Black Ruling

Case: 1:20-cr-00077-TSB Doc #: 161 Filed: 12/13/22 Page: 1 of 24 PAGEID #: 3914
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO
WESTERN DIVISION
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, : Case No. 1:20-cr-77

:
vs. : Judge Timothy S. Black
:
LARRY HOUSEHOLDER, et al., :
:
Defendants. :
ORDER RESOLVING MOTIONS IN LIMINE
This criminal case is before the Court on the Government’s three motions in
limine (Docs. 137, 138, 139) and the responsive memoranda (Docs. 146, 147, 149, 150,
151, 152); Defendants Larry Householder and Matthew Borges’s joint motion in limine
(Doc. 140) and the Government’s responsive memoranda (Doc. 143); and Defendant
Larry Householder’s two motions in limine (Docs. 141, 142) and the Government’s
responsive memoranda (Docs. 144, 145).
I. BACKGROUND
On July 30, 2020, a federal Grand Jury returned a single-count Indictment,
charging Defendants Larry Householder, Jeffrey Longstreth, Neil Clark, Matthew
Borges, Juan Cespedes, and Generation Now with participating in a Racketeer Influenced
and Corrupt Organizations (“RICO”) conspiracy, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), (d).
(Doc. 22).
Following the Indictment, Defendants Longstreth, Cespedes, and Generation Now
pleaded guilty and will be sentenced at the conclusion of the case. (Min. Entries, Oct. 29,
2020, Feb. 9, 2021). Defendant Neil Clark died and, accordingly, the case against him
was dismissed. (Doc. 88). Therefore, Defendants Larry Householder and Matthew
Borges (collectively, “Defendants”) are the only remaining defendants.
The case is set to proceed to voire dire on January 20, 2023, and to jury trial on
January 23, 2023. (Doc. 118). In anticipation of trial, the parties have filed the motions
in limine currently before the Court. (Docs. 137-142).
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
“A ruling on a motion in limine is no more than a preliminary, or advisory,
opinion that falls entirely within the discretion of the district court.” United States v.
Yannott, 42 F.3d 999, 1007 (6th Cir. 1994) (citations omitted). “Motions in limine are
generally used to ensure evenhanded and expeditious management of trials by
eliminating evidence that is clearly inadmissible for any purpose.” Ind. Ins. Co. v. Gen.
Elec. Co., 326 F. Supp. 2d 844, 846 (N.D. Ohio 2004) (citing Jonasson v. Lutheran Child
and Family Serv., 115 F.3d 436, 440 (7th Cir. 1997)). However, “[o]rders in limine
which exclude broad categories of evidence should rarely be employed.” Sperberg v.
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 519 F.2d 708, 712 (6th Cir. 1975). Rather, motions in
limine are “generally confined to very specific evidentiary issues of an extremely
prejudicial nature.” Brown v. Oakland Cnty., No. 14-CV-13159, 2015 WL 5317194, at
*2 (E.D. Mich. Sept. 10, 2015).
If the evidence is not plainly inadmissible on all potential grounds, the Court’s
“evidentiary rulings should be deferred until trial so that questions of foundation,
relevancy and potential prejudice may be resolved in proper context.” Ind. Ins. Co., 326
F. Supp. 2d at 846. Moreover, “[d]enial [or granting] of a motion in limine does not
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necessarily mean that all evidence contemplated by the motion [will or] will not be
admitted at trial ….” Id. The Court may change its ruling at any point prior to or during
the trial, as “facts may … come to the district court’s attention which it did not anticipate
at the time of its initial ruling.” Yannott, 42 F.3d at 1007. “Indeed even if nothing
unexpected happens at trial, the district judge is free, in the exercise of sound judicial
discretion, to alter a previous in limine ruling.” Luce v. United States, 469 U.S. 38, 41-42
(1984).
