Greenpeace in Germany and The U.S. - A Case Study in Non-Profit We
Greenpeace in Germany and The U.S. - A Case Study in Non-Profit We
Greenpeace in Germany and The U.S. - A Case Study in Non-Profit We
Greenpeace in Germany and the U.S.: A Case Study in Non-Profit Web Design.
submitted to
Professor Hans Rindisbacher
and
Professor Friederike Schwerin-High
by
Maximilian Weirauch
for
Senior Thesis
Spring 2022
04-28-2022
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Abstract: This thesis draws on Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions model, connects it to basic
principles of web design, and applies it to a website analysis of the global non-profit organization
Greenpeace. This case study of cultural dimensions in web design utilizes Hofstede’s framework
from 1974 throughout all its chapters and focuses on the cultural differences between Germany
and the U.S. My hypothesis that successful marketing materials such as websites must
communicate differently with their U.S.-American and German audiences is partially borne out.
But it is important to note that Hofstede’s cultural dimensions model cannot fully account for
certain intercultural dimensions of the internet and certainly not for the significant design changes
over time that my inquiry takes into consideration.
Keywords: cultural dimensions, web design, Hofstede, international marketing, Germany, U.S.
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Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Cultural Differences and Web Design
Chapter 2: International Marketing, NPOs, Web Design
Chapter 3: Current Trends and Conclusion
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Introduction
When I moved to San Francisco from Hamburg in 2017 not only did my everyday language
change from German to English but I quickly noticed that peers communicate differently from
what I was used to in Germany. My first-hand understanding of values, norms, and culture
deepened. The academic field of cultural studies “traces the relationships among aesthetic,
anthropological, and political economic aspects of cultural production and reproduction.”1 My
interests in design, marketing, and communication inspired me to connect cultural dimensions
theory to web design. My passion for the environment and professional interest in global nonprofit
marketing were reasons for me to study this nexus further. This senior thesis therefore trains its
lens on the environmental organization Greenpeace in order to analyze its intercultural dimension
in depth.
Scholars in the international business/marketing field study how advertising materials
effectively interact with a target group that is oftentimes defined by a national culture and caters
to its specific features. In the following I first describe cultural differences between Germany and
the U.S. using Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions model. Simultaneously, I connect cultural
studies to web design and evaluate whether Hofstede’s pre-internet-developed model of cultures
can still be applied in 2022. A finding that I find particularly striking is how often the Greenpeace
U.S. “About Us” page uses group-oriented language such as ‘we,’ or ‘our’ compared to the German
Greenpeace site – a whopping total of 29 times against Greenpeace Germany’s self-representation
that uses ‘wir” or ‘uns’ only a total of 6 times in their official text. The self-understanding of
Greenpeace in the U.S. and Germany appear to differ. The German “About Us” text is more goal-
, task-, and issues-oriented compared to a community-focused and inclusivity-oriented U.S. site.
My research thus makes a meaningful contribution to the existing literature of cultural studies
between Germany and the U.S. with a focus on website design for international non-profit
organizations.
1
https://www.uwb.edu/cultural-studies/why/what
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2
https://hi.hofstede-insights.com/models
3
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Three-levels-of-uniqueness-in-human-mental-programming-
Hof01_fig1_271135142
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Figure 1 Hofstede's Three Levels of Uniqueness in Mental Programming adapted from Cultures and Organizations: Software of
the Mind.
Hofstede distinguishes three different levels: personality, culture, and human nature.
Human nature is universal and inherited whereas culture is learned and sets a group or category
apart from others. The top level, personality is specific to every individual and is partially inherited
and learned. The core of culture is learned through symbols, heroes, rituals, and values. Values lie
on a deep level of each person and are strongly correlated with their national values, which are
difficult to change over time and practically stay the same over decades. To demonstrate cultural
identifications, Hofstede developed a model of the six most essential dimensions of national
cultures which he categorized as the following:
● Power distance index (PDI)
● Individualism vs. collectivism (IDV)
● Uncertainty avoidance (UAI)
● Masculinity vs. femininity (MAS)
● Long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation (LTO)
● Indulgence vs. restraint (IND)
For his project, Hofstede collected data from more than 70 countries and applied statistical
methods to give each country a score for its cultural characteristic on an index out of 100. The
following figure demonstrates the scores of Germany and the USA, as extracted from Hofstede
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studies. In the following I describe Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions in-depth and create
connections to modern web design with a focus on Germany and the U.S.
