UNIVERSIDAD DE ZAMBOANGA

School of Criminal Justice

GEN. CRIMINOLOGY 1ST Yr.

Introduction to Criminology (CRIM1)

PRE-MID TERM ACTIVITY 2

NAME: Brix Mheir I. Feliciano DATE: Sept. 23, 2022

SECTION: BSCRIM1 – 1G (Golf) SCORE: ________________
Discuss your answer to the problem comprehensively. Each question is
equivalent to 10 points. See Rubric provided below as guide for rating your answers.

RUBRIC
(Basis for Checking)

1.Content……………………………………………..4 points
(Knowledge and understanding about the topic)

2. Discussion………………………………………. 4 points
(Organization and presentation of ideas, logical
thinking and reasoning)

3. Grammar………………………………………….2 points
(Correct usage of words, spelling, sentence
construction and punctuation)

Total ________
10 points

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A. Cite and discuss each areas/subjects of the following Criminology Courses; (80pts.)

I. CRIMINAL LAW AND JURISPRUDENCE

Area I includes the following:

1. Criminal Law I (Revised Penal Code I) – this includes the study of the general provisions of the
Revised Penal Code, Special Criminal Statutes of the Philippines, Presidential Decrees and
Letters of Instructions and cases relative thereto. As future law enforcers, the students attain
the degree of knowledge that will enable them to understand the commission of felonies, the
stage that is attendant to the crime, the circumstances that surround each and every act.
Needless to say, the course is a basis in the preliminary aspects of police investigation which
is a must for every aspiring police officer. Time when Act takes effect. – This Code shall take
effect on the first day of January, nineteen hundred and thirty-two.

2. Criminal Law II (Revised Penal Code II) – This deals with the study of crimes and penalties,
study of elements of crime embodied in the Revised Penal Code Book 2, the circumstances
which affect criminal liabilities including the study of jurisprudence. Further, this course is
crafted in a manner that each student should know the fundamental concept of crimes, its
elements and their distinctions with other crimes. That the crime be committed in contempt
or with insult to the public authorities. That the act be committed with insult or in disregard
of the respect due the offended party on account of his rank, age, or sex, or that is be
committed in the dwelling of the offended party, if the latter has not given provocation.

3. Criminal Procedure – This focuses on the Rules of Court on Criminal Procedure and cases
covering the law on arrest, searches and seizures, rules and preliminary investigation, the
granting of ball and the rights of the accused. Criminal procedure refers to the methods used
to investigate and prosecute a crime. In addition, criminal procedure protects the rights of
the defendant.

4. Criminal Evidence – This studies the fundamental principles of criminal evidence as embodied
in the Rules of Court; designed especially in relation to police matters to make evidence
available, competent and relevant in any proceeding before any court, tribunal or body
exercising quasi-judicial functions. Evidence is the means, sanctioned by these rules, of
ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact.

5. Court Testimony - This course includes observation, enactment and the participation of the
police officers in the judicial processes. Finally, it prepares the students in their profession, as
they will soon play an active and direct role in the prosecution of offenses in court.
Testimony consists of statements that witnesses make in court that are offered as evidence
to prove what is being said. A witness must have personal knowledge of the matter about
which he or she is testifying, which means that the witness must have perceived the incident
and must remember it.
II. LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION
Area II includes the following:

1. Police organization and Administration with Police Planning – This includes the study of the
principles underlying the police organization and management of the police with particular
focus on the Constitutional mandate, Republic Act 6975 and Republic Act 8551 together with
previous laws and issuances relating thereto. It includes the organizational structure and
Administration of the Philippine National Police, both national and local levels. Emphasis is
given on direction, supervision, coordination and control of all local police forces as
homogeneous body under a single command. It includes the basic management functions
insofar as these are applied to the police organization. Police Planning is integrated into this
course, and it is designed to equip the students with knowledge on the development of
effective plans, particularly on strategies and tactics for effective operations. The emphasis is
on the special techniques and procedures applicable to unusual criminal activities, civil
disturbances, special community events, disaster plans, and civil defense. The hiring,
management, retention, discipline, and termination of law enforcement personnel all involve
ethical and legal decisions. Police Organization and Administration with Police Planning is a
human resources perspective. Accountability is necessary for all of this, both within and out.