III. ANALYSIS
A. The Government’s Motions in Limine
1. Preclude References to and Comments Regarding Discovery
The Government moves to preclude the defense from referencing or making
comments in front of the jury regarding the discovery process or any possible discovery
disputes (e.g., to preclude the defense from stating that certain discovery was requested
but not received). (Doc. 137). The Government argues that such statements are
irrelevant and may lead the jury to conclude that the Government withheld information
that Defendants were otherwise entitled to receive. (Id. at 1-2).
Defendants both filed responses, stating that they were in agreement with the
Government’s motion. (Docs. 147, 149). However, Defendants both indicated that they
may elicit testimony regarding the evidence that was gathered, the evidence that was not
gathered, and how evidence collection was accomplished. (Id.)
As the parties agree in substance, the Government’s motion to exclude references
to the discovery process and discovery disputes, if any, is GRANTED. (Doc. 137).
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Moreover, Defendants are, of course, free to elicit testimony regarding the evidence.
However, the Court must clarify that the constitutionality or propriety of evidence
collection methods is a legal question for the Court. And this Court has found no
impropriety in the Government’s evidence collection.1 Accordingly, Defendants will not
be permitted to state, suggest, or otherwise imply to the jury that the Government acted
unlawfully or improperly in obtaining the evidence in this case.
2. Preclude Argument & Evidence Supporting Jury Nullification
Next, the Government moves to preclude defense counsel and Defendants (should
they choose to testify) from “arguing, presenting evidence, or pursuing lines of inquiry
designed to elicit[,] or [that have] the effect of supporting[,] jury nullification.” (Doc.
138). Specifically, the Government raises the concern that Defendants will attempt to
lure jurors towards nullification, by presenting arguments and/or evidence, including,
inter alia: (a) selective prosecution; (b) “this is how fundraising works”; (c) ignorance of
the law; (d) a First Amendment affirmative defense; and (e) “unrelated noncorrupt or
good acts.” (Id. at 2).
Defendants do not dispute that overt jury nullification arguments are improper,
and Defendants generally affirm that they have no intention of pursuing most (or any) of
the five arguments the Government has specifically identified. (Doc. 150 at 1)
(“Householder is not presenting a selective prosecution, mistake of law, or First
Amendment defense”); (Doc. 152 at 2) (“Borges has no intent to argue or present
1
The Court will enter a separate Order regarding Defendant Householder’s motion to suppress.
(Doc. 114).
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evidence of the first four categories of topics and, regarding the fifth topic, Borges will
not offer evidence inconsistent with Rules 404 or 405 of the Federal Rules of Evidence”).
However, Defendants argue that the Government’s motion should be denied, as the broad
categories of evidence that the Government seeks to exclude may encompass permissible
lines of questioning and argument. (Id.)
Needless to say, the gist of the Government’s motion (i.e., to preclude evidence
and argument calling for or in support of jury nullification) is well-taken. See Wofford v.
Woods, 969 F.3d 685, 709 (6th Cir. 2020) (“courts will not encourage [jury nullification],
provide jury instructions acknowledging it, or allow lawyers to argue overtly for it”);
United States v. Walsh, 654 Fed. App’x 689, 696-97 (finding the district court did not
abuse its discretion by precluding defendants “from arguing or presenting evidence on
topics that would lead to jury nullification”).
However, for clarification, the Court will address Defendants’ responses to the
Government’s five identified categories, in turn.
a. Selective Prosecution
Defendants assert that they do not intend to argue selective prosecution (e.g., that
others who have engaged in similar conduct were never prosecuted, or that the
prosecutors acted with unlawful or improper motivations in deciding to charge
Defendants). (Doc. 150 at 3-4; Doc. 152 at 2-5). However, Defendants argue that they
should be permitted to attack flaws in the investigation, as well as the bias or credibility
of law enforcement witnesses. (Id.)
