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    Chapter 2 Lesson 1 The Set of Real Numbers

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    Jeloubelle Desabille
    This document discusses real numbers and their subsets. It defines natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. It explains how to represent these numbers on a number line, convert between fraction and decimal forms, estimate square roots, and arrange real numbers in increasing or decreasing order. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like absolute value, operations with integers, and identifying rational versus irrational numbers.

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    Chapter 2 Lesson 1 The Set of Real Numbers

    Uploaded by

    Jeloubelle Desabille
    28 views59 pages
    This document discusses real numbers and their subsets. It defines natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. It explains how to represent these numbers on a number line, convert between fraction and decimal forms, estimate square roots, and arrange real numbers in increasing or decreasing order. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like absolute value, operations with integers, and identifying rational versus irrational numbers.

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    This document discusses real numbers and their subsets. It defines natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. It explains how to represent these numbers on a number line, convert between fraction and decimal forms, estimate square roots, and arrange real numbers in increasing or decreasing order. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like absolute value, operations with integers, and identifying rational versus irrational numbers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    28 views59 pages

    Chapter 2 Lesson 1 The Set of Real Numbers

    Uploaded by

    Jeloubelle Desabille
    This document discusses real numbers and their subsets. It defines natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, and irrational numbers. It explains how to represent these numbers on a number line, convert between fraction and decimal forms, estimate square roots, and arrange real numbers in increasing or decreasing order. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like absolute value, operations with integers, and identifying rational versus irrational numbers.

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    of 59

    Lesson 1

    The Set of Real Numbers


    LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

    • Represent the absolute value of a number on a number


    line;
    • Express rational numbers from fraction form to decimal
    form and vice versa;
    • Define the square root of a number;
    • Estimate the square root of a whole number to the
    nearest hundredth; and
    • Arrange real numbers in increasing or decreasing order.
    ACTIVITY
    REAL NUMBER
    REAL NUMBER

    198
    NOT REAL NUMBER

    −1
    REAL NUMBER

    12.38
    REAL NUMBER

    -0.8625
    NOT REAL NUMBER
    REAL NUMBER

    3
    4
    REAL NUMBER
    REAL NUMBER CHART
    NATURAL NUMBERS

    • Set of counting numbers that do not start with 0.


    • The set of natural numbers is

    {𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, … }
    WHOLE NUMBERS

    • Set of numbers where the number zero (0) is included in


    the number system.
    • The set of whole numbers is

    {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒, 𝟓, … }
    INTEGERS

    • The set consisting of the negative of counting numbers,


    zero, and counting numbers.
    • In set notation, the set of integers is

    {… , −𝟑, −𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … }


    NOTE

    The real numbers are ordered, that is, for any two real numbers p
    and q, one and only of the following statements are true:
    • Number p is less than q, (written as 𝑝 < 𝑞)
    • Number p is equal to q, (written as 𝑝 = 𝑞)
    • Number p is greater than q, (written as 𝑝 > 𝑞)
    This ordered nature of the real numbers allow us to arrange them
    along a number line. Every real number corresponds to one and only
    one point on the number line. The positive numbers are located to
    the right of 0, while the negative numbers are to its left.
    GRAPH OF INTEGER USING THE NUMBER LINE

    Note:
    As you go toward the right, the values of the numbers
    increase. If you go toward the left, the values of the numbers
    decrease.
    EXAMPLE

    3
    Locate 2, − 2 , 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 on the number line.
    ABSOLUTE VALUE OF A NUMBER

    • The absolute value of a number is the distance from 0 to


    the given number on the number line.
    • Enclose the number or numerical expression within two
    bars to denote absolute value.
    • For example, |x| is read as “the absolute value of x.”
    • When evaluating the absolute value of a number, we
    expect a nonnegative result because we are talking
    about the distance of that number from 0.
    EXAMPLE 1

    Evaluate:
    • 0

    • 17 + 3

    • −26 + (−41)
    EXAMPLE 1

    Evaluate:
    • 145 − 3(8)

    • −9 −10

    • −93 − −58

    • 25 ∗ −8
    RATIONAL NUMBERS

    • A rational number is a number that can be expressed as


    𝑎
    quotient (or ratio) of two integers , where 𝑏 ≠ 0.
    𝑏

    Note:

    This is not to say that rational numbers are fractions;


    rather, a number is rational if it can be written in
    fraction form in which the numerator and denominator
    are integers (but the denominator cannot be zero).
    CONVERTING RATIONAL NUMBERS FROM
    FRACTION FORM TO DECIMAL FORM

    • To write numbers given in fraction form as decimals,


    perform the indicated division.

    Note:

    If a decimal number is terminating or repeating, then it is


    a rational number.
    EXAMPLE 2

    Write the following rational numbers in decimal form:


    9
    • 36

    1
    •3

    5
    •7
    EXAMPLE 2

    Write the following rational numbers in decimal form:


    94
    • 50

    45
    • 192

    152
    • 198
    CONVERTING RATIONAL NUMBERS FROM DECIMAL
    FORM TO FRACTION FORM

    • CASE 1: TERMINATING DECIMALS TO FRACTIONS


    • Write the given number without the decimal point
    (ignore any leading zero) as the numerator.
    • The denominator is 10 raised to the number of digits
    in the decimal place values of the given number.
    • Simplify or reduce the resulting fraction in lowest
    terms.
    EXAMPLE 3

    Write each number in fraction form:


    • 0.25

    • 1.88
    EXAMPLE 3

    Write each number in fraction form:


    • 0.234375

    • 3.862
    CONVERTING RATIONAL NUMBERS FROM DECIMAL
    FORM TO FRACTION FORM

    • CASE 2: REPEATING DECIMALS TO FRACTION


    • Examine the repeating digit or digits in the decimal.
    • Let x be the given decimal number.
    • Let a be equal to the number of places by which the decimal
    point should be moved so that it will be positioned right before
    the first occurrence of the repeating digit(s).
    • Let b be equal to the number of places by which the decimal
    point should be moved so that it will be positioned right after the
    first occurrence of the repeating digit(s).
    • The numerator of the equivalent fraction will be 10𝑏 𝑥 − 10𝑎 (𝑥)
    • Its denominator will be 10𝑏 − 10𝑎 .
    • Simplify the resulting fraction.
    EXAMPLE 4

    Write the following rational numbers in fraction


    form.
    • 0. 3ത
    EXAMPLE 4

    Write the following rational numbers in fraction form.


    • 0. 714285
    EXAMPLE 4

    Write the following rational numbers in fraction form.


    • 82.043
    PLOTTING RATIONAL NUMBERS IN NUMBER LINE

    To compare rational numbers in decimal form, compare them digit by digit starting
    from the leftmost digit or the digit with the highest place value.

    To compare rational numbers in fraction form, you can first express them in
    decimal form and then compare the resulting decimals.

    Another way is rename the fractions in such a way that they will have a common
    denominator, then simply compare the numerators.
    EXAMPLE 5

    4 1 5
    • Arrange , , in descending order. Graph them on the
    5 3 7
    number line.
    PRINCIPAL ROOT

    • Given a positive number b, the square root of b is a


    number a such that 𝑎2 = 𝑏.
    • The equation 𝑎2 = 𝑏 can be written as the equation
    2
    𝑏 = 𝑎, which is read as “the square root of b is a”.
    • The symbol √ is called the radical. The number on its
    upper left (in this case it is 2) is called index. The
    number or expression within the radical sign is the
    radicand.
    PRINCIPAL SQUARE ROOT

    • The principal square root of b is the positive root of b.


    • By convention, for any positive number b, 𝑏 is the
    principal square root and − 𝑏 is the negative square
    root. Henceforth, when we say square root, we mean the
    principal root.
    PERFECT SQUARES

    • Perfect Squares are numbers with square roots that are


    rational numbers.
    • For example:
    • The square roots of 1 are 1 and -1. The square roots of 9 are 3
    and -3. The square roots of 25 are 5 and -5.
    1 1 1 4
    • The square roots of are 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 2. The square roots of are
    4 2 9
    2 2 49 7 7
    3
    𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3. The square roots of 81
    are 9
    𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 9.
    IRRATIONAL NUMBER

    • An irrational number is a real number that cannot be


    written as a ratio of two integers.
    • Recall that in contrast to irrational numbers, rational
    numbers can be written as a ratio of two integers. When
    irrational numbers are written in decimal form, the
    decimals are nonrepeating and nonterminating – exactly
    the opposite of those for rational numbers (i.e.,
    repeating or terminating decimals.
    EXAMPLE 6

    Determine whether each number is rational or irrational.


    Explain.
    16
    • 6
    3
    • 9
    • 893.79233478364113832965723…

    • 893.79233485432485432485432…
    PLOTTING IRRATIONAL NUMBERS IN NUMBER LINE

    Note:

    We cannot perform arithmetic operations with irrational numbers and


    expect an exact answer, thus, we can just estimate the values.
    ESTIMATING THE SQUARE ROOT OF A
    NUMBER
    • Being familiar with perfect square integers can help you
    when estimating square roots.
    • For example:
    • Take 2. The radicand 2 is between the perfect squares 1 and 4.
    Note that 1 is the largest perfect square integer that is less
    than 2, and 4 is the smallest perfect square integer that is
    greater than 2. The square root of 1 is 1; the square root of 4 is
    2. So the square root of 2 must be between 1 and 2; that is
    1<2<4
    ⇒ 1< 2< 4
    ⇒1< 2<2
    EXAMPLE 7

    Determine the largest integer less than and the smallest integer
    greater than each given irrational number.
    • 14

    • 11

    • 91
    EXAMPLE

    Let’s estimate the square root of 135 to the nearest hundredth.

