Security Term Defination

Access Control Entries: The individual access permissions per object that make up the
ACL
Access Control List (ACL): It is a way of defining permissions or authorizations for

objects
Accounting: Keeping records of what resources and services your users access or what
they did when they were using your systems
Auditing: It involves reviewing records to ensure that nothing is out of the ordinary
Authentication: A crucial application for cryptographic hash functions
Authentication server (AS): It includes the user ID of the authenticating user
Authorization: It pertains to describing what the user account has access to or doesn't
have access to
Bind: It is how clients authenticate to the server
Biometric authentication: Authentication that uses Biometric data
Certificate Revocation List (CRL): A means to distribute a list of certificates that are no
longer valid
Client certificates: They operate very similarly to server certificates but are presented by
clients and allow servers to authenticate and verify clients
Counter-based tokens: They use a secret seed value along with the secret counter value
that's incremented every time a one-time password is generated on the device
Data information tree: A structure where objects will have one parent and can have one
or more children that belong to the parent object
Distinguished name (DN): A unique identifier for each entry in the directory
Extensible authentication protocol (EAP over LAN, or EAPOL): A standard

authentication protocol
Identification: The idea of describing an entity uniquely
Kerberos: A network authentication protocol that uses tickets to allow entities to prove
their identity over potentially insecure channels to provide mutual authentication
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): An open industry-standard protocol for

accessing and maintaining directory services; the most popular open-source alternative
to the DAP
Multifactor authentication (MFA): A system where users are authenticated by
presenting multiple pieces of information or objects
Network time protocol (NTP): A network protocol used to synchronize the time between
the authenticator token and the authentication server
OAuth: An open standard that allows users to grant third-party websites and
applications access to their information without sharing account credentials
One-time password (OTP): A short-lived token, typically a number that's entered along
with a username and password
One-time password (OTP) tokens: Another very common method for handling multifactor
OpenID: An open standard that allows participating sites known as Relying Parties to
allow authentication of users utilizing a third party authentication service
Organizational units (OUs): Folders that let us group related objects into units like
people or groups to distinguish between individual user accounts and groups that
accounts can belong to
Physical tokens: They take a few different forms, such as a USB device with a secret
token on it, a standalone device which generates a token, or even a simple key used
with a traditional lock
Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service (RADIUS): A protocol that provides AAA
services for users on a network
Risk mitigation: Understanding the risks your systems face, take measures to reduce
those risks, and monitor them
Security keys: Small embedded cryptoprocessors, that have secure storage of

asymmetric keys and additional slots to run embedded code
Single Sign-on (SSO): An authentication concept that allows users to authenticate once
to be granted access to a lot of different services and applications
StartTLS: It permits a client to communicate using LDAP v3 over TLS
TACACS+: It is a device access AAA system that manages who has access to your
network devices and what they do on them
Ticket granting service (TGS): It decrypts the Ticket Granting Ticket using the Ticket
Granting Service secret key, which provides the Ticket Granting Service with the client
Ticket Granting Service session key
Time-based token (TOTP): A One-Time-Password that's rotated periodically

U2F (Universal 2nd Factor): It's a standard developed jointly by Google, Yubico and
NXP Semiconductors that incorporates a challenge-response mechanism, along with
public key cryptography to implement a more secure and more convenient second-
factor authentication solution
Unbind: It closes the connection to the LDAP server
XTACACS: It stands for Extended TACACS, which was a Cisco proprietary extension
on top of TACACS
Terms and their definitions from previous weeks