2. Industrial Security Management – This covers the organizational set-up, administration and
operation of security agencies, special police and investigation agencies. It deals with the
study of the Private Security Agency Law and its implementing rules and regulations; loss
prevention and assets protection program; and the different methods and techniques used
by security agencies in their law enforcement activities. The general security methods and
the moral obligations of individuals concerned are highlighted by industrial security
management. The text discusses operational management, public relations, general security
management, management of security staff, and the dangers of mismanagement.

3. Police Patrol Operations with Police Communication System – This covers the organizational
set-up of a patrol force, its functions and responsibilities, to include types of patrol,
strategies, tactics and techniques; patrol supervision; and, its functional relationships with
other police units. It includes study of various systems of police communications like
telephone, radio, TV and teletype; techniques in transmission of messages thru the various
media and its application to the requirements of police administration and operations; use of
police call boxes and 2-way radio. It also includes instruction on the use of modern electronic
gadgets on the transmission of messages such as the use of signal lights and flares. The major
element of the police department is Police Patrol. The officers’ decisions directly affect the
people in the community.

4. Police Intelligence – This focuses on a comparative study of military and police intelligence
functions and operations, types of police intelligence, phases of intelligence cycle; modus
operandi (MO) and order of battle regulations (OBR) for the identification of criminals and
other threats to national security. Analysis of criminal information enables law enforcement
agencies to create a proactive reaction to crime. They are able to recognize and comprehend
the criminal organizations active in their local communities.
 5. Police Personnel and Records Management – This includes the study of police personnel
management functions from recruitment to retirement; application of NAPOLCOM and PNP
rules and regulations; police records management; and preparation of police personnel
reports. To summarize, Police Personnel Management employs planning, organizing,
directing, and managing of daily actions involved in hiring, developing, and motivating people
as well as in coordinating their efforts to fulfill the police’s goals.

6. Comparative Police System – This covers the comparison of selected police models and their
relation with Interpol (International Police) and UN (United Nation) bodies in the campaign
against transnational crimes and in the promotion of world peace. As we compare our own
police system with other models we would be able to gain insights into how to deal with
transnational or borderless crimes. Besides, best practices may be adopted from other police
models in order to make policing in this country more current and effective. Comparative
Police System is the science and art of investigating. And evaluating various countries’ police
departments. The study of is covered. Various police units’ structures, programs, and tactics.

III. CRIME DETECTION AND INVESTIGATION

Area III includes the following:

1. Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation – This cover the concepts and principles of Criminal
Investigation including the modern technique in Crime Detection and Investigation. This also
includes modern techniques in processing the crime scene involving murder, homicide, rape,
robbery, etc. It also aims to study the concepts and general principles of arrest, searches and
seizure, and the rights of the accused during custodial investigation. The perception,
knowledge, and/or facts that the investigator has gathered, requested of, or acquired from
individuals, evidence, or documents, which are important to the establishment of truth about
the commission of a crime or criminal activity, are known as the fundamentals of criminal
investigation.

