SWIMMING

History of swimming

Competitive swimming in Britain started around 1830, mostly using

breaststroke. Swimming was part of the first modern Olympic games in 1896 in
Athens. In 1908, the world swimming association, Fédération Internationale de
Natation (FINA), was formed.
 Ancient times
10,000-year-old rock paintings of people swimming were found in the Cave of
Swimmers near Wadi Sura in southwestern Egypt. These pictures seem to show
breaststroke or doggy paddle, although it is also possible that the movements have a
ritual meaning unrelated to swimming. An Egyptian clay seal dated between 9000 BC
and 4000 BC shows four people who are believed[by whom? to be swimming a variant
of the front crawl.
More references to swimming are found in the Babylonian and Assyrian wall drawings,
depicting a variant of the breaststroke. The most famous drawings were found in the
Kebir desert and are estimated to be from around 4000 BC. The Nagoda bas-relief also
shows swimmers inside of men dating back from 3000 BC. The Indian palace Mohenjo
Daro from 2800 BC contains a swimming pool sized 12 m by 7 m. The Minoan palace of
Knossos in Crete also featured baths. An Egyptian tomb from 2000 BC shows a variant
of front crawl. Depictions of swimmers have also been found from the Hittites,
Minoans and other Middle Eastern civilizations, in the Tepantitla compound at
Teotihuacan, and in mosaics in Pompeii.
 Early modern era
The book "A short introduction for to learn to swim" - British
Library

Lifebelt sketch by Leonardo da Vinci (circa 1488–90).

 Since swimming was done in a state of undress, it became less popular as
society became more conservative in the Early Modern period. Leonardo da
Vinci made early sketches of lifebelts. In 1538, Nikolaus Wynmann, a
Swiss–German professor of languages, wrote the earliest known complete book
about swimming, Colymbetes, sive de arte natandi dialogus et festivus et
iucundus lectu (The Swimmer, or A Dialogue on the Art of Swimming and Joyful
and Pleasant to Read). His purpose was to reduce the dangers of drowning. The
book contained a good methodical approach to learning breaststroke, and
mentioned swimming aids such as air-filled cow bladders, reed bundles, and
cork belts.
In 1587, Everard Digby also wrote a swimming book, claiming that humans
could swim better than fish. Digby was a Senior Fellow at St. John's College,
Cambridge and was interested in the scientific method. His short treatise, De
arte natandi, was written in Latin and contained over 40 woodcut illustrations
depicting various methods of swimming, including the breaststroke, backstroke
and crawl. Digby regarded the breaststroke as the most useful form of
swimming. In 1603, Emperor Go-Yozei of Japan declared that schoolchildren
should swim.
In 1595, Christopher Middleton wrote "A short introduction for to learn to swim", that
was the first published guide recording drawings and examples of different swimming
styles.
In 1696, the French author Melchisédech Thévenot wrote The Art of Swimming,
describing a breaststroke very similar to the modern breaststroke. This book was
translated into English and became the standard reference of swimming for many
years to come. In 1793, GutsMuths from Schnepfenthal, Germany, wrote Gymnastik
für die Jugend (Exercise for youth), including a significant portion about swimming. In
1794, Kanonikus Oronzio de Bernardi of Italy wrote a two volume book about
swimming, including floating practice as a prerequisite for swimming studies.
In 1798, GutsMuths wrote another book Kleines Lehrbuch der Schwimmkunst zum
Selbstunterricht (Small study book of the art of swimming for self-study),
recommending the use of a "fishing rod" device to aid in the learning of swimming.
His books describe a three-step approach to learning to swim that is still used today.
First, get the student used to the water; second, practice the swimming movements
out of the water; and third, practice the swimming movements in the water. He
believed that swimming is an essential part of every education. The Haloren, a group
of salt makers in Halle, Germany, greatly advanced swimming through setting a good
example to others by teaching their children to swim at a very early age.
Swimming as a competitive sport

