Department of Computer Sci.

&Engineering

LAB MANUAL
BE(CSE)
Soft Computing

MGM's
Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Aurangabad
 FOREWORD

It is my great pleasure to present this laboratory manual for Final year Engineering students for the
subject – “ Soft Computing”.

As a student, many of you may be wondering with some of the questions in your mind regarding the
subject and exactly what has been tried is to answer through this manual.

You may be aware that MGM has already been awarded with ISO 9001:2000 certification and it is our
endure to technically equip our students taking the advantage of the procedural aspects of ISO 9001:2000
Certification.

Faculty members are also advised that covering these aspects in initial stage itself will greatly relieve
them in future as much of the load will be taken care by the enthusiasm energies of the students once they
are conceptually clear.

Dr. S.D. Deshmukh

Principal
 LABORATORY MANUAL CONTENTS

This manual is intended for the final year students of Computer Science and Engineering in the subject of
Soft Computing. This manual typically contains practical/Lab Sessions related to the subject on the
MATLAB/Scilab platform covering various aspects of the subject to enhance understanding.

Students' are advised to thoroughly go through this manual rather than only topics mentioned in the
syllabus as practical aspects are the key to understanding and conceptual visualization of theoretical
aspects covered in the books.

Good Luck for your Enjoyable Laboratory Sessions.

Dr.Vijaya B. Musande Dr. Madhuri S. Joshi

Head, CSE Dept. Professor -CSE Dept.

DOs and DON’Ts in Laboratory:

1. Make entry in the Log Book as soon as you enter the Laboratory.

2. All the students should sit according to their roll numbers starting from their left
to right.

3. All the students are supposed to enter the terminal number in the log book.

4. Do not change the terminal on which you are working.

5. All the students are expected to get at least the algorithm of the program/concept
to be implemented.

6. Strictly observe the instructions given by the teacher/Lab Instructor.

Instruction for Laboratory Teachers::

1. Submission related to whatever lab work has been completed should be done
during the next lab session. The immediate arrangements for printouts related to
submission on the day of practical assignments.

2. Students should be taught for taking the printouts under the observation of lab
teacher.

3. The promptness of submission should be encouraged by way of marking and

evaluation patterns that will benefit the sincere students.
 MGM’s

Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Aurangabad

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Vision of CSE Department

To develop computer engineers with necessary analytical ability and human values who can
creatively design, implement a wide spectrum of computer systems for welfare of the society.

Mission of the CSE Department:

Preparing graduates to work on multidisciplinary platforms associated with their professional
position both independently and in a team environment.
Preparing graduates for higher education and research in computer science and engineering
enabling them to develop systems for society development.

Programme Educational Objectives

Graduates will be able to

I. To analyze, design and provide optimal solution for Computer Science & Engineering
and multidisciplinary problems.
II. To pursue higher studies and research by applying knowledge of mathematics and
fundamentals of computer science.
III. To exhibit professionalism, communication skills and adapt to current trends by engaging
in lifelong learning.
 Programme Outcomes (POs):
Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems

anddesign system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.

4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research

methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of
the information to provide valid conclusions.

5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities
with an understanding of the limitations.

6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant
to the professional engineering practice.

7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering

solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and
need for sustainable development.

8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms ofthe engineering practice.

9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader
in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and
write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
Class: BE(CSE) Subject: Lab VII- Soft Computing (CSE 473)

Experiment No. 1
_______________________________________________________________

Title: To study MATLAB software and its toolboxes.

Objectives:

• To study MATLAB platform

• To know information about Scilab

Instructions:

Study MATLAB menus. Describe it with respect to following points:

1. What is MATLAB?
2. What are its areas of applications? What is meant by a Tool Box?
3. Describe Neural Network Tool Box in brief.
4. What is the structure of a MATLAB program?
5. What is Scilab?

Refer the files: 1. introtomatlab-2.ppt 2. MATLAB_and_SciLab_Comparison.ppt

(Sent on class group mail id)

Conclusion:

===================================================
Class: BE(CSE) Subject: Lab VII- Soft Computing (CSE 473)

Experiment No. 2
_______________________________________________________________

Title: Write a program to implement MP Model.