Germany and the U.S. analyzed through Hofstede’s six dimensions
Figure 2 Hofstede's cultural dimension scores for Germany and the USA
Power distance:
The power distance index is defined as "the extent to which the less powerful members of
organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally." 4 This
dimension deals with the fact that individuals in societies are not equal – it expresses the attitude
of the culture towards, for example, income inequalities, power dynamics, or hierarchy. This index
is important for understanding decision-making processes and communication structures. In
cultures with high power distances, structures run from top to bottom and power inequality is
accepted by people in lower positions. In cultures with low power distances, the structures are
participative. Scandinavian countries, Germany and Anglophone countries all have lower power
distance indexes. Germany and the U.S. have similar power distance scores with 35 and 40,
respectively and I expect to not notice major differences on their websites. I anticipate that
countries with a low power distance index have participative and engaging call-to-actions and a
4
Quote from https://www.tlu.ee/~sirvir/IKM/Leadership%20Dimensions/page_22.html
Weirauch 8
more open and direct communication compared to hierarchical websites designed for nations with
a high power distance index.
5
https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/germany,the-usa/
6
https://simplifiedtradesolutions.com/cultural-differences-and-international-trade/
7
https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country/the-usa/
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and informal. People in the U.S. are more willing to donate and participate in local group activities
compared to Germans.8
Uncertainty avoidance:
The uncertainty avoidance index is defined as a society's tolerance for ambiguity, in which
people embrace or avert the occurrence of something unexpected, unknown, or away from the
status quo. Societies that score high on this index opt for stiff codes of behavior, guidelines, and
laws. Those cultures generally rely on an absolute truth that is oftentimes instated by a government.
A lower degree in this index indicates a higher acceptance of differing thoughts or ideas within a
society. There is no single truth and individuals are encouraged to share their own viewpoints and
opinions. Such a society tends to impose fewer regulations, acceptance of ambiguity is more
prevalent, and communication is freer flowing. The U.S. scores 46 on the uncertainty avoidance
dimension. Thus, U.S.-Americans share a fair degree of acceptance for new ideas, innovative
products, and a willingness to try something new or different, whether it pertains to technology,
business practices, music, or food. Americans tend to be more tolerant of ideas or opinions from
others and allow broad freedom of expression. At the same time, “Americans do not require a lot
of rules and are less emotionally expressive than higher-scoring cultures.”9 U.S.-Americans
appreciate personal freedom and diverging reactions to situations. Germany (65) scores higher
than the USA (46) on the uncertainty avoidance index. High scoring countries on this index, such
as Germany, favor structure and clear sets of values to achieve a societal norm. Hofstede finds
that:
“Most Germans, for example, favored structured learning situations with precise
objectives, detailed assignments, and strict timetables. They liked situations in
which there was one correct answer that they could find. They expected to be
rewarded for accuracy.” (Hofstede 463)
The uncertainty avoidance score indicates a strong preference for deductive rather than
inductive approaches. For Germans, details are equally important to macro-level initiatives to
create trust that a topic or project is well-thought-out. In combination with a low power distance,
Germans prefer to compensate for their uncertainty by strongly relying on experts. “The ideal
principle of control in organizations is a system of formal rules on which everybody can rely”
8
https://www.german-way.com/how-generous-are-the-germans/
9
https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country/the-usa/
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(Hofstede 686). Based on those findings, Germans have a strong need to determine their future
and tend to avoid risk. U.S.-Americans are generally more willing to accept risks because they
have greater confidence in their individual ability to succeed. Hence, Germans are less comfortable
with uncertainty and more reluctant to take risks. In terms of discussion organization, Germans
tend to carefully analyze problems and critically evaluate possible alternatives, whereas U.S.-
Americans may spend less time analyzing problems and therefore may produce solutions more
quickly. Relating to websites, I expect to find more details, information, and specifications on the
German website compared to the U.S. site. I expect the U.S. Greenpeace site to feature more and
easier-to-access buttons for volunteers to get involved and become members. The German website
on the other hand I expect to be more analytical, structured, with easy-to-access guides, articles,
rules, and content for users.
