Sit very still and quiet. Put your fingers on your neck, just underneath your chin, Can you feel your pulse? Each pulse that you can feel is caused by one beat of your heart. Al through your life, your heart keeps on beating, pushing blood around your body. ‘The blood travels round the body inside tubes called phe diagram shows the basic plan on which the blood vessels are arranged. The [IS] [ERUBISDEREREMo gether make up the circulatory system. — blood. artery to lungs vein from lungs vein from rest of body artery to rest of body The human circulatory system. Cres ‘Look at the diagram to answer these questions. 1 Inwhich direction do arteries carry blood ~ away from the heart, or towards the heart? 2 In which direction do veins carry blood — away from the heart, or towards it? 3 The circulatory system is like a one-way traffic system. Describe two different routes by which blood in the left side of the heart can get to the right side of the heart, (Remember — the person in the diagram is facing you.) ©) 3 The circulatory system3.4 The human circulatory system (‘® Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood One of the most important fimetions of the circulatory system §FOSUppIPOXIPEN to all the cells in the body. ‘Oxygen enters the blood as the blood passes through the lungs, The oxygen diffuses from the air inside the Jungs, into the bloods When blood contains lot of (GAygeny Ie HgHEFed. We say that the blood is oxygenated, ‘Oxygen leaves the blood as the blood passes through tissues where the cells are using up oxygen. The oxygen diffuses from the blood, into the body cells, When blood has lost most of its oxygen, it becomes a more blucish-red. We say that the blood is deoxygenated. Cree Fn You can see blood vessels inside the elephant's ear. 4 Look at the diagram of the human circulatory system. Which side of the heart contains oxygenated blood? a re Meola utane ec Design and make a model to show the human circulatory system. Your model should include something to represent: + the heart, with the two sides joined together but not allowing blood to move directly from one side to the other + the blood vessels that run between the heart and the hungs + the blood vessels that run between the heart and the tissues in the rest of the body. You might be able to add something that moves to your model, such as red and blue beads to represent the blood. era ( ( OSU UC ee Reco Cn us acu RR EU Cane UU a ne RLS Sn et esc eeieceet unica Bsc aoe ett unten nd Eee seciaionsiten (®)‘The diagram shows where your heart is. It is just under your ribs, slightly to left of centre of your body. ‘Your heart is about the same size as your clenched fist. Tris made of very strong muscle. The muscle in the lung and ribs heart contracts and relaxes over and over again, all temoved to through your life. However tired you are, your heart show the heart stil keeps beating, The structure of the heart The position of the heai ‘The diagram shows what the inside of the heart human body. looks like. the artery to lungs artery to body vein from body vein from lungs upper chamber valve valve lower chamber I deoxygenated blood right side left side BB oxygenated blood The structure of the heart. Crt 1. The heart has four chambers ~ an upper and lower chamber on the lef and an upper and lower chamber on the right. a Into which chamber does blood from the lungs flow? b Out of which chamber does blood flow, on its way to the rest of the body? Which two chambers contain oxygenated blood? How the heart works ‘The heart is made of muscle. This muscle contracts and then relaxes. When muscle contracts, it gets shorter. This makes the walls of the heart chambers squeeze inwards. This pushes blood out of the heart. ‘There are valves between the upper chambers and the lower chambers. The valves only let the blood flow from the upper chamber to the lower chamber. There are3-2 The heart (® also valves in the big arteries coming contracting relaxing out of the heart. These valves only let the blood flow out, not back into \ the heart. “This is what happens during one heart beat valve Ait valve + The heart muscle contracts, closed open pushing blood out into the arteries. + The heart muscle relaxes, allowing blood to flow into the heart from the veins. How the heart pumps blood. “a Activity 3.2 (este eraUece escee ae nc) Each time your heart muscle contracts, it sends blood surging through your arteries. You can feel this surge of blood if you put your fingers on a place where there is an artery near the surface of the body. The diagrams show two good places to try: ¢ Each surge of blood is called a pulse. Your pulse rate is the number of pulses in one minute. 1 Read through what you are going to do. Draw a results table, at ready to write in your results as you collect them. Ss 2 Work with a partner. Ask them to sit very still and relaxed for a few minutes. Then count their pulse rat. 3 Now ask your partner to do some exercise for two minutes. Your teacher will suggest a good exercise to do. 4 Assoon as your partner has finished exercising, count their pulse rate again 5 Continue to count their pulse rate every two minutes for ten minutes. 6 Draw a graph to display your results. 