A
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES): The first and only public cipher that's approved
for use with top secret information by the United States National Security Agency
Adware: Software that displays advertisements and collects data
Asymmetric encryption: Systems where different keys are used to encrypt and decrypt
Attack: An actual attempt at causing harm to a system
Availability: Means that the information we have is readily accessible to those people
that should have it
Backdoor: A way to get into a system if the other methods to get in a system aren't
allowed, it's a secret entryway for attackers
Baiting: An attack that happens through actual physical contact, enticing a victim to do
something
Block ciphers: The cipher takes data in, places that into a bucket or block of data that's
a fixed size, then encodes that entire block as one unit
Botnet: A collection of one or more Bots
Bots: Machines compromised by malware that are utilized to perform tasks centrally
controlled by an attacker
Brute force attacks: A common password attack which consists of just continuously
trying different combinations of characters and letters until one gets access
C
CA (Certificate authority): It's the entity that's responsible for storing, issuing, and
signing certificates. It's a crucial component of the PKI system
Caesar cipher: A substitution alphabet, where you replace characters in the alphabet
with others usually by shifting or rotating the alphabet, a set of numbers or characters
CBC-MAC (Cipher block chaining message authentication codes): A mechanism for

building MACs using block ciphers
Central repository: It is needed to securely store and index keys and a certificate
management system of some sort makes managing access to storage certificates and
issuance of certificates easier
Certificate fingerprints: These are just hash digests of the whole certificate, and aren't
actually fields in the certificate itself, but are computed by clients when validating or
inspecting certificates
longer valid
Certificate Signature Algorithm: This field indicates what public key algorithm is used for
the public key and what hashing algorithm is used to sign the certificate
Certificate-based authentication: It is the most secure option, but it requires more

support and management overhead since every client must have a certificate
Certificate Signature Value: The digital signature data itself
CIA Triad: Confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Three key principles of a guiding
model for designing information security policies
CMACs (Cipher-based Message Authentication Codes): The process is similar to HMAC,

but instead of using a hashing function to produce a digest, a symmetric cipher with a
shared keys used to encrypt the message and the resulting output is used as the MAC
Code signing certificates: It is used for signing executable programs and allows users of
these signed applications to verify the signatures and ensure that the application was
not tampered with
Confidentiality: Keeping things hidden
Cross-site scripting (XSS): A type of injection attack where the attacker can insert
malicious code and target the user of the service
Cryptanalysis: Looking for hidden messages or trying to decipher coded message
Cryptography: The overarching discipline that covers the practice of coding and hiding
messages from third parties
Cryptology: The study of cryptography
Cryptosystem: A collection of algorithms for key generation and encryption and

decryption operations that comprise a cryptographic service
Cryptographic hashing: It is distinctly different from encryption because cryptographic

hash functions should be one directional
Data binding and sealing: It involves using the secret key to derive a unique key that's
then used for encryption of data
Decryption: The reverse process from encryption; taking the garbled output and
transforming it back into the readable plain text
Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack: An attack that tries to prevent access to a service for
legitimate users by overwhelming the network or server
DES (Data Encryption Standard): One of the earliest encryption standards
Deterministic: It means that the same input value should always return the same hash
value
DH (Diffie-Hellman): A popular key exchange algorithm, named for its co-inventors
Dictionary attack: A type of password attack that tries out words that are commonly
used in passwords, like password, monkey, football
Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack: A DoS attack using multiple systems
DNS Cache Poisoning Attack: It works by tricking a DNS server into accepting a fake
DNS record that will point you to a compromised DNS server
DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm): It is another example of an asymmetric encryption

