Civil Engineering,

Sustainability and the Future

I: INTRODUCTION TO SUSTAINABLE CIVIL ENGINEERING

What is Sustainability?

Definition: “Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their need.”- Brundtland Report

Plus, sustainability is a value that is shared by individuals and organizations demonstrating

policies, everyday activities and behaviors that are vital in developing the current environmental
and social circumstances. It is subjective and value laden, and achieving it involves balancing a
complex system of issues. It enhances the safety, welfare, and quality of life for all of society. In
general, sustainability establishes the kind of future that people will offer to the next generation.

“Sustainable Development is now absolutely central to Civil Engineering and we must organize
ourselves accordingly” – ICE Council 17 December 2002

The term sustainability originated from the German word “Nachhaltigkeit”, which means
sustainable yield/production. In 1713, “Nachhaltigkeit” appeared in a handbook about forestry,
where it had established the idea of never harvesting more than what the forest can give. Hence,
in the beginning mid-19th century, the German term was then translated to English.

Notable Remarks About Sustainability

“Lack of a precise definition of the term 'sustainable development' is not all bad. It has
allowed a considerable consensus to evolve in support of the idea that it is both morally and
economically wrong to treat the world as a business in liquidation.” - Daly (1991)

“Sustainable development involves devising a social and economic system, which ensures
that these goals are sustained, i.e. that real incomes rise, that educational standards increase, that
the health of the nation improves, that the general quality of life is advanced.” - Pearce, Makandia
& Barbier (1989)
 “The most common definition of sustainability today is that of sustainable development.
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” - Brundtland Commission of the United
Nations (1987)

Sustainability in Civil Engineering (Brief Overview)

It is the utmost responsibility of a Civil Engineer to promote sustainability. Traditionally,

experts have been relating the concept of sustainability in biological systems (the Earth), livelihood
(economy) and human systems (society) which is essential to planning and construction. When an
engineer violates the concept of Sustainable Development in a project, it would account to
jeopardizing the well-being of the public and potentially damaging the environment. Doing this is
not only an unethical move but also a crime against the practice of civil engineering.

National Society of Professional Engineers | Code of Ethics

Under the NSPE Code of Ethics, it is stated that “Engineers shall at all times strive to serve
the public interest by adhering to the principles of sustainable development in order to protect the
environment for future generations.”

II. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (More In-Depth

Information)

Relationship Between Civil Engineering and Sustainable Development

· Civil Engineer as a profession in the 19th century - “is the art of directing the great sources
of power in nature for the use and convenience of man” - Thomas Tredgold

· Civil Engineer as a profession in the 21st century - “is the art of working with the great
sources of Power in nature for the use and benefit of society”
The challenge of improving the daily lives of people in developing communities:

· Calls for a new generation of global engineers who can operate in environments vastly
different from those in the developed world.

· Creative and innovative engineers in unfamiliar cultural settings.

· Deal with a multitude of technical and nontechnical issues beyond their accustomed practice.

Sustainable development involves achieving objectives in three realms:

1. ecological (sustainable scale)

2. economic (efficient allocation)

3. social (just distribution

Questions of just distribution and other questions of equity are often left off the table or
downplayed when engineers and corporate leaders consider sustainable development issues.
Indeed, almost all the effort of engineers and engineering organizations on the issue of sustainable
development has been focused on striking a balance between economic development and
environmental protection.

Sustainable Development Goals and Civil engineering

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

1. No Poverty 10. Reduced inequalities

2. No Hunger 11. Sustainable cities and communities
3. Good Health 12. Responsible consumption
4. Quality Education 13. Climate Action
5. Gender Equality 14. Life below water
6. Clean Water and Sanitation 15. Life on land
7. Renewable Energy 16. Peace and justice
8. Good jobs and Economic Growth 17. Partnerships for the goals
9. Innovations and Infrastructure
 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are seemingly everywhere at the moment, and
are emerging in industry news across most sectors. However, there are some business leaders who
are as yet unconvinced of their utility, who perhaps think they're yet another public relations
exercise or corporate responsibility checklist.