10
https://www.amazon.com/Cultural-differences-between-Germany-Work-Life/dp/3668984735
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High long-term orientation scores are typically found in East Asia, with South Korea
having the highest possible score of 100, Taiwan 93, and Japan 88. They are moderate in Eastern
and Western Europe. The United States scores a low score of 26 on this dimension. This is reflected
by the inclination to check new information frequently and to stay very practical with a short-term
“can-do” planning approach. U.S.-American culture oftentimes encourages a “fake it till you make
it” mentality and values rapid prototyping with a short-term focus. “American businesses measure
their performance on a short-term basis, with profit and loss statements being issued on a
quarterly basis.”11 These drive individuals to strive for quick results in their work. This category
shows the biggest difference between the United States (26) and Germany (83). Germans are long-
term oriented and tend to execute plans that have been developed by experts over an extended
period.
I expect that these findings have an influence on marketing strategy. Presumably, German
participants of Greenpeace will value good planning and deliberate organization, whereas
Americans are more likely to focus on “let's do it” “and “let’s try it out” approaches. Therefore,
marketing communication is likely to apply different messaging, images, and content to meet the
cultural expectations of Greenpeace members in those countries. I expect the Greenpeace U.S. site
to make bold short-term oriented statements compared to a more factual and long-term-oriented
language used by the German site. Especially with regards to environmental organizations, such
as Greenpeace, I expect to observe differences in timeframes of anticipated goals and projects: in
Germany, more long-term oriented initiatives compared to a focus on short-term goals for U.S.-
Americans.
11
https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country/the-usa/
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and fun. In contrast to this, “restraint stands for a society that suppresses the satisfaction of needs
and only does so by means of regularization through social norms” (Link, 2019). On this sixth
dimension, the United States (68) scores as an indulgent society. This is reflected by the following
contradictory slogan about attitudes behaviors: work hard and play hard. The low score of 40 on
this dimension for Germany indicates that German culture is restrained. Societies with a low score
in this dimension tend toward cynicism and pessimism. Also, in contrast to indulgent societies,
restrained societies do not put much emphasis on leisure time and control the gratification of
desires. People with this orientation have the perception that their actions are restrained by social
norms and feel that indulging themselves is somewhat wrong. The article Cultural differences –
indulgence versus restraint12 summarizes indulgence vs restraint as follows: “how freely can
people satisfy their basic needs and desires, how strict social norms are followed and gratification
suppressed and regulated.”13 Germans feel more comfortable with long-term responsibility,
deliberate resources planning, and informative communication to prepare actions and projects.
Americans prefer to follow their everyday desires and ideas. I expect the German website to give
the user agency through a website build-up that is complicated to navigate compared to a casual,
intuitive, simple-to-use, and straightforward designed website for the U.S. audience. I expect to
navigate the U.S. site freely and playful compared to a restrained German site.
12
http://www.binschedler.com/2012/02/indulgence-restraint/
13
http://www.binschedler.com/2012/02/indulgence-restraint/
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from 40 countries were used and only 6 countries had more than 1,000 respondents. In 15
countries, there were fewer than 200 respondents. Orr & Hauser (2008)14 criticize that Hofstede’s
research is mostly based on men because of IBM’s lack of female employees at the time.
Another point of critique is that the definition of culture itself is open to interpretation.
There are more than 160 definitions for ‘culture’ and Hofstede uses the definition “The collective
programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from
others.”15 Hofstede’s assessment of culture is considered as too static as he argues that cultures are
heterogeneous within nations. This implies that citizens of a country do not have subcultures. It is
generally assumed that all individuals in a nation share the same culture. In essence, Hofstede’s
theory is challenged for its relevance because of its methodological shortcomings and disregard of
globalization, internal cultural diversity, and technology trends. Yet, Hofstede’s framework is
popular amongst researchers in cross-cultural studies to explain different interpretations of the
same action in different countries.
14
https://www.scribd.com/document/48602075/CritiqueHofstede-Orr-Hauser-2008
15
https://hi.hofstede-insights.com/models
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16
https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/global-marketing-and-advertising/book274128
17
https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/consumer-behavior-and-culture/book258835
18
Definition of marketing, https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/what-is-marketing.