system, though its used for signing and verifying data
ECDH & ECDSA: Elliptic curve variants of Diffie-Hellman and DSA, respectively
Eliptic curve cryptography (ECC): A public key encryption system that uses the
algebraic structure of elliptic curves over finite fields to generate secure keys
Encapsulating security payload: It's a part of the IPsec suite of protocols, which
encapsulates IP packets, providing confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of the
packets
Encryption: The act of taking a message (plaintext), and applying an operation to it
(cipher), so that you receive a garbled, unreadable message as the output (ciphertext)
Encryption algorithm: The underlying logic or process that's used to convert the
plaintext into ciphertext
End-entity (leaf certificate): A certificate that has no authority as a CA
Entropy pool: A source of random data to help seed random number generators
Evil twin: The premise of an evil twin attack is for you to connect to a network that is
identical to yours but that is controlled by an attacker. Once connected to it, they will be
able to monitor your traffic
Exploit: Software that is used to take advantage of a security bug or vulnerability
FIPS (Federal Information Processing Standard): The DES that was adopted as a federal
standard for encrypting and securing government data
Forward secrecy: This is a property of a cryptographic system so that even in the event
that the private key is compromised, the session keys are still safe
Frequency analysis: The practice of studying the frequency with which letters appear in
ciphertext
Full disk encryption (FDE): It is the practice of encrypting the entire drive in the system
Hacker: Someone who attempts to break into or exploit a system
Half-open attacks: A way to refer to SYN floods
Hash collisions: Two different inputs mapping to the same output
Hashing (Hash function): A type of function or operation that takes in an arbitrary data
input and maps it to an output of a fixed size, called a hash or a digest
HMAC (Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Codes): It uses a cryptographic hash

function along with a secret key to generate a MAC
HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure is a secure version of HTTP that ensures
the communication your web browser has with the website is secured through
encryption
I
Injection attacks: A common security exploit that can occur in software development
and runs rampant on the web, where an attacker injects malicious code
Integrity: Means keeping our data accurate and untampered with
Intermediary (subordinate) CA: It means that the entity that this certificate was issued to
can now sign other certificates
IPsec (Internet Protocol security): A VPN protocol that was designed in conjunction with
IPv6
Issuer Name: This field contains information about the authority that signed the
certificate
Kerckhoff's principle: A principle that states that a cryptosystem, or a collection of

algorithms for key generation and encryption and decryption operations that comprise a
cryptographic service should remain secure, even if everything about the system is
known except for the key
Key: A crucial component of a cipher, which introduces something unique into your
cipher
Key length: It defines the maximum potential strength of the system
Key signing parties: Organized by people who are interested in establishing a web of
trust, and participants perform the same verification and signing
Key size: It is the total number of bits or data that comprises the encryption key
Keylogger: A common type of spyware that's used to record every keystroke you make
Logic bomb: A type of Malware that's intentionally installed
L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol): It is typically used to support VPNs
MACs (Message Authentication Codes): A bit of information that allows authentication of

a received message, ensuring that the message came from the alleged sender and not
a third party masquerading as them
Malware: A type of malicious software that can be used to obtain your sensitive
information or delete or modify files
Meddler in the middle (formerly known as Man in the Middle): An attack that places the
attacker in the middle of two hosts that think they're communicating directly with each
other
MD5: A popular and widely used hash function designed in the early 1990s as a
cryptographic hashing function
MIC (Message Integrity Check): It is essentially a hash digest of the message in

question
NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology
Password attacks: Utilize software like password crackers that try and guess your
password
Password salt: Additional randomized data that's added into the hashing function to
generate the hash that's unique to the password and salt combination
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) encryption: An encryption application that allows

authentication of data along with privacy from third parties relying upon asymmetric
encryption to achieve this
Phishing attack: It usually occurs when a malicious email is sent to a victim disguised as
something legitimate
Ping flood: It sends tons of ping packets to a system. If a computer can't keep up with
this, then it's prone to being overwhelmed and taken down
PKI system: A system that defines the creation, storage and distribution of digital
certificates
Pseudo-random: Something that isn't truly random
Public key authentication: A key pair is generated by the user who wants to authenticate
Public key signatures: Digital signature generated by composing the message and
combining it with the private key
RA (Registration Authority): It is responsible for verifying the identities of any entities