What are the UN SDGs?

The UN Sustainable Development Goals are a set of 17 goals comprising 169 targets
launched in 2016 for the world to achieve by 2030.

Spearheaded by the UN through a deliberative process involving its 194 Member States,
as well as global civil society, the SDGs build on the Principles agreed upon under a resolution
popularly known as ‘The Future We Want’.

Goal 11 ‘Sustainable Cities and Communities’ includes some of the following targets:

● By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services
and upgrade slums.
● By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory,
integrated and sustainable human settlement planning and management in all countries.
● Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the world’s cultural and natural heritage.
● By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including by paying
special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste management.

As is clear from these targets, the goals are a solid set of instructions for governments,
businesses and civil society on how to move from the path we're currently on, to the one which
prevents social and environmental collapse.

Investors are embedding the goals into investment strategies for a number of reasons:

1. Companies forward-looking and planning for a sustainable future.

2. Companies offering solutions to the goals of delivering long-term value creation.

3. Financial institutions are based on long-term strategies

 4. Governments worldwide are incorporating delivery of the SDGs into policy making and
legislative process.

5. Provide a framework which sits across all areas of sustainability and allows easy
benchmarking and comparison.

6. Effectively communicated to companies, consumers, shareholders, and governments.

Opportunities for the Construction and Engineering Sector

The construction and engineering sectors have a hugely important role to play in delivering
the infrastructure for a sustainable future, and companies embracing a problem-solving, forward-
facing, solutions-focused, transparent culture can be assured of continued investor support.

III: IMPORTANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE CIVIL

ENGINEERING

Sustainable development is a vital part for the conservation of the environment for it
focuses on people's welfare. If the harmful effects are ignored, then the main goal of development
work will never be effectively achieved. The following are importance of sustainable development:

1)Proper Use of Means and Resource

Sustainable development disciplines civil engineers to use wisely all the available means
and resources (sands, minerals, fossil fuels, electricity and etc. With this, the benefits from
conservation of means and resources will be optimized without wastage. Consequently, it
will be helpful for the conservation and promotion of the environment.
2) Development of Positive Attitude
Sustainable development changes how we see things for it influences someone's
knowledge, attitude and skills. Furthermore, it makes a civil engineer to become aware and
take into account the preservation of the environment. As a result, it creates a feeling that
a civil engineer cannot automatically own natural resources and just uses it for his personal
will. In addition, it assists to maintain a natural and social environment.
3) Development of Fundamental Parts
 Sustainable development for civil engineering emphasizes the progress of health, tourism
and social reforms for the development of the society and human beings. However, the
promotion and conservation of the environment should be organized ahead of time in an
integrated way.
4. Development Based on People's Participation
People's participation has a huge part in the development work in a construction to achieve
the goal of sustainable development. Since those local people will be the one to use and
utilize the project, their interest in development work and environment conservation should
be created. With this, the public involvement at all levels of environment protection and
promotion also increases.
5. Limitation of Development
Everything should have its limitations. Most people use limited but effective uses of
resources to satisfy their needs. However, due to the too much aim of development which
comes from greed, the over-use of limited and non-renewable resources is increasing. So
in civil engineering, it is important that development works should be conducted as per
carrying capacity.
6. Long Lasting Development
Without damaging or destroying the earth's means and resources, a sustainable civil
engineering development aims to achieve the objective of economic and social
development. It includes the attempt to incorporate the idea of maintaining the present
work while conserving the natural resources for future generation.

