Palau - Storm Design

PA L A U E R O S I O N & S E D I M E N T C O N T R O L
FIELD GUIDE
Version 1.0 for

Contractors and Site Inspectors
Purpose
This field guide was designed specifically for contractors in Palau involved in clearing,
grading, stockpiling, and other earth-moving activities at all construction sites. The
field guide is intended to help contractors implement the 11 Erosion and Sediment
Control (ESC) Standards of the 2010 Palau Stormwater Management Manual that are
administered and enforced pursuant to the Palau Environmental Quality Protection Act,
PNC § 101 et seq. in particular § 129(b) & (f ), and EQPB Regulations on Earthmoving
Chapter 2401-1 and Marine and Fresh Water Quality Chapter 2401-11. In particular,
this field guide:
ŀExplains why ESC is an important part of the construction process
ŀSummarizes ESC practice design, installation, and maintenance tips
ŀOutlines inspection and project closeout considerations
ŀServes as a reference for use in the field
ŀRelies primarily on graphical illustrations for multi-lingual users
ŀIs not a substitute for more detailed practice design or technical specifications
Prepared for:
The Republic of Palau
Environmental Quality Protection Board
Prepared by:
Horsley Witten Group, Inc.
May 2010
Funding provided by:

United States Department of the Interior
Office of Insular Affairs
Republic of Palau Environmental Quality U.S. Department of the Division of Horsley Witten Group
Protection Board Interior Environmental Quality
1
WHY EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL?
Impacts of Construction ............................................1
Site Factors Contributing to Erosion ........................... 4
ESC Requirements and Standards ............................... 5
Proper Construction Sequencing ................................ 9
Contractor and Inspector Responsibilities ................10
2
SEDIMENT BARRIERS
Buffer and Tree Protection .......................................11
Stabilized Construction Entrance............................13
Silt Fencing ...............................................................16
Silt Fence Alternatives..............................................21
Turbidity Curtain........................................................... 23
3
DIVERSIONS AND TRAPS
Diversion Berms and Swales ...................................... 25
Check Dams ..............................................................28
Vegetated and Lined Waterways ............................... 30
Sediment Traps and Basins ......................................... 33
4
STABILIZATION PRACTICES
Stabilization with Vegetation, Mulch, or Topsoil .....37
Surface Roughening......................................................... 40
Pipe Slope Drains .................................................... 42
Erosion Control Blankets..........................................44
INLET AND OUTLET PROTECTION

Inlet Protection........................................................ 47
Rock Outlet Protection ........................................... 51
Level Spreader ......................................................... 54
6
MANAGING ROAD CONSTRUCTION
ESC During Construction ................................. 57
Unpaved Roads .......................................................57
Unpa
Road Maintenance ............................................ 62
7
MAINTAINING AND CLOSING
OUT PROJECTS
Inspections and Maintenance......................... 63
Managing Trash, Supplies, and Materials ..... 65
Removing Temporary Practices ..................65
Permanent Stormwater Management............66
1
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER
WHY EROSION AND
SEDIMENT CONTROL?
To protect the environment,

meet regulatory
requirements, and fulfill
your responsibilities, it is
important to understand
why ESC is a critical part of
the construction process.
Impacts of Construction
Site Factors Contributing to Erosion
ESC Requirements and Standards
Proper Construction Sequencing
Contractor and Inspector Responsibilities

Impacts of Construction
There is a direct link between land
alteration and the health of streams,
wetlands, coastal waters, and aquifers. The
conversion of vegetated areas to buildings,
roads, and parking lots changes surface
and groundwater drainage processes,
which can have a negative impact
on our local environment
and economy. These impacts
begin during construction and
are influenced by rainfall, site
conditions, and our ability to
apply proper erosion and sediment
control (ESC) practices.
EROSION & SEDIMENT CONTROL FIELD GUIDE | 1

Before clearing and grading, Land cleared for new development removes
native vegetation vegetation and exposes valuable
absorbs rainfall, slows soil to erosion, and heavy equipment compacts
runoff velocities, protects soil soils. These factors result in more surface runoff
from erosion, and allows for and less recharge to important aquifers.
infiltration into the ground.
Sediment-laden runoff ultimately Sediment particles carry toxic pollutants and

discharges into streams, nutrients that can reduce water quality
wetlands, and marine waters. and impact coastal waters.
2 | WHY EROSION & SEDIMENT CONTROL?

When it rains on construction sites, unprotected Runoff from steep or highly
slopes, and exposed soils can erode. erodible roads can add
If ESC practices are not properly installed or to the sediment load from
maintained on site, sediment runoff can wash into construction sites during
roads, adjacent properties, and waterways. typical storm events.
Increased turbidity and

excessive sediment deposition in
nearshore ecosystems:
ŀLimits photosynthesis
ŀReduces oxygen availability
ŀClogs fish gills
ŀFills spawning grounds
ŀSmothers bottom communities
ŀReduces visibility for feeding
and predator avoidance
ŀCarries microbes to coral polyps
Sediment deposition can result in filling of shallow

wetlands and smothering of benthic habitats,
such as coral reefs and seagrass beds.

Site Factors ŀSteep slopes exist on site. Unlike
flat terrain, water concentrates and
Contributing to Erosion
travels faster down steep slopes.
Several factors contribute to increased
Sediment on cut and fill slopes is
erosion at construction sites (Figure
particularly vulnerable to erosion.
1.1). Erosion and sediment loss is
more likely to occur when: ŀErodible soils are present. Most
soils in Palau are classified as highly
ŀNative vegetation is removed, and
erodible by USDA-NRCS.
soils are exposed to erosive rainfall
and surface runoff. ŀESC practices are not properly
installed or maintained. This field
ŀHeavy rainfall occurs (the rainy season
manual describes appropriate
is May to December). Average annual
techniques to prevent erosion
rainfall in Palau is approximately 150
and control sediment.
inches.
Figure 1.1. Factors contributing to construction site erosion (Adapted

from: Tetra Tech).

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EQPB Regulations: Chapter 2401-1

Earthmoving and Chapter, 2401-11
Marine and Fresh Water Quality, An Erosion and Sediment Control
and associated permit applications Plan (ESCP) must be prepared
are available for download at www. for all projects.
palaueqpb.org.
All projects must comply with
In Palau, all construction sites 11 ESC standards.
are subject to the ESC and post-
construction stormwater criteria A Stormwater Pollution Prevention
described in the 2010 Palau Plan (SWPPP) must be prepared
Stormwater Management Manual and implemented for all sites
(available at www.palaueqpb. disturbing over 1 acre.
org). Volume I of the stormwater
SWPPPs must be approved by
manual provides design guidance,
EQPB.
construction details, and
specifications for the most common Measures must safely convey the
ESC practices. 10-year storm (10.5 inches)
with non-erosive velocities and
The following conditions must be
temporary sediment trapping
met unless a waiver is granted by the
devices must retain runoff from a
approving authority:
minimum of the 1.5 inch storm.
Projects must show
compliance with 11
ESC standards.
3 4
6 7
9 10
ESC Standards
1. Minimize unnecessary
clearing and grading to
preserve existing natural areas
2 2. Protect waterways (minimum
50-foot buffer) and stabilize
drainage ways
3. Phase construction to limit

soil exposure
4. Stabilize exposed soils

immediately (~7 days)
5. Protect steep slopes

5 and cuts from erosion
6. Install perimeter controls to

keep sediment on site
7. Employ advanced sediment

settling control devices
8. Certify contractors on ESC

plan implementation
9. Conduct a pre-construction
8 site meeting and adjust plan

if necessary
10. Where feasible, schedule

construction during the
dry season
11. Maintain ESC controls

throughout the entire
construction process
11
To meet ESC
standards, the order
of construction should
follow these steps:

Proper
Construction
Sequencing
1. Hold preconstruction meeting
2. Mark limits of disturbance

to protect waterway buffer,
existing vegetation, and
other resources
3. Clear/grub areas necessary to

construct ESC practices
4. Stabilize construction
entrance and install neces-
sary perimeter controls and
diversions
5. Install temporary sediment

trapping devices and runoff
conveyance systems
6. Complete clearing and rough

grading where necessary
(minimized and phased)
7. Provide temporary stabiliza-

tion with vegetation or mulch
for inactive, disturbed areas
8. Construct utilities, roads,

and buildings
9. Convert/install permanent
stormwater practices
10. Remove temporary