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As an initial matter, and as Defendants acknowledge, “[a] selective-
prosecution claim is not a defense on the merits to the criminal charge itself, but an
independent assertion that the prosecutor has brought the charge for reasons forbidden by
the Constitution.” United States v. Armstrong, 517 U.S. 456, 463 (1996). Because
selective prosecution is a pretrial issue rather than a defense, the Court will not permit it
to be asserted or suggested at trial.
But Defendants’ proposed arguments, in general, do not amount to selective
prosecution. Specifically, Defendants’ intent to challenge the reliability of the
investigation is generally permissible. See, e.g., Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 445-49
(1995) (holding that evidence was material and could have been used to undermine the
integrity of the investigation). The defense may also impeach witnesses’ testimony,
based on, e.g., prior inconsistent statements or bias. Fed. R. Evid. 607.
Of course, none of this permits the defense to cause confusion or to throw out
irrelevant or baseless accusations. For instance, differing political party affiliations alone
do not evidence bias nor motivation.2 And the Court will not permit either side to
suggest that party affiliation is an inherent sign of dishonesty, nor to stoke political
divisions as a method of persuasion.
2
Defendant Borges suggests that political motives are a valid basis of examination because
Donald Trump politicized the Department of Justice and the FBI. (Doc. 152 at 4-5). But
impeachment must be directed toward an individual witness’s testimony. Fed. R. Evid. 607(2)
(“The point of impeachment is to impugn a witness’s credibility by attacking his ability to
perceive the event, recall accurately that which he perceived, or communicate his story
accurately, or his desire to testify truthfully”). The suggestion that Defendant Borges was, so to
speak, ‘on the FBI’s radar’ because of political disagreements is irrelevant to his guilt or
innocence, as well as to whether a witness’s testimony is reliable. Thus, the line of questioning
is irrelevant absent credible evidence that the agents or the investigation were unreliable.
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b. “This is How Fundraising Works”
Similar to the selective prosecution argument, the Government asserts that the
defense should be precluded from arguing that the alleged conduct is nothing more than
the nature of politics and fundraising. (Doc. 138 at 6-7). Defendants state that they do
not intend to make a “this is just how fundraising works” argument. (Doc. 150 at 4-5;
Doc. 152 at 1-2). However, Defendant Householder does argue that he thinks an
overview of how fundraising work, generally, is relevant.
The Court will address admission of expert testimony on ‘how fundraising works’
in the context of the Daubert motions. But, as a general matter, there is a difference
between merely helping the jury understand the context of the case, and the notion that
the alleged conduct is common practice and should therefore be excused. The latter
suggestion is impermissible.
c. Ignorance of the Law
The Government argues that Defendants should be precluded from presenting
evidence and argument in support of a mistake of law defense. (Doc. 138 at 8-9). And
the Government notes that Defendant Householder’s Daubert briefings suggest his intent
to raise or imply such a defense. (Doc. 138 at 8-9). Defendant Householder states that he
has no intention to raise the argument, but merely intends to present testimony to assist
the jury in understanding the operation of a 501(c)(4) and the funding of political
campaigns. (Doc. 150 at 6). Again, the Court will address the specifics in its Order
resolving the Daubert motions. But mistake of the law is not a valid defense in this case,
and any testimony or argument to that end is precluded.
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d. First Amendment Protections
The Government argues that the defense should be precluded from arguing that the
conduct is protected by the First Amendment, as the applicability of the First Amendment
to political contributions is a legal question that will be part of the Court’s instruction.
(Doc. 138 at 9-10). In response, Defendant Householder asserts that “if the Court
instructs the jury that contributions … ‘are generally protected by the First Amendment,
unless they qualify as bribe payments,’ then counsel should be permitted to argue that
FirstEnergy[‘s] … contributions to Generation Now were permissible and protected by
the First Amendment because they were not bribe payments.” (Doc. 150 at 6-7).
While the defense can and will undoubtedly argue that the payments do not
constitute bribes, tying that argument to legal issues could lead to confusion. The Court
will accurately and thoroughly instruct the jury on the law. And so long as the parties’
closing arguments do not expand on the Court’s instruction of the law, there is no issue.
