Fundamentals of Photography - John Greengo - CameraPDF

F U N D A M E N TA L S O F P H O T O G R A P H Y
wi t h J OH N G REE NGO
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHOTO GRAPHY
Shutter
The Camera
Section 1
Speeds
The Sensor
Section 2
ISO
The Lens
Section 3
f/5.6
The Lens
Section 3
f/5.6
Exposure
Section 4
Shutter Speed
Aperture ISO
A
M
S
P
M
Focus
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Section 5 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 5 10 15 20
The Gadget Bag
Section 6
Light
Section 6
The Art of Editing
Section 8
RAW
Folders
Composition
Section 9
Multi-shot Techniques
Photographic Vision
Section 10
Photographic Process
Section 1: The Camera
Section 2: The Sensor
Section 3: The Lens
Section 4: Exposure
Section 5: Focus
Section 6: The Gadget Bag
Section 7: Light
Section 8: The Art of Editing
Section 9: Composition
Section 10: Photographic Vision
Instagram
#firstphotoever
@john_greengo
PHOTOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
Imaginative Curious
Passionate Meticulous
Observant Autonomous
Persistent Decisive
Innovative Patient
STEPS TO GREAT PHOTOGRAPHY
1. Learn the fundamentals of photography
2. Learn how to operate your camera
3. Learn how to see like a photographer

4. Learn the field skills
5. Shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot, edit, review…

FOUNDATION OF KNOWLEDGE
Artistic
Subject
Timing Composition
Depth
Lens Light
of Field
Filters Exposure Modes Light Meter Focus Mode
Tripods Metering Camera Settings File Type Sensors
Drive Mode Focus Points Custom Functions Histogram
Aperture Technical
Shutter Speed ISO
Focus Exposure
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
THE CAMERA
THE CAMERA
Camera Types
Shutter Speeds
Camera Settings
Camera Types The Camera
Image Area
Viewing System
Lens System
Shutter System
Image Area Camera Types The Camera
Full Frame
36x24mm
36mm
24mm
35mm Film
Full Frame APS-C APS-C Four Thirds 1” 1/2.3” 1/3”

36x24mm 24x16mm 22x15mm 17x13mm 13x9mm 6x5mm 5x4mm
More information in ….
The Sensor
Section 2
DSLR - Digital Single Lens Reflex Viewing System The Camera
LENS
MIRROR
FOCUSING
SCREEN
PRISM
VIEWFINDER
FOCUSING
SCREEN
FOCUSING
SCREEN
Sharp viewing image

Good viewing in low light
Great AF system for action
Viewfinder is only a preview

Limited “digital” assistance
Vibrations caused by mirror
LCD - Liquid Crystal Display Viewing System The Camera
“POINT & SHOOT”

“POINT & SHOOT”
LENS
SENSOR
LCD DISPLAY
“POINT & SHOOT”

Small size
Easy to view with both eyes
POV possibilities
Limited manual options

Difficult to use in bright light
Lower resolution
EVF - Electronic View Finder Viewing System The Camera
EVF
LENS
VIEWFINDER
SENSOR
LCD
Resolution
Resolution
SONY FUJIFILM SONY LEICA

A6500 X-T2 A7RIII SL
Resolution 2.4m dot 2.4m dot 3.7m dot 4.4m dot
SONY FUJIFILM SONY LEICA

A6500 X-T2 A7RIII SL
Resolution
Magnification 1x 1.2x 0.78x .8x
0.7x (equiv.) 0.77x (equiv.)
1x
Magnification
24 x 16mm
24mm
APS 16mm
Full
Frame
.66x
Magnification 36 x 24mm
(Equivalent)
Resolution
Magnification
Coverage
95% Coverage 100% Coverage
100% Coverage
95% Coverage
Resolution LED - Light-Emitting Diode

Magnification
Coverage OLED - Organic Light-Emitting Diode
Display type - BETTER CONTRAST
- SMALL & LIGHTER
Field sequential display

1 2 3
Resolution
Magnification
Coverage
Display type
Refresh / FPS
3
2
1
Resolution Manual Switch EVF

Magnification
Coverage
Display type Eye Sensor
Refresh / FPS
Eye Sensor/Switch
Resolution 18-22mm
Magnification
Coverage
Display type
Refresh / FPS
Eye Sensor/Switch
Eye-point
Resolution
Magnification
Coverage
Display type
Refresh / FPS
Eye Sensor/Switch
Eye-point
Diopter
Focus Scale Magnification
Peaking Dual Image