ESC devices
(Adapted from: Center for Watershed Protection) 11. Stabilize with permanent
vegetation

Contractor Inspector
Responsibilities Responsibilities
It is the job of the contractor to: It is the job of the site inspector to:
Be trained in ESC standards, Understand regulations affecting

practice installation, and construction site activities and
maintenance procedures. proper ESC practice application.
Install ESC practices according to Be familiar with the approved ESC

the ESC plan. plan, construction sequencing, and
specifications.
Follow appropriate construction
Communicate expectations for
sequencing.
cooperative ESC implementation.
Educate operators and site workers
Inspect site weekly, within 24
on the importance of proper ESC
hours of major rainfall event,
practices.
and at critical points during the
Protect waterways, trees, and other construction process.
natural areas from construction Anticipate where ESC problems
activities. may occur.
Inspect ESC practices routinely, Ensure ESC practices are properly
especially after rainfall events. installed, maintained, and
performing adequately. Provide
Make sure practices are maintained,
input for improvement or minor
repaired, and reinstalled when
modifications in the field.
necessary.
Maintain detailed records of
Communicate with supervisor
inspections with reports, photos,
and/or inspector any concerns
and rainfall records.
related to ESC.
Establish clear time frames for
Properly remove practices at end corrective actions to be completed.
of construction only after site is Follow up.
permanently stabilized.
Initiate any enforcement actions.

2
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER
SEDIMENT BARRIERS
Before extensive clearing

and grading occurs, barriers
should be installed at vehicle
entrances and at key perimeter
locations to keep sediment
from leaving the site.
Buffer and Tree Protection
Stabilized Construction Entrance
Silt Fencing
Silt Fence Alternatives
Turbidity Curtain
BUFFER AND
TREE PROTECTION
Definition ŀConsider the impact of grade

During construction activities, changes to vegetation and roots.
measures should be taken to ensure ŀDo not remove until site cleanup and
natural areas remain undisturbed. final stabilization is complete.
Where possible, clearing should be
limited to areas needed to construct Maintenance Required
buildings, roadways, cisterns/septic During construction, the limits of
tanks, and utilities. Preservation of disturbance should remain clearly
natural vegetation, steep slopes, and marked at all times. Verify that
buffers helps minimize erosion, protects protective measures remain in place.
water quality, and is cost-effective. Restore damaged protection measures
immediately. Serious tree injuries shall
Design & Installation be attended to by a tree specialist.
ŀBefore clearing, mark areas to be
preserved. Use temporary wood Common Problems
fencing, plastic construction fencing, ŀProtected areas not clearly
flagging, and/or signage. marked. Use construction fencing
ŀInstall fencing outside of the 50- and signage.
foot buffer zone and outside of tree ŀSediment discharges into protected
dripline to protect roots. area. Remove deposited sediment
ŀLocate temporary roadways, and install proper ESC practices.
stockpiles, and layout areas to avoid ŀLarge tree roots cut or exposed.
stands of trees, shrubs, and grass. Extend fencing beyond dripline to
ŀInstruct all workers to honor protect roots. Remove the ends of
protective devices. damaged roots with a smooth cut.
Cover exposed roots with soil.
ŀProhibit heavy equipment, vehicular
traffic, or storage of construction ŀSoil compacted over roots. Aerate
materials within the protected area. soil by punching holes 12 inches
deep, 18 inches apart.

Good use of highly visible Failure to adequately maintain/protect 50-foot
construction fencing to mark stream buffer from construction activities.
limit of disturbance. Additional Encroachment reduces buffer filtering capacity
bilingual signage installed to and can lead to in-stream sediment deposition.
identify area as protected.
Good combination of Wooden frame with construction fence to

construction and silt fencing protect tree from heavy equipment and debris.
to protect steep slope area. Fence does not fully extend beyond tree dripline
Minimize clearing and grading in this example leaving roots unprotected.
as much as possible.
= good use of practice = poor use of practice
12 | SEDIMENT BARRIERS
S TA B I L I Z E D
CONSTRUCTION
ENTRANCE
Definition ŀMinimum length of 50 feet (30 feet

Stabilized construction entrances are on single residential lots).
temporary crushed rock/coral pads
ŀPiping of surface water under
located at all points where vehicles
entrance or a moundable berm shall
enter or leave a construction site. The
be provided as required (Figure 2.1).
purpose of a stabilized entrance is to
reduce the tracking of sediment/mud ŀWhen necessary, wheels should be
from the site onto paved roads and cleaned to remove sediment prior
parking lots. to leaving site. If a washing area is
required, drainage should be directed
Design & Installation to a sediment trap rather than storm
ŀLocate entrance to provide for drains, ditches, or watercourses.
maximum use by all construction
vehicles.
ŀPlace woven or non-woven geotextile

fabric over entire area to be covered
with rock (see Palau Stormwater
Management Manual for fabric
specifications for heavy duty vs. light
duty roads).
ŀSpread minimum 6-inch thick layer

of 1- to 4-inch rock , or reclaimed/
recycled concrete equivalent on top Use available crushed rock/
of fabric.
coral or recycled concrete
ŀMinimum width of entrance should
be 12 feet (24 feet if only access equivalent for temporary
point), but not less than the full construction entrance.
width of access point. Ends should
be tapered to meet street.

Figure 2.1. Stabilized construction entrance with optional mountable berm.
Maintenance Required Common Problems

The condition of crushed rock/coral ŀCrushed rock/coral compacted
should be monitored periodically and into ground. Install layer of fabric
maintained after heavy use or heavy underneath and reapply rock/coral.
rainfall to prevent tracking or flowing
of sediment onto rights-of-way. This ŀCrushed rock/coral full of
may require periodic top dressing with sediment. Wash or top-dress with
additional rock. additional rock/coral.
ŀVehicles going around stabilized

All sediment spilled, dropped, or entrance. Be sure to taper edges
washed onto public rights-of-way to street. Expand entrance width
must be removed immediately and or install barriers to direct traffic
more rock/coral added as needed. to entrance.
Good example of a stabilized entrance pad.
Fabric is installed beneath rock layer. Fencing used
to keep traffic on pad and block sediment from
surrounding area (Source: University of Illinois).
Entrance is paved and slopes back towards site. Sediment accumulation shows
Hoses (on left) are provided for washing tires; that entrance has not been
however, tracks indicate infrequent compliance. maintained. Fabric was not
Stabilized entrances are supposed to be tempo- used beneath rock layer to
rary. Drainage should be directed to a sediment prevent sinking. Rock should
trapping device. be washed or re-applied.
S I LT F E N C I N G
Definition Table 2.1. Distance Between Rows
A temporary barrier of geotextile Maximum

Slope Steepness
fabric, silt fencing is installed across Length (ft)
a slope, around stockpiles, or along a 2:1 25
perimeter. The purpose of a silt fence 3:1 50
is to intercept sediment-laden runoff 4:1 75
from small drainage areas of disturbed 5:1 or flatter 100
soil, slow runoff velocity, and allow
sediment to settle out. Silt fences often fail due to
Design & Installation poor installation or lack
ŀInstall before extensive land clearing
of maintenance.
activities begin.
ŀDig 4-inch wide by 6-inch deep
ŀPlace fencing close to disturbed
trench. Install posts every 5-10 feet
area, but ~10 feet from toe of slope
on downhill side of trench at least
to allow for sediment build up and
16 inches deep. Use “T” or “U”
maintenance access. The area beyond
type steel or sturdy wooden
the fence should be undisturbed
posts (3 square inch cross section).
or stabilized.
ŀInstall perpendicular to flow ŀPlace fabric along bottom of trench.

direction. Turn ends uphill Attach to posts with wire or plastic
to prevent bypass of water ties every ½ foot. Fold and tie posts
around fence. together to overlap fabric at ends.
ŀOn long slopes, install multiple rows ŀBackfill trench with soil and
of fencing at separation distances compact.
based on slope steepness (Table 2.1
ŀReinforce fabric with heavy wire
and Figure 2.3).
support fencing to prevent collapse
ŀSilt fence should receive only where necessary (Figure 2.2).
sheet flow, not concentrated flow.
Figure 2.2. Silt fence installation with wire mesh support.
Maintenance Required ŀNot trenched properly. Reinstall to

Inspect daily. Repair if sagging, prevent flow from going underneath.
flapping, or bulging is noticeable, or
ŀStakes placed on uphill side of
if erosion or spillover is observed.
fence. Reinstall stakes 5-10 feet
Remove sediment and debris when
apart on downhill side.
build up reaches ⅓ height of fencing.
If site is inactive, continue to inspect ŀInstalled across concentrated flow
after every rain event. path (i.e. swale or stream). Identify
source of concentrated flow and re-
Common Problems evaluate placement of silt fence. Use
ŀNot maintained. Should be different ESC practice.
inspected daily. Remove accumulated
sediment when buildup is ⅓ height ŀFlow overtops or bypasses
of fence, and replace torn fabric fencing. Add uphill row of fencing,
immediately. add wire support, or turn ends uphill.

Figure 2.3. Reasons Silt Fences Fail (Adapted from: Center for Watershed Protection)
Silt fence is not aligned parallel to slope contours.
Fence receives concentrated flow.
Fence not properly trenched into ground.
Spacing between posts is too great.
Fence placed uphill of disturbed area.
Slope and/or length of slope too great for fence.
Ends do not curve uphill to prevent bypass.
Sediment deposits behind fence not removed in time to prevent failure.

Good use of fencing around Workers installing silt fence along the perimeter
stockpile. Area outside of of construction area. Be sure to locate fencing
fencing is stabilized with grass. based on ESC needs, not just placed around the
Leave enough space behind property boundary.
fence for maintenance access.
The bottom of silt fencing Concentrated flow down this slope and improper
should be securely trenched, use/installation of the silt fence have resulted in
not covered with a thin layer practice failure and sediment discharge beyond
of dirt. Trench should be at the site. Install multiple rows of fence on slopes.
least 6-8 inches deep, back-
filled, and compacted.
S I LT F E N C E
A LT E R N AT I V E S
Definition mulch. They can be used around site

Because of the high failure rate and perimeters, as conveyance checks, and
extensive maintenance burden of silt as inlet protection (Figure 2.4).
fences, consider using some of these
Silt dikes: Reusable, triangular,
alternatives:
foam product covered in geotextile
Earth berms: Linear barrier of used along perimeters, curbs, and as
compacted soil used to block or check dams.
divert runoff (see Chapter 3,
Diversion Berms). Design, Installation,
& Maintenance
Compost socks: Mesh tubes (also Follow manufacturer’s installation and
called filter socks or tubes) filled maintenance instructions.
by blower with organic or wood
Figure 2.4. Typical filter sock installation (Adapted from: Iowa Statewide
Urban Design and Specifications Manual).

An alternative for small sites, Socks can be used on slopes, but remember
silt dikes are relatively easy to to properly maintain practice by removing
install, are resistant to drive- excessive sediment that has built up behind it.
overs, and are potentially
reusable. Note sediment line
on backside of dike.
Construction fencing is not Earth berms are commonly used in Palau, and
an approved alternative to can be effective sediment barriers and diversion
silt fence. practices when installed correctly (see Chapter 3 on
Diversion Berms). Berms should only be used on flat
or shallow slopes, if used as a “trap.”
TURBIDITY
C U R TA I N
Definition ŀAnchor curtain toe as needed

A turbidity curtain is a flexible, depending on wave action and
floating barrier used to contain boat traffic.
suspended sediment along a shoreline
or within a waterbody for a short Maintenance Required
period of time. This curtain has a Inspect curtain weekly, and check
flotation system at the top and is anchors and attachments after heavy
weighted or anchored at the bottom. winds or wave action. All floating
debris shall be removed to prevent
Design & Installation damage to the curtain. Any problem
ŀVarious types are available, see or failure of the curtain must be
manufacturer’s instructions for repaired immediately.
your application.
When removal of sediment deposited
ŀDo not use across flowing waters. behind curtain is necessary, remove
Use in calm water surfaces. by hand. Allow 24 hours for sediment
to settle before removing the curtain.
ŀCurtain height shall be 20% greater Remove curtain by carefully pulling
than current water depth to allow for it towards shoreline to minimize the
changing water levels. release of remaining sediment. All
removed silt should be disposed
ŀRemove obstacles and debris from
of properly.
area prior to installation.
ŀLocate around perimeter of The turbidity curtain is the

construction site and firmly anchor
in place. Place shoreline anchors last line of defense for land-
outside of areas to be disturbed by based construction runoff,
construction equipment (Figure 2.5).
and is used in conjuction
ŀFor shallow installations, curtain can
be secured by staking rather than
with other ESC practices on
using flotation system. site .
Turbidity curtain being Good use of curtain to contain erodible stockpile
used to protect waterway along shoreline. Erodible materials should not
during shoreline stabilization be stored in waterway regardless of ESC practice
projects. See manufacturer’s usage. Be sure to firmly anchor ends of curtain to
instructions for installation shoreline.
and design specifications.
Figure 2.5. Typical turbidity curtain with flotation and anchoring devices.
Stabilized conveyance
systems can be used to divert
runoff into trapping devices
or around distrubed areas.
Ponding of runoff behind
dams allows sediment to
drop out before discharge.
CHAPTER
3 DIVERSIONS
AND TRAPS
CHAPTER 3
Diversion Berms and Swales
Check Dams
Vegetated and Lined Waterways
Sediment Traps and Basins

DIVERSION BERMS
A N D S WA L E S
Definition stabilized outlet. Typically minimum

Berms and swales, depending on their of 0.5% to 20% maximum slope (8%
location, can be used to divert “clean” max on combined berm/swales, or
runoff around disturbed areas, or to if not using erosion control matting
move “dirty” runoff to sediment traps. or riprap).
ŀOutlets must slow runoff velocity

Berms (also called earth berms
to prevent erosion. Convey “dirty”
or diversion dikes) are mounds of
runoff to a sediment trap.
compacted soil placed at the top or
base of slopes, along the site perimeter, Maintenance Required
or across exposed areas (Figure 3.1). Full length of berms and swales should
be inspected weekly and after every
Swales are temporary channels rain event in case of damage.
used to convey runoff to a sediment
trapping device (Figure 3.2). Common Problems
1. Drainage area too large. Install
Design & Installation additional practices to reduce
ŀDo not construct diversion practices contributing drainage area and
outside the site boundary without prevent erosion and overtopping.
legal permission.
2. Berms not stabilized. Stabilize
ŀDo not install diversions to redirect
exposed soils with temporary
existing streams around your site.
seeding, mulch, matting, or rock.
ŀAll berms should be compacted by
heavy equipment, except for the 3. Erosion at outlets. Relocate or
combined dike/swale (Figure 3.3). redesign outlet to slow runoff
velocity and dissipate flow.
ŀBerms and swales should be stabilized
within 1 week of installation. 4. Too steep. Install matting or riprap
to reduce erosion.
ŀAll berms and swales must have a
positive, uninterrupted grade to a

Figure 3.1. Earth berm cross section for different sized drainage areas.
Figure 3.2. Diversion swale cross section with 2:1 side slopes.
Figure 3.3. Combined berm/swale cross section.
26 | DIVERSIONS AND TRAPS

Good use of a diversion berm at the base of a This diversion swale directs
slope and along the perimeter to protect adja- flows to a sediment trap. The
cent natural areas from construction site runoff. slopes and surrounding area
The berm was stabilized with erosion control should be stabilized. Do not
matting and grass seed. use swales to divert streams.
Great use of an earth berm to collect and divert

runoff from the site into a stabilized outlet at the
top of a ponding basin (behind chain fence on
right). The berm should be stabilized with ero-
sion control blankets or vegetation.

CHECK DAMS
Definition Table 3.1. Standard spacing (MDE, 1994).