    We know that 121 < 135 < 144.

    Let a be the difference between the given number and the lesser
    perfect square.

    In this case, a = 135 – 121 = 14


    EXAMPLE

    Let b be the difference between the greater perfect square and the lesser
    perfect square.

    In this case, b = 144 – 121 = 23.

    𝑎 14
    = ≈ 0.61, rounded to the nearest hundredth.
    𝑏 23

    𝑎
    A candidate solution is the square root of the lesser perfect square plus 𝑏.
    In this case, we try 11 + 0.61 = 11.61.
    EXAMPLE

    Squaring 11.61, we get 11.612 = 134.7921. Since this is less than


    135, we can try another candidate solution by adding 0.01 (since we
    are estimating to the nearest hundredth) to 11.61. Squaring 11.62
    we get 11.622 = 135.0244 which is greater than 135. So we compare
    which is closer to 135 – 134.7921 or 135.0244?

    The answer is 135.0244. so 11.62 is the best estimate) to the


    nearest hundredth) for 135.
    EXAMPLE

    269
    • Arrange 31, 50 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5.9 in ascending order and plot them on the
    number line.
    The Set of Integers
    LEARNING OBJECTIVES

    • To illustrate that the set of integers is a subset of the set


    of real numbers;
    • To illustrate the different ways to obtain the sum of two
    integers;
    • To demonstrate subtraction of integers and translate it
    into its equivalent addition pattern; and
    • To discuss multiplication and division integers.
    INTEGERS

    The set of integers is the set


    𝑰 = {… , −𝟑, −𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, … }
    The numbers 123,… are positive integers and the numbers -1, -2, -3,…
    are negative integers. Zero is neither a positive nor a negative integer.

    To graph an integer on the number line, locate the number and place a
    dot on the line above that number. Name the point by using a capital
    letter. The integer that corresponds to the letter is called the
    coordinate of the point.
    INTEGERS

    Two integers that are of the same distance from zero or the
    origin are called opposites or additive inverse. The opposite of
    zero is zero itself.
    ADDITION OF INTEGERS

    • To add integers with the same sign, add their


    absolute values. The sum of two positive
    integers is a positive integer. The sum of the
    negative integers is a negative integer. NOTE
    • To add integers with different signs, subtract
    their absolute values. The result takes the
    Addition of
    sign of the integer with the greater absolute
    value. integers can also
    be done with the
    • The sum of any integer and its opposite is
    aid of a number
    equal to zero.
    line.
    EXAMPLES

    • 15 + 17 = • −16 + 6 =

    • −4 + −21 =
    • 20 + −2 =
    • −8 + 16 =

    • 10 + −15 =
    SOLUTION USING THE NUMBER LINE:

    • 15 + 17 =

    • −4 + −21 =

    • −8 + 16 =

    • 10 + −15 =
    SUBTRACTION OF INTEGERS

    • To subtract two integers, add the opposite or additive inverse


    of the subtrahend to the minuend. That is, if a and b are any
    two integers, then 𝑎 − 𝑏 = 𝑎 + (−𝑏). Then, follow the rules for
    addition of integers.

    COMPARISON
    SUBTRACTION ADDITION
    15 − 8 = 7 15 + (−8) = 7
    9 − 15 = −6 9 + (−15) = −6
    −7 − (−10) = 3 −7 + 10 = 3
    −15 − 14 = −29 −15 + (−14) = −29
    EXAMPLES

    • 20 − 11 = • −29 − −27 =

    • 35 − −19 =
    • 16 − 53 − −18 =
    • 4 − 13 =

    • −8 − 31 = • −21 − −49 − 36 =
    MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION OF INTEGERS

    • To multiply two integers, find the DIVIDEND/


    ÷/×
    DIVISOR/ QUOTIENT
    product of the absolute values of the MULTIPLICAND MULTIPLIER /PRODUCT
    integers.
    + ÷/× + +
    • To divide integers, find the quotient
    of the absolute values of the integers. + ÷/× − −
    • The product/quotient of two integers
    with the same sign is positive. The − ÷/× − +
    product/quotient of two integers with
    unlike signs is negative. − ÷/× + −
    EXAMPLES

    • −6 −4 = • 48 ÷ 3 =

    3684
    • −11 20 = • =
    −12

    • (7)(−20)(5) = • −56 24 ÷ −24 =

    • −3 −12 −2 = • 5500 ÷ 5 ÷ 11 =
    THANK YOU
    AND
    GOD BLESS!

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