But the Court would caution counsel that inviting First Amendment analysis, or using
language that veers from the Court’s instruction, will be a problem. And the Court will
resolve that problem by stopping counsel, mid-argument, and providing a curative
instruction to the jury.
e. Evidence of “Good Acts”
The Government argues that the defense should be precluded from presenting
arguments or evidence of “good acts” on unrelated occasions, e.g., instances in which
political contributions were accepted with no expectation or action in return. (Doc. 138
at 10-13). Defendant Householder argues that, because the Government charged
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“ceaseless criminal conduct,” he should be permitted to present limited “good acts” to
counter the allegations. (Doc. 150 at 6-9). Similarly, Defendant Borges argues that such
evidence should be permitted to show motive or intent, as well as pertinent traits. (Doc.
152 at 6-9).
A criminal defendant “may offer evidence of the defendant’s pertinent trait, and if
the evidence is admitted, the prosecutor may offer evidence to rebut it.” Fed. R. Evid.
404(a)(2)(A). Thus, the Court will permit such evidence, pursuant to Rule 404(a)(2)(A),
so long as it is relevant to the charged offense, does not risk confusing the jury, and does
not become cumulative. The Government will, of course, be permitted to present rebuttal
evidence of any pertinent traits that Defendants put into evidence.
However, individual instances of non-criminal conduct have no relevance to the
charges at issue. Despite Defendant Householder’s assertion that he is charged with
“ceaseless criminal conduct,” the Government has never asserted that every political
contribution received was a bribe. Thus, the fact that Defendant could point to unrelated,
demonstrably above-board contributions has no bearing on his guilt or innocence to the
charged offense. See United States v. Dimora, 750 F.3d 619, 630 (6th Cir. 2014) (“All
[defendant’s evidence] would have shown is that, in situations unrelated to the charges,
Dimora did favors for people who did not pay him bribes”). Accordingly, such evidence
has no probative value, whereas presenting such evidence risks confusing the jury and
conflating unrelated incidents.
The Court finds the Government’s motion as to jury nullification (Doc. 138) is
well-taken and GRANTED, subject to the clarification the Court provided, supra.
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3. Preclude References/Comments Regarding the Government’s

Pretrial Statements
Finally, the Government moves to preclude the defense from referencing or
making comments to the jury regarding pretrial statements made by the Government’s
attorneys. (Doc. 139). Specifically, the Government states that Defendant Borges has
made post-indictment representations, both to the media and online, relating to
conversations with the Government that occurred during plea negotiations/proffer
sessions, and also relating to former U.S. Attorney David Devillers’s press conferences.
(Id.) As to conversations held during plea negotiations and proffer sessions, the
Government argues that any statements made are irrelevant and also constitute
inadmissible hearsay. (Id. at 1-2). And as to former U.S. Attorney Devillers’s
statements, the Government argues that such statements are irrelevant, and may also
constitute a veiled attempt by the defense to make a selective prosecution argument and
invite jury nullification. (Id. at 3-4).
As an initial matter, Defendants are in agreement that references to the U.S.
Attorney’s Office’s press conference statements should be excluded. Specifically,
Defendant Borges agrees that such statements are irrelevant, and further states that he has
no intention of raising a selective prosecution argument. (Doc. 146 at 3). And Defendant
Householder takes no position on this aspect of the motion. (Doc. 151 at 1).
As to plea negotiations and proffer sessions, Defendants Borges and Householder
take differing positions. (Docs. 146, 151). Accordingly, the Court will address each
Defendant’s arguments separately.
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a. Defendant Borges’s Response
Defendant Borges first states that he “agrees that neither side can introduce or
reference discussions or communications regarding plea negotiations before the jury.”
(Doc. 146 at 1). However, Defendant Borges asserts that no plea negotiations occurred
during the reverse proffer session and, therefore, any statements made during the reverse
proffer are admissible and, pursuant to Fed. R. Evid. 803(8), such statements do not
constitute hearsay.