Small check dams constructed of Slope Spacing (ft)
rock/coral, bagged sand, compost < 2% 80
tubes, or other durable materials
2.1–4% 40
are placed across an open drainage
4.1–7% 25
channel to reduce erosive runoff flows
7.1–10% 15
and allow sediment to settle out.
>10% lined waterway
Design & Installation

ŀMaximum 2 acres drainage to Maintenance Required
the dam. The check dams should be inspected
ŀAnchor check dams in the channel after each runoff event. Correct all
by a cutoff trench 1 ½ feet wide by ½ damage immediately. Replace rocks
foot deep and lined with filter fabric. as needed. Make sure culverts or
other structures are not blocked by
ŀUse a well-graded rock matrix 2 to displaced check dam rocks.
9 inches in size. For other materials,
follow manufacturer’s specifications. Common Problems
ŀErosion occurring between
ŀHeight of check dam less than 2 feet.
structures. Evaluate spacing. Install
Center shall be 9 inches lower than
erosion control liner.
sides at natural ground elevation
(Figure 3.4). Side slopes shall be 2:1 ŀSediment accumulation behind
or flatter. Be sure to tie into banks. dams. Remove sediment behind
dam to allow channel to drain and
ŀSpace dams as directed in site plan.
prevent overtopping.
The top of the downstream dam
should be at the same elevation as ŀDams dislodged by heavy flow.
the toe of the upstream dam Reduce drainage area or install
(Table 3.1). additional check dams. Use larger
size rock. Better anchoring.

Rock supported silt fence is not a proper design Remove sediment when build
for check dams. This check does not fully extend up is ½ height of check dam to
across ditch, causing bypass of flow and erosion prevent overtopping. The center
along edge. of the check should be lower than
the ends to avoid run around.
Figure 3.4. Proper spacing and cross section of rock check dam.

V E G E TAT E D
AND LINED
WAT E R WAY S
Definition Design & Installation

Vegetated or lined channels are used ŀClear foundation of trees,
to safely convey flows from stabilized stumps, roots, loose rock, or other
areas or outlets without damage from objectionable material.
erosion. Waterways are typically
stabilized with grass, erosion control ŀExcavate and install as shown on
matting, rock rip rap, gabions, or the plans (Figure 3.5). Backfill
concrete depending on slope, soil, and over-excavated areas with moist soil
runoff velocity. compacted to the density of the
surrounding material.
Table 3.1 summarizes some key
features of vegetated versus lined ŀDo not allow abrupt deviations from
waterways. design grade or horizontal alignment.
ŀStabilize channels according to

specifications.
Table 3.1. Features of Various Waterways
Vegetated Waterways Lined Waterways
ŀMay require subsurface drainage or ŀUsed when vegetation will not

additional outlets to reduce prevent erosion (>6% slopes).
wet spots. ŀSteepness of side slopes based on
ŀSeed with grass as soon as practical if liner type (see Palau Stormwater
low gradient (<3% slope). Management Manual)
ŀUse sod and erosion control matting, ŀMinimum lining thickness of 4 inches
particularly along centerline at mod- for concrete lining, or 1½ times the
erate gradient (3-6% slope). maximum rock size for rip rap.
ŀVegetation must be established ŀWeep holes and underdrains should
before use. be provided for concrete.

Figure 3.5. Grassed channel
cross sections.
ŀFollow manufacturer’s instructions good condition to prevent scouring

for installing erosion control matting if overtopped.
in channels (Figure 3.6).
Common Problems
ŀHard linings shall be installed as ŀVegetation not establishing.
shown on the plans. Non-woven Use erosion control matting or
geotextiles and cutoff walls may be sod. Install additional outlets or
used to prevent undermining. underdrain system.
ŀDo not use until fully stabilized. ŀOut of bank flows are
problematic. Reduce flows to
ŀRequires a stable outlet that does not
channel, or redesign.
cause erosion at discharge.
ŀGullies forming in vegetated
Maintenance Required channel. Use liner in centerline of
Pavement or lining should be vegetated channel.
maintained as built to prevent
undermining and deterioration. ŀErosion beneath rock channels.
Existing trees next to pavements Make sure filter fabric was installed.
should be removed, as roots can cause
uplift damage. Vegetation next to
pavement should be maintained in

Concrete lined waterways can Erosion control matting liner used in centerline
be used as permanent drainage of channel to prevent erosion and help establish
features, however vegetated vegetation.
channels provide for better
water quality in the long term.
Figure 3.6. Diagram of erosion control matting used to line channel. (Adapt-
ed from State of California DOT Construction Site BMPs Manual, 2003)

SEDIMENT
TRAPS AND BASINS
Definition minimize interference with

Large basins and small traps are construction activities.
temporary ponding structures used
ŀDesign and construction of
to collect runoff and allow sediment
embankments, basins, and traps
to settle out before runoff leaves site.
must comply with all engineering
Basins and traps are formed by an
specifications (Table 3.2).
embankment and/or excavation.
ŀMaximize distance between inlet
Design & Installation and outlet.
ŀConstruct before clearing and
grubbing activities begin. Clear ŀAll pipe connections should
embankment area of all vegetation be watertight.
and debris.
ŀInstall water-permeable covers on
ŀLocate traps (Figure 3.7) and basins basins to prevent trash and debris
(Figure 3.8) to obtain maximum from clogging pipe. Dewatering
storage, ease cleanout, and holes in base of riser should be
Table 3.2. Differences Between Basins and Traps
Basins Traps
Max Drainage Area 100 acres 5 acres

Size 5,500 cubic ft/acre of drainage; >2:1 length to width
Dam Height 10-15 ft max. 5 ft max.
Dam Width 8-10 ft min. 4 ft min.
Dam Side Slopes 2.5:1 or flatter 2:1 or flatter

Outlet Riser with spillway Riser or grass/rock outlet
2 ft below top of dam, 1
Riser Height 1 ½ ft below top of dam
ft below spillway.
Status Temporary or Permanent Temporary

Figure 3.7. Example of a pipe outlet sediment trap.
covered by filter fabric or rock. No ŀStabilize all side slopes, inlets and
holes allowed in horizontal barrel. basin outlets (including spillway).
ŀTraps should have perforated risers * If basin is permanent, temporary riser

wrapped in wire and filter cloth. will need to be replaced with permanent
Do not cover top of riser. No water quality control outlet structure.
perforation within 6 inches of
horizontal barrel allowed. Maintenance Required
Repair any damage daily. Remove
ŀOutlets should be constructed and sediment to original design volume
maintained to prevent sediment when pool volume is reduced by
from leaving the trap and erosion half (mark height on riser). Dispose
from occurring below dam. of sediment according to approved

site plan. In no case should removed Common Problems
sediments be disposed of in streams or ŀOutlet pipe clogged with debris.
other natural areas. Clean pipe, install filter fabric or
trash rack cover.
Do not remove basin until site has
been fully stabilized for at least 30 ŀBasin slopes eroding. Stabilize
days. Remove water by pumping slopes with rock, vegetation, or
or cutting riser prior to removing matting. Pay close attention to inlets.
dam. Do not allow sediment to flush
into a stream or drainage way. Basin ŀExcessive sediment buildup.
sediments must be removed, safely Remove sediment to retain holding
disposed of, and backfilled with a capacity. Do not allow sediment to
structural fill. build up higher than 1 foot below
spillway.
*If converting to permanent practice,
basin should be cleaned of deposited ŀUpstream drainage too large.
sediment and re-graded to meet new Have engineer check drainage
design specifications. area calculations. Use other or
additional practices.
Figure 3.8. Sediment basin spillway profile.

This sediment trap has a perforated riser with no
filter cloth protection to filter out sediment and
trash before water is discharged. Side slopes are
not stabilized with vegetation, and there is ero-
sion occurring at the inlet point (not shown).
Large sediment basin to be converted to permanent

stormwater practice once construction complete
and accumulated sediment is removed. Good dis-
tance from inlet on right with rock apron to outlet
riser. Good stabilization of side slopes and spillway.