requesting certificates to be signed and stored with the CA
Rainbow table attacks: To trade computational power for disk space by pre-computing
the hashes and storing them in a table
Rainbow tables: A pre-computed table of all possible password values and their
corresponding hashes
Random numbers: A very important concept in encryption because it avoids some kind
of pattern that an adversary can discover through close observation and analysis of
encrypted messages over time
Ransomware: A type of attack that holds your data or system hostage until you pay
some sort of ransom
RC4 (Rivest Cipher 4): Asymmetric stream cipher that gained widespread adoption
because of its simplicity and speed
Remote attestation: The idea of a system authenticating its software and hardware
configuration to a remote system
Risk: The possibility of suffering a loss in the event of an attack on the system
Rogue Access Point (AP) Attack: An access point that is installed on the network without
the network administrator's knowledge
Root certificate authority: They are self signed because they are the start of the chain of
trust, so there's no higher authority that can sign on their behalf
Rootkit: A collection of software or tools that an admin would use
RSA: One of the first practical asymmetric cryptography systems to be developed,

named for the initials of the three co-inventors: Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard
Adleman
Screen lock: A security feature that helps prevent unwanted access by creating an
action you have to do to gain entry
Secure channel: It is provided by IPsec, which provides confidentiality, integrity, and

authentication of data being passed
Secure element: It's a tamper resistant chip often embedded in the microprocessor or
integrated into the mainboard of a mobile device
Secure Shell (SSH): A secure network protocol that uses encryption to allow access to a
network service over unsecured networks
Security through obscurity: The principle that if no one knows what algorithm is being
used or general security practices, then one is safe from attackers
Self-signed certificate: This certificate has been signed by the same entity that issued
the certificate
Serial number: A unique identifier for their certificate assigned by the CA which allows
the CA to manage and identify individual certificates
Session hijacking (cookie hijacking): A common meddler in the middle attack
Session key: The shared symmetric encryption key using TLS sessions to encrypt data
being sent back and forth
SHA1: It is part of the secure hash algorithm suite of functions, designed by the NSA
and published in 1995
Shannon's maxim: It states that the system should remain secure, even if your
adversary knows exactly what kind of encryption systems you're employing, as long as
your keys remain secure
Social engineering: An attack method that relies heavily on interactions with humans
instead of computers
Spear phishing: Phishing that targets individual or group - the fake emails may contain
some personal information like your name, or the names of friends or family
Spoofing: When a source is masquerading around as something else
Spyware: The type of malware that's meant to spy on you
SQL Injection Attack: An attack that targets the entire website if the website is using a
SQL database
SSL 3.0: The latest revision of SSL that was deprecated in 2015
SSL/TLS Client Certificate: Certificates that are bound to clients and are used to
authenticate the client to the server, allowing access control to a SSL/TLS service
SSL/TLS Server Certificate: A certificate that a web server presents to a client as part of
the initial secure setup of an SSL, TLS connection
Steganography: The practice of hiding information from observers, but not encoding it
Stream ciphers: It takes a stream of input and encrypts the stream one character or one
digit at a time, outputting one encrypted character or digit at a time
Subject: This field contains identifying information about the entity the certificate was
issued to
Subject Public Key Info: These two subfields define the algorithm of the public key along
with the public key itself
Substitution cipher: An encryption mechanism that replaces parts of your plaintext with
ciphertext
Symmetric key algorithm: Encryption algorithms that use the same key to encrypt and
decrypt messages
SYN flood: The server is bombarded with SYN packets
Tailgating: Gaining access into a restricted area or building by following a real employee
in
Threat: The possibility of danger that could exploit a vulnerability
TLS 1.2: The current recommended revision of SSL
TLS 1.2 with AES GCM: A specific mode of operation for the AES block cipher that
essentially turns it into a stream cipher
TLS Handshake: A mechanism to initially establish a channel for an application to

communicate with a service
TPM (Trusted Platform Module): This is a hardware device that's typically integrated
into the hardware of a computer, that's a dedicated crypto processor
Transport mode: One of the two modes of operations supported by IPsec. When used,
only the payload of the IP packet is encrypted, leaving the IP headers untouched
Trojan: Malware that disguises itself as one thing but does something else
Trusted execution environment (TEE): It provides a full-blown isolated execution

environment that runs alongside the main OS
Tunnel: It is provided by L2TP, which permits the passing of unmodified packets from
one network to another
Tunnel mode: One of the two modes of operations supported by IPsec. When used, the
entire IP packet, header, payload, and all, is encrypted and encapsulated inside a new
IP packet with new headers
Username and password authentication: Can be used in conjunction with certificate

authentication, providing additional layers of security
Validity: This field contains two subfields, Not Before and Not After, which define the
dates when the certificate is valid for
Version: What version of the X.509 standard certificate adheres to