To start, the Court is not persuaded that the reverse proffer can genuinely be
divorced from plea negotiations. Specifically, a reverse proffer session is a meeting in
which the Government shows a defendant the evidence that the Government has against
him. However, the Government has no obligation to engage in a reverse proffer, nor to
provide a roadmap of its case to a defendant. Rather, generally speaking, the
Government will hold a reverse proffer for the specific purpose of assisting a defendant
in making an informed decision regarding his chances at trial and, thus, whether
accepting a plea would be more beneficial. Therefore, while it is entirely plausible that
no plea offer was extended or even discussed during the reverse proffer, it is, in this
Court’s view, disingenuous to say that the two events are entirely distinct.
Nevertheless, Defendant Borges’s argument fails on other grounds. Specifically,
Defendant Borges states that, during the reverse proffer session, the Government made
statements regarding the evidence and also presented some of those statements to him as
part of a PowerPoint presentation. (Doc. 146 at 2). Defendant Borges argues that those
statements, along with the PowerPoint presentation in which they are contained, are
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admissible and not hearsay, pursuant to Fed. R. Evid. 803(8), because the United States
Attorney’s Office (“USAO”) constitutes a “public office,” and because the statements
made during the reverse proffer were “factual findings from a legally authorized
investigation.” (Id.) However, Defendant asserts that the “factual findings” presented by
the Government were false and led to erroneous inference in the course of the
investigation. (Id. at 2-3). Thus, Defendant argues that he should be permitted to present
the statements and PowerPoint to the jury, to “illustrate, among other things, problems
with the Government’s investigation.” (Id.)
Defendant Borges defeats his own argument here. Rule 803(8) is an exception to
the rule against hearsay, the purpose of which exception is to say that “factual findings,”
provided by a public office, are presumed to be inherently reliable and accurate, and
should therefore not be exclude as hearsay, unless the opposing party presents some
evidence that the information in question is unreliable. Fed. R. Evid. 803(8). However,
here, Defendant himself claims that the statements are unreliable. Indeed, Defendant
does not intend to present this evidence as proof of the matter asserted, but rather as proof
of the Government’s allegedly misguided investigation. Because Defendant does not
intend to use the evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted, Rule 803(8) and
hearsay, in general, do not apply.
But this conclusion does not mean that the evidence is admissible. As previously
stated, and as Defendant acknowledges, the evidence and inferences discussed during the
reverse proffer are likely to be the same evidence and inferences that the Government
will ask the jury to view and conclude. And, at that time, Defendant is welcome to
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present any evidence he has to contradict what the Government has presented, or to
thoroughly cross-examine the Government’s law enforcement witnesses. But Defendant
cannot present evidence on the Government’s behalf just so he can argue against it. Nor
does he require the Government’s pretrial PowerPoint presentation to make his case.
Defendant’s case needs to focus on the evidence that the Government presents at trial, not
on the Government’s pretrial visual aid.
Finally, although not specifically addressed in Defendant’s response, the Court
cannot conceive of any circumstances in which the PowerPoint could appropriately be
used for impeachment. Impeachment is directed at the witness, not the prosecutors. And
anything presented in the PowerPoint (which the Court has not seen) presumably exists in
a more official form (i.e., an investigative summary or a Memorandum of Interview). So,
Defendant will need to rely on those official documents for impeachment, rather than the
summary contained in the PowerPoint.
The Court finds Defendant Borges’s arguments unpersuasive, and the Court
concludes that the pretrial statements are inadmissible for the purposes Defendant Borges
outlines.
b. Defendant Householder’s Response
Defendant Householder responds to the Government’s motion by stating that,
because he did not engage in proffer or plea discussions, he generally takes no position,
with one exception. (Doc. 151 at 1). That is, Defendant Householder asserts that,
“should Borges testify, Householder should be permitted to cross-examine Borges about
whether the government offered Borges a plea and whether Borges rejected the plea.”