Stabilization with Vegetation, Mulch, or Topsoil
Surface Roughening
Pipe Slope Drains
Erosion Control Blankets
CHAPTER
4
Aggressive protection of
slopes is critical since
erosion can occur rapidly
and contribute to extensive
S TA B I L I Z AT I O N
PRACTICES
CHAPTER 4
sediment transport and

slope instability.
S TA B I L I Z AT I O N
W I T H V E G E TAT I O N ,
MULCH, OR TOPSOIL
Definition ŀCompact all fill material and

Covering an area of bare ground with roughen surface at least 12 inches
vegetation, topsoil, mulch, or erosion deep in the area to be seeded.
control blankets for temporary or
ŀAmend soil and add fertilizer
permanent erosion prevention is
where necessary.
critical. Temporary stabilization
is often needed because grading ŀEvenly apply seed mix per site plan
operations can last several months specifications. Suitable plants include
and extend into or through the rainy fast-growing and hardy species, such
season. Final stabilization will be as grasses and legumes (Table 4.1).
required for project close out.
ŀApply mulch or chemical stabilizers
Vegetative cover can be established at specified application rates after
through a combination of seeding or in combination with seeding
techniques, topsoil amendments, and (hydroseeding). Tackifiers are useful
mulching to conserve moisture and on slopes to help anchor soils and
control weeds. seed mixes.
Design & Installation ŀAs needed, install erosion control

ŀStabilize bare areas that will be blankets to protect areas being
untouched for more than 7 days, stabilized.
after final grading, at completion of
construction, or when waiting for Maintenance Required
optimal planting time. Irrigate as necessary to establish
plants. Reapply seed, mulch, or topsoil
ŀPreserve existing topsoil in place as needed to provide uniform stabi-
where possible. Stockpile topsoil lization. Maintain associated ESC
from excavated areas for later use. practices to protect stabilization area
until plants are fully established.
ŀComplete rough and final grading.
Remove large woody debris and
other litter.

Table 4.1. Common Grasses Suitable for Stabilizing Waterways and Exposed Soils
(Source: 2008 NRCS Pacific Island Vegetation Guide and 2010 Palau Stormwater
Management Manual)*
Common Name Scientific Name/Cultivar Planting Rate***
Bermuda grass Cynodon dactylon 35 lbs/PLS/ac
Carpet grass Axonopus affinis 40 lbs/PLS/ac
Centipede grass ** Eremochloa ophiuroides 20 lbs/PLS/ac
Kikuyu grass** Pennisetum clandestinum 10 lbs/PLS/ac
Pangola grass Digitaria decumbens, 80 bu/ac
Tropic lalo paspalum Paspalum hieronymii 80 bu/ac
St. Augustine grass** Stenotaphrum secundatum 80 bu/ac
Zoysia grass Zoysia japonica 80 bu/ac
* List is not all-inclusive. Ideal species for seeding and stabilizing disturbed areas should
be fast growing, non-invasive, tolerant of low fertility soils, and readily available. Seed
availability is limited in Palau.
**May have potential to become invasive.
***Pure Live Seed (PLS). One bushel (bu) equals 1.25 cu. ft. May need to double these
seeding rates when hydroseeding.
38 | S TA B I L I Z AT I O N P R A C T I C E S
Good use of hydroseed and coir fiber logs on Formation of gullies and rills
an exposed slope to help quickly establish due to lack of stabilization.
vegetative cover. Any areas of bare soil that will Presence of weeds indicates
not be touched for more than 7 days should be that soil has been exposed for a
temporarily stabilized. Permanent stabilization is long period of time.
required at the end of the construction period.
Topsoil may be required in poor soil conditions. A combination of erosion con-

Here topsoil was spread evenly across surface to trol blanket and coir fiber logs
be seeded. Grass has started to grow. Consider- with live plugs are used here to
ation should be given to irrigation requirements establish shoreline vegetation.
for plant establishment, particularly during the
dry season.

S U R FA C E
ROUGHENING
Definition contour (Figure 4.1). This is the most

Surface roughening is a simple convenient, but least effective of the
method to slow runoff and minimize roughening measures.
by creating horizontal grooves, depres-
Stair-step grading: Cutting stair-
sions, or steps that run parallel to the
steps into slopes. Each step slopes
contour of the land. Surface roughen-
towards the vertical wall (Figure 4.2).
ing should be done in conjunction
This works well with soils containing
with other stabilization activities.
large amounts of small rock.
Roughening measures include:
Grooving: Use disks, spring harrows,
Tracking: Driving a crawler tractor
or teeth on the bucket of a front-end
up and down a slope, leaving the
loader to create series of small ridges
cleat tracks parallel to the slope
and depressions.
Figure 4.1. Tracking with bulldozer (Source: US Army Corps of Engineers,1997).
Design & Installation ŀFor slopes steeper than 3:1 but less
ŀPerform surface roughening as soon than 2:1, grooving should be used.
as possible after the vegetation has Install grooves a minimum of 3
been removed from the slope. inches deep and maximum 15
inches apart.
ŀUse with temporary seeding and
temporary mulching to stabilize Maintenance Required
an area. May need to reapply at the end of each
day until other stabilization practices
ŀAvoid excessive compacting of the soil
are installed. Inspect every 7 calendar
surface when tracking, since soil com-
days and within 24 hours after major
paction inhibits vegetation growth
rainfall event. If rills appear, re-grade
and causes higher runoff rates.
and re-seed immediately.
ŀWhen step-grading, ratio of vertical
cut to horizontal distance should not
be steeper than 1:1. Maximum step
width/height is 4 feet.
Figure 4.2. Stair-step grading to protect slopes.

PIPE SLOPE DRAIN
Definition durable, flexible tubing of the same

A pipe slope drain is a temporary pipe diameter as inlet pipe (Table 4.2).
or flexible tubing with a stabilized
ŀSecurely anchor flexible tubing to the
entrance section, used where a
slope with stakes as needed.
concentrated flow of surface runoff
must be conveyed down a slope ŀDischarge pipe slope drain to riprap
without causing erosion. apron and then into a stabilized area,
watercourse, or sediment trap.
Design & Installation
ŀThe maximum allowable drainage Maintenance Required
area is 5 acres. Follow-up inspection and any needed
maintenance should be performed
ŀDirect flows along top of slope to after each storm.
inlet using earth berms or other
diversion practice (Figure 4.3). Common Problems
ŀErosion at discharge. Only
ŀThe inlet pipe leading to steep slope discharge to stabilized area.
shall have a slope of 3% or steeper to
prevent water pooling at top of slope. ŀPipe rolls or separates. Stake in
place. Replace connection bands.
ŀCover inlet pipe inlet structure at
least a foot with hand compacted
earth berm. Table 4.2. Optimal Pipe Diameter
ŀUse corrugated metal pipe with Maximum Pipe/Tubing

Drainage Area Diameter
watertight connecting bands or
(acres) (inches)
0.5 12
Pipe slope drains are used 1.5 18
to convey concentrated 2.5 21
3.5 24
flow down a slope.
5.0 30
Flexible pipe slope drain used to convey Lined waterways (see Chapter
concentrated flow down slope. Note placement 3) are also used as a permanent
of large rocks to slow velocity at discharge point. method to convey runoff down
Drain may need to be anchored with stakes to slopes, although designs that
prevent movement. prevent concentrated flows
down slopes are preferred.
Figure 4.3. Pipe slope drain discharging to sediment trapping device.

EROSION
CONTROL
BLANKETS
Definition 3. Unroll matting down slope,

Temporary erosion control blankets ensuring direct contact with
(also called matting) are used to hold ground. Overlap edges a minimum
seed and soil in place, particularly of 3-6 inches.
on steep slopes. There are many
4. Fasten with stakes/ staples per
types of products available made of
manufacturer’s specification. Do
biodegradable or synthetic materials.
not stretch.
Design & Installation Maintenance Required
ŀGrade and compact area prior
Regular inspections should be made
to installation.
to identify cracks or tears in fabric,
ŀRemove large rocks, soil clods, which should be repaired or replaced
vegetation, and other sharp objects. immediately. Synthetics may degrade
in sunlight.
ŀAmend soil, add fertilizer, and seed
prior to installation. Common Problems
ŀBlanket slipping down slope.
ŀAlways install according to Re-anchor at top of slope. Use
manufacturer’s specifications. manufacturer’s staples/stakes and
ŀFor slope installations: stapling pattern.
1. Dig anchor trench at top of slope ŀErosion occurs underneath the
(Figure 4.5). material. Make sure material is in
2. Extend end of blanket 6-12 inches contact with the ground.
beyond trench. Using staples/
stakes, fasten blanket into trench. Always install erosion
Backfill with soil and compact. control matting according to
Cover backfill with remaining
edge of blanket and fasten on manufacturer’s specifications.
downhill side of trench.
Figure 4.5. Erosion control blanket (Adapted from: State of California DOT
Construction Site BMPs Manual, 2003).