IV. ISSUES ON CIVIL ENGINEERING SUSTAINABILITY

Numerous environmental impacts associated with engineering processes are of concern

and must be addressed in efforts to attain engineering sustainability. These include impacts to the
atmosphere, the lithosphere and the hydrosphere, and can be exhibited in many forms (e.g., damage
to the ecosystems, health, aesthetics). Some important environmental impacts associated with
engineering processes of concern regarding engineering sustainability follow:
 ● global climate change (mainly due to greenhouse gas emissions which cause global
warming)
● ozone depletion (due to destruction of the atmospheric ozone layer and subsequent
increases in ultraviolet reaching the earth's surface)
● acidification, and its impact on soil and water (due to acidic emissions)
● abiotic resource depletion potential (due to extraction of non-renewable raw materials)
● ecotoxicity (due to exposure to toxic substances that lead to health problems)
● radiological impacts (such as radiogenic cancer mortality or morbidity due to internal or
external radiation exposure)

To be comprehensive and meaningful, the consideration of the environmental impact of an

engineering activity must consider the entire life cycle of the activity, from acquisition of the
resources, to their utilization and ultimate disposal.

Table 1 — The areas which are assessed

Section Coverage
1. Project The need for environmental risk assessments and environmental management;
management training; the influence of contractual and procurement processes; delivery of
social and environmental performance; construction issues; and minimizing
releases to the environment.
2. Land use Design for minimum land use (i.e. footprint); legal requirements; flood risk;
historical factors; land contamination and remediation.
3. Landscape Consideration of landscaping issues in design; amenity features; loss and
mitigation of features; implementation, management and aftercare.
4. Ecology and Applies to sites of high ecological value; protected species; conservation and
biodiversity enhancement; habitat creation; monitoring and maintenance for biodiversity.
5. The historic Baseline studies and surveys; conservation and enhancement measures to be
environment considered; information and public access.
6. Water Control of a project’s impacts on water resources; legal requirements; water-
resources use efficiency; enhancing the water environment.
7. Energy and Life-cycle and carbon analysis; energy consumption and carbon emissions in
carbon use, excluding embodied energy.
management
8. Material use Impacts of materials used; resource-use efficiency and waste; responsible
sourcing of materials such as timber; minimizing use and impacts of
hazardous materials; embodied energy; durability of materials; maintenance
and future deconstruction.
9. Waste Waste minimization; legal requirements; waste from site preparation; on-site
management waste management.
10. Transport Location of a project in relation to transport infrastructure; minimizing the
traffic impacts of a project; construction transport; minimizing workforce
travel.
11. Effects on Minimizing potential nuisances from construction and use; controlling noise
neighbors and vibration; air and light pollution; visual impact; site tidiness.
12. Relations Consultation with communities; community-relations programs and their
with the local effectiveness; engagement with relevant local groups; human environment,
community and aesthetics and employment.
other
stakeholders

V: SUSTAINABLE CIVIL ENGINEERING STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT

Since the beginning of time, civil engineering has played its role in our society and daily
living before it was even called ‘civil engineering.’ It has become the pillar of our economy. Even
though they’re considered as the pillar and their projects can be seen almost everywhere, only few
recognize their existence and the same thing goes to the waste being produced on a project. Civil
engineering isn’t just about making plans or structural designs. As the pillar of the economy, civil
engineers don't only develop to meet the needs of the economy but they also pay attention to the
environment preservation, resource conservation, as well as practice sustainable development
strategies.
Concept and Content

Sustainable development is initially pertaining to everything around us, specifically,

nature. It sparked a wide discussion that causes a wide range of definition and interpretations. As
mentioned earlier, sustainable development can refer to many areas such as resource conservation
or resource management strategy. This strategy is vital for sustainability since it deals with the
acquisition of a reasonable amount of resources without leaving a negative impact on its source
for future usage.

From time to time, defining the nature of sustainable development can vary because it
raised a concern worldwide resulting in differences in interpretation and discussion about
sustainable development issues.

Ecological sustainability. This is one of the main and major concerns that is greatly
affected by irresponsible practice of sustainable development. Under it, is the management of
waste and the utilization of natural resources. Responsible waste disposal and reasonable
utilization of natural resources can benefit the biosphere. It is not only good for everyone and
everything, but for the future generation as well.