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(Id.) Defendant Householder argues that while plea discussions are inadmissible against
a defendant, the defendant can introduce plea discussions for his own tactical advantage.
(Id. at 1-2) (citing United States v. Mezzanatto, 513 U.S. 196, 205 (1995)). And thus,
Defendant argues that “because a defendant’s rejection of a plea offer is relevant to his
innocent state of mind … [a]nd because the government charges Borges in the same
racketeering conspiracy as Householder [], Borges’s state of mind is relevant.” (Id. at 2)
(citing United States v. Biaggi, 909 F.2d 662, 691 (2d Cir. 1990)).
As an initial matter, the point during which Defendants’ state of mind is relevant
to the conspiracy is at the time of the alleged conspiracy. But Defendant Borges’s state
of mind during the post-Indictment plea negotiations has no relevance to Defendant
Householder’s alleged involvement in the conspiracy. Additionally, while rejection of a
plea may be indicative of a defendant’s firm conviction in his innocence (which jurors are
required to presume anyway), it may also just be an indication that a defendant preferred
to take his chances at trial. See Biaggi, 909 F.2d 662, 691 (“A plea rejection might
simply mean that the defendant prefers to take his chances on an acquittal by the jury,
rather than accept the certainty of punishment after a guilty plea.”) And, in any event,
whatever inference may be drawn from Defendant Borges’s rejection of a plea offer
certainly does not carry over to Defendant Householder. Nor are Defendants’ guilt or
innocence conditioned upon one another. Indeed, the Court will instruct the jury that a
verdict of “guilty” or “not guilty” as to one defendant does not control the verdict as to
the other defendant. Thus, Defendant Householder’s proposed line of questioning is
irrelevant.
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Additionally, any cross-examination conducted by counsel would need to be
within the scope of direct, and given that neither Defendant Borges nor the Government
intend to elicit testimony regarding plea negotiations, any such questions from Defendant
Householder’s counsel would be outside the scope.
Finally, while Defendant Householder acknowledges that Fed. R. Evid. 410
precludes using plea statements against a defendant, he then asserts that he can use the
statements to his own advantage. The problem, however, is that these are not Defendant
Householder’s statements. “Rules 410 and 11(e)(6) ‘create, in effect, a privilege of the
defendant,’ and, like other evidentiary privileges, this one may be waived or varied at the
defendant’s request.” Mezzanatto, 513 U.S. at 205 (internal citation omitted) (emphasis
added). Defendant Householder is not the defendant who made the statement. Thus,
even if the Court permitted any testimony regarding plea negotiations, it will be entirely
within Defendant Borges’s and his counsel’s discretion whether they want to open that
door —Defendant Householder will not be permitted to pry it open for him.
Based upon the foregoing, the Government’s motion to preclude pretrial
statements is GRANTED. (Doc. 139).
B. Defendants’ Joint Motion in Limine
Defendants jointly move to exclude “FirstEnergy Corp.’s deferred prosecution
agreement and any testimony regarding it at trial.” (Doc. 140).
The Government responds that the motion is moot, as the Government does not
intend to introduce the FirstEnergy deferred prosecution agreement (“DPA”) as an
exhibit at trial. (Doc. 143). The Government does intend to evidence the facts
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underlying and alleged in the DPA, but commits to doing so without using or referencing
the DPA itself. (Id. at 2, n.1). However, the Government notes that acknowledgment of
the DPA’s existence may become necessary, depending on how events transpire at trial
(e.g., what statements the defense makes during voir dire or in opening, or whether a
witness with knowledge of the DPA is called to testify, etc.). (Id. at 2). In this regard,
the Government states that Defendants’ motion is premature and should be denied. (Id.)
Given the Government’s assurance that it does not intend to present the DPA as an
exhibit, nor use the DPA in evidencing the underlying allegations, the Court finds that
Defendants’ joint motion is MOOT. Additionally, the Court agrees that circumstