REVIEWER IN CADLIT  First Person Protagonist Point of View

LESSON 1: ELEMENTS OF FICTION  First Person Observer Point of View

FICTION b. Second Person Point of View – “you”, it’s when

- make believe invented stories you, the reader, seem to become part of the
- They may be short stories, fables, vignettes, plays, story.
novels.
c. Third Person Point of View - “invisible author”
ELEMENTS OF FICTION using the third person pronoun (he, she, or it) to
tell the story.
CHARACTERS- the star in the story
TYPES OF THIRD PERSON POINT OF
a. PROTAGONIST-main character VIEW:
b. ANTAGONIST- opposes the protagonist  Third Person Omniscient Point of View
c. STATIC- stays the same through out the story  Third Person Limited Point of View
d. DEVELOPING/DYNAMIC- changing
characters THEME- it is the main idea of the story. It is a
e. ROUND- plays an important role in the story, statement about a topic.
has variety of behaviour or attitudes.
f. FLAT- no important role in the story, usually --------------------------------------------------------------------
has a 1 or 2 characteristics. LESSON 2: POETRY

SETTING – shows where and when the story takes - A form of writing vital to culture, art, and life.
plays
TYPICALLY, A SETTING INCLUDES THE GEOFFREY CHAUCER
FOLLOWING: - The Father of Poetry
1. Description of the immediate surroundings - The outstanding English poet before
2. The time of day when the story is happening Shakespeare.
3. The type of weather/atmosphere WILLIAM SHAKESPEAR
4. The time period when it happened - The greatest English poet the world has ever
5. The geographical location known.
- Shakespeare wrote about timeless themes such
PLOT – the order of events in a story as life and death, youth versus age, love, and
a. EXPOSITION- introduces characters and hate, and fate and free will, to name but a few.
settings as well as the tone of the story.
b. RISING ACTION- events that characters ELEMENTS OF POETRY
encounter: each event leads to further THEME- The underlying message that every
complications. artist or writer wants to convey to us. Themes can be a
c. CLIMAX- turning point in the plot feature in poetry, short stories, novels, music, or any
d. FALLING ACTION- events that unfold after other form of art.
the climax: elicits an emotional response from TONE- The attitude a writer takes toward his or
the readers. her subject, characters, and audience.
e. RESOLUTION/DENOUEMENT- provides the MOOD- The feeling the reader gets from the
closure to the story: signals that the conflict has writing. It appears from the reflection of every emotion
been fully resolved. that readers are trying to give, for it is what they feel
about the literature or poem.
CONFLICT – the struggle between two entities METER- is the basic rhythmic structure of a
verse or lines in verse.
THE CONFLICT MAY BE ONE OF SIX KINDS:  QUANTITATIVE METER
 character vs. character  QUALITATIVE METER
 character vs. nature or natural forces LINE- A group of words arranged into a row.
 character vs. society or culture REPETITION- is repeating words, phrases,
 character vs. machine or technology lines, or stanzas. It is an intentional technique that the
 character vs. God author uses throughout the poem.
 character vs himself or herself VERSE- It refers to a single line of a poem or
stanza but can also be used to other genres such as
POINT OF VIEW- how the story is told who tells it. music. Verse also refer to non-chorus lyrical sections of
a song or collection of bars in rap.
THREE MAIN TYPES OF POINT OF VIEW: RHYME- it is the repetition of syllables,
a. First Person Point of View – the story is told by typically at the end of a verse line.
a character within the story, uses the I pronoun. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE - refers to
language that is not literal, it also suggest a comparison
to something else, so that one thing is seen in terms of
Two Types of First Person Point of View: another.
 STANZA - used to describe the main building IMAGERY- Imagery is a literary device used in
block of a poem. poetry, novels, and other writing that uses vivid
RHYTHM- in poetry can be thought of as the description that appeals to a readers’ senses to create an
beat or the flow of a poem. It is made up of beat and image or idea in their head. Through language, imagery
repetition so it usually refers to features of sound. does not only paint a picture, but aims to portray the
SPEAKER- of a poem is the voice of the poem, sensational and emotional experience within text.
similar to a narrator in fiction. The role of the speaker is
important in poetry. TYPES OF IMAGERY