Les Nageurs (The Swimmers),

from the series Le Supreme Bon Ton, c. 1810–1815
 Swimming emerged as a competitive sport in the early 1800s in England. In 1828, the
first indoor swimming pool, St George's Baths, was opened to the public.[8] By 1837,
the National Swimming Society was holding regular swimming competitions in six
artificial swimming pools, built around London. The sport grew in popularity and by
1880, when the first national governing body, the Amateur Swimming Association, was
formed, there were already over 300 regional clubs in operation across the country. In
1844 a swimming competition was held in London with the participation of two Native
Americans. The British competitor used the traditional breaststroke, while the Native
Americans swam a variant of the front crawl, which had been used by people in the
Americas for generations, but was not known to the British. The winning medal went
to 'Flying Gull' who swam the 130-foot length in 30 seconds – the Native American
swimming method proved to be a much faster style than the British breaststroke. The
Times of London reported disapprovingly that the Native American stroke was an
unrefined motion with the arms "like a windmill" and the chaotic and unregulated
kicking of the legs. The considerable splashing that the stroke caused was deemed to
be barbaric and "un-European" to the British gentlemen, who preferred to keep their
heads over the water. Subsequently, the British continued to swim only breaststroke
until 1873. The British did, however, adapt the breaststroke into the speedier
sidestroke, where the swimmer lies to one side; this became the more popular choice
by the late 1840s. In 1895, J. H. Thayers of England swam 100 yards (91 m) in a
record-breaking 1:02.50 using a sidestroke.
Sir John Arthur Trudgen picked up the hand-over stroke from South American natives
he observed swimming on a trip to Buenos Aires. On his return to England in 1868, he
successfully debuted the new stroke in 1873 and won a local competition in 1875.
Although the new stroke was really the reintroduction of a more intuitive method for
swimming, one that had been in evidence in ancient cultures such as Ancient Assyria,
his method revolutionized the state of competitive swimming – his stroke is still
regarded as the most powerful to use today. In his stroke, the arms were brought
forward, alternating, while the body rolled from side to side. The kick was a scissors
kick such as that familiarly used in breaststroke, with one kick for two arm strokes,
although it is believed that the Native Americans had indeed used a flutter kick. Front
crawl variants used different ratios of scissor kicks to arm strokes, or alternated with a
flutter (up-and-down) kick. The speed of the new stroke was demonstrated by F.V.C.
Lane in 1901, swimming 100 yards (91 m) in 1:00.0, an improvement of about ten
seconds compared to the breaststroke record. Due to its speed the Trudgen became
very quickly popular around the world, despite all the ungentleman-like splashing.
The routes taken by Webb and Bill Burgess across the English Channel, in 1875
and 1911, respectively.
 Captain Matthew Webb was the first man to swim the English Channel (between
England and France), in 1875. He used breaststroke, swimming 21.26 miles (34.21
km) in 21 hours and 45 minutes. His feat was not replicated or surpassed for the next
36 years, until Bill Burgess made the crossing in 1911. Other European countries also
established swimming federations; Germany in 1882, France in 1890 and Hungary in
1896. The first European amateur swimming competitions were in 1889 in Vienna.
The world's first women's swimming championship was held in Scotland in 1892.
Nancy Edberg popularized women's swimming in Stockholm from 1847. She made
swimming lessons accessible for both genders and later introduced swimming lessons
for women in Denmark and Norway. Her public swimming exhibitions from 1856 with
her students were likely among the first public exhibitions of women swimming in
Europe
In 1897, Capt. Henry Sheffield designed a rescue can or rescue cylinder, now well
known as the lifesaving device. The pointed ends made it slide faster through the
water, although it can cause injuries.
Olympic
Era
 The Trudgen stroke was improved by Australian-born Richmond Cavill. Cavill,
whose father Frederick Cavill narrowly failed to swim the English Channel, is
credited with developing the stroke after observing a young boy from the
Solomon Islands. Cavill and his brothers spread the Australian crawl to England,
New Zealand and America. Richmond used this stroke in 1902 at an International
Championships in England to set a new world record by out swimming all Trudgen
swimmers over the 100 yards (91 m) in 0:58.4
The Olympics in 1904 in St. Louis included races over 50 yards (46 m), 100 yards,
220 yards (200 m), 440 yards, 880 yards (800 m) and one mile (1.6 km) freestyle,
100 yards (91 m) backstroke and 440 yards (400 m) breaststroke, and the 4x50
yards freestyle relay (see also Swimming at the 1904 Summer Olympics). These
games differentiated between breaststroke and freestyle, so that there were now
two defined styles (breaststroke and backstroke) and freestyle, where most
people swam Trudgen. These games also featured a competition to plunge for
distance, where the distance without swimming, after jumping in a pool, was
measured.
 The Olympic Games were held in 1896 in Athens, a male-only competition. Six
events were planned for the swimming competition, but only four events were
actually contested: 100 m, 500 m, and 1200 m freestyle and 100 m for sailors. The
first gold medal was won by Alfréd Hajós of Hungary in the 100 m freestyle. Hajós
was also victorious in the 1200 m event, and was unable to compete in the 500 m,
which was won by Austrian Paul Neumann.