7 Use your results to write a short conclusion. rer (( ORO Ce RRO aC eee ea UCL Oe ue CUCeonc Cer aus CCC Sarum itatcs 3 The circulatory system ©Everyone knows that blood is a red liquid, But if you look at blood under a microscope, you may get a surprise. The liquid part of blood is not red at all ~ it is a very pale yellow colour. What makes blood red is the cells that float in this liquid. Creer GED) 1 Look at the photograph of blood. a Approximately how many red blood cells are there for cach white blood cell? Describe two ways in which white blood cells look different from red blood cells. Plasma red blood cell white blood cell This is what human blood look: under the microscope. The white blood cells have been stained with a dye, to make it easier to see them. Plasma is the liquid part of blood, It is mostly water Plasma contains many different substances dissolved in it, For example, sugar is transported around the body dissolved in the blood plasma. The sugar is absorbed into the blood in the small intestine, and is carried all over the body to the cells that need to use it for energy. Red blood cells Most of the cells in the blood are red blood cells. Red blood cells are unusually stall cells. They are red because they contain a red pigment called haemoglobin. When blood flows through the lungs, oxygen diffuses into it. The oxygen combines with the haemoglobin inside the red blood cells. The haemoglobin becomes oxyhaemoglobin. This is a very bright red. When the blood flows through the body tissues, the oxygen separates from the haemoglobin, The oxygen diffuses out of the red blood cells and into the tissues. The oxyhaemoglobin becomes just hacmoglobin again. This is a dull blucish-red. Se the lungs ‘Oxygen diffuses into the blood from the lungs. the tissues es $—$ ‘Oxygen diffuses out of the blood into the tissues.3.3 Blood (‘@Q White blood cells bacterium white blood cell White blood cells are larger than red blood cells, and they always have a nucleus. White blood cells help to defend us against bacteria and viruses that NX get into the body. Some kinds of white blood cells put out ‘fingers’ that capture the bacterium. The white blood cell, Lx then produces enzymes that kill and digest the bacterium, Other white blood cells produce special molecules that attach to the bacteria and kill them, These molecules are called antibodies ‘Some white blood cells take in bacteria and kill them. Platelets Platelets are litte fragments of cells. If a blood vessel gets damaged, the platelets help the blood to clot and seal the wound, Platelets produce chemicals that cause fibres to form in the blood. Red blood cells get trapped in the fibres. A photograph of a blood clot, taken using an electron microscope. 2 Copy and complete this table. red blood cell white blood cell platelet [plasma Blood is made up of different kinds of blood cells floating ina ieee eur} Red blood cells transport oxygen. White blood cells destroy invading micro-organisms. Platelets help blood to clot. Plasma transports dissolved substances such as sugar. siheciutionsrten (@)‘The tubes through which blood flows are called blood vessels. We have three tain kinds of blood vessels in the body. + Arteries carry blood away from the heart. * Veins carry blood back to the heart. + Capillaries connect the arteries to the veins. They carry blood close to every tissue in the body. Crs 4 Karcena says, ‘Arteries carry oxygenated blood, and veins carry deoxygenated blood.’ Explain why she is wrong. (Page 32 will help you.) Suggest why you can feel your pulse in an artery, but not in a vein, Arteries “Arteries have very thick, strong, elastic walls. They need to be strong because they have to withstand the strong forces as the heart pumps blood through them. Their clastic walls are able to expand and spring back as the blood surges through. You can feel this happening when you feel your pulse. Capillaries Capillaries are very tiny. The smallest ones can only be seen with a microscope. They are just big enough to allow red blood cells to get through them. Capillaries have thin walls, made up of only one layer of cells. This means that substances in the blood ~ such as oxygen and sugar ~ can easily get out. The function of capillaries is to supply cells with things that they need, and take away their waste products vein artery capillary Capillaries carry blood from arteries into veins. thick, elastic wall The structure of an artery. thin wall, made of a single layer of cells The structure of a capillary.3-4 Blood vessels (‘® Veins Veins are a similar size to arteries. However, their walls are much thinner, and the space inside them is larger. Veins do not need thick walls, because by the time blood flows into the veins it has lost most of the force that the heart gave it. They do not need very clastic walls either, because the blood is flowing smoothly rather than \). in surges. ‘Veins contain valves, which only let the blood a + towards the heart thinner wall flow one way - towards the heart. Peay oO Ques valves tokeep blood = Ze" 3 Construct a table to summarise the structures flowing in one direction and fictions of arteries, capillaries and veins ‘The structure of a vein. “a GUE fence Cu eau Design and make a poster to show information about the human circulatory systern, Begin by deciding what you will try to show. Include no more than one or two of the following: + aplan of the circulatory system + the heart and how it works + blood — what it contains and what it does + the different kinds of blood vessels. You may be able to use books and the internet to find out extra information about the topics that you choose. For example: + What makes blood flow upwards in the veins from your feet to your heart? + How is the heart muscle supplied with oxygen and sugar? STE ( (A * Blood vessels are tubes that carry blood around the body. * Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Veins carry blood towards the heart. Capillaries carry blood between arteries Se Se Tere Cota ee cu ued of blood. Capillaries are tiny, with very thin walls. Veins have thinner walls than arteries. Veins contain valves sireciutionsten (®)