Sustainable development of human society. Similar to ecological sustainability, this aims

on improving the quality of human life and the environment without exceeding the bearing
capacity of the ecosystem. It mainly concerns the development of human health by creating a better
living environment. Reducing the carbon footprint or carbon dioxide emissions of a building can
have a positive impact on the environment and to human health.

VI: APPLICATIONS OF SUSTAINABLE CIVIL ENGINEERING

Ensuring sustainability for the future is one the duties and responsibilities of a civil
engineer which is why it can be applied into different fields of civil engineering. There are five
main branches of civil engineering and they include: Structural Engineering, Geotechnical
Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Transportation Engineering, and Water Resource
Engineering. These branches of civil engineering have the capacity to apply and incorporate
sustainability to improve our quality of life.
 Structural Engineering. Deals with the design and analysis of structures and ensures the
safety of buildings through its ability to handle stresses, forces, and loads and ability to endure
natural phenomena such as typhoons and earthquakes.

Example 1: Sabiha Gökçen International Airport in Istanbul, Turkey. It is one of the

earthquake-proof buildings in the world. It has 300 base isolator systems that can withstand up to
8.0 magnitude of earthquake and reduce lateral seismic loadings by 80%.

Example 2: Suzlon One Earth in Pune, India is a net zero energy building. It is rewarded
by the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design of the platinum certification because of
its generation of electricity. 80% of the building is powered by wind turbines and the 20% is
powered by solar panels.

Geotechnical Engineering. They study the soil, foundations, and bearing capacities on
structures before they are constructed. They also evaluate the earth materials under or near an
existing building.

In a study written by Misra (2011), geotechnical engineering is one of the branches of civil
engineering that uses large quantities of natural and manufactured raw materials compared to
others. The application of sustainability in this field focuses on introducing new environment
friendly materials and reusing waste materials.

Multiple materials that are used in geotechnical engineering:

1. lignosulfonate -promotes surface vegetation, soil stabilization, and substitute for hazardous
coal.
2. The use of recycled materials such as asphalt pavement and cement-stabilized quarry fines as
pavement bases, glass-crushed rock blends for pavement sub-base, shredded scrap tired as
light-weight fill material, and pulverized fly ash to improve thermal properties of emergency
piles are some of the practices that geotechnical engineers do to promote sustainability.

Environmental Engineering. It studies environment-friendly designs, reduction of

pollution and sewage management. They monitor ecosystems and research ways to improve
sanitation - transportation and cleaning of wastewaters.
 One of the most popular issues faced in society is the increasing consumption and
concentration of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere due to the use of fossil fuels. Therefore,
environmental engineers work together to design and create systems that will use renewable energy
resources. Plenty of organizations were gathered in combining sustainable development with a
well-balanced energy management which includes renewable energy. Hydropower plants and
wind power plants are among the most popular renewable energy sources.

Transportation Engineering. They are responsible for planning, constructing, and

manage transportation that are safe, comfortable, convenient, and economically compatible with
the area.

It has a reputation for being unsustainable due to various reasons such as noise pollution,
air pollution, water pollution, and others. Engineers study the different ways in reducing the
negative impacts of transportation. One of their main focuses is to technologically change vehicles
and fuels to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, improve urban and suburban ways for efficient
traffic control, and innovative transportation management for different alternatives for
transportation.

Water Resource Engineering. They design and construct hydraulic structures such as
dams, canals, and water distribution systems. They study bodies of water to maintain and benefit
from it without damaging or disrupting its characteristics.