Objectives:

• To implement AND logic gate

• To implement OR logic gate

Instructions:

1. Study MP Model
2. Study logic gates: AND,OR,NOT,Exclusive-OR
3. Write a program to implement AND gate without using neural network
toolbox.
4. Write a program to implement OR gate without using neural network
toolbox.

Program to implement AND gate:

%AND function using McCulloch-Pitts neuron

clear;
clc;
% Getting weights and threshold value
disp('Enter the weights');
w1=input('Weight w1=');
w2=input('Weight w2=');
disp('Enter threshold value');
theta=input('theta=');
y=[0 0 0 0];
x1=[1 1 0 0];
x2=[1 0 1 0];
z=[1 0 0 0];
con=1;
while con
zin = x1*w1+x2*w2;
for i=1:4
if zin(i)>=theta
y(i)=1;
 else y(i)=0;
end
end
disp('Output of net=');
disp(y);
if y==z
con=0;
else
disp('Net is not learning Enter another set of weights and threshold value');
w1=input('Weight w1=');
w2=input('Weight w2=');
theta=input('theta=');
end
end
disp('McCulloch Pitts Net for ANDNOT function');
disp('Weights of neuron');
disp(w1);
disp(w2);
disp('Threshold value=');
disp(theta);

Output :-
Enter the weights
Weight w1=1
Weight w2=1
Enter threshold value
theta=2
Output of net= 1 0 0 0
McCulloch Pitts Net for AND function
Weights of neuron
1
1
Threshold value=
2

Implement OR gate.

Conclusion:

===================================================
Class: BE(CSE) Subject: Lab VII- Soft Computing (CSE 473)

Experiment No. 3
_______________________________________________________________

Title: Write a program for solving linearly separable problem using

Perceptron Model.

Objectives:

 To implement AND function using Perceptron

Instructions:

5. Study Perceptron Model

6. Write a program to implement AND function
7. Draw the diagram of AND using Perceptron used below

Program to implement AND function:

%Perceptron for AND funtion

clear;
clc;
x=[1 1 -1 -1;1 -1 1 -1];
t=[1 -1 -1 -1];
w=[0 0];
b=0;
alpha=input('Enter Learning rate=');
theta=input('Enter Threshold value=');
con=1;
epoch=0;
while con
con=0;
for i=1:4
yin=b+x(1,i)*w(1)+x(2,i)*w(2);
if yin>theta
y=1;
end
if yin <=theta & yin>=-theta
y=0;
 end
if yin<-theta
y=-1;
end
if y-t(i)
con=1;
for j=1:2
w(j)=w(j)+alpha*t(i)*x(j,i);
end
b=b+alpha*t(i);
end
end
epoch=epoch+1;
end
disp('Perceptron for AND function');
disp(' Final Weight matrix');
disp(w);
disp('Final Bias');
disp(b);

Output
Enter Learning rate=1
Enter Threshold value=0.5
Perceptron for AND function
Final Weight matrix
1 1
Final Bias
-1

Conclusion:

===================================================
Class: BE(CSE) Subject: Lab VII- Soft Computing (CSE 473)

Experiment No. 4
_______________________________________________________________

Title: Write a program for pattern classification using Perceptron Model

Objectives:

 To Perceptron for simple pattern classification

 To learn mapping of patterns and design of neural network for such problem

Problem statement:

Classify two dimensional patterns defined by a 3x3 matrix using a simple

perceptron network. Assume any two English alphabets as input, target output is
defined as 1 for one alphabet and -1 for another. Assume suitable initial weights,
bias and threshold and mention them.

Write a program to train the network Output the weight matrix after each epoch.
Mention how many epochs are required for learning. The program should be able
to test the alphabet by taking input from user.

Test the network:

Read a same/noisy data ( 9 value string ) as an input. The program should display
whether the input is recognised, not recognised or close to alphabet.

Instructions:

8. Draw the diagram of the network used.

Output:
Indicate output in three different cases at least.

Exercise:

1. Will the above network work, if the input alphabets/ patterns to be

recognized / classified are more than two?
How should it be modified to classify four input patterns? Devise the
scheme at least.
2. Modify your program to incorporate this change.
Conclusion:Write the conclusion by observing the outputs in various cases.

===================================================

Class: BE(CSE) Subject: Lab VII- Soft Computing (CSE 473)

Experiment No. 5
_______________________________________________________________
Title: Write a program for XOR function (binary input and output) with
momentum factor using back propagation algorithm.
Objectives:

 To understand the concept of linear separability associated with simple XOR problem
 To learn and implement back-propagation learning algorithm

Training Algorithm:

The Back-propagation (BP) learning algorithm can be outlined in the following

algorithm:

Step 0: Initialize weights and learning rate(take some small random values).

Step 1: Perform Steps 2-9 when stopping condition is false.

Step 2: perform 3-8 for each training pair.

Feed-forward phase (Phase I):

Step 3: Each input unit receives input signal xi and sends it to the hidden unit (i=1 to n).

Step 4: Each hidden unit zj (j=1 to p) sums its weighted input signals to calculate net input:
n

Zinj=v0j+∑ x i v ij
i=1

Calculate output of the hidden unit by applying its activation functions over zinj (binary or bipolar
sigmoidal activation function):

Zj=f(zinj)
and send the output signal from the hidden unit to the input of output layer units.

Step 5: For each output unit yk (k=1 to m), calculate the net input:
p
yink=w0k+∑ z j w jk
j=1

And apply the activation function to compute output signal

yk=f(yink)
Back-propagation of error (Phase II):
Step 6: Each output unit yk (k=1 to m) receives a target pattern corresponding to the input
training pattern and computes the error correction term:

δ k =(t k y k)f’( y ink )

Calculate derivative of f’(yink). On the basis of the calculated error correction term, update the
change in weights and bias:
∆ wjk=∝ δkzj ; ∆ w0 k =∝δ k
Also, send ∂ k to the hidden layer backwards.
Step 7: Each hidden unit (zj, j=1 to p) sums its delta inputs from the output unit:
m
δ inj=∑ δ k w jk
k =1

The term δ inj gets multiplied with the derivative of f( z inj) to calculate the error term:
δ j=¿ δ ¿f’( z inj)
inj

The derivative f’( z inj) can be calculated depending on whether binary or bipolar sigmoidal
function is used. On the basis of the calculated δ j , update the change in weights and bias:
∆ v ij=αδ j x i; ∆ v 0 j =αδ j

Weight and bias updation (Phase III):

Step 8: Each output unit ( y k , k=1 to m) updates the bias and weights:

w ij (new)=w jk (old )+∆ w jk

w 0 k (new)=w 0 k (old )+∆ w0 k

Each hidden unit ( z j , j=1 to p) updates its bias and weights:

vij (new) = vij ( old) +∆ v ij

v 0 j (new)= v 0 j (old )+∆ v 0 j

Step 9: Check for the stopping condition. The stopping condition may be certain number of
epochs reached or when the actual output equals the target output.

Truth Table for XOR function (binary input and output) is given as:
X1 X2 Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
Make use of sigmoid function for activation.

y=1
( 1+ exp (−x ) ) ;
Instructions:
1. Implement the algorithm:
2. Write the weight matrix and bias.
3. Display the Output for the test cases
Conclusion:
===============

Class: BE(CSE) Subject: Lab VII- Soft Computing (CSE 473)

Experiment No. 7
_______________________________________________________________
Title: Write a program to store a pattern (1 1 1 0). Test the network using
Discrete Hopfield Net by giving the input with mistakes in First and Second
position
Objectives:

 To understand the concept of Pattern storage

 To implement Discrete Hopfield Net

Training Algorithm:

 Describe about Pattern Storage networks

 Write theory for Hopfield Net.

MATLAB Source Code:

%Discrete hopfield net

clc;
clear;
x=[1 1 1 0];
tx=[0 0 1 0];
w=(2*x'-1)*(2*x-1);
for i=1:4
w(i,i)=0;
end
con=1;
y=[0 0 1 0];
while con
up=[4 2 1 3];
for i=1:4
yin(up(i))=tx(up(i))+y*w(1:4,up(i));
if yin(up(i))>0
y(up(i))=1;
end
end
if y==x
disp('convergence has been obtained');
disp('the converged output');
disp(y);
con=0;
end
end

%output
%convergence has been obtained
%the converged output
 % 1 1 1 0

Conclusion: Write conclusion after executing the program.

