S4s – are dressed lumber wherein the number connotes the
smooth sides.

SURFACE OR DRESSED LUMBER – is a planed lumber having at

least one smooth side.
TIMBER – is a piece of lumber five inches or larger in its smallest
dimension.
BOARD – is a piece of lumber less than 4 cm thick with at least 10 cm
wide.
CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD:
1. SOFT WOOD – bears a needle shape leaves.

2. HARD WOOD – trees having a broad shape leaves.

METHODS OF SEASONING LUMBER:

1. Natural Sunlight or Air Seasoning

2. Artificial Seasoning by Forced Air Drying or Kiln Drying.

UNIT MEASURE OF LUMBER

BOARD FOOT – is the unit of measure used in computing the volume
of lumber. It is derived by dividing the product of the thickness, the
width and the length by 12.

CEILING BOARD – the simplest way of finding the number of boards

required is to divide the total ceiling area by the effective covering of
one ceiling board to be used.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM #4

Given a 4 x 6 meter bedroom with a ceiling height of 3m, Determine the

total board foot for T & G flooring 1” x 4” x 20 ft. How much will the T & G cost if the
price per board feet is 5 php.
SOLUTION

Length = 6m = 20 ft. ~ 20 ft. commercial size

.30

Number = 4 m = 40 pcs.
.10

Board feet = 40 pcs. – 1" x 4" x 20 ft. = 266.66 ~ 267 bd. ft.
12

Cost = 267 bd. Ft. x 5 Php = Php 1335

 SAMPLE PROBLEM #5

Referring to the previous problem: if the 2 longer walls will be Dry wall
partitions plywood on both sides. Vertical stud @ 40cm O.C. & Horizontal Stud @
60cm O.C. Determine the Total board feet for the 2”x4” Studs. How many pcs of ¼”
thk. plywood is required for the wall.
SOLUTION

Vertical Studs = 6m = 15 spacing + 1 = 16 studs

.40
3m = 10 ft. 16 pcs. – 2" x 4" x 10ft. = 106.6 ~ 107 bd. ft.
.3 12

Horizontal Studs = 3m = 5 spacing + 1 = 6 studs

.60
6m = 20 ft. 6 pcs. – 2" x 4" x 20ft. = 80~ 80 bd. ft.
.3 12

Total Board feet = 107 bd. ft + 80 bd. ft = 187 bd. ft. x 2 (walls) = 374 bd. ft.
SOLUTION CONT’D.

PLYWOOD:
Area of Wall = 3 x 6 = 18 sqm x 2 sides = 36 sqm
Total wall Area = 36sqm x 2(walls) = 72 sqm

Pieces of Plywood = 72 sqm = 25 pcs

2.88
ROOFING
GALVANIZED IRON SHEET– the most commonly used roofing material
is known as G.I. sheet and it is either plain or corrugated.

PLAIN G.I. SHEET – is used for roofing, gutter, flashing, ridge, hip and
valley roll. Standard size is 0.90 x 2.40 m.

CORRUGATED G.I. SHEET – is widely used for roofing and sidings having
standard width of 0.80 m with varying length from 1.50 to 3.60 m. Long
span G.I sheets are also available on special order.

GAUGE – is the measurements in determining the thickness of G.I. sheets

and ranges from 14 to 30. The sheet become thinner as gauge number
becomes larger. Gauge 26 is extensively used for roofing and gauge 24
is used for gutters and valley rolls.
EFFECTIVE COVERAGE OF G.I. ROOF SHEETS

END LAPPING RANGES FROM 25cm to 30cm

Length Effective Width Covering Purlins Number of

Feet-Meter Side Lapping Spacing Nails or
cm. Rivets
1–½ 2–½ Per sheet

6’ – 1.80 .70 .60 .75 .14

7’ – 2.10 .70 .60 .60 .18
8’ – 2.40 .70 .60 .70 .18
9’ – 2.70 .70 .60 .60 .22
10’ – 3.00 .70 .60 .67 .22
12’ – 3.60 .70 .60 .66 .26
 SAMPLE PROBLEM #6

Given a Truss for a Gable Roof, having a Bottom chord with a span of
10m & a 2m king post. Solve for the Total Length of the Top Chord. Considering
1m over hang on both sides.