Good coverage of slope with geotextile matting.
Inspect routinely to make sure material is not
torn, particularly if woody vegetation starts to
grow up through material. Consider benefits of
biodegradable vs synthetic materials.
Erosion control blanket was not installed verti-

cally down slope and does not cover lower half
of exposed bank. Disturbed areas above slope
should also be stabilized. Good use of silt fence
to protect top of slope.
Inlet Protection
Rock Outlet Protection
Level Spreader
Inlet protection practices

allow for the piped
drainage network to be
“turned off” until the site is
stabilized and temporary
ESC practices removed.
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER
INLET AND OUTLET
PROTECTION
INLET PROTECTION
Definition Fabric Drop Inlet Protection

Various inlet protection devices can ŀUse approved filter fabric cut from
be used as temporary structures to continuous roll to avoid joints.
keep silt, sediment, and construction ŀThe maximum height of the fabric
debris from entering storm drains above the inlet crest shall not exceed
through open inlets. Practices should 1 ½ feet unless reinforced. Stake
trap sediment while allowing water to material using 2x4 inch wood or
slowly flow over or through materials. equivalent metal.
Design & Installation ŀSupport stakes for fabric should be
ŀInstall protection device per 3 feet long, spaced a maximum 3
specifications on site plan. feet apart.
ŀDo not use in place of sediment traps, ŀDrive stakes into ground a minimum
diversions, or other ESC practices. of 18 inches as close to the inlet as
ŀLimit drainage area to 1 acre or less possible.
per inlet device. ŀTrench fabric 1 foot and back fill.
ŀThe top elevations of these practices Fasten to stakes.
should provide storage and minimize
*Rock/coral protection on outside of
bypass flow.
fabric can be added if available.
ŀDo not remove until drainage area is
permanently stabilized.
Excavated Drop Inlet Protection
ŀExcavate side slopes less than 2:1.
ŀDepth should be between 1 to 2 feet
as measured from top of inlet.
ŀProvide weep holes, protected
by fabric and/or rock, to drain
temporary pool (Figure 5.1).

Figure 5.1. Excavated drop inlet protection with weep holes.
Block and Rock Drop Curb Inlet Protection

Inlet Protection ŀInstall pre-fabricated products
ŀDouble stack rows (1-2 feet above in front of curb inlet opening,
top of inlet) of concrete blocks extending 2 feet on either side. Allow
around drop inlet. Do not use for overflows at top into catch basin.
mortar. Recess the first row of blocks Follow manufacturer’s specifications.
2 inches below the top of inlet
ŀFor block and rock curb inlet
(Figure 5.2).
protection, place single row of
ŀOrient a few blocks on bottom row concrete blocks across inlet opening
for dewatering. Cover openings with with open ends facing outward. Place
cloth or wire mesh to support rock. wire mesh over open ends of blocks
to support rocks. Pile washed rock
ŀUse clean rock or crushed-coral ½-¾ (<3 inch diameter) against mesh to
inch diameter placed 2 inches below top of blocks.
top of block on 2:1 slope or flatter.
ŀFor fabric and rock protection,
install wooden frame with spacers
48 | INLET AND OUTLET PROTEC TION

Figures 5.2. Block and rock details.
Figure 5.3. Fabric and rock curb inlet protection.
and overflow weir. Attach wire mesh Bring adjacent areas to grade, smooth,
and approved fabric to frame across compact, and stabilize.
inlet opening. Pile clean rock against
mesh (2 inches minimum diameter). Common Problems
Structure should extend 2 feet on ŀExcessive sediment entering inlet.
either side of inlet (Figure 5.3). Ensure protection devices installed
properly. Ensure soil is stabilized and
Maintenance Required upstream practices are installed.
Inspect after each rain event and
make repairs as needed. Check ŀRock filter material clogged. Pull
materials for proper anchorage and rocks away from inlet, clean, or
secure as necessary. Remove sediment replace with new/washed rock.
when storage area is ½ full. Upon ŀSediment accumulating outside
stabilization of the drainage area, of practice. Remove when ½ full.
remove all materials and sediment and
dispose of properly. Seal weep holes.

Poor installation and mainte- This prefabricated product is not suited for this
nance of wire mesh. Rock type of inlet structure. Good extension of device
missing on two sides of inlet. on either side of inlet, however “dirty” flows enter
Use fabric with wire to help drain directly through grated opening. Consider
filter sediment. covering with wire mesh/fabric and/or rock.
Fabric liner inserted behind Failure to provide any form of inlet protection.
grate. Because tearing is com- Silt and debris from construction site is conveyed
mon, this practice will require to entrance of inlet from road and unstabilized
daily inspection and repair. areas and is then directly discharged.

ROCK OUTLET
PROTECTION
Definition ŀPlace rock with equipment in

Rock should be placed around one operation. Avoid displacement
and below an outlet to stabilize of, or damage to, underlying material.
the outlet, reduce the depth and Follow with hand placement when
velocity of discharge waters, and necessary.
prevent downstream erosion. Outlet
ŀPlace rock around and above outlets
protection applies to culverts, outfalls
with no headwalls (Figure 5.5).
from basins, and other conduits.
Maintenance Required
Design & Installation Once a riprap outlet has been
ŀDesign depends on the location (not
installed, the maintenance needs
at top of cuts or on slopes >10%) and
are very low. It should be inspected
tailwater depth. Follow specifications
after high flows for evidence of scour
from approved drawings.
beneath the riprap or for dislodged
ŀPrepare subgrade as specified. rocks. Repairs should be made
Compact fill to density similar to immediately.
surrounding material.
Common Problems
ŀOutlet aprons should be straight and ŀHigh flows cause scour.
flat. The end of the apron should be Replace filter fabric and rearrange
at same elevation as receiving channel rock appropriately.
or ground (Figure 5.4).
ŀRiprap dislodged. Replace by hand.
ŀUse rock riprap composed of a well-
graded mixture of rock size specified ŀRipped filter cloth. Cover with
in ESC plan. another piece of cloth or replace.
ŀApply layer of approved filter ŀRiprap filled with sediment.

material between riprap and Evaluate upstream ESC practices.
underlying soil surface. Overlaps Remove sediment by hand.
should be >1 foot.

Figure 5.4. Riprap outlet protection for discharge to unconfined section.
Figure 5.5. Protect outfalls without headwalls (Source: British Columbia, 2001).

Good protection for outfall without a headwall. This outlet is discharging to
Discharge is dissipated in rock-lined pool which a non-stable area on a slope,
will then discharge as sheet flow to adjacent which will result in erosion and
wetland. Berm behind outlet pipe is well undermining of pipe structure.
stabilized with vegetation. This muddy discharge also
indicates a general lack of
compliance with ESC standards.
To help stabilize rock apron and reduce This outlet and surrounding
undermining, filter fabric should be placed below area is well stabilized with rock
the layer of riprap, not on top as shown here. and grass. A little sediment is
depositing in the apron.

LEVEL SPREADER
Definition ŀA level spreader should disperse onto

Level spreaders are temporary a vegetated slope of less than 10:1.
(or permanent) devices that take
ŀThe lip can be constructed of grass
concentrated flow from a pipe, berm,
for low flows or timber/concrete for
or swale and release it evenly over
higher flows.
a wider area to prevent erosion and
promote infiltration. Particularly ŀThe length of the level spreader
useful where sheet flow discharges lip is dependent on the volume of
through vegetated buffers are possible. water that must be discharged, but
the minimum length for the level
Design & Installation spreader lip is 6 feet.
ŀInstall in an undisturbed or finished
area. Do not install on fill, or above a ŀMake sure area below level spreader
slope steeper than 10%. is stabilized and uniform.
ŀMaximum drainage area to spreader Maintenance Required

is 2.5 acres. Relatively low maintenance if installed
correctly. Inspect regularly for sedi-
ŀMinimum depression depth of 6
ment removal in sump and erosion at
inches behind lip.
inlet/outlet. Repair as needed.
ŀSpreader lip must be level
(uniform height and zero grade)
and reinforced with erosion control Level spreaders convert
matting, concrete, or gravel.
concentrated flow into
ŀRunoff entering spreader must not
contain significant sediment. An non-erosive sheet flow.
upstream sediment removal practice,
forebay, and/or energy dissipater at
inlet may be required.