===============
Class: BE(CSE) Subject: Lab VII- Soft Computing (CSE 473)
Experiment No. 8
____________________________________________________________
Title: Program for Pattern storage of 10 digits with Discrete Hopfield Network

Objectives:

 To study pattern storage function using Discrete Hopfield Network using build in
function of MATLAB
 To test the network for noisy inputs

Theory: Write theory of Discrete Hopfield Network. Draw the diagram of the network
too.
Algorithm:
Write the training and the testing algorithm used in the program below.
Source Code:
%Program for Pattern storage of 10 digits - 0-9- using Discrete Hopfield
%Network. Testing the network using a noisy input pattern.
close all
clc
clear
load ('D:\MSJ\pat.mat')
figure(1)
pat2=pat;
pat2(pat2>=0)=255;
pat2(pat2<0)=0;
pat2=reshape(pat2, [10 100/10*size(pat,2)]);
image(pat2)
iterations=10;
character=5;
net=newhop(pat);
d2=pat(:,character);
r=rand(size(d2));
figure(2)
digit(d2)
title(sprintf('Original digit %i',character))
%A bit is 'flipped' with probalility (1-lim)
lim=.7;
d2(r>lim)=-d2(r>lim);
figure(3)
digit(d2)
title(sprintf('Digit %i with noise added',character))
[Y, Pf, Af] = sim(net, {1 iterations}, [ ], {d2});
Y=cell2mat(Y);
figure(4)
digit(Y)
title('All iterations of Hopfield Network')
axis equal
%------End of Program------------
%-----Function------------
function [ ] = digit(pat)
%load pat
% change color
pat2=pat;
pat2(pat2>=0)=255;
pat2(pat2<0)=0;
%pat2(pat2==-1)=255;
pat2=reshape(pat2, [10 100/10*size(pat,2)]);
image(pat2)
end
%--Input Data----------
% File pat.mat
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 –1 –1 1 –1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 –1 1 1 –1 1 –1
1 1 1 1 –1 –1 1 –1 1 1
1 1 1 1 –1 –1 1 –1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 –1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1 –1
1 –1 –1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1 1
1 –1 1 1 –1 1 1 1 1 1
1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
–1 1 1 –1 –1 1 –1 –1 1 –1
1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1 –1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1
1 –1 –1 1 –1 –1 –1 –1 1 1
1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1
–1 1 1 1 –1 –1 –1 –1 1 1
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 1
1 1 1 1 –1 1 1 1 –1 1
1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1 –1 1 1
1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 1 1 1
–1 –1 –1 1 –1 –1 1 –1 1 –1
–1 –1 –1 1 1 –1 1 1 1 –1
–1 1 1 1 –1 1 –1 –1 –1 1
–1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
–1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
–1 1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1 –1 1 –1 –1 1
–1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
–1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 1 1 1
–1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
–1 –1 –1 1 –1 –1 1 –1 –1 –1
1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1 –1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 1 1
1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 –1 1 1
1 –1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 –1 1
1 1 1 1 –1 –1 –1 –1 1 1
1 1 1 1 –1 –1 1 –1 1 1
1 1 1 1 –1 –1 1 –1 –1 –1
–1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 –1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 –1 1
1 –1 –1 –1 1 1 –1 1 1 –1
1 –1 –1 –1 1 1 –1 1 1 1
1 –1 1 –1 1 1 –1 1 1 1
1 1 1 –1 1 1 –1 1 –1 1
1 1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 –1 –1
1 1 –1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 –1 1 –1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 –1 –1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
%-------------------------------------------------------------
Class: BE(CSE) Subject: Lab VII- Soft Computing (CSE 473)

Experiment No. 11
_______________________________________________________________

Title: To study fuzzy control, principle of Fuzzy Control Design and rule-based
Fuzzy Inference System (FIS)

Answer the following questions:

1. What are the methods of fuzzyfication?

2. Explain with the block diagram a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS or Expert
System).
3. What are the steps to be followed to compute the output from Mamdani FIS?
4. Describe in short the following primary GUI tools available with
MATLAB Fuzzy Toolbox.
i. Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) Editor
ii. Membership Function Editor
iii. Rule Editor
iv. Rule Viewer
v. Surface Viewer

5. Describe any one application / device making use of fuzzy control. How
and where the fuzzy control is used in that device?
{ Students should select different applications. There are plenty available on
the web reference. }

=====================