Sanitation of water sewage is the top priority of water resource engineering. It is one of the
challenges faced by everyone in the world which is why green infrastructures are often advocated
as an alternative to engineering work. Such green infrastructures include “The NYC Green
Infrastructure Plan”, a cost effective green infrastructure to address New York City’s combined
sewage overflow problems. Another application of water resource engineering the development
and mitigation of flood disaster risks by altering hydraulic characteristics and confining flood
inundation. River canalization/ training is often used to reduce floor but also support navigation
VII: FACTORS TO CONSIDER ENSURING SUSTAINABLE OUTCOME

Many other sustainability factors relate to engineering processes, and consequently need
to be considered in the quest for engineering sustainability. These factors are sometimes related
and often overlap. Some of these follows:

● Economic affordability. Engineering services that are required to provide basic needs
must be economically affordable by all societies and people.
● Equity. All societies need to be able to access engineering services, regardless of
geographic location, to achieve engineering sustainability
● Meeting increasing resource demands. It must cope up with the increasing demands of
resources.
● Safety. Engineering must be safe in terms of injury, and cause as few negative health
effects as reasonably possible in the short and long terms to be sustainable.
● Community involvement and social acceptability. People and communities must be
involved in major engineering-related decisions if engineering sustainability is to be
attained, as the support of these groups is critical to success of any initiatives, and such
support almost always requires consultation and involvement in decision making.
● Meeting human needs. The human dimensions of the new technologies must be
addressed to achieve engineering sustainability.
● Appropriate land use. The use of land for engineering-related activities needs to be
balanced with other needs, such as agriculture and recreation.
● Aesthetics. Ensuring engineering products are aesthetically appealing is an important
aspect of engineering sustainability, given the importance of gaining support of individuals
and their communities for sustainability initiatives to succeed.
● Lifestyles. Modifying lifestyles and tempering desires that are engineering-driven can help
in the quest for engineering sustainability. Given that aspirations of people tend to increase
continually; this aspect of engineering sustainability is often very challenging.
● Population. Sustainable engineering needs to account for population growth or address it
in other way

Enhassi et. Al. (2016), on the other hand, classified the factors affecting the project’s
sustainable performance into five phases including Inception phase, Design phase, Construction
phase, Operation phase and Demolition phase. Each phase contains Economic sustainable factors,
Social sustainable factors, and Environmental social factors.

The table below represents the factors in each classification:

PHASE Economic Social Environmental

Sustainability Sustainability Sustainability Factors
Factors Factors
Inception Phase ● Scale and ● Employment ● Ecology preservation
business scope ● Infrastructure ● air pollution Assessment
● Effects on local capacity-building ● Water Pollution
economy ● Community Assessment
● Capital budget Amenities ● Noise Assessment
● Finance plan ● Workers Health ● Waste generation
Safety
Assessment
Design Phase ● Consideration of ● Safety Design ● Designer
life cycle cost ● Security ● Life cycle Design
● Standardization consideration ● Environmentally
● Materials Choice conscious design
● Modular and
standardized design
Construction ● Labor cost ● Direct ● Noise pollution
Phase ● Materials cost employment ● Workers’ health and
● Energy ● Working safety
Consumption conditions ● Recyclable/Renewable
● Water cost ● Public awareness contents
● Site security ● Improvement of ● Reusable/Recyclable
infrastructure element
● Legislation
Operation ● Training cost ● Provision of ● Chemical wastes
Phase ● Local economy services ● Water Pollution
 ● Provision of ● Waste generation
facilities
Demolition ● Labor cost ● Communication ● Environment-friendly
Phase ● Energy to the public demolition method
consumed for ● Operational ● Special waste treatment
operating safety
demolition ● Jon opportunity
● Waste disposal
cost

VIII: IMPACTS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

According to Gausman and Moore (2018), Sustainable Engineering has positive impacts. The
following are the positive impacts of SD:

● By having a building that is sustainable through focusing on its carbon footprint,

greenhouse gas, which is the number one contributor to climate change, will be lessened.
● By using other resources other than electricity, solar panels for instance, reduces sun
exposure and subsequent heat that can reduce cooling cost.
● Having a building constructed around sustainable principles grows in value the longer it is
in existence.