VISUAL IMAGERY- Visual imagery is description

LESSON 3: FIGURE OF SPEECH that stimulates the eyes. Specifically, your mind’s eye:
when you can visualize the colors, shapes, forms, and
- A figure of speech is an expression used to make aesthetics of something that’s described to you, the
a greater effect on your reader or listener. It writer is employing visual imagery.
includes making comparisons, contrasts,
associations, exaggerations and constructions. It AUDITORY IMAGERY- Auditory imagery is
also gives a much clearer picture of what you are description that stimulates the ears. When you can hear
trying to convey. the sounds of nature, machinery, or someone’s voice, it’s
- because of the description employed in the author’s
METAPHOR- a figure of speech that makes a auditory imagery.
comparison between two non-similar things. As a
literary device, metaphor creates implicit comparisons TACTILE IMAGERY- Tactile imagery is
without the express use of “like” or “as.” Metaphor is a description that stimulates your sense of touch.
means of asserting that two things are identical in Sensations like itching, stickiness, and the warmth of
comparison rather than just similar. sunlight all count as tactile imagery, which appeals to
the way your skin might feel in that moment.
ALLITERATION- Alliteration is the practice of
starting successive words with the same sound in order OLFACTORY IMAGERY - Olfactory imagery is
to create an audible pulse that will give a piece of description that stimulates the nose. By describing the
writing a lulling, lyrical, and/or emotive effect. peculiarities of a scent—its richness, pungence, weight,
distinctness, or physical effect—the author transports the
IDIOM- An idiom is a figure of speech that means reader through the use of olfactory imagery.
something different than a literal translation of the words
would lead one to believe. GUSTATORY IMAGERY- Gustatory imagery is
description that stimulates the tongue. If you’ve ever
ONOMATOPOIEA- Onomatopoeia is the process done a wine or coffee tasting, you know exactly how
of creating a word that mimics a sound and using it to complex a flavor can be. Gustatory imagery captures a
describe that sound. It is also for utilizing or constructing flavor’s richness, acidity, earthiness, sweetness,
phrases that have sounds that are similar to the noises bitterness, harshness, etc.
they relate to.

ALLUSION- Allusion is a literary device or figure LESSON 4: POETRY AND CHILD ADOLESCENTS
of speech that refers back to a previous event, work, or
story. Allusions are left unexplained and are often Poetry- conveys a thought, describes a scene or tells a
indirect, so it is up to the reader to piece together the story in a concentrated and lyrical arrangement of words.
meaning of an allusion using their own knowledge or
research. 15 TYPES OF POETIC FORMS

HYPERBOLE- Hyperbole is a rhetorical and BLANK VERSE

literary technique where an author or speaker Iambic Pentameter – combination of two words where
intentionally uses exaggeration and overstatement for iambics a metrical foot in poetry in which an unstressed
emphasis and effect. syllable is followed by a stressed syllable. (pent-five)

SIMILE- Simile is a literary term where you use FEATURES:

“like” or “as” to compare two different things and show - No fixed number of lines
a common quality between them. A simile is different - Can be composed in any kind of meter, such as
from a simple comparison in that it usually compares iamb, trochee, spondee, and dactyl.
two unrelated things. TYPES:
Iamb pentameter (Unstressed/Stressed Syllables)
PERSONIFICATION- Personification is a poetic Trochee (S/US)
literary device in which non-living things are given Anapest (US/US/S)
human traits. Dactyl (S/US/US)

FREE VERSE
FEATURES:
- Poems have no regular meter or rhythm
- They do not follow proper rhyme scheme; these LESSON 5:
poems do not have any set of rules. CLASSIFICATION OF TRADITIONAL
LITERATURE
RHYMED POETRY
- A poem with rhyming sounds or identical Traditional literature is the body of ancient stories that
sounding final syllables. have been passed from one generation to the next
TYPES: generation.
- Perfect Rhyme
- Slant Rhyme IMPORTANCE AND PURPOSE
- Eye Rhyme
- Feminine Rhyme - It serves as a building block for contemporary
- End Rhymes literature
- Provides window into human nature and diverse
EPICS culture
- Written in formal style - Provides underlying values and beliefs of
- Third Person POV & Omniscient narrator particular cultural groups
- Frequently invokes muse who provides - It provides a strong rhythm, rhyme, and
inspiration to the poet. repetitions of patterns
- Takes place in an era beyond the range - Relatable to everyone.
- Typically includes a journey
- Features hero Characteristics of traditional literature
- Includes obstacles
- Concern with the future of a civilization or Traditional literature has different types of stories, but
culture. because they were all shared for so long, commonalities
- in their features arose.
EXAMPLES:
The blank Comedy PLOT- usually short, simple and direct.
The Mahabharata - Unchanging
- Ends in happy ending
NARRATIVE POETRY
- It features an entire story. It is told by one CHARACTERS- typically Flat and simple
narrator until the end. - It can be one dimensional or two-dimentional
- Usually polars opposite
HAIKU -
- A three-line poetic form origination in Japan. ACTIONS- concentrates to fast moving happenings
First line has 5 syllables, second line has 7
syllables, and third line has 5 syllables. It was SETTING- usually vague and ambigious
popularized by the 17th century.
STORY OPENERS- “ in the beginning”, Once there
PASTORAL POETRY was..”
- Is a poem that concerns the natural world, rural REPEATING PHRASES- mirror mirror on the wall …
life, and landscapes. These poems have THEMES- deals with conflict and contrast.
persevered from Ancient Greece to Ancient
Rome to the present day. EVALUATION AND SELECTION
The following list of evaluation criteria was developed
SONNET with a general child audience in mind.
- A 14-line poem, typically concerning the topic - A traditional tale, even written down, should
of love. Sonnets contain internal rhymes within
preserve the narrative or storytelling, style, and
their 14 lines. The exact rhyme schemes depend
should sound as though it is being told.
on the style of the sonnet. It is originated in Italy
- A traditional tale should preserve the flavor of
and brought to the country of England in the 16 th
the culture or country of its origin through the
century.
use of unusual speech patterns, a few foreign
ELEGIES terms, or proper names common to the culture.
- Elegy (elegos-funeral lament). Is a poem that - The illustrated versions, text and illustrations,
reflects upon death or loss. Traditionally, it must be high quality, and illustrations must
contains themes if mourning, loss, and match the tone of the text and help to capture
reflection. However, it can also explore themes the essence of the culture of origin.
of redemption and consolation. - Traditional tales employ a simple but rich
literary style. Even every young child is
ODE fascinated by the chants, stylistic flourishes, and
- Is a short lyric poem
 colorful vocabulary that are characteristic of FAIRYTALES
masterful storytelling. - Involve ordinary people who have experiences
- In evaluating collections of traditional literature, of a supernatural kind and are affected by
consider the number and variety of tales in the charms, disguises, spells, or other fantastic
collection and the quality of reference aids, occurrences.
such as tables of contents and indexes. - The use of powerful imagery grabs readers’
attention and connects them with the story.
TYPES OF TRADITIONAL LITERATURE