Viruses: The best known type of malware
VPN (Virtual Private Network): A secure method of connecting a device to a private

network over the internet
Vulnerability: A flaw in the system that could be exploited to compromise the system
Web of trust: It is where individuals instead of certificate authorities sign other

individuals' public keys
Worms: They are similar to viruses except that instead of having to attach themselves
onto something to spread, worms can live on their own and spread through channels
like the network
X.509 standard: It is what defines the format of digital certificates, as well as a certificate
revocation list or CRL
0-Day Vulnerability (Zero Day): A vulnerability that is not known to the software
developer or vendor, but is known to an attacker
New terms and their definitions: Course 5 Week 4

Activation threshold: Triggers a pre-configured action when it is reached and will
typically block the identified attack traffic for a specific amount of time
Analyzing logs: The practice of collecting logs from different network and sometimes
client devices on your network, then performing an automated analysis on them
CCMP (counter mode CBC-MAC protocol): A mode of operation for block ciphers that
allows for authenticated encryption
Correlation analysis: The process of taking log data from different systems, and
matching events across the systems
Dynamic ARP inspection (DAI): A feature on enterprise switches that prevents certain
types of attacks
EAP-TLS: One of the more common and secure EAP methods

Fail to ban: A common open source flood guard protection tool

Flood guards: Provide protection against DoS or Denial of Service Attacks
Four-Way Handshake: It is designed to allow an AP to confirm that the client has the
correct pairwise master key in a WPA-PSK setup without disclosing the PMK
GTK (Groupwise Transient Key): A temporal key, which is actually used to encrypt data
Hubs: Devices that serve as a central location through which data travels through; a
quick and dirty way of getting packets mirrored to your capture interface
Implicit deny: A network security concept where anything not explicitly permitted or
allowed should be denied
Intrusion detection and intrusion protection systems (IDS/IPS): Operates by monitoring

network traffic and analyzing it
IP source guard (IPSG): It can be enabled on enterprise switches along with DHCP
snooping
Logs analysis systems: They are configured using user-defined rules to match interesting
or atypical log entries
Monitor mode: It allows to scan across channels to see all wireless traffic being sent by
APs and clients
Network hardening: Is the process of securing a network by reducing its potential

vulnerabilities through configuration changes, and taking specific steps
Network separation (network segmentation): A good security principle for an IT support

specialists to implement. It permits more flexible management of the network, and
provides some security benefits. This is the concept of using VLANs to create virtual
networks for different device classes or types
Network software hardening: Includes things like firewalls, proxies, and VPNs
OES (Operating Encounter Mode): It turns a block cipher into a stream cipher by using a
random seed value along with an incrementing counter to create a key stream to
encrypt data with
Packet sniffing (packet capture): the process of intercepting network packets in their
entirety for analysis
Pairwise Transient Key (PTK): It is generated using the PMK, AP nonce, Client nonce,
AP MAC address, and Client MAC address
PBKDF2 (Password Based Key Derivation Function 2): Password Based Key Derivation
Function 2
PIN authentication method: It uses PINs that are eight-digits long, but the last digit is a
checksum that's computed from the first seven digits
Port mirroring: Allows the switch to take all packets from a specified port, port range, or
the entire VLAN and mirror the packets to a specified switch port
Post-fail analysis: Investigating how a compromise happened after the breach is