Concrete lip
Earthen lip
Figure 5.7. Concrete and earth lipped level spreaders (Adapted from:
RI Stormwater Manual and NC State University).

Good application of level spreader at outfall from
large ponding basin. Flows plunge into small pool,
spread out evenly across level concrete lip, then
sheet flow from lip across gravel into grass (Source:
NC State University).
Concentrated flows are collected in small forebay

and discharged into 6 inch deep “swale” before
overflowing concrete lip as sheet flow (Source: NC
State University).

6
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER
MANAGING ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
Road runoff, especially

from unpaved roads,
represents one of
the largest sources of
chronic sediment loading
to coral reefs.
ESC During Construction
Unpaved Roads
Road Maintenance
ESC During Road Unpaved Roads
Construction Permanently unpaved roads can
Temporary exposure of erodible be chronic sources of sediment. To
soils during road construction and reduce sediment loads coming off of
maintenance activities can impact unpaved roads:
water quality, road stability, and ŀDesign roads for minimal disruption
public safety. of drainage patterns.
Good road design and construction ŀUse outsloped roads with drain dips
can minimize soil erosion and reduce when fill slopes are stable.
drainage problems.
ŀUse insloped roads with ditches,
The challenge of road projects is that water bars, and cross drains if steep
they are linear, space is limited, and enough (2-8%) to prevent sediment
there is an added element of traffic deposition and ditch erosion.
management. Road projects are ŀVary road grades to reduce concen-
highly visible, so problems with ESC trated flows. Space drainage struc-
are noticeable to the public. Preventing tures based on grade (Table 6.1).
erosion and controlling sediment
ŀPrevent sediment transport by using
requires use of ESC practices illustrated
changes in road grade or recessed
in Figure 6.1, including.
cut slopes.
ŀSediment barriers along perimeter ŀDo not discharge drainage struc-
ŀCheck dams in roadside ditches tures onto erodible soils or fill slopes
without outfall protection (rock
ŀSlope stabilization
piles, logs, etc.). Direct road drainage
ŀInlet protection through vegetation or other sedi-
ŀOutlet protection ment trapping devices.
ŀStockpile management ŀSurface with crushed rock/coral,

concrete, or pavement if road is
ŀTraffic safety highly erodible or heavily used.

Exposed soils were hydroseeded No erosion control provided and sediment is
and temporary inlet protection directly entering stream through culvert.
applied on road construction Sediment tracked onto active roadway. No pro-
project. Active roadway is clean tective barrier blocking sediment from adjacent
of sediment. natural areas.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1 4
3
Figure 6.1. Illustration of ESC practices used during road construction.
58 | MANAGING ROAD CONSTRUCTION

Avoid situations where runoff from unpaved Pave roads as soon as feasible.
roads drains directly to drop inlets. This inlet Good example of using wood
will discharge sediment to waterways, and will checks and rock fill to protect
quickly become clogged with debris and sedi- edge of pavement and slow
ment causing road flooding. down drainage.
5.
7
6.
7.

Broad-based dips are wide (~20 Cross drain and open-top culverts
feet) depressions used to convey ditch intercept ditch or road surface runoff
drainage across the road surface as and divert flows across the road in
sheet flow (Figure 6.2). Dips only underground pipes or grated trenches.
work on roads with slopes <12%. Piped culverts should be no less than
12 inches in diameter, angled at 30-45
Water bars are narrow, earthen berms degrees, have 2% slope, and covered
built across roads to divert road with fill at a depth of ½ pipe diameter
surface runoff into vegetated areas (Figure 6.4). The entry and outlet of
(Figure 6.3). To install: pipe should be armored with rock/
1. Excavate a trench at a 30- to coral or concrete.
45-degree angle across the road.
Trench outlet should be at least 3 Open-top culverts should be covered
inches lower than the upper end. with a grate material that can handle
vehicle loads.
2. Build a berm on the downhill side
of the trench (12 inch distance Open-top culverts should
between berm top and trench
bottom).
be of shovel-width to
3. Extend water bars slightly beyond ease maintenance.
both ends of the road. Direct di-
verted water into a stable, vegetated
area, not into open water.
Table 6.1. Optimal Structure Spacing
Spacing (ft)
Road
Grade Water Dips Cross
Bars Drains
2% 250 300 135
5% 135 180 100
10% 80 140 80 Figure 6.2. Wide dips allow ditch
15% 60 60 runoff to be directed by berms to
Do flow across road to stabile outlet.
20% 45 not 45
use Not for use on grades greater than
25% 40 30 12% (Adapted from: Wisconsin
Source: HI DFW (2003) and VICES (2003); Department of Natural Resources).
Coeur d’Alene RMP/EIS (2006)

Figure 6.3. Water bars divert surface flows and are not intended to intercept
roadside ditches (Source: British Columbia, 2001).
Figure 6.4. Cross drain and

open-top culverts carry
water under road surface
to stable discharge points
(Adapted from: University
of MN Extension Service).

Road Maintenance ŀStabilize fill slopes and maintain
Timely maintenance can prevent roadside vegetation.
road-related sediment from entering ŀKeep traffic to a minimum during wet
streams and waterbodies. periods to reduce maintenance needs.
ŀInspect the road system at regular ŀGrading (shaping) as necessary to
intervals, especially after heavy maintain proper surface drainage,
rainfall, to detect problems and to remove potholes or ruts, or mix
schedule repairs. surface rock and fines.
ŀRoad surface erosion from ditch ŀGrading should always push debris
overflow indicates a need for towards center of road for compacting
unplugging culverts, cleaning ditches, or removal.
additional cross drains or dips, or
other ditch stabilization. ŀDebris should never be pushed to side
where it will form a berm and cause
ŀRemove debris from culverts, outlets, more erosion/maintenance problems.
and catch basins particularly before
rainy season. ŀAvoid cutting the toe of cut slopes
when grading roads or pulling ditches.
ŀPlace the debris where it cannot be
washed back into these structures or ŀIf dust control agents are used, keep
into open water. compounds from entering waterways.

Routine maintenance
during construction and
proper removal of temporary
practices prior to final
site stabilization will help
ensure ESC compliance.
7
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER
M A I N TA I N I N G
AND CLOSING
OUT PROJECTS
Inspections and Maintenance
Managing Trash, Supplies, and Materials
Removing Temporary Practices
Permanent Stormwater Management

Inspections Inspectors should:
ŀConduct inspections at required
and Maintenance
frequency (every 14 days), after
Erosion and sediment control practices
storm events, and during key times
need to be inspected and maintained
during construction (installation
during all stages of the construction
and closeout).
process to ensure proper function.
ŀEvaluate practice effectiveness.
Routine maintenance by workers
on site may include: ŀEvaluate locations where drainage
ŀRemoving sediment tracked on leaves site, particularly along
to roads. waterways, natural areas, and
public roads.
ŀVisual inspection and repair of silt
fences and inlet protection devices. ŀUse approved inspection forms and
checklists if available (Table 7.1).
ŀReplacing fencing and signage
protecting trees and natural areas.
ŀRemoval of accumulated sediment

in traps, behind check dams, and on
rock outlet aprons.
ŀReplacement of rock protection or

filter fabric at outlets.
ŀFilling of rills and gullies.
ŀIrrigation for vegetative See maintenance requirements

establishment.
for individual ESC practices as
described in Chapters 2–5.