19
http://www.diannecyr.com/docs/localization_of_webdesign.pdf
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Cyr’s research focuses on the design of websites and explores how design elements result in user
trust, satisfaction, and loyalty. Cyr underlines that if web design is not culturally sensitive, there is
the potential for exclusion of countries and populations based on accessibility to information that
is not culturally adjusted. Several marketing professionals working with German and American
organizations emphasize the importance of localization. For example, Florian Auckentaler, who
works with an international marketing agency, describes key differences for marketing materials
designed for the German and U.S. market in his blog article Marketing in the US vs Marketing in
Germany: Key Differences You Have to Know.20 Auckentaler summarizes his main findings in
the following table:
Figure 3 Marketing in the US vs Marketing in Germany: Key Differences You Have to Know summarized by Auckenthaler
In an analysis of advertising content between the U.S. and Germany, Auckenthaler finds
that German advertisements are more likely to feature product attributes (for example
performance, nutrition, safety, other senses than taste, price, and value) compared to American
advertisements which mainly focus on a product benefit. Auckenthaler comes to this conclusion
by counting cues in American and German advertisements, summarized by in the following table:
20
https://designingit.com/blog/marketing-in-the-us-vs-germany
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Visual cues are design elements on web pages, ads, and other digital marketing channels which
help people to make sense of the information quickly.
The study Culture and German Advertising 21 by Michael Hager find among other things that:
- “German ads have greater use of information and details.
- From the American perspective, the German’s need for abundant information and an
extreme number of details appears to be overdone;
- For Americans the German ad can seem cluttered.
- Germans would have just the opposite impression of American ads, where the
perceived lack of details might seem trivial, simple-minded, or deceptively reticent.
- German ads are loaded with detailed information; products are described and
analyzed.”22
Numerous other studies focus on the impact of culture on marketing materials, such as web-
advertisements. While some methodologies follow a statistical approach, for example counting
cues on advertisements, others focus on the language of advertisement material and user
experience created. Like advertisements, website design should acknowledge and reflect cultural
differences for successful communication with country-specific audiences. The digital marketing
platform Hubspot broadly identifies the following elements when analyzing a website in their
article 9 Guidelines & Best Practices for Exceptional Web Design and Usability: simplicity, visual
hierarchy, navigability, consistency, responsibility, accessibility, conventionality, credibility, and
user-centricity. This aligns with other current online materials and blog articles focusing on best
practices for web design, most of which highlight the importance of language/tone, images, white
space, usability, text, links, and length.23 The Nielsen Norman Group, a self-proclaimed world
leader in research-based user experience, suggest in their paper How to Test Visual Design that
“when evaluating fonts, colors, and other visual details, assess both aesthetic impressions and
behavioral effects.”24 It is important to not only qualitatively analyze a website's color use, style
of typography, or number of images used but to also assess the visual design stimulus, for example
through a 5-second test25 aimed to capture the visitors’ ‘gut feeling.’
I will exemplify and illustrate my findings synchronically, with screenshots of Greenpeace
websites taken in April 2022, as well as by looking at past published sites, accessed through
21
https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1101&context=gbl
22
Summarized by Auckenthaler on his web article
23
‘Best practices in web design’ is a good search term on search engines.
24
https://www.nngroup.com/articles/testing-visual-design/
25
https://www.nngroup.com/videos/5-second-usability-test/
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web.archive.org, to observe historical changes and differences in the Greenpeace online presence.
When analyzing the Greenpeace websites, I will take traditional website measures into account as
well as Nielsen Norman’s guide to visual design. While analyzing websites through statistics, for
example on bounce rate, traffic, conversions, average session duration, click-through rate, percent
of new sessions, traffic origin, or pages/session26 is helpful, for this paper, I focus on the first
overall impression of the websites.
Websites need to be easy to navigate, accessible, visually pleasing and communicating in
an appropriate tone and language. Cyr, de Mooij, and other industry experts and professionals
emphasize the importance of a website to not only speak to a target group as individuals but also
the culture of that targeted group as a whole nation. Elements, such as animations, typography,
color, images, interactive elements, and similar components influence the visual experience of
visitors and can differ for various nations to be effective. Types of information portrayed and
access to further resources from the homepage are determining the overall user experience of a
site. Auckenthaler and Cyr describe that Germans appreciate learning more in-depth information
on a website compared to Americans. On websites, this can be observed by the language used, the
amount of white space, and as the Nieman Group describes it, the ‘general feel of the visual
design.’27 Websites need to appear approachable, simple, and straightforward: The quicker a user
can understand the mission, idea, and credibility of an organization (or service or product) the
more likely the user is to engage with content. This table by the Nieman Group summarizes words
used by research participants to describe their feelings when interacting with various websites.