SOLUTION

Length Top Chord 1 side = Use Pythagorean theorem…

√ (52 + 22 ) = 5.38 ~ 5.4 m + 1m (overhang) = 6.4 meters

Total Length Top Chord = 6.4 x 2 = 12.8 meters

 SAMPLE PROBLEM #7

Refer to the Dimension of truss From Problem #6, if the Length of the
Roof is 15 meters, how many pieces of Standard Corrugated G.I. sheets (3.6m) is
required for the gable roof. Considering 1 ½ side lapping & 30 cm End Lapping.

SOLUTION

Area of roof ( one side ) = 6.4m x 15m = 96 sqm

Effective Coverage = .70 x 3.3 = 2.31 sqm

Number of Cor. G.I. sheets = 96 = 41.55 ~ 42 pcs

2.31

Total numbers = 42 x 2 sides = 84 pcs

TILEWORK
CERAMIC TILE – A mixture of clays that are pressed into shape and
fired at high temperatures which gives the tile it’s hardness.

CLASSIFICATION OF CERAMIC TILES

1. Glazed tiles – are principally used for walls, tops and alternately used
in light duty floors.
2. Unglazed tiles – are homogeneous composition, hard and dense
quality primarily used for floors and walls.

VARIOUS TYPES OF CERAMIC TILES

1. Porcelain Tiles

2. Natural Clay Tiles

3. Mosaic Tiles

4. Quarry Tiles
 SAMPLE PROBLEM #8

Given a 1.6 m x 2.8m Bathroom with Floor to ceiling height of 2.4 m.

considering 2.10m x 60cm door & 40x40cm window Find the Required pieces of
Ceramic tiles. 30x60 wall tiles & 30x30 floor tiles. Add 10% wastage allowance.

SOLUTION

Total Wall Area = (1.6m + 2.8m) x 2 = 8.8m x 2.4m = 21.12 sqm

21.12 sqm – [(2.1 x .6)+(.4 x .4)] = 19.7 ~ 20 sqm
Floor Area = 1.6 m x 2.8 m = 4.48 ~ 5 sqm
Wall tiles = .3 x .6 = 0.18sqm Number of tiles = 20 = 111.1 ~ 112 pcs
0.18
Floor tiles = .3 x .3 = 0.09sqm Number of tiles = 5 = 55.5 ~ 56 pcs
0.09

Floor tiles + 10% = 56pcs + 10% = 61 pcs 30x30 tiles

Wall tiles + 10% = 112pcs + 10% = 123 pcs 30x60 tiles

PAINTING

PAINT – is commonly referred to as SURFACE COATING. It is defined

as a coating applied to a surface or substrate to protect, decorate or
used for special purpose and function.

SPREAD RATE – an estimated area coverage of paint per gallon ranging

from 25 to 40 sq.m.

SURFACE TEXTURE CATEGORY

1. Course to rough surface (Wooden troweled finish) = 30 sq.m. area coverage

2. Fine to Course surface (Paper finished) = 35 sq.m. area coverage

3. Smooth to fine (putty finish) = 40 sq.m. area coverage

 SAMPLE PROBLEM #9

How many gallons of paint to be used for all the walls of a bedroom
having a dimension of 5.00m x 6.50m & Floor to ceiling height of 3m (Not
Considering openings). for two coatings. With smooth to fine Texture.

SOLUTION

Total Area of Wall = (5m + 6.5m) x 2 = 23m x 3m (Ceiling height) = 69 sqm

Paint coverage = 40 sqm per Gallon

Gallon of Paint = 69 = 1.725 1.725 x 2 coatings = 3.45 ~ 4 Gallons

40
 GOODLUCK !!!

ESTIMATE
By: Arch. LESTER UMANG, UAP