Table 7.1. Common Observations to Make During ESC Inspections
A. ESC Plan Review Good Action Required

Practices shown on ESC plan ˚ ˚
Practices installed as shown on ESC plan ˚ ˚
Sequence of construction followed ˚ ˚
B. Sediment Barriers
Silt fence, turbidity curtain, or other barrier
installed/maintained correctly ˚ ˚
Construction entrance functions properly ˚ ˚
Amount of sediment tracked onto roads or
deposited outside of barriers ˚ ˚
C. Diversions
Berms stabilized and performing adequately ˚ ˚
Swales/waterways constructed & functioning ˚ ˚
Extent of erosion at outlets ˚ ˚
D. Traps and Basins
Dams/overflows/risers constructed & functioning ˚ ˚
Slopes stabilized, particularly at inlets ˚ ˚
Level of sediment accumulation ˚ ˚
E. Stabilization
Exposed soils and slopes protected from erosion ˚ ˚
Good vegetative establishment ˚ ˚
Erosion control matting/Pipe slope drains or
other practice installed/functions properly ˚ ˚
F. Inlet and Outlet Protection
Practices installed correctly around drop, yard,
and curb inlets ˚ ˚
Rock outlet protections installed and maintained ˚ ˚
Sediment removal, erosion repairs, and other
maintenance performed ˚ ˚
G. Other
Offsite conditions at key discharge locations ˚ ˚
Previously required repairs have been made ˚ ˚
64 | M A I N TA I N I N G A N D C LO S I N G O U T P R O J E C T S
Managing Trash, ŀRecycle or reuse construction
materials where possible to reduce
Supplies, and Materials
waste going to landfill.
To keep debris and contaminants out
of runoff during construction:
Removing Temporary
ŀKeep waste materials, stockpiles, and Practices
building supplies tied down or covered When construction is completed,
to protect from wind or stormwater. all temporary ESC practices will
ŀKeep your site clean. need to be removed or converted
to permanent structures. All
ŀProvide for proper sewage disposal. construction waste will need to
be disposed of properly and the
ŀManage designated areas for
site cleaned.
equipment washing, fueling, or
servicing to prevent runoff. No site can be closed out or
ŀStore hazardous materials in practices removed until vegetation is
containment unit to avoid spills. established on all bare soil areas and
Have a plan to handle fuel, oil, or all ditches and slopes are stable.
other spills.

When removing practices, be sure to: Permanent Stormwater
ŀRemove accumulated sediment, Management
regrade to new specifications, and To ensure proper drainage after
replace/install water quality risers construction, installation of permanent
when converting temporary basins to stormwater practices, drainage
permanent stormwater practices. connections, and final site grading
should be performed according to the
ŀDo not remove protection devices
stormwater plan. Special care should
from inlets leading to basins until the
be given to make sure:
basin has been stabilized.
ŀFill in, grade, and seed traps/basins ŀAll permanent stormwater facilities
that have been removed. Double and drainage structures are installed
seeding rate where higher flows as designed. If required, final
are expected. “as-builts” should be submitted to
the approval authority to ensure
ŀRemove all silt fencing. Disperse facilities were built according to
accumulated sediment on-site or approved plan.
dispose of properly.
ŀFinal site grading directs stormwater
ŀReplace dislodged rocks or soils at
to appropriate drainage structures.
culverts and outlets. Stabilize with
vegetation, and remove debris that ŀPaving of parking lots, roads, and
could block outlets or clog inlets. other impervious areas maintains
Fill, grade, and stabilize eroded areas. proper drainage patterns.
ŀRemove inlet protection devices ŀRooftop runoff drains to stabilized

once drainage area has been vegetated area, cistern, or approved
stabilized for 30 days. drainage structure.
ŀCheck ditches and channels to
ŀPermanent stormwater facilities and
make sure banks and bottoms are
drainage structures are inspected
stabilized. Bare areas should be re-
before temporary practices are
seeded and/or repaired.
removed.
ŀCheck areas where erosion control
ŀSediment or debris accumulated in
blankets were installed. Remove
stormwater practices is removed and
loose or excess materials. Re-seed
disposed of properly.
bare areas.
Paving of parking area and use of trench drain (orange
grating) occurred prior to installation of permanent
stormwater controls downstream and final site
stabilization. Drainage from parking lot discharges to
exposed sediment rather than approved stormwater
practice or drain pipe.
Final grading and paving at this site left inlet at a

high point, causing surface runoff to bypass the
stormdrain inlet.

Sediment will need to be Before this temporary sediment basin can be
removed from permanent converted to a permanent stormwater practice,
practices such as permeable accumulated sediment will be removed, the
pavers left unprotected basin regraded, and vegetation established.
during construction.
low res
Occupancy cannot occur until Good example of designating an area for equip-
vegetation has been perma- ment washing. Before project closeout, these
nently established. areas will need to be removed and trash, waste
materials, and supplies cleaned up (Source:
SoCal Sandbags).
How to Obtain Copies of the Field Guide
Electronic copies of the Field Guide and the complete 2010 Palau Stormwater
Management Manual are available in Adobe Acrobat PDF for download at the
Environmental Quality Protection Board (EQPB) website at www.palaueqpb.
org. A limited number of printed copies of the Field Guide may be available and
can be requested by calling the EQPB office at 680-488-3600 or send an email
request to [email protected].
Key Contact Information

If you have any technical questions or comments on the Field Guide, please call
EQPB office at 680-488-3600 or send an email to EQPB Executive Officer Ms.
Portia Franz.
Photo Credits
Unless specifically referenced, photos and graphics used in this guide are from:
Horsley Witten Group, Inc.
Center for Watershed Protection
Environmental Quality Protection Board
CNMI Division of Environmental Quality
Coral Bay Community Council
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Ablemarle County, VA
Unless otherwise noted, design schematics for ESC practices were adapted
from NY State Soil and Water Conservation Committee (2005) as used in 2006
CNMI/Guam Stormwater Management Manual.
Mention of trade names or commercial products, if any, does not constitute

endorsement.

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PA L A U E R O S I O N & S E D I M E N T C O N T R O L

Version 1.0 for

Funding provided by:

INLET AND OUTLET PROTECTION

To protect the environment,

Site Factors Contributing to Erosion

ESC Requirements and Standards

Proper Construction Sequencing

Contractor and Inspector Responsibilities

EROSION & SEDIMENT CONTROL FIELD GUIDE | 1

Sediment-laden runoff ultimately Sediment particles carry toxic pollutants and

2 | WHY EROSION & SEDIMENT CONTROL?

Increased turbidity and

Sediment deposition can result in filling of shallow

such as coral reefs and seagrass beds.

EROSION & SEDIMENT CONTROL FIELD GUIDE | 3

Figure 1.1. Factors contributing to construction site erosion (Adapted

4 | WHY EROSION & SEDIMENT CONTROL?

To address stormwater runoff 3DODX6WRUPZDWHU0DQDJHPHQW

sources in Palau, the Environmental 3UHSDUHGE\

Quality Protection Board (EQPB)

Source Discharge Permit program. &10,'LYLVLRQRI(QYLURQPHQWDO4XDOLW\

An Earthmoving Permit is required 3UHSDUHGIRU

before any earthmoving at a site 

begins, and any project that might

EQPB Regulations: Chapter 2401-1

3. Phase construction to limit

4. Stabilize exposed soils

5. Protect steep slopes

6. Install perimeter controls to

7. Employ advanced sediment

8. Certify contractors on ESC

8 site meeting and adjust plan

10. Where feasible, schedule

11. Maintain ESC controls

8 | WHY EROSION & SEDIMENT CONTROL?

2. Mark limits of disturbance

3. Clear/grub areas necessary to

5. Install temporary sediment

6. Complete clearing and rough

7. Provide temporary stabiliza-

8. Construct utilities, roads,

10. Remove temporary

EROSION & SEDIMENT CONTROL FIELD GUIDE | 9

Be trained in ESC standards, Understand regulations affecting

Install ESC practices according to Be familiar with the approved ESC

10 | WHY EROSION & SEDIMENT CONTROL?

Before extensive clearing

Buffer and Tree Protection

Stabilized Construction Entrance

Silt Fence Alternatives

Definition ŀConsider the impact of grade

EROSION & SEDIMENT CONTROL FIELD GUIDE | 11

Good combination of Wooden frame with construction fence to

Definition ŀMinimum length of 50 feet (30 feet

ŀPlace woven or non-woven geotextile

ŀSpread minimum 6-inch thick layer

EROSION & SEDIMENT CONTROL FIELD GUIDE | 13

Maintenance Required Common Problems

ŀVehicles going around stabilized

sources in Palau, the Environmental 3UHSDUHGE\

An Earthmoving Permit is required 3UHSDUHGIRU

before any earthmoving at a site