2. Traffic Management and Accident Investigation – This includes fundamentals of traffic safety
education, enforcement, engineering , techniques in vehicular and pedestrian direction and
control, techniques in point and inter-sectional vehicle-volume determination for emergency
and priority control; study of different traffic decrees, codes in national and local levels;
techniques in the preparation of selective enforcement plans and policies for special and
emergency traffic situations, methods and procedures in the use of hand signals and electric
signal lights; techniques in accident investigation; determination of reaction-time and brake-
in time, and application of scientific aid in hit- and-run cases. It was formulated to meet the
needs of criminology students on the development of knowledge about traffic investigation
and the familiarization of the provisions of Republic Act No. 4136. And the course covers the
fundamentals of traffic safety education, enforcement, engineering, techniques for directing
and controlling vehicles and pedestrians, methods for determining the point and
intersectional volume of vehicles for emergency and priority control, and an examination of
various national and local traffic laws and codes.
 3. Special Crime Investigation – This involves a special study of modern techniques in the
investigation of crimes and penalized under special laws. This course imparts to the students
of criminology every investigative technique in order to promote a fast pace in The solution
of special crimes. Further, this is a guide for every students, “if the LAW has made you a
WITNESS, remain a man of SCIENCE, you have no VICTIM to avenge, NO GUILTY or INNOCENT
person to RUN or SAVE; you will bear WITNESS, within the limits of SCIENCE.” Special crime
investigation focuses on the analysis of significant crimes using specialized investigative
methods. The research focuses mainly on physical evidence, including its gathering, handling,
identification, and preservation while working with the crime lab.

4. Organized Crime Investigation – This study of the nature of organized crimes, their attributes
and categories. The study includes international and local organized groups. This also focuses
on crimes committed by a person, group of persons, or corporations while undertaking
legitimate profession or business occupation. Furthermore, the investigation establishes if
the findings of the intelligence gathering and analysis can be linked to the illegal activity of
networks or organizations. Organized crime investigations require specialized training and
perseverance.

5. Drug Enforcement and Vice Control – This includes the study of Drug Abuse Prevention and
Education Program of the government as well as recognition, nature and extent of drug
problems; causes and influence of drug abuse; origin, identification and classification of
commonly abused drugs, prohibited and regulated drugs and symptoms of drug abuse. This
course also includes preventive drug abuse education and information program in schools
and communities; and treatment and rehabilitation program for drug dependents. This will
likewise assimilate information to achieve the ultimate goal of drug abuse prevention
program, which is “a drug free community”. And rather than being seen as an addiction, it is
more often seen as a moral failing or weakness. In the classification of vices, drugs, alcohol,
cigarettes, watching pornography, and gambling are traditionally the forerunners, however
eating sugar, driving quickly, or cursing can also be considered a vice.

6. Fire Technology and Fire Investigation – This covers the principles of fire technology and its
behavior. It also emphasizes fire investigation and the role of firefighters during the
suppression and investigation, the study of fire and Building Code, and law on destructive
arson including arson investigation. The course is offered to meet the demands promulgated
in Presidential Decree 1185. The physical characteristics of a fire scene are examined by fire
and arson investigators, who also seek for and gather concrete evidence at the scene. The
cause of the fire is then investigated using this evidence to assist determine whether it was
accidental or intentional.

IV. CRIMINALISTICS
Area IV includes the following:

1. Personal Identification – This covers the fundamental study of ancient and modern methods
identification with emphasis on Dactyloscopy, Orthodontology and Palmistry, which
embraces the identification and comparison of fingerprint patterns and the ridge
characteristics, the scientific method of recognition, development and preservation of latent;
and the recording and classifying of fingerprints that include the Henry System and the FBI
Extension. Personal identification in criminology refers to the numerous techniques that
 police can employ to identify a person as a suspect, witness, or victim. Investigation might be
used to observe or learn about identifying procedures.

2. Police Photography – This includes the history of photography, technical photography and
forensic photography. Police Photography shall also cover the study of the Advance Photo
System and its application in police work. In criminal investigations, police photography is
essential. The images they collect at crime scenes serve as a permanent record of the scene
and the evidence discovered there, which is used by both detectives and prosecutors.

3. Forensic Ballistic – This involves scientific study of firearm identification with the use of
laboratory examination. The subject gives emphasis on the study of ammunitions, projectiles,
gunpowder, primer and explosives, including the use of the bullet comparison microscope. It
deals with the principles in the microscopic and macroscopic examination of firearm
evidences and the preparation of reports for legal proceedings in the solution of cases
involving firearms. Also, Forensic ballistics is a field of study that focuses on examining and
classifying firearms based on the ammunition that has been discharged through them.