- In recent times, many traditional stories have

been rewritten to omit violence, as in the LESSON 6: HISTORICAL & REALISTIC
Disney versions of folktales. LITERATURE
- Altering the stories robs them of their power,
their appeal, and their psychological benefit to HISTORICAL LITERATURE – tells a story that is set
children. in the past that draws on historical knowledge, usually
- Children should also be made aware of the male based on real settings or sometimes contain real
historical persons.
chauvinism and poor feminine role models.

EXAMPLE
- Classification of traditional literature can be
confusing. Not everyone uses the same terms
- NOLI ME TANGERE
when referring to traditional stories.
REALISTIC LITERATURE – is a reaction to heroism
MYTH and romanticism that portrayed unrealistic deeds by
- About the origins of the world and the elevated members of society. Realism refers to any
phenomena of nature attempt to portray life accurately.
- Often involves gods and other superhuman
beings EX: THE GOD STEALER
- The setting is high above the earth Greek,
Roman, and Norse Origin DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES OF
HISTORICAL AND REALISTIC
EPIC
- A long narrative in verse form that retells a HISTORICAL
heroic journey - Historical literature is the outcome of the past
- Grounded in mythology where characters can - Characters and settings have a resemblance to
the people in history.
be human or divine
- Deals with past principles, merits of that period
- The setting is earthly but not that realistic
and avoids changing events that usually happen
- Highly stylized language, lyrical and dramatic
at present.
traditions
- It often aims to provide a sense of accuracy and
authenticity by depicting historical events and
FOLKTALE figures in a way that is faithful to the historical
- A story that gets passed on from generation to record.
generation.
- True folktales do not have a single author REALISTIC
- The tales were spoken aloud and never written - It is the outcome of the real situation which
down happens in one’s life,
- Have always been a favorite of children - The characters in realistic literature bear
resemblance to the people in true life.
LEGEND - Realistic literature deals with people who face
- Formerly the term legend meant a tale about a tribulations and challenges to overcome the
saint situation in their life.
- A story often believed to be true and in which - Refers to the works that depict everyday life and
the characters are usually considered historical society in a realistic way without necessarily
- Associated with a particular locality or person, being set in the past.
- It aims to depict the world in a way that is
and practices.
believable and relatable to the reader.
- Based on either real or supposedly real
- Realistic literature may be more focused on
individuals and their marvellous
contemporary issues and concerns.
FABLE
- Collection of Fables: Aesop’s Fables
SIMILARITIES
- Panchatantra Tales - Both in realistic and historic literature, the
- The Fables of La Fontaine by Jean de la Fontaine characters and settings’ resemble real life.
- When the readers go through realistic and
historical literature, they feel that these events
happened in their own life. The authors illustrate
these events to the readers in an effective way
through their works.
- The author depicts the character, culture, nature,
etc. of society.
- Both literature can be either fiction or non-
fiction.
- Used to explore themes and ideas that are
relevant to the present day.
- Can be written in a variety of genres and styles,
including novels, short stories, plays, and
poems.