Lower resolution viewfinder

Refresh lag
Low dynamic range viewfinder
Power consumption
View of the lens with no parallax

Smaller than prism & mirror system
Final image preview: Exposure, DOF, WB
Low light boost
100% coverage
Image review in bright light
Silent shutter
Video recording in viewfinder
Power saving over LCD
Information overlay
SLT - Single Lens Translucent Viewing System The Camera
AUTOFOCUS
SENSOR
ELECTRONIC
⅓ LIGHT VIEWFINDER
TRANSMISSION
IMAGE SENSOR
⅔ LIGHT
TRANSMISSION
TRANSLUCENT
MIRROR
SLT - Single Lens Translucent Viewing System The Camera
Continuous focus system

Digital focusing aids & info
Final image preview
Mirror “steals” 1/3 of the light

Not “significantly” faster focusing
Lower quality viewing experience
Rangefinder Viewing System The Camera
FRAME
LINES
FOCUSING
AREA
Very accurate manual focusing

Constant viewing
View outside the image area
Parallax with macro & long lenses

Not the “real” lens
Limited system
Hybrid Optical/Electronic Viewing System The Camera
LCD
HALF
MIRROR
HYBRID
ELECTRONIC
TRADITIONAL
VIEWFINDER
VIEWFINDER
OPTICAL FINDER
Hybrid Optical/Electronic Viewing System The Camera
Best of “both” worlds

Digital overlay of actual image
Options
Limited compatibility with optical

Manual focus not as good as rangefinder
Same limitations of EVFs
Other Systems Viewing System The Camera
Optical Viewfinder View Camera
Twin Lens
THE CAMERA
Viewing System
Q&A
Lens System The Camera
Add-on Lenses
Fixed Lens Interchangeable Lens

Mobile Device Lens System The Camera
Portability
“Good” quality
Connectivity
Fixed Lens
Marginal quality in low light
Few features or options
Little to no manual control
Portability
“Good” quality
Connectivity
Fixed Lens
Marginal quality in low light
Few features or options
Little to no manual control
Poor camera controls
Massive DOF on most everything
Limited focus controls
Awkward to hold
Limited accessories
Point & Shoot Cameras Lens System The Camera
Favorites
CANON G9X MARK

SONY RX10 IV II
“Larger” sensor
“Faster” lens
Manual controls
CANON G7X
PANASONIC LX100 MARK II
SONY RX100 V
Premium
LEICA Q (TYPE 116) SONY RX1 RII

Much “Larger” sensor
Manual controls
Premium controls
FUJIFILM X-100F FUJIFILM X70
CANON G1X MARK III

Compact size
“Low” cost
Simplicity
Limited lens options

Limited shallow DOF capability
AF system not for sports or action
DSLR - Digital Single Lens Reflex Lens System The Camera
1D X MARK 5DS/ 5D 6D 7D 80D 77D REBEL REBEL REBEL

II 5DSR MARK IV MARK II MARK II T7I/ SL2/ T6
800D 200D
EF Lens EF-S Lens

+ EF Lens
D5 D850 D750 D610 DF D500 D7500 D5600 D3400
DX Lens
FX Lens + FX Lens
(Digital Single Lens Translucent)
A99 II A77 II A68
A-Mount
A-Mount DT Lens
K-1 KP K-3 II K-S2 K-70
DA Lens
+ FA Lens
FA Lens
Image quality
Lens options
System versatility
“Large”
Exclusive lens system
“Chimping”
Mirrorless Lens System The Camera
E-mount
A9 A7R III A7S II A7 II A6500 A6300 A6000 A5100
E Lens
FE Lens + FE Lens
LENS
FLANGE IMAGE SENSOR
MOUNT
DISTANCE
Lens Adaptors
Lens Adaptor
FOCUS
PLANE
FOR
LENS
Lens Adaptors
OLYMPUS OM
NIKON AF LENS
CANON EF $20 - $500
CANON FD
SONY / MINOLTA
LEICA M
LEICA R
PENTAX
CONTAX / YASHICA
Manual Focus Rangefinder “Modern” Mirrorless
M10 M M M-P M-D M SL TL2 CL

(TYP 240) (TYP 262) (TYP 240) (TYP 262) MONOCHROME
(TYP 262)
L Mount
M Mount L Mount
T Lens
M Lens SL Lens
+ SL Lens
X-PRO 2 X-T2 X-T20 X-E3 X-A3 X-A10