4. Questioned Documents Examination – This covers the scientific methods of identification of

questionable documents, handwriting examination, detection of forgery, falsification and
counterfeiting of documents which stress the procedures of restoring and deciphering
erasures and obliterations; examination of documents by means of visible light, ultra-violet
and ultra-red radiation and colored powders; recognition and selection of standards; and
examination of questionable typewriting, computerized documents and other forms of
modern printing. The inspection of papers that may be contested in court is known as
questioned document examination, or QDE. Its main goal is to use scientific procedures and
methodologies to offer proof regarding a suspicious or questionable document.

5. Polygraphy (Lie Detection) – This deals with the study of lie detection and interrogation. It
covers the methods and techniques of conducting polygraph examination including modern
deception detection techniques. The focus of the study is on the uses of the polygraph
instrument and other conventional methods and techniques of conducting polygraph
examination including modern deception detection techniques. Also recognized as a lie
detector in popular culture. It takes a number of physiological readings, including blood
pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin conductivity, and records them when the subject is
questioned and provides an answer to a series of questions.

6. Legal Medicine – This deals with the application of medical science in crime investigation
with emphasis on human anatomy and physiology, medico legal aspects of physical injuries,
death and crimes, abortion, infanticide, paternity and filiatons, impotency, sterility and
poisoning. And it is the skill of applying medical knowledge and precepts to various issues of
civil, criminal, and canon law so as to enlighten or interpret in a suitable manner.
V. SOCIOLOGY OF CRIMES AND ETHICS
Area V includes the following:

1. Introduction to Criminology and Criminology and Psychology of Crimes – This presents the
overview of the different schools of thought in criminology; theories that explain criminal
behavior; techniques for measuring the characteristics of criminals, crime, and victims; the
interrelatedness of theory, policy and practice in the criminal justice system; and, current
issues and studies in criminology. The study of crime is called Introduction to Criminology and
Criminology and Psychology of Crimes. Although they frequently get mixed up, each have a
significant difference. Criminal psychology is the study of the human mind and how it
motivates people to commit crimes, while criminology is the study of crime and its effects.

2. Philippine Criminal Justice System – This studies the five pillars of criminal justice in the
Philippines – law enforcement, the prosecution, the courts, the corrections and the
community. It also covers pillar’s respective functional relationships as well as individual roles
in the administration of the justice system in the solution of crimes. It will also make the
students know the objectives and goals of its criminal justice pillar and its relationship as a
whole system as well as encourage the students to know by heart their role as a member of
the society. Institutions that uphold peace and order have been developed and established
by the Philippine government.

3. Ethics and Values – This gives emphasis on a humanity-oriented discipline intended to

develop understanding of the norms of appropriate action in public safety; the basic issues
including the legal and moral duties of public safety officers towards the community, based
on the Presidential Decree No. 62. It is the study of human motivation and, in the end,
rational behavior. The term is derived from the Greek words ethos, which means a
characteristic way of acting, and ethics, which means customary morality, the quality that
determines whether an act is good or bad, good or evil, moral, immoral, or amoral.

4. Juvenile Delinquency and Crime Prevention – This deals with the etiology of delinquency;
prevention and control of teenage crime and manner of combating it; influence of
community institutions om delinquency; organization of civic and government councils for
the prevention of juvenile delinquency; establishment of recreation and character building
agencies; counseling and guidance clinics for juveniles and police juvenile control bureaus;
study of juvenile courts; probation service and correctional institutions; study of social
welfare agencies and the laws applicable. The terms “juvenile delinquency” and “crime
prevention” have many different meanings. For example, a delinquent person is someone
who repeatedly violates social mores or norms, and the term “juvenile delinquency” is used
to describe a wide range of inappropriate behaviors among children and young people.

5. Human Behavior and Crisis Management – This focuses on understanding abnormal behavior
in relation to crime and adoption of strategies and tactics in dealing with potential and actual
crisis. It includes the art of negotiation and the application of appropriate force during an
emergency. It is the procedure by which a company responds to a significant incident that
poses a risk to the company or the public as a whole.
 6. Criminological Research and Statistics – This explores the different ways in which
criminological he research (e.g. case study, policy-related, action-based), different types of
research designs, and the use of statistics. Man’s speculation and reality are connected
through the investigation of phenomena, which includes the gathering, presentation,
analysis, and interpretation of evidence.

