Bimo 1 2023 PSS (B&J) - 1

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Problem Solving Session

Loh Kwong Weng


December, 2022

§1 Geometry - Configurations Around the Orthocenter


Consider a triangle ∆ABC and let D, E, F be feet of perpendicular from A, B, C to
BC, CA, AB respectively.
Exercise 1.1. Show that AD, BE, CF pass through a common point H. This point is
called the orthocentre of triangle ∆ABC.
Now denote MA , MB , MC the midpoints of BC, CA, AB respectively.
Exercise 1.2. Show that D, MA , MB , MC are cyclic.
In fact, the points D, E, F, MA , MB , MC all lie on a circle, which is known as the nine-
point circle of ∆ABC. Denote A1 , B1 , C1 the midpoints of AH, BH, CH respectively.

Exercise 1.3. Show that A1 , B1 , C1 all lie on this circle. In general, let P be any point
on the circumcircle of ∆ABC. Show that the midpoint of P H lies on the nine-point
circle of ∆ABC.
Exercise 1.4. Show that AMA , BMB , CMC all pass through a common point G. This
point is known as the centroid of ∆ABC.
Exercise 1.5. Denote O, N the circumcentre and nine-point centre of ∆ABC. Show
that H, G, O, N lie on a common line. (This line is known as the Euler Line of ∆ABC).
Additionally, show that HG
GO = 2 and N is midpoint of H, O.
Let A2 be on the circumcircle of ∆ABC such that AA2 is a diameter. Suppose (AEF )
and (ABC) intersect at points A, A3 . Define B2 , B3 , C2 , C3 respectively.
Exercise 1.6. Show that MA , A2 , A3 , H all lie on a common line.

§2 Geometry - Problems
Problem 2.1. Show that the tangents to (AEF ) at point E and F meet at MA .
Problem 2.2. Let ∆ABC be an acute-angled triangle, with AC ̸= BC and let O be its
circumcenter. Let P and Q be points such that BOAP and COP Q are parallelograms.
Show that Q is the orthocenter of ∆ABC.
Problem 2.3. Denote P = BC ∩ EF, Q = CA ∩ DF, R = AB ∩ DE. Show that P, Q, R
all lie on a common line that is perpendicular to the Euler Line of ∆ABC.
Problem 2.4. An acute-angled triangle ∆ABC is given in the plane. The circle with
diameter AB intersects altitude CC0 and its extension at points M and N , and the circle
with diameter AC intersects altitude BB0 and its extensions at P and Q. Prove that
the points M, N, P, Q lie on a common circle.

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Loh Kwong Weng — December, 2022 Problem Solving Session

§3 Number Theory
Problem 3.1. Find all positive integers n for which 2n + 12n + 2011n is a perfect square.

Problem 3.2. For all positive integer k, denote d(k) the number of positive integer
divisors of k. Show that for all positive integer n, we have

d(1) + d(3) + ... + d(2n − 1) ≤ d(2) + d(4) + ... + d(2n)

Problem 3.3. For any positive integer d, let f (d) be the smallest positive integer such that
f (d) has exactly d positive integer divisors. For example, f (1) = 1, f (5) = 16, f (6) = 12.
Show that for all integer k ≥ 0 we have that f (2k ) divides f (2k+1 ).

Problem 3.4. Let n ≥ 1 be an odd integer. Find all functions f : Z → Z such that for
all integers x, y, f (x) − f (y) divides xn − y n .

Problem 3.5. Let f : Z → Z+ be function such that for all integers m, n, f (m) − f (n)
is divisible by f (m − n). Show that for all positive integers m, n such that f (m) ≤ f (n),
f (n) is divisible by f (m).

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