26
https://www.spinutech.com/digital-marketing/analytics/analysis/7-website-analytics-that-matter-most/
27
https://www.nngroup.com/articles/testing-visual-design/
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The words resulting from a positive design experience as described by the Nieman Group
are remarkable: simple, bold, professional, neat, corporate, elegant, human. 28 In their study “How
long do users stay on web pages?”29 conducted by the Nieman Group, the bottom-line answer is:
“Not very long: Users often leave web pages in 10–20 seconds, but pages with a
clear value proposition can hold people's attention for much longer. To gain
several minutes of user attention, you must clearly communicate your value
proposition within 10 seconds.”
The faster information can be conveyed by a website the more likely users are to explore
content for several minutes.
30
https://www.dfrv.de/fundraising-zahlen-und-fakten/
31
https://www.definefinancial.com/blog/charitable-giving-statistics/
32
https://givingusa.org/giving-usa-2019-americans-gave-427-71-billion-to-charity-in-2018-amid-complex-year-for-
charitable-giving/
33
https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/purpose-board-directors-nonprofit-organizations-12770.html
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social, and business engagement organizations, 7% are human services organizations and another
7% are cultural and humanities nonprofits.34
Greenpeace was founded in 1971 in Vancouver, Canada and today is a well-established
global non-government organization. Greenpeace's focus on environmental protection and
activism resonated with many people, and in 1975 more than 15 sister organizations were
chartered. By 1979 the independent organizations were combined and incorporated into
Greenpeace International. Since then, Greenpeace has been active in 40+ countries and is
committed to “ensuring the ability of the earth to nurture life in all its diversity.”35 Thereby,
Greenpeace’ main goals are to:
- “Protect biodiversity in all its forms
- prevent pollution and abuse of the earth’s ocean, land, air and fresh water
- end all nuclear threats
- promote peace, global disarmament and non-violence.”36
-
34
https://www.causeiq.com/insights/how-many-nonprofits-in-the-us/
35
https://www.greenpeace.org/international/explore/about/values/
36
https://www.greenpeace.org/international/explore/about/values/
37
https://blog.hubspot.com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/30557/6-guidelines-for-exceptional-website-design-and-
usability.aspx
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Norman Group. Furthermore, I will attempt to draw conclusions based on Hofstede’s six cultural
dimensions. I analyze sites accessed through web.archive.org that have been the official
Greenpeace websites in 2004, 2010, 2016, and 2022. The current Greenpeace DE website can be
accessed through http://greenpeace.de. Greenpeace USA can be accessed under
https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/. I will consider the user experience and user interface when
evaluating the websites. “The user interface (UI) is the point of human-computer interaction and
communication in a device. This can include display screens, keyboards, a mouse and the
appearance of a desktop.”38 User interface focuses on choices and actions users are given on a
provided system, such as a website. User experience focuses on how users interact with materials.
“The user experience (UX or UE) is how a user interacts with and experiences a product, system
or service. It includes a person's perceptions of utility, ease of use, and efficiency.”39 Although I
was able to find some indicators that Hofstede’s findings can be transposed to Greenpeace U.S.
and German website, a larger sample size is needed to derive robust conclusions.
One key takeaway I conclude is that Greenpeace Germany and U.S. website have similar
themes and design elements during the same time and evolve in tandem over the years from
difficult to read news-sites to branded and easy-to-navigate resource centers with tangible
information on organizations impact and mission. Since 2004 landing pages got longer in scrolling
with more graphics and larger text headlines as well as easier to read body paragraphs. Greenpeace
DE and U.S. both re- and upcycled written content on their websites across design changes. The
Greenpeace Germany site from 2004 features a gradient blue background, small typography, a
news section, and then links to Greenpeace resources and initiatives, such as “Greenpeace
Energy,” “Greenpeace Magazine,” “Greenpeace Produkte.”