VF-2
OM-D E-M1 OM-D E-M5 OM-D E-M10 PEN - F E-PL8

MARK II MARK II MARK III
GH5S GH5 G9 GX8 G85 GX85 G7 GX850

M5 M6 M100
CANON EF-M
MOUNT ADAPTER
J5 AW1
16mm
Sensor
2.7x
Crop
NIKON FT1
MOUNT
ADAPTER
Compact size
Electronic focusing aids
Lens adaptability
Less accessory options than SLRs

Slower focus tracking ability
Electronic Viewfinder limitations
THE CAMERA
Lens System
Q&A
Leaf Shutter Shutter System The Camera
LENS
SENSOR
LCD DISPLAY
LENS
SENSOR
LCD DISPLAY
LEAF SHUTTER
& APERTURE
LENS
SENSOR
LCD DISPLAY
LEAF SHUTTER
& APERTURE
LENS
SENSOR
LCD DISPLAY
LEAF SHUTTER
& APERTURE
Simple
Quiet & low vibrations
Flash Sync at all shutter speeds
High shutter speeds not available

Shutter in every lens
Complicates lens construction
Focal Plane Shutter Shutter System The Camera
SHUTTER
2nd Curtain
SHUTTER
1st Curtain
Proven technology
Very fast shutter speeds available
Simplifies lens construction
Limited flash sync capabilities

Vibration
Very fast frame rate limitations
Mirror-Less Camera
VIEWFINDER
IMAGE SENSOR
Mirror-Less Camera
1ST CURTAIN
IMAGE SENSOR
2ND CURTAIN
Mirror-Less Camera
Mirror-Less Camera
Mirror-Less Camera
Mirror-Less Camera
DSLR
Live View
Electronic
Front Curtain
Electronic Shutter Shutter System The Camera
A9
“Anti-distortion shutter”
No vibrations
Silent
Very fast shutter speeds
Moving objects distorted*

Limited flash synchronization
No satisfying “click”
THE CAMERA
Shutter Systems
Q&A
THE CAMERA
Camera Types
Shutter Speeds
Camera Settings
Shutter Speeds
1 1 Shutter Speed
2 8
1/500 F5.6 -5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5+ ISO100
Shutter Speed Shutter Speed

0 ISO
3 2 1 1 2 3 ISO
500 F5.6 +0.0 200
Shutter Speed Shutter Speed

0 M -3 -2 -1 1 2 3
200
F
ISO
500 F2.8 ISO
Shutter Speeds
(EXPOSURE TIME) 1/8000 second
FULL STOP
:To double / To Half
:To cut in half 1/60 second
1/2 second (2 or 0”5)

½ the light Full Stop
Full Stop
1 second
2x the light
2 seconds
30 seconds
Exposure Value
EV Scale
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
2x the light 1
0 ISO 100, f/1.4, 1sec.
Exposure Value
23
22
21
20
19
18
EV Scale
17
16
15
14
Sunny day
13
12 Cloudy day
1 EV = “1 stop” 11
10
9
8
7
6
5
Indoor room lights
4
3
2
2x the light 1
0 ISO 100, f/1.4, 1sec.
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
Shutter Speeds EXPOSURE TIME
(EXPOSURE TIME) 1/8000 second
FULL STOP
:To double / To Half
:To cut in half 1/60 second
1/2 second (2 or 0”5)

½ the light Full Stop
Full Stop
1 second
2x the light
2 seconds
30 seconds
Shutter Speeds
THIRD STOP Bulb

Press & hold
:⅓ of a Full Stop
X-SYNC BULB
:Flash synchronization :Long Time Exposure
Shutter Speeds
Why choose a specific shutter speed?

Aesthetics Technical
To freeze motion To let in less light
To blur motion To let in more light

Shutter Speeds
Time
& Motion
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Stops fast human action

Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Faster
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Slower
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds
Shutter Speeds The Camera
Q. With what type of subject,

does the shutter speed not matter?
Subjects that move quickly
Subjects in the background
✓ Subjects that are stationary
Subjects in the foreground

Shutter Speed
Video
Learning Project 1 Shutter Speeds
Camera/Lens Stabilization Shutter Speeds The Camera
Minimum Shutter Speeds for Handholding

THUMB ON THE TOP THUMB ON THE BOTTOM


Handholding Rule of Thumb
Minimum 1
= or faster
Shutter Speed Focal Length
1
60

Shutter Speeds
100-400mm
1/125 - 1/500
50mm
1/60
16-35mm
1/15 - 1/30
Lens based systems Camera based systems
CANON FUJIFILM LEICA
NIKON OLYMPUS PANASONIC SONY