detected
Pre-shared key: It's the Wi-Fi password you share with people when they come over and
want to use your wireless network
Promiscuous mode: A type of computer networking operational mode in which all

network data packets can be accessed and viewed by all network adapters operating in
this mode
Proxy: Can be useful to protect client devices and their traffic. They also provide secure
remote access without using a VPN
Reverse proxy: A service that might appear to be a single server to external clients, but
actually represents many servers living behind it
Rogue DHCP server attack: An attacker can hand out DHCP leases with whatever
information they want by deploying a rogue DHCP server on your network, setting a
gateway address or DNS server, that's actually a machine within their control
Tcpdump: It's a super popular, lightweight command-line based utility that you can use
to capture and analyze packets
TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol): To address the shortcomings of WEP security
VPNs: Commonly used to provide secure remote access, and link two networks
securely
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy): First security protocol introduced for Wi-FI networks
Wireshark: It's another packet capture and analysis tool that you can use, but it's way
more powerful when it comes to application and packet analysis, compared to tcpdump
WPA (Wi-fi protected access): Designed as a short-term replacement that would be

compatible with older WEP-enabled hardware with a simple firmware update
WPA2 Enterprise: It's an 802.1x authentication to Wi-Fi networks

WPS (Wifi Protected Setup): It's a convenience feature designed to make it easier for
clients to join a WPA-PSK protected network
802.1x: It is the IEEE standard for encapsulating EAP or Extensible Authentication

Protocol traffic over the 802 networks
802.1X with EAP-TLS: Offers arguably the best security available, assuming proper and
secure handling of the PKI aspects of it

A
ACL

objects
have access to
that should have it
something
Block ciphers: The cipher takes data in, places that into a bucket or block of data that's
a fixed size, then encodes that entire block as one unit

longer valid
longer valid


not tampered with


value

packets


ciphertext

encryption
IPv6
certificate

cipher

to the DAP

other

question

password

certificates

some sort of ransom

Adleman


the certificate
SQL database
issued to
ciphertext
decrypt messages

T
Tailgating: Gaining access into a restricted area or building by following a real

employee in





like the network
on top of TACACS
New terms and their definitions: Course 5 Week 5

Antivirus software: It monitors and analyze things like new files being created or being
modified on the system in order to watch for any behavior that matches a known
malware signature
Application policies: Defines boundaries of what applications are permitted or not, but
they also help educate folks on how to use software more securely
Attack surface: It's the sum of all the different attack vectors in a given system
Attack vector: Method or mechanism by which an attacker or malware gains access to a

network or system
Bastion hosts or networks: A server used to provide access to a private network from an
external network
Binary whitelisting software: It's a list of known good and trusted software and only
things that are on the list are permitted to run
Defense in depth: The concept of having multiple overlapping systems of defense to

protect IT systems
File-based encryption: Guarantees confidentiality and integrity of files protected by

encryption
Host-based firewalls: Protects individual hosts from being compromised when they're
used in untrusted and potentially malicious environments
Key escrow: Allows encryption key to be securely stored for later retrieval by an
authorized party
Normalization: It's the process of taking log data in different formats and converting it
into a standardized format that's consistent with a defined log structure
Platform key: It's the public key corresponding to the private key used to sign the boot
files
Secure boot protocol: It uses public key cryptography to secure the encrypted elements
of the boot process
Security information and event management systems (SIEMS): Form of centralized

logging for security administration purposes
Software signing certificate: Trust mechanism where a software vendor can

cryptographically sign binaries they distribute using a private key

A
ACL
objects
Activation threshold: Triggers a pre-configured action when it is reached and will

typically block the identified attack traffic for a specific amount of time
Analyzing logs: The practice of collecting logs from different network and sometimes
client devices on your network, then performing an automated analysis on them
have access to
that should have it
something
Block ciphers: The cipher takes data in, places that into a bucket or block of data that's a
fixed size, then encodes that entire block as one unit


CCMP (counter mode CBC-MAC protocol): A mode of operation for block ciphers that
allows for authenticated encryption
longer valid
longer valid

not tampered with
Correlation analysis: The process of taking log data from different systems, and
matching events across the systems



value

Dynamic ARP inspection (DAI): A feature on enterprise switches that prevents certain
types of attacks
EAP-TLS: One of the more common and secure EAP methods
packets



Fail to ban: A common open source flood guard protection tool
Flood guards: Provide protection against DoS or Denial of Service Attacks
Four-Way Handshake: It is designed to allow an AP to confirm that the client has the
correct pairwise master key in a WPA-PSK setup without disclosing the PMK
ciphertext
GTK (Groupwise Transient Key): A temporal key, which is actually used to encrypt data

encryption
Hubs: Devices that serve as a central location through which data travels through; a
quick and dirty way of getting packets mirrored to your capture interface
Implicit deny: A network security concept where anything not explicitly permitted or
allowed should be denied
Intrusion detection and intrusion protection systems (IDS/IPS): Operates by monitoring

network traffic and analyzing it
IP source guard (IPSG): It can be enabled on enterprise switches along with DHCP
snooping
IPv6
certificate

cipher

to the DAP
Logs analysis systems: They are configured using user-defined rules to match interesting
or atypical log entries

other

question
Monitor mode: It allows to scan across channels to see all wireless traffic being sent by
APs and clients

Network hardening: Is the process of securing a network by reducing its potential

vulnerabilities through configuration changes, and taking specific steps
Network separation (network segmentation): A good security principle for an IT support

specialists to implement. It permits more flexible management of the network, and
provides some security benefits. This is the concept of using VLANs to create virtual
networks for different device classes or types
Network software hardening: Includes things like firewalls, proxies, and VPNs
OES (Operating Encounter Mode): It turns a block cipher into a stream cipher by using a
random seed value along with an incrementing counter to create a key stream to
encrypt data with
Packet sniffing (packet capture): the process of intercepting network packets in their
entirety for analysis
Pairwise Transient Key (PTK): It is generated using the PMK, AP nonce, Client nonce,
AP MAC address, and Client MAC address
password
PBKDF2 (Password Based Key Derivation Function 2): Password Based Key Derivation
Function 2
PIN authentication method: It uses PINs that are eight-digits long, but the last digit is a
checksum that's computed from the first seven digits
certificates
Port mirroring: Allows the switch to take all packets from a specified port, port range, or
the entire VLAN and mirror the packets to a specified switch port
Post-fail analysis: Investigating how a compromise happened after the breach is

detected
Pre-shared key: It's the Wi-Fi password you share with people when they come over and
want to use your wireless network
Promiscuous mode: A type of computer networking operational mode in which all

network data packets can be accessed and viewed by all network adapters operating in
this mode
Proxy: Can be useful to protect client devices and their traffic. They also provide secure
remote access without using a VPN

some sort of ransom
Reverse proxy: A service that might appear to be a single server to external clients, but
actually represents many servers living behind it
Rogue DHCP server attack: An attacker can hand out DHCP leases with whatever
information they want by deploying a rogue DHCP server on your network, setting a
gateway address or DNS server, that's actually a machine within their control

Adleman
S


the certificate

SQL database
issued to
ciphertext
decrypt messages
Tailgating: Gaining access into a restricted area or building by following a real

employee in
Tcpdump: It's a super popular, lightweight command-line based utility that you can use
to capture and analyze packets
TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol): To address the shortcomings of WEP security





VPNs: Commonly used to provide secure remote access, and link two networks
securely

WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy): First security protocol introduced for Wi-FI networks
Wireshark: It's another packet capture and analysis tool that you can use, but it's way
more powerful when it comes to application and packet analysis, compared to tcpdump
like the network
WPA (Wi-fi protected access): Designed as a short-term replacement that would be

compatible with older WEP-enabled hardware with a simple firmware update
WPA2 Enterprise: It's an 802.1x authentication to Wi-Fi networks
WPS (Wifi Protected Setup): It's a convenience feature designed to make it easier for
clients to join a WPA-PSK protected network
on top of TACACS
802.1X with EAP-TLS: Offers arguably the best security available, assuming proper and
secure handling of the PKI aspects of it
802.1x: It is the IEEE standard for encapsulating EAP or Extensible Authentication