The second Olympic games in Paris in 1900 featured 200 m, 1000 m, and 4000 m
freestyle, 200 m backstroke, and a 200 m team race (see also Swimming at the
1900 Summer Olympics). There were two additional unusual swimming events
(although common at the time): an obstacle swimming course in the Seine river
(swimming with the current), and an underwater swimming race. The 4000 m
freestyle was won by John Arthur Jarvis in under one hour, the longest Olympic
swimming race until the 10k marathon swim was introduced in 2008. The
backstroke was also introduced to the Olympic Games in Paris, as was water polo.
The Osborne Swimming Club from Manchester beat club teams from Belgium,
France and Germany quite easily.
In 1908, the world swimming association Fédération Internationale de Natation
Amateur (FINA) was formed.

Women were first allowed to swim in the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm,
competing in freestyle races. In the 1912 games, Harry Hebner of the United
States won the 100 m backstroke. At these games Duke Kahanamoku from
Hawaii won the 100 m freestyle, having learned the six kicks per cycle front
crawl from older natives of his island. This style is now considered the classical
front crawl style. The men's competitions were 100 m, 400 m, and 1500 m
freestyle, 100 m backstroke, 200 m and 400 m breaststroke, and four by 200 m
freestyle relay. The women's competitions were 100 m freestyle and four by 100
m freestyle relay.
The Deutsche Lebens-Rettungs-Gesellschaft (DLRG) (German lifesaving organization)
was established on October 19, 1913 in Leipzig after 17 people drowned while trying
to board the cruise steamer Kronprinz Wilhelm. In the same year the first elastic
swimsuit was made by the sweater company Jantzen.

In 1922, Johnny Weissmuller became the first person to swim the 100 m in less than a
minute, using a six kicks per cycle Australian crawl. Johnny Weissmuller started the
golden age of swimming, winning five Olympic medals and 36 national championships
and never losing a race in his ten-year career, until he retired from swimming and
started his second career starring as Tarzan in film. His record of 51 seconds in
100-yard (91 m) freestyle stood for over 17 years. In the same year, Sybil Bauer was the
first woman to break a men's world record over the 440 m backstroke in 6:24.8.