38
https://www.techtarget.com/searchapparchitecture/definition/user-interface-UI
39
https://quaffdigital.com/using-user-experience-to-outsell-competitors/
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Figure 4 Greenpeace DE site from 2004 with a large feature of a blue background
Figure 5 Focus on selection option given to users on the 2004 German Greenpeace site
2022’s Greenpeace U.S. website counts 11 call-to-action buttons. The German website
counts 17 buttons. The German and U.S. sites from 2004 feature no buttons at all. Similarly, recent
published websites in Germany and the U.S. feature more images and graphics compared to plain
looking websites from 2004. Over the years and across the cultures the websites use more white
space and text got easier to read by bold headlines and more graphics compared to earlier sites.
The user experience on the recently published sites features more storytelling and an overall better
explanation of Greenpeace as an organization through visual cues and text.
The Greenpeace About Us Germany site from 2022 has bold headlines and the header
image is the iconic Greenpeace ship Arctic Sunrise. “Greenpeace stellt sich vor — Volle Kraft
voraus für die Umwelt” reads the sub-heading of the page. The future oriented tagline aligns with
Hofstede’s long-term vs. short-term orientation index in which Germany scores 83. The
Greenpeace USA About Us 2022 version uses ‘we’ 22 times throughout the written text. Germany
Weirauch 24
About Us 2022 text thereby has only a total of 2 ‘wir’ in the explanation text about the who
Greenpeace is and what they do. The second of the two ‘wir’ on the German About Us page reads
“Wir sind sehr viele Menschen aus der ganzen Welt, die im Umwelt-Schutz helfen.” A clearly
defined statement compared to a more casual use of ‘we’ on the U.S. website. It appears that the
English ‘we’ has a different annotation compared to ‘wir’ in the German language. ‘We’ is used
more casually and generously in the U.S. compared to ‘wir’ in German. ‘Uns’ is used 6 times on
the German Über Uns 2022 site. The counting of ‘uns’ on the German website includes variations,
such as ‘unsere’. On the Greenpeace USA About Us page ‘our’ is used a total of 29 times. The
following screenshots show the ‘our’ and ‘uns’ text look-up on the Greenpeace About Us 2022
sites in Germany and the U.S.
Figure 7 Greenpeace USA About Us text 2022. Focus on use of 'our' in the text
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Figure 8 Greenpeace DE About Us text 2022. Focus on 'Uns' which includes variations such as 'unsere'
It appears that ‘our’ and ‘unser’ are used differently in the English and German language.
If ‘unser’ can be directly translated into ‘our’ from German into English and ‘wir’ into ‘we,’ then
there must be cultural differences in the appropriate use of language between Germany and the
U.S. Hofstede found that the U.S.-Americans emphasis the “I” over “we.” There are no “I” or
“ich” used portions on the about us pages of either chapter. Greenpeace USA About Us text uses
11 times more ‘we’ than ‘wir’ statements in their written text.
While some conclusions from observed differences between Greenpeace U.S. and
Greenpeace Germany sites can be drawn based on Hofstede’s categories, it appears that differences
in websites are more time sensitive. Some differences and trends align with Hofstede’s six cultural
Weirauch 26
dimensions but are also likely dependent on the web design team that designed and wrote the
Greenpeace DE and USA website. Some resources can be found online that explain how
Hofstede’s cultural dimensions can be observed in web design. Web design and culture change at
different paces over time. Web design must be analyzed in relation to other websites during the
same period, similarly to culture. Attached at the bottom of this document are screenshots of
Greenpeace Germany and USA website from 2004, 2010, 2017, and 2022.
There are several scholars and authors who were instrumental in transposing Hofstede’s
differences onto web design. In 2001 Marcus & Gould published the paper: “Cultural dimensions
and global web design: What? So what? Now what?” among other things the research team finds
that uncertainty avoidance may influence contrary aspects of user-interface and web design. High-
UA cultures would emphasize the following, according to Marcus & Gould:
• “Simplicity, with clear metaphors, limited choices, and restricted amounts of data
• Attempts to reveal or forecast the results or implications of actions before users act
• Navigation schemes intended to prevent users from becoming lost
• Mental models and help systems that focus on reducing “user errors”
• Redundant cues (color, typography, sound, etc.) to reduce ambiguity.”40
As noted above, the U.S. and Germany score significantly differently on indulgence, long-
term-orientation, and the individualism index. In her article “How to sell online to indulgent vs
restrained cultures,”41 Nathalie Nahai, author of “Webs of Influences: The Psychology of Online
Persuasion,”42 observes that for indulgent cultures (like the U.S.), fun (almost playful) interactions,
giveaways, use and encouragement of user-generated content, space for open discussions, and
loose gender roles will help to convert “tourists” or “browsers” to “residents” and “customers.”
For short-term oriented countries (like the USA) emphasis is placed on values and traditions that
can be communicated through quick results. Sabrina Idler, author of “How to Design for a cross-
cultural user experience”43 argues that short-term-oriented countries, can grab visitors attention
with something that they are already familiar with. Long-term oriented countries appreciate
outlooks on the future and detailed information on advantages of a product. The paper “Collectivist
and individualist influences on website design in South Korea and the U.S.: A cross-cultural
40
Summarized by Marcus & Gould
41
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/webs-influence/201308/how-sell-online-indulgent-vs-restrained-
cultures
42
https://www.amazon.com/Webs-Influence-Psychology-Online-Persuasion/dp/0273772953
43
https://www.getfeedback.com/resources/ux/designing-for-a-cross-cultural-user-experience-part1/
Weirauch 27
content analysis”44 focuses on differences observed solely based on clues that can be attributed to
individual vs. collectivist countries. Members of the highly individualistic U.S. culture emphasize
the ‘I’ over ‘we’, take initiatives, and are ready to make decisions. Collectivist cultures tend to act
in the interest of a group, rather than their own interest. Therefore, collectivist cultures appreciate
“most popular” toggles, testimonials, or social media sharing options to gather personal feedback
from friends.
44
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01454.x
Weirauch 28
quickly find sub-cultures and groups. Cross-cultural research indicates that some differences in
advertisements or other marketing materials, such as websites, can partially be explained by
Hofstede’s cultural dimension model. Communication using images and text is different in varying
cultures. The choices web developers give their users through the user interface determines the
feeling and interaction that a user possibly can have with a website. Because of globalization
organizations can speak to various cultures at the same time, effectively conveying a common
theme to users, this connects them across regional boundaries and is oftentimes manifested in the
mission and vision statements of an organization. With the internet and increase of digital
connectedness, physical and country-specific boundaries might become less important in a fairly
uncolonized and open access internet.
Weirauch 30
Works Referenced
https://www.spinutech.com/digital-marketing/analytics/analysis/7-website-analytics-that-matter-
most/. Accessed 15 Apr. 2022.
“80+ Charitable Giving Statistics & Demographics (2022).” Define Financial, 3 Jan. 2022,
https://www.definefinancial.com/blog/charitable-giving-statistics/.
Cyr, Dianne. Localization of Web Design: An Empirical Comparison of German, Japanese, and
U.S. Website Characteristics. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and
Technology, http://www.diannecyr.com/docs/localization_of_webdesign.pdf.
“Defining Company Culture.” Open Textbooks for Hong Kong, 2 Dec. 2015,
https://www.opentextbooks.org.hk/ditatopic/37216.
Giving USA 2019 : Americans Gave $427.71 Billion to Charity in 2018 amid Complex Year for
Charitable Giving | Giving USA. 18 June 2019, https://givingusa.org/giving-usa-2019-
americans-gave-427-71-billion-to-charity-in-2018-amid-complex-year-for-charitable-giving/.
Heinemann, Arne. Die Relevanz von Kennzahlen im Fundraising. GRIN Verlag, 2014.
Hofstede, Geert. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, Third Edition. 3rd edition,
McGraw Hill, 2010.
Juviler, Jamie. 9 Guidelines & Best Practices for Exceptional Web Design and Usability.
https://blog.hubspot.com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/30557/6-guidelines-for-exceptional-website-
design-and-usability.aspx. Accessed 15 Apr. 2022.
9 Guidelines & Best Practices for Exceptional Web Design and Usability.
https://blog.hubspot.com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/30557/6-guidelines-for-exceptional-website-
design-and-usability.aspx. Accessed 15 Apr. 2022.
Kim, Heeman, et al. “Collectivist and Individualist Influences on Website Design in South Korea
and the U.S.: A Cross-Cultural Content Analysis.” Journal of Computer-Mediated
Communication, vol. 14, no. 3, Apr. 2009, pp. 581–601. DOI.org (Crossref),
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01454.x.
Link, Annika. Cultural Differences between Germany and the United States in Terms of Work-
Life Balance. Grin Verlag, 2019.
Litt, Martin. Use User Experience to Charge More for the Same Products - QUAFF. 16 Nov.