Protocol traffic over the 802 networks
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Security Term Defination

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Security Term Defination

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Access Control Entries: The individual access permissions per object that make up the

Access Control List (ACL): It is a way of defining permissions or authorizations for

Authentication: A crucial application for cryptographic hash functions

Authentication server (AS): It includes the user ID of the authenticating user

Bind: It is how clients authenticate to the server

Biometric authentication: Authentication that uses Biometric data

Extensible authentication protocol (EAP over LAN, or EAPOL): A standard

Identification: The idea of describing an entity uniquely

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): An open industry-standard protocol for

Security keys: Small embedded cryptoprocessors, that have secure storage of

StartTLS: It permits a client to communicate using LDAP v3 over TLS

Time-based token (TOTP): A One-Time-Password that's rotated periodically

Unbind: It closes the connection to the LDAP server

Terms and their definitions from previous weeks

Adware: Software that displays advertisements and collects data

Attack: An actual attempt at causing harm to a system

Authentication: A crucial application for cryptographic hash functions

Botnet: A collection of one or more Bots

CBC-MAC (Cipher block chaining message authentication codes): A mechanism for

Certificate-based authentication: It is the most secure option, but it requires more

Certificate Signature Value: The digital signature data itself

CMACs (Cipher-based Message Authentication Codes): The process is similar to HMAC,

Confidentiality: Keeping things hidden

Cryptanalysis: Looking for hidden messages or trying to decipher coded message

Cryptosystem: A collection of algorithms for key generation and encryption and

Cryptographic hashing: It is distinctly different from encryption because cryptographic

DES (Data Encryption Standard): One of the earliest encryption standards

DH (Diffie-Hellman): A popular key exchange algorithm, named for its co-inventors

Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attack: A DoS attack using multiple systems

DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm): It is another example of an asymmetric encryption

End-entity (leaf certificate): A certificate that has no authority as a CA

Exploit: Software that is used to take advantage of a security bug or vulnerability

Hacker: Someone who attempts to break into or exploit a system

Half-open attacks: A way to refer to SYN floods

Hash collisions: Two different inputs mapping to the same output

HMAC (Keyed-Hash Message Authentication Codes): It uses a cryptographic hash

Integrity: Means keeping our data accurate and untampered with

Kerckhoff's principle: A principle that states that a cryptosystem, or a collection of

Key length: It defines the maximum potential strength of the system

Logic bomb: A type of Malware that's intentionally installed

L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol): It is typically used to support VPNs

MACs (Message Authentication Codes): A bit of information that allows authentication of

MIC (Message Integrity Check): It is essentially a hash digest of the message in

NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology

PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) encryption: An encryption application that allows

Pseudo-random: Something that isn't truly random

RA (Registration Authority): It is responsible for verifying the identities of any entities

Rootkit: A collection of software or tools that an admin would use

RSA: One of the first practical asymmetric cryptography systems to be developed,

Secure channel: It is provided by IPsec, which provides confidentiality, integrity, and

Session hijacking (cookie hijacking): A common meddler in the middle attack

Spoofing: When a source is masquerading around as something else

Spyware: The type of malware that's meant to spy on you

SYN flood: The server is bombarded with SYN packets

Threat: The possibility of danger that could exploit a vulnerability

TLS 1.2: The current recommended revision of SSL

TLS Handshake: A mechanism to initially establish a channel for an application to

Trusted execution environment (TEE): It provides a full-blown isolated execution

Username and password authentication: Can be used in conjunction with certificate

Version: What version of the X.509 standard certificate adheres to