At the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, lane dividers made of cork were used for the
first time, and lines on the pool bottom aided with orientation.
• In 1908 the Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA ), which is the world’s First Swimming
association. Was formed.
• In 1912 at the Olympic Games in Stockholm, women swam competitively for the first time.
Women’s races were held in the 100 meter freestyle and , the 100 meter freestyle relay,
• The Men’s event were the 100 M, 400M.and 1500 M Freestyle;
• 100 M backstroke,200 M and the 400M Breaststroke; and 4x200M freestyle relay.
• This was the milestone Olympic Games for Swimming, Women were being allowed tocompete for
the first time in the history of swimming
• In 1922, JOHNNY WEISSMULLER became the first person to swim under a minute in 100 M
freestyle, Weissmuler went to win five Olympic gold medals and 36 national Championship,
igniting an interest in competitive swimming that was never seen before . Weissmuller never
lost a race over a career spanning ten years. His record of 51 second in the 100 M Freestyle event
was unbrokened for the next 17 years .He later garnered Hollywood fame as the star of numerous
Tarzan Films.
• Also 1922 , Female swimmer SYBIL BAUER was the first women to break the men’s 400 M
backstroke record. Competitive swimming went to the forefront of sports due to these record -
breaking feat.
• In 1972 Olympic games at Munich Germany, MARK SPITZ broke all records in the history of
swimming and won seven (7) gold medals
•
• Spitz was a phenomenal swimmer and won a total 9 Olympic Medals , a silver, a bronze , five
PAN –AM Golds,c31 other amatuer titles. He accumulated this impressive total of titles
between the years of 1968 – 1972cOlympics , Broke all records in each of the seven events he
won gold medals.
• Competitive swimming has not seen the likes of Mark Spitz, Until MICHAEL PHELPS, As this
date, PHELPS has won 16 Olympic Medals .
• PHELPS won six gold and 2 bronze medals in 2004 Olympic games at Athens ,
• 2008 Olympic games at Bejing ,China he won eight 8 Gold medals, with this accomplishment
,PHELPS has twice tied his record of eight 8 gold medals in one Olympic Games.
Swimming innovation
The scientific study of swimming began in 1928 with David Armbruster, a coach at the
University of Iowa, who filmed swimmers underwater.[citation needed] The Japanese
also used underwater photography to research the stroke mechanics, and
subsequently dominated the 1932 Summer Olympics. Armbruster also researched a
problem of breaststroke where the swimmer was slowed down significantly while
bringing the arms forward underwater. In 1934 Armbruster refined a method to bring
the arms forward over water in breaststroke. While this "butterfly" technique was
difficult, it brought a great improvement in speed. One year later, in 1935, Jack Sieg, a
swimmer also from the University of Iowa developed a technique involving swimming
on his side and beating his legs in unison similar to a fish tail, and modified the
technique afterward to swim it face down. Armbruster and Sieg combined these
techniques into a variant of the breaststroke called butterfly with the two kicks per
cycle being called dolphin fishtail kick. Using this technique Sieg swam 100 yards (91
m) in 1:00.2. However, even though this technique was much faster than regular
breaststroke, the dolphin fishtail kick violated the rules and was not allowed.
Therefore, the butterfly arms with a breaststroke kick were used by a few swimmers in
the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin for the breaststroke competitions. In 1938,
almost every breaststroke swimmer was using this butterfly style, yet this stroke was
considered a variant of the breaststroke until 1952, when it was accepted as a separate
style with a set of rules.
 Around that time another modification to the backstroke became popular.
Previously, the arms were held straight during the underwater push phase, for
example by the top backstroke swimmer from 1935 to 1945, Adolph Kiefer.
However, Australian swimmers developed a technique where the arms are bent
underwater, increasing the horizontal push and the resulting speed and reducing
the wasted force upward and sideways. This style is now generally used
worldwide.

In 1935 topless swimsuits for men were worn for the first time during an official
competition. In 1943, the US ordered the reduction of fabric in swimsuits by 10%
due to wartime shortages, resulting in the first two piece swimsuits. Shortly
afterwards the bikini was invented in Paris by Louis Reard (officially) or Jacques
Heim (earlier, but slightly larger).
 Another modification was developed for breaststroke. In breaststroke, breaking the
water surface increases the friction, reducing the speed of the swimmer. Therefore,
swimming underwater increases the speed. This led to a controversy at the 1956
Summer Olympics in Melbourne, and six swimmers were disqualified as they
repeatedly swam long distances underwater between surfacing to breathe. The rule
was changed to require breaststroke to be swum at the surface starting with the first
surfacing after the start and after each turn. However, one Japanese swimmer, Masaru
Furukawa, circumvented the rule by not surfacing at all after the start, but swimming
as much of the lane underwater as possible before breaking the surface. He swam all
but 5 meters underwater for the first three 50 meter laps, and also swam half of the
last lap underwater, winning the gold medal. The adoption of this technique led to
many swimmers suffering from oxygen starvation or even some swimmers passing out
during the race due to a lack of air, and a new breaststroke rule was introduced by
FINA, additionally limiting the distance that can be swum underwater after the start
and every turn, and requiring the head to break the surface every cycle. The 1956
Games in Melbourne also saw the introduction of the flip turn, a sort of tumble turn
to faster change directions at the end of the lane.
In 1972, another famous swimmer, Mark Spitz, was at the height of his career. During
the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, he won seven gold medals. Shortly
thereafter in 1973, the first swimming world championship was held in Belgrade,
Yugoslavia by the FINA.