IX: ROLES OF CIVIL ENGINEERS IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainability, as stated in the Policy Statement 418 – The Role of Civil Engineers in
Sustainable Development, is a “set of economic, environmental and social condition which is also
known as “The Triple Bottom Line” in which all of society has the capacity and opportunity to
maintain and improve its quality of life indefinitely without degrading the quantity, quality or the
availability of economic, environmental and social resources.”
 According to the ASCE Code of Ethics, it states that "Engineers shall hold paramount the
safety, health, and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable
development in the performance of their professional duties."

Civil engineers have an important role in sustainable development through planning,

designing, and building infrastructure that suffices the basic human needs and solves the
environmental problem. With this role, civil engineers must actively participate in working with
multidisciplinary teams towards providing a sustainable future.

ASCE Principles of Sustainable Development

Principle 1: Do the Right Project.

The project’s effects such as economic, environmental, and social on the affected
community must be assessed and understood by all stakeholders before proceeding with a project.
Considering both structural and non-structural solutions to the needs being addressed.

Principle 2 - Do the Project Right.

The civil engineer must:
• actively engage with stakeholders;
• secure public understanding;
• accept the project’s costs and benefits with regards to economic, environmental and
social; and
• design projects that address sustainability holistically.

ASCE Steps Towards Sustainable Project

• Perform Life Cycle Assessment from Planning to Reuse.

Use rigorous life cycle methodologies that quantify the economic, environmental,
and social effects of the project.
• Use Resources Wisely.
Minimize the usage of non-renewable resources, involve progressive reductions in
resource use, and evaluate the feasibility of restoration and/or return of depleted resources.

• Plan for Resiliency.

 There is a requirement in planning for the impacts of natural and man-made
disasters as well as in changing conditions of the project.

• Validate the Application of Principles.

Using the metrics and rating tools, civil engineers must guide the project
development and validate the application of principles for sustainable infrastructure.

REFERENCES:

Abdul Raof, M. (2016, March 26). “Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development”. Retrieved

fromhttps://www.slideshare.net/MuhannadAbdulRaouf/civil-engineering-for-
sustainabledevelopment#:~:text=American%20Society%20of%20Civil%20Engineers,av
ailability%20of%20natural%2C%20economic%20and

American Society of Civil Engineers. (n.d.). Policy statement 418 - The Role of The Civil Engineer
 in Sustainable Development. Retrieved from https://www.asce.org/issues-and-
advocacy/public-policy/policy-statement-418---the-role-of-the-civil-engineer-
insustainabledevelopment/#:~:text=The%20American%20Society%20of%20Civil,the%2
0quantity%2C%20quality%20or%20the.

American Society of Civil Engineers. (2008). Development of Sustainability Provisions in ASCE

Code of Ethics. Retrieved September 05, 2020 from https://www.asce.org/question-of-
ethics-articles/nov-2008/

Anonymous (n.d.). Definitions of Sustainable Development. Retrieved September 04, 2020 from
http://www.ecifm.rdg.ac.uk/definitions.htm#:~:text=1.,to%20meet%20their%20own%20
needs.

CNN Staff. (2020, April 25). Green buildings: 18 Examples of Sustainable Architecture Around

the World. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/green-buildings-world-

sustainable -design/index.html.

Enshassi A., et. Al., (2016). “Factors Affecting Sustainable Performance of Construction Projects

during Project Life Cycle Phases”. Retrieved from https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/

index.php/IJSCET/article/view/1195

Fekete, B.M. & Bogardi, J.J. (2015). Role of engineering in sustainable water management. Earth

Perspectives. doi: 10.1186/s40322-014-0027-7. Full Description of Civil Engineering

Branches. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://civilengineeringbible.com/article.php?i=35.