2021, https://quaffdigital.com/using-user-experience-to-outsell-competitors/.
Weirauch 32
Marcus, Aaron. Cultural Dimensions and Global Web Design: What? So What? Now What?
https://laofutze.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/ama_cultdim.pdf.
Mooij, Marieke de. “Consumer Behavior and Culture.” SAGE Publications Inc, 10 Apr. 2022,
https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/consumer-behavior-and-culture/book258835.
Nahai, Nathalie. How to Sell Online to Indulgent vs Restrained Cultures | Psychology Today.
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/webs-influence/201308/how-sell-online-indulgent-
vs-restrained-cultures. Accessed 15 Apr. 2022.
Webs of Influence: The Psychology of Online Persuasion. 1st edition, Ft Pr, 2012.
Orr, Linda. “A Re-Inquiry of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions: A Call for 21st Century Cross-
Cultural Research.” Scribd, https://www.scribd.com/document/48602075/CritiqueHofstede-Orr-
Hauser-2008. Accessed 15 Apr. 2022.
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KURZ UND KNAPP 01.06.2020 HINTERGRUND 09.02.2022 MEINUNG 09.02.2022
Wie arbeitet Greenpeace? Wie finanziert die Greenpeace ist eine sehr große Organisation. Jennifer Morgan, wird bei Annalena Baerbock
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How It Works
Today, as we celebrate over 50 years of action, Greenpeace USA is committed to rebuilding the
country’s unjust social, environmental, and economic systems from the ground up to address the
climate crisis, advance racial justice, and build an economy that puts people first.
Our Work
Our fight to save the planet and its people has grown more serious— devastating impacts of climate
change; an extractivist, racist, and inequitable economy; destruction of ancient forests; and the
deterioration of our oceans continue to loom large. In many ways, we’re in the fight of our lives. The
inequitable system laid bare by Covid-19 is the same one that landed us in a climate and extinction
crisis. Going back to normal is not an option. Greepeacers across the country and globe are fighting for
our climate and our communities. Learn more about our active campaigns and issue areas.
50 Years of Greenpeace
In 1971, a handful of determined activists leased a small fishing vessel, called the Phyllis Cormack, and
set sail from Vancouver for Amchitka Island in Alaska. Their mission was to protest U.S. nuclear testing
off the coast of Alaska with a brave act of defiance: to place themselves in harm’s way. Despite being
intercepted by the U.S. Coast Guard, these daring activists sailed into history by bringing worldwide
attention to the dangers of nuclear testing. These brave activists and those who supported them started
the movement that became the global network that Greenpeace is today.
Over the past 50 years, Greenpeace has indeed changed the world. Our committed activists and
supporters have come together to ban commercial whaling, convince the world’s leaders to stop
nuclear testing, protect Antarctica, and so much more.
We have grown from a small group of dedicated activists to an international organization with offices in
more than 50 countries. But our spirit and resolve remain the same:
Greenpeace challenges the systems of power and privilege that destroy the environment and place
disproportionate burdens on the most marginalized communities. We know that building a greener and
more peaceful world for all requires a diverse, multicultural, people-powered force that centers the
most impacted and marginalized to ensure no one gets left behind. Environmental Justice requires that
we incorporate racial and socioeconomic justice into the way we fight for the protection of our planet
and challenges us to center the voices of those most impacted by environmental harm in the fight for
the protection of our planet.
We welcome, value, and rely on a diversity of people, cultural experiences, and perspectives. We learn
from one another. Through our campaigning, we create solutions that promote environmental
sustainability rooted in social justice.
Our Volunteers
We work with thousands of volunteers across the country who power our campaigns and make wins
possible. Greenpeace volunteers take action in their own communities, organize locally, and host events
across the country. Whether you’ve been an activist for decades or you’re just starting and want to
learn how you can help, we have volunteer opportunities for you. Our volunteer platform outlines the
opportunities, time commitment, and steps you can take today to get involved — from joining our text
team to starting a Greenpeace Action Pod. Start your volunteer journey with Greenpeace today!
Our Funding
Greenpeace does not solicit contributions from government or corporations, nor will we endorse
political candidates. Over 3 million Greenpeacers like you provide virtually all of our funding through
individual contributions. Your support provides the backbone of our organization and is invaluable to
our efforts.
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