Module 1 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

St. MARY’S COLLEGE OF TAGUM, INC.
TAGUM CITY, DAVAO DEL NORTE, PHILIPPINES
MODULE 1 TBES 9 – MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
CHAPTER 1. STRESS
The three fundamental areas of engineering mechanics are

statics, dynamics, and mechanics of materials. Statics and
dynamics are devoted primarily to the study of the external
effects upon rigid bodies—that is, bodies for which the change in
shape (deformation) can be neglected. In contrast, mechanics of
materials deals with the internal effects and deformations that
are caused by the applied loads. Both considerations are of
paramount importance in design. A machine part or structure
must be strong enough to carry the applied load without
breaking and, at the same time, the deformations must not be
excessive.
ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES

The equilibrium analysis of a rigid body is concerned primarily 𝑷
with the calculation of external reactions (forces that act external 𝝈=
𝑨
to a body) and internal reactions (forces that act at internal Where;
connections). In mechanics of materials, we must extend this P = Force (N, kN)
analysis to determine internal forces—that is, forces that act on A = Area (mm2)
cross sections that are internal to the body itself. In addition, we 𝝈 = Stress (Pascal, kilopascal, N/mm2)
must investigate the manner in which these internal forces are
distributed within the body. Only after these computations have When SI metric units are used, P is expressed in newtons (N) and
been made can the design engineer select the proper dimensions A in square meters (m2), so the stress s will be expressed in N/m2.
for a member and select the material from which the member This unit is called a pascal (Pa). However, the pascal is an
should be fabricated. exceedingly small quantity and often multiples of this unit must
be used: the kilopascal (kPa), the megapascal (MPa), and the
gigapascal (GPa):
When U.S. customary units are used, force P is usually expressed

in pounds (lb) or kilopounds (kip), and the cross-sectional area A
is given in square inches (in2). The stress 𝜎 then is expressed in
pounds per square inch (psi) or kilopounds per square inch (ksi).
EXAMPLE
Deformation produced by the components of internal forces and
couples.
P: The component of the resultant force that is perpendicular to

the cross section, tending to elongate or shorten the bar, is called
the normal force.
V: The component of the resultant force lying in the plane of the
cross section, tending to shear (slide) one segment of the bar
relative to the other segment, is called the shear force.
T: The component of the resultant couple that tends to twist
(rotate) the bar is called the twisting moment or torque.
M: The component of the resultant couple that tends to bend the
bar is called the bending moment.
STRESSES IN THE MEMBERS OF A STRUCTURES On the figure shown, find stress of the square bar AB and circular
boom BC with a given load 30kN at B.
AXIAL LOADING: NORMAL STRESS
The concept of stress was first introduced by considering a two-
force member under an axial loading. The normal stress in that
member was obtained by
“THE LONGER YOU HAVE TO WAIT FOR SOMETHING,

THE MORE YOU WILL APPRECIATE IT WHEN IT FINALLY ENGR. JEFFERSON KEVIN A. LERIO, CE
MECHANICS PROFESSOR
ARRIVES”
SHEARING STRESS STRESS ON AN OBLIQUE SECTION

By definition, normal stress acting on an interior plane is directed When stresses are created on an oblique section in a two-force
perpendicular to that plane. Shear stress, on the other hand, is member under axial loading, both normal and shearing stresses
tangent to the plane on which it acts. Shear stress arises occur. Denoting by 𝜃 the angle formed by the section with a
whenever the applied loads cause one section of a body to slide normal plane and by the area of a section perpendicular to the
past its adjacent section. axis of the member, the normal stress s and the shearing stress
𝜏 on the oblique section are
(a) single shear in a rivet;

(b) double shear in a bolt; and
(c) shear in a metal sheet produced by a punch.
The distribution of direct shear stress is usually complex and not

𝑷
easily determined. It is common practice to assume that the 𝝈= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽
𝑨
shear force V is uniformly distributed over the shear area A, so
that the shear stress can be computed from
𝑽
𝝉= 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝑽 𝑨
𝝉=
𝑨
PROBLEM 1
BEARING STRESS The bar ABCD in Fig. (a) consists of three cylindrical steel
Bolts, pins, and rivets also create stresses in the members they segments with different lengths and cross-sectional areas. Axial
connect along the bearing surface or surface of contact. Bolt CD loads are applied as shown. Calculate the normal stress in each
of Figure creates stresses on the semicylindrical surface of plate segment.
A with which it is in contact. Since the distribution of these
stresses is quite complicated, one uses an average nominal value
𝜎𝑏 of the stress, called bearing stress.
𝑷
𝝈𝒃 =
𝒕𝒅
Where; PROBLEM 2
P = Force (N, kN) Figure shows a two-member truss supporting a block of weight
t = thickness of the plate W. The cross-sectional areas of the members are 800 mm2 for AB
d = diameter of the bolt hole and 400 mm2 for AC. Determine the maximum safe value of W if
𝝈𝒃 = Bearing stress the working stresses are 110 MPa for AB and 120 MPa for AC.

MECHANICS PROFESSOR
ARRIVES”
PROBLEM 3
The lap joint shown in Figure is fastened by four rivets of 3/4-in.
diameter. Find the maximum load P that can be applied if the
working stresses are 14 ksi for shear in the rivet and 18 ksi for
bearing in the plate. Assume that the applied load is distributed
evenly among the four rivets, and neglect friction between the
plates.

MECHANICS PROFESSOR
ARRIVES”

Module 1 Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

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St. MARY’S COLLEGE OF TAGUM, INC.

TAGUM CITY, DAVAO DEL NORTE, PHILIPPINES

MODULE 1 TBES 9 – MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

The three fundamental areas of engineering mechanics are

ANALYSIS OF INTERNAL FORCES

When U.S. customary units are used, force P is usually expressed

P: The component of the resultant force that is perpendicular to

“THE LONGER YOU HAVE TO WAIT FOR SOMETHING,

MODULE 1 TBES 9 – MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

SHEARING STRESS STRESS ON AN OBLIQUE SECTION

(a) single shear in a rivet;

The distribution of direct shear stress is usually complex and not

“THE LONGER YOU HAVE TO WAIT FOR SOMETHING,

MODULE 1 TBES 9 – MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

“THE LONGER YOU HAVE TO WAIT FOR SOMETHING,

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