IS Image Stabilization
VR Vibration Reduction
OSS Optical SteadyShot
OIS Optical Image Stabilization
IS Image Stabilization
OIS Optical Image Stabilizer
SR Shake Reduction
OIS Optical Image Stabilization

200mm
1/60
with
STABILIZATION
200mm 200mm
1/60 1/60
Shutter Speeds
NIKON CANON
18-55MM F/3.5-5.6 18-55MM F/3.5-5.6
4 stops VR 4 stops IS
NIKON 1 stop
300MM F/2.8 2 stops CANON
35MM F/2
3 stops VR 3 stops
1 stop 4 stops IS
2 stops
3 stops
4 stops
NIKON
16-35MM F/4 CANON
100-400MM F/4.5-5.6
2.5 stops VR
4 stops IS
The Camera
Stabilized
200mm Lens
Sharp Mix Blurry

Shutter Speeds
Sharp Mix Blurry

Normal
Stabilized
50mm Lens
Sharp Mix Blurry

Sharp Mix Blurry
Normal
Handholding Limit
Stabilized
24mm Lens
Sharp Mix Blurry

Sharp Mix Blurry
Normal
Turn Stabilization OFF when on a tripod

Shutter
Speeds
Handheld
Tripod
Prevents blur due to camera movement
Enables great depth of field
Enables precise composition
Forces the photographer to be more thoughtful

30 seconds
45 seconds
8 seconds
Tripod
Cable release
Self-timer
Learning Project 2 Handholding Test
Pop Quiz
Shutter Speeds
Shutter
Speeds
Shutter
Speeds
Shutter
Speeds
Shutter
Speeds
Shutter
Speeds
Shutter
Speeds
Shutter
Speeds
Shutter
Speeds
Why choose a specific shutter speed?
Shutter Speeds
Aesthetics Technical
To freeze motion To let in less light

To blur motion To let in more light
THE CAMERA
Shutters & Shutter Speeds
Q&A
THE CAMERA
Camera Types
Shutter Speeds
Camera Settings
File Type Camera Settings The Camera
JPEG
(Joint Photographers Expert Group) Compression
1. Original data
2. Processing
Compression Color space
White Balance
Sharpening
Saturation
Contrast
3. Compression
0001.jpg
JPEG RAW
(Joint Photographers Expert Group)
1. Original data
1. Original data
2. RAW converter
2. Processing
Compression 3. White Balance (removable)
Color space
White Balance
Sharpening
Saturation 0001.CR2 0001.RAW 0001.NEF
Contrast
3. Compression RAW Software
Software Lightroom Photoshop

0001.jpg
JPEG RAW
(Joint Photographers Expert Group)
PROCESSED & COMPRESSED UNPROCESSED ORIGINAL

DATA DATA
Small file size (1/3 that of RAW) Contains all the image data
Variable compression settings Full tonal range
Can be read by all computers Adjustable in post processing
Loss of data Large file size

Limited correction later Can’t be read by some software
Under exposure Over exposure
-5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5+ -5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5+ -5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5+ -5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5+
RAW JPEG RAW JPEG

-5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5+ -5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5+ -5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5+ -5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5+
RAW JPEG RAW JPEG

LCD IMAGE
Clipped Clipped
Highlights Darks
ADJUSTED JPEG ADJUSTED RAW

L 24M
M
S1 6M 6000x4000
14M 3000x2000 [4061]
4500x3000 [7442]
[9999]
JPEG
LARGE SMALL
6000 x 4000 MEDIUM 3000 x 2000
4500 x 3000
Image quality
L 24M 6000x4000 [4061]
[7737] NEF (RAW) + JPEG fine
NEF (RAW) + JPEG normal
NEF (RAW) + JPEG basic
NEF (RAW)
TIFF (RGB)
JPEG fine
JPEG normal
JPEG JPEG basic
Quality
RAW
LARGE LARGE RAW+J
6000 x 4000 6000 x 4000 X.FINE (JPEG)
Low Compression High Compression FINE (JPEG)
(High Quality) (Low Quality) STD (JPEG)

SMRAW
RAW 5.5M
24M 3000x2000 [1071]
14M 6000x4000
4500x3000 [1932]
[1522]
RAW
LARGE SMALL
6000x4000
MEDIUM 3000x2000
4500x3000
RAW
Size: 24 MB (est.)
0001.RAW
JPEG
Size: 8 MB (est.)
0001.JPG
White Balance Camera Settings The Camera
DAYLIGHT CLOUDY SHADE
2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000