Breaking the water surface reduces the speed in swimming. The swimmers Daichi
Suzuki (Japan) and David Berkoff (America) used this for the 100 meter backstroke at
the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. Berkoff swam 33 meters of the first lane
completely underwater using only a dolphin kick, far ahead of his competition. A
sports commentator called this a Berkoff Blastoff. Suzuki, having practiced the
underwater technique for 10 years, surfaced only a little bit earlier, winning the race
in 55.05. At that time, this was not restricted by FINA backstroke rules. The
backstroke rules were quickly changed in the same year by the FINA to ensure the
health and safety of the swimmers, limiting the underwater phase after the start to
ten meters, which was expanded to 15 meters in 1991. In Seoul, Kristin Otto from
East Germany won six gold medals, the most ever won by a woman.
 Another innovation is the use of flip turns for backstroke. According to the rules, a
backstroke swimmer had to touch the wall while lying less than 90 degrees out of the
horizontal. Some swimmers discovered that they could turn faster if they rolled
almost 90 degrees sideways, touched the wall, and made a forward tumble turn,
pushing off the wall on their backs. The FINA has changed the rules to allow the
swimmers to turn over completely before touching the wall to simplify this turn and
to improve the speed of the races.
Similarly, the dolphin-kick underwater swimming technique is now also used for
butterfly. Consequently, in 1998 FINA introduced a rule limiting swimmers to 15
meters underwater per lap before they must surface. After underwater swimming for
freestyle and backstroke, the underwater swimming technique is now also used for
butterfly, for example by Denis Pankratov (Russia) or Angela Kennedy (Australia),
swimming large distances underwater with a dolphin kick. FINA is again considering a
rule change for safety reasons. It is faster to do butterfly kick underwater for the first
few meters off the wall than swimming at the surface. In 2005, FINA declared that
you may take 1 underwater dolphin kick in the motion of a breaststroke pull-out.
Sophisticated bodyskins were banned from FINA competitions from the start of 2010
after many national swimming federations demanded the action, and leading
athletes such as Michael Phelps and Rebecca Adlington criticized the suits.
• SWIMMING 1
• History
• Drawings from the Stone Age were found in "the cave of swimmers" near Sura,
dating back to 2000 B.C. In 1538 Nicolas Wynman, German professor
• of languages, wrote the first swimming book. Competitive swimming in Europe started around
1800, mostly using breaststroke. The front crawl, then called the trudgen was introduced in 1873
by John Arthur Trudgen, copying it from Native Americans. Swimming was part of the first modern
1896 Summer Olympics games in Athens. In 1900 backstroke was included as an Olympic Event. In
1908, the world swimming association Federation Internationale de Natation ( FINA ) was
formed. Butterfly was first a variant of Breaststroke, until it was accepted as a separate style in
1952.
• Technique
• The human body is 70% water and has a very similar density to water. While the lungs are filled
with the air, the body is slightly less dense than the surrounding water, and there is a net upward
force on the body. Thus staying afloat requires only a slight propelling of water downward relative
to the body, and transverse motion only a slight propelling of water in a direction opposite to the
direction of intended motion. This propelling is accomplished by using the hands and forearms as
paddles, and by kicking the legs and feet to push water away from the body (though kicking
accounts for relatively little thrust). Since salt water (e.g. the ocean) is denser than fresh water
(e.g. most swimming pools), less effort is required to stay afloat in salt water than in fresh water.
• Swimming styles have been developed based on the following principles:
• The torso and the legs should be kept as parallel as possible to the surface
of the water. Dropped legs or a slanted torso dramatically increase drag.
The hand should be extended forward of the head as much as possible. This
increases the average length at the water-line, substantially increasing
speed.
• Recent research has shown that hand force applied to the water is
generated by the rotation of the hips, and not by the muscles of the arm.
• The muscles that pull the arm through the water are attached within one
inch of the top of the arm. With a 21" arm, the lever ratio is 1:20,
which means that a 100 lbs. of pull by the shoulder muscles produces only
5 lbs. of force at the hand as it pushes back against the water. The torque
generated by the larger, stronger hip muscles, on the other hand, whips the
hands through the water, much like golfers or batters whip their clubs and
bats through the air with a fast turn of the hips. Elite swimmers who were
able to make modest increases in the acceleration of their hips doubled
their peak hand force output.
FOUR TYPES OF SWIMMING STROKE

• BUTTERFLY STROKE

• BREASTSTROKE

• BACKSTROKE

• FREESTYLE / FRONT CRAWL

TYPES OF SWIMMING JUDGES
• Turn Judge - Check that the swimmer’s turn are within the rules
• Swim Judge - Check the swimmer stroke
• Time keeper – time the swimmer
• Referee –Check that everything is running smoothly ,if the official
catches a swimmer breaking a rules concerning the stroke he/she is
swimming, that swimmer is said to be disqualified (DQ) or Deaked
and the swim in not considered valid.
FOUR TYPES OF SWIMMING
• 1 COMPETiTIVE SWIMMNG
• ( A) The goal of competitive swimming is to be the fastest to swim in a given time / distance. Competitive swimming became popular in the
nineteen century, and comprises of 17 male events and 17 female events .Swimming is a popular event at the Summer Olympic Games,
where male and female athlets compete in 13 of recognized events each. Olympic events are held in a 50 meters Olympic size pool.
Competitive swimming ‘s international governing body is FINA ( Federation Internationale de natation ), The International Swimming
Federation, The Four Competitive Swimming stroke are the Butterfly, Backstroke, Breaststroke and Freestyle ( Frontcrawl), While “ freestyle
and frontcrawl are often used interchangeably , a swimmer may actually swim any stroke in a freestyle race. Swimmers generally choose
to swim the frontcrawl in the freestyle event since the frontcrawl /freestyle event is typically the Fastest stroke
• (B) Swimming Stroke / Events
These strokes can be swum individually or together in an individual medley (IM).
The IM event in order is 1) Butterfly 2) Backstroke 3) Breaststroke 4) freestyle. Order
Types of Swimming Relay
a) Individual Medley - 1 swimmer will swim 4 different stroke in this event
b) Freestyles Relay
c) Medley Relay - 4 swimmer will swim 4 different stroke
Each of the four swimmer in a relay event swim a pre determined distance , defendant on the overall length of the relay.
Three Relay length are: : - 200, 400 AND 8 00 METERS
800 M Freestyle only
1,500 longest distance ( freestyle only)
* In a 50 Meter pool , each swimmer swims one length for 200 meter relay, and for 2 lengths for the 400 meter relay and 4 lenghts in the
800 meters relay
TYPES OF SWIMMING

• 2 RECREATIONAL SWIMMING

• The most common purpose for swimming is recreation, Recreational swimming is considered by many a
good way to relax, while enjoying a full-body workout. Several swimming styles are suitable for
recreational swimming ; most recreational swimmer prefer a style that keep their head out of the water
and has an underwater arm recovery Breaststroke , Side Stroke and Dog Paddle, are most common
stroke utilized in recreational swimming, but out of the water arm recovery of freestyle or butterfly gives
rise to better exploitation of the difference in resistance between air and water.

• The Butterfy stroke which consists of out of the water recovery with even symmetry in body movements ,
is most suited to rough water swimming,

• For example , in a record – setting example of endurance swimming , VICKY KEITH crossed the rough
water of Lake Ontario using Butterfly .Most recreational swimming takes place in pools, where the water
is calm, Therefore Freestyle ( which does not work as well in rough ) is suitable.
TYPES OF SWIMMING

• 3 Occupational Swimming

Some occupations require the workers to swim .For example, Abalone divers or pearl divers
swim and dive to obtain an economic benefits.

A. Swimming Instractor
B. Swimming Coach
C. Spear Fisherman
D. Marine Biology
E. Navy / Navy Seal , Special forces
F. Life Guard
TYPES OF SWIMMING
• 4 OCEAN SWIMMING
• Swimming for exercise
• Swimming is an excellent form of exercise, Because the rdensity of the human
body is approximately similar to the water, the body is supported by water and
less stress is therefore placed on joints and bones. Therefore , swimming is
frequently used as an exercise in Rehabilitation after injuries or for those with
disabilities.

• Swimming is primary an aerobic exercise due to the long exercise time ,

requiring a constant oxygen supply to the muscles, except for short sprints
where the muscles work anaerobically . As with most aerobic exercise it is
believed to reduce the harmful effects of stress.
RISK OF SWIMMING
Swimming is generally a healthy activity and enjoy a low risk of injury compared with many other sports, Nevertheless there are
some health risk with swimming, Including the following:
* DROWNING, INHALATION ARISING FROM
a) Adverse water condition swamping or overwhelming the swimmer or causing water inhalation
b) Action of other pushing under water accidentally in play or intentionally
c) Exhaustion or unconsciousness
d) Incapacitation through shallow water black out ,heart attacks, carotid sinus syncope or stroke.
*ADVERSE EFFECT OF IMMERSION
a)Secondary Drowning, where inhaled salt water creates a foam in the lungs that restricts breathing.
b) Thermal shock after jumping into the water that cause the heart to stop.
* EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS
Disinfectant Chlorine will increase the PH of the water, if uncorrected the raised PH may cause eye or skin irritation.
Chlorine inhalation: breathing small quantities of chlorine gas from water surface whilst swimming for a long periods of time
may have averse effect on lungs, particularly for asthmathic .This problem may resolved by using a pool better ventilation, with outdoor
pool having the best results.
* INFECTION
a) Water is an excellent environment for many bacteria ,parasites , fungi and viruses affecting human depending on water
quality.
b) Skin infections from both swimming and shower rooms can cause athelets foot ( Boat Bug ). The easiest way to avoid this is to
dry the space between toes .
C) Microscopic parasites such as Cryptosporidium can be resistant to chlorine and can cause Diarrheal illness when swimmer
swallow pool water.
d) Ear infection
e) Unfortunately, when chlorine level are imporperly balanced, severed health problems may results such as chornic bronchits and
ashma.
RISK OF SWIMMING
• SWIMMER’S OWN ACTIONS
• Overused injury ; competitive Butterfly Stroke swimmer for example may develop some back
pain, including vertebral fracture in a rare cases, shoulder pain after a long years of training ,
Breaststroke swimmers may develop knee pain,and hip pain, and Fresstyle and Backstroke
swimmers may develop shoulder pain referred to as swimmer’s shoulder ( a form of tendinites)
• Hyerventilation in a bid to extend underwater breath-hold times lowers blood carbon dioxide
resulting in suppression of the urge to breathe and consequent loss of conciousness toward the
end of the dive
• ADVERSE WATER AND WEATHER CONDITIONS
• Currents, including TIDES and RIVERS can cause exhaustion, move swimmer away from safety, or
pull swimmers underwater
• Wind enhances waves and can blow a swimmer off course.
• Hypothermia due to cold water, can cause rapid exhaustion and uncosciousness.
• Sunburn severity can be increased by reflections in the water and luck of clothing worn during
swimming. Long term exposure to the sun contributes to risk of skin cancer
RISK OF SWIMMING
OBJECT IN THE WATER
Propeller damage is a major cause of accidents, either run over by boat or entanglement
on climbing into a boat.
Collision with other swimmer, the pool walla,rocks or boats
Diving into asubmerged object a submerged object, or the bottom , often in turbid water
Stepping on sharp object such as broken glass

DANGEROUS AQUATIC LIFE

Stings , Jellyfish and some corals
Piercing, Sea Urchins, Zebra Mussels, Stingrays
Bites, Shark and other Fish, Snake ,Lbster or Crabs
Electrocution, Electric rays, Electric eels
FOUR KIND OF SWIMMING

• FREESTYLE - FLATTER KICK

• BUTTERFLY – DOLPHIN KICK

• BREASTSTROKE – FROG KICK

• BACKSTROKE – SCISSOR KICK OR INVERTED FLATER KICK

POOL SAFETY REGULATION& EXPECTATION
• SWIMMING IS PROHIBITED UNLESS A LIFEGUARD IS ON DUTY
• ALL STUDENTS MUST OBEY THE DIRECTIVE OF THE COACH OR LIFEGUARD AT ALL TIMES.
• AVOID LOUD AND POTENTIALLY DENGEROUS ACTIVITES, SUCH AS PUSHING OR PULLING EACH OTHER INTO THE POOL,OR THROWING KIDS
FROM THE EDGE INTO THE WATER
• NO RUNNING ON THE DECK OR INSIDE THE CHANGING ROOM
• STREET SHOEARE NOT PERMITTED ON THE POOL DECK
• SITTING ON THE LANE ROPES IS NOT PERMITTED
• DIVING IS NOT PERMITTED IN THE SHALLOW AREA
• BACK DIVES OR FLIPS ARE NOT PERMITTED
• GLASS CONTAINER OF ANY KIND ARE STRICTLY PROHIBITED IN THE POOL AREA
• SWIMMER MUST SHOWER BEFORE USING THE POOL
• NO EATING, DRINKING OR CHEWING GUM IS PERMITTED ON THE POOL DECK OR IN THE WATER
• RADIO DEVICES ARE NOT ALLOWED DURING SWIMMING SESSION
• NO SMOKING OR ALCHOHOL CONSUMPTION IS PERMITTED
• APPROPRIATE ATTIRE DURING SWIMMING SESSION
LADIES – SWIMSUIT CYCLING SHORT / RASHGUARD SWIMMING CAP
MENS - SWIMMING TRANK