Gausman, Moore (2018). “Why Sustainable Engineering Important?”. Retrieved from

https://www.gausman.com/Our-Company/News/entryid/185/why-is-sustainable-
engineering-important#:~:text=

Herket, J.R. 1998. “Sustainable development, engineering and multinational corporations: Ethical
 and public policy implications.” USA: Nature Switzerland AG. https://link.springer.
com/article/10.1007/s11948-998-0025-y

Jha, M. K.& Lynch, D. R. (2007). Role of Globalization and Sustainable Engineering Practice in
the Future Civil Engineering Education. Retrieved September 04, 2020 from https://www.
witpress.com/Secure/elibrary/papers/SDP07/SDP07062FU2.pdf

Kelly, R. (2018, September 13). Design Buildings Ltd. United Kingdom: The Institution of Civil
Engineer. Retrieved from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sustainable_
Development_Goals_and_civil_engineering

Li, X. & Guo, L. (2015, June 1). Study on Civil Engineering Sustainable Development Strategy.

Retrieved from https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/meici-15/25099.

McFadden, C. (2020, August 22). Top 5 earthquake resistant structures around the world.

Retrieved from https://interestingengineering.com/top-5-earthquake-resistant-structures-

around-world.

Misra, A. (2011, July 1). Sustainability in geotechnical engineering: internal geotechnical report

2011-2. Retrieved from https://opencommons.uconn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=

1000 &context=cee_techreports.

Mosaberpanah, M.A. & Khales, S.D. (2013, September). The role of transportation in sustainable

development. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255991703_

The_Role_of_Transportation_in_Sustainable_Development/link/5a966b5d45851535bcdc
d015/download.

National Society of Professional Engineers. (n.d.). Code of Ethics for Engineers Retrieved
September 05, 2020 from https://www.nspe.org/sites/default/files/resources/pdfs/Ethics/
CodeofEthics/NSPECodeofEthicsforEngineers.pdf
Pawlowski, A. (2010, December 30). Sustainable Development vs environmental engineering:

energy issues. Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka, 40B, 20-618.

doi:10.5772/12963.

Policy Statement 418 – The Role of Civil Engineering in Sustainable Development. (n.d)

https://www.asce.org/issues-and-advocacy/public-policy/policy-statement-418---the-role-
of-the-civil-engineer-in-sustainable-development/

Rodgers, J. (2009). Sustainability and Civil Engineering. Retrieved September 05, 2020 From
https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=civ_engin_st
u_res#:~:text=A%20Civil%20Engineers%20utmost%20responsibility%20is%20sustaina
bility.&text=When%20you%20decide%20to%20follow,that%20you%20are%20bound%
20to.
Rosen, M. A. (2012, September 18). Engineering Sustainability: A Technical Approach to
Sustainability. Retrieved September 05, 2020, from
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=http://www.mdpi.com/2071-
1050/4/9/2270/pdf&ved=2ahUKEwiF577h9dDrAhV1yYsBHUNnCxIQFjASegQIChAB
&usg=AOvVaw0W1yKZxzR8ufXFfxYRhDHX
https://app.croneri.co.uk/feature-articles/engineering-sustainability-civil-engineering

Rosen, M. (2012). “Engineering Sustainability: A Technical Approach to Sustainability”.

Retrieved from: http://www.mdpi.com/20711050/4/9/2270/pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjN

xdzYgc_rAhWKGEKHSpzAh8QFjAAegQIBRAB&usg=AOvVaw0W1yKZxzR8ufXFfx
YRhDHX

Simplified, L. (n.d.). Importance of Sustainable Development. Retrieved September 05, 2020,

from https://www.kullabs.com/classes/subjects/units/lessons/notes/note-detail/1207

The World Energy Foundation. (2014). A Brief History of Sustainability. Retrieved September 04,
2020 from https://theworldenergyfoundation.org/a-brief-history-of sustainability/#:~:text
=Coined%20in%20German%2C%20the%20original,than%20the%20forest%20can%20r
egenerate.
University of Alberta Office of Sustainability. (n.d.) What is sustainability? Retrieved September
04, 2020 from https://www.mcgill.ca/sustainability/files/sustainability/what-is-
sustainability.pdf