K K K K K K K K K
K Set a specific Kelvin temp.
TUNGSTEN FLUORESCENT FLASH Calibrate using a white surface
AWB Camera chooses

Adobe Lightroom
Color Space Camera Settings The Camera
Adobe RGB
VISIBLE
SRGB
COLOR
Drive Mode Camera Settings The Camera
Single shooting Continuous shooting Self-timer shooting

S Silent High 10s 10-second delay
H
Speed
Q Quiet 2s 2-second delay
Remote L Low Speed

C 2 Delay + continuous
shooting
Buffer Camera Settings The Camera
Image Memory
Sensor Processor Card
Buffer Camera Settings The Camera
Image
Sensor Processor Buffer :Fast RAM memory
Memory
Buffer Size
Card
Buffer Size
0 M ISO
F
Memory cards Camera Settings The Camera
Digital
C amera
IMages DCIM
100
101
102
Memory cards Camera Settings The Camera
Digital
Format the card
C amera
IMages DCIM
100
101
102
Card Formatting Camera Settings The Camera
MENU
Date & Time Camera Settings The Camera
’18/07/07 11:45
MENU
Firmware Camera Settings The Camera
www.canon.com
www.fujifilm.com
www.leica-camera.com
www.nikon.com
www.olympus.com
www.panasonic.com
www.sony.com
www. ricoh-imaging.com
Firmware Ver. 2.00

1.10
1.01
1.00 MENU
Custom Functions Camera Settings The Camera
Custom Functions
MENU
Diopter Camera Settings The Camera
THE CAMERA
Q&A
Camera Types
Shutter Speeds
Camera Settings
Cam era Buyer ’s Guide
Fast Start
Camera Classes
FR
EE
www.johngreengo.com John Greengo Photography @john_greengo

Section 1: The Camera
NEXT Section 2: The Sensor
Section 3: The Lens
Section 4: Exposure
Section 5: Focus
Section 6: The Gadget Bag
Section 7: Light
Section 8: The Art of Editing
Section 9: Composition
Section 10: Photographic Vision

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What are the different types of camera viewing systems discussed?

What are the different types of camera viewing systems discussed?

What are some of the factors that affect file size when shooting in RAW vs JPEG format?

What are some of the factors that affect file size when shooting in RAW vs JPEG format?

F U N D A M E N TA L S O F P H O T O G R A P H Y

1. Learn the fundamentals of photography

2. Learn how to operate your camera

3. Learn how to see like a photographer

5. Shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot, edit, review…

Full Frame APS-C APS-C Four Thirds 1” 1/2.3” 1/3”

Sharp viewing image

Viewfinder is only a preview

“POINT & SHOOT”

“POINT & SHOOT”

“POINT & SHOOT”

Limited manual options

SONY FUJIFILM SONY LEICA

SONY FUJIFILM SONY LEICA

95% Coverage 100% Coverage

Resolution LED - Light-Emitting Diode

Field sequential display

Resolution Manual Switch EVF

Focus Scale Magnification

Peaking Dual Image

Lower resolution viewfinder

View of the lens with no parallax

Continuous focus system

Mirror “steals” 1/3 of the light

Very accurate manual focusing

Parallax with macro & long lenses

Best of “both” worlds

Limited compatibility with optical

Optical Viewfinder View Camera

Fixed Lens Interchangeable Lens

CANON G9X MARK

LEICA Q (TYPE 116) SONY RX1 RII

CANON G1X MARK III

Limited lens options

1D X MARK 5DS/ 5D 6D 7D 80D 77D REBEL REBEL REBEL

EF Lens EF-S Lens

D5 D850 D750 D610 DF D500 D7500 D5600 D3400

A99 II A77 II A68

K-1 KP K-3 II K-S2 K-70

A9 A7R III A7S II A7 II A6500 A6300 A6000 A5100

Manual Focus Rangefinder “Modern” Mirrorless

M10 M M M-P M-D M SL TL2 CL

X-PRO 2 X-T2 X-T20 X-E3 X-A3 X-A10

OM-D E-M1 OM-D E-M5 OM-D E-M10 PEN - F E-PL8

GH5S GH5 G9 GX8 G85 GX85 G7 GX850

Less accessory options than SLRs

High shutter speeds not available

Limited flash sync capabilities

Moving objects distorted*

Shutter Speed Shutter Speed

Shutter Speed Shutter Speed

(EXPOSURE TIME) 1/8000 second

1/2 second (2 or 0”5)

1/2 second (2 or 0”5)