VI. CORRECTIONAL ADMIISTRATION

Area VI includes the following:

1. Institutional Corrections – This covers an examination of the history, philosophy and

objectives of imprisonment and the development of prisons. A study of institutional agencies
in the Philippines, to include BJMP which oversees city and municipal jails, provincial jails and
the Bureau of Corrections and their institutions in terms of their structures, management,
standards, programs and services. These also include critical analysis of the laws creating
these agencies to determine areas for possible improvement. The course likewise assimilates
information to achieve the ultimate goal of rehabilitation and reformation of criminals in an
attempt to maintain and ensure public safety. The criminal justice system’s division that
deals with the detention, supervision, and rehabilitation of criminal offenders. The custody,
supervision, rehabilitation, and reformation of the convicted offender fall under the
jurisdiction of the jail/prison, which is the subject of this study.

2. Non-Institutional Corrections – This studies Presidential Decree 968, otherwise known as the
“Probation Law of 1976 as Amended”, establishing a probation system in the Philippines, its
historical background, philosophy, concepts and operation as a new correctional system,
investigation, selection and condition of probation, distinction between incarceration, parole,
probation and other forms of executive clemency, total involvement of probation in the
administration of the Criminal Justice System. Also, it studies Act 4103 (Indeterminate
Sentence Law); law that created the Board of Pardons and Parole, system of releasing and
recognizance, execution, clemency and pardon. This course is also designed to help students
to be knowledgeable on how parole systems as well as other Executive Clemencies are being
implemented in the country. This refers to a procedure for reforming condemned offenders
without requiring them to serve a prison sentence.

VII. PRACTICUM (Non-board)

On-the-job Training and Community Immersion – This is intended to develop an understanding

and exposure into the Psychology and Sociology of Crimes, Crime Detection and Investigation
and Criminalistics, actual operation of PNP, BJMP, BFP and Security Agencies, and such agencies
the five (5) pillars of the Criminal Justice System and the relationship between them as a
supplement and in conjunction with the academic program; off-campus or practicum program in
selected police agencies; actual field work, observation and practice of police tasks, activities or
operations, including patrol, traffic, crime investigation, criminalistics, performed internships
requiring observations in penal institutions, jails, reformatories in DSWD, NBI, CHR, NAPOLCOM
and such other agencies related to the course or program. My personal opinion is that this course
is intended to give BS Criminology students real experience in police work, jail or prison
operations, fire departments, security agencies, and other organizations that make up the five
pillars of the criminal justice system.
B. Give and define each type of law. (20 pts.)

1. Divine Law – This Law refers to the law of the Supreme Being such as the Ten Commandments.
Divine Law is the law of religion and faith which concerns itself with the concept of sin and
salvation. It was formally promulgated or made by God and revealed or passed on to mankind by
means of direct revelation. Punishable by the Revised Penal Code book II; is considered crime as
mala inse.

2. Natural Law – This Law refers to that which is rooted from core values shared by many cultures,
to name a few are: Crimes against person (murder, rape, assault), or Crimes against property
(theft, larceny, robbery). Natural law is a philosophical theory that states that humans have
certain rights, moral values, and responsibilities that are inherent in human nature. Natural law
theory is based on the idea that natural laws are universal concepts and are not based on any
culture or customs. It is also Punishable by the Revised Penal Code book II; is considered crime as
mala inse.

3. Statutory Law – This Law refers to law enacted by legislatures and reflects current cultural mores
such as: Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 (R.A 9165). In the Philippines, statutory
law includes constitutions, treaties, statutes proper or legislative enactments, municipal charters,
municipal legislation, court rules, administrative rules and orders, legislative rules and
presidential issuance. Statutory laws are written laws that are enacted by an legislative body. Any
act or an omission in violation of statutory law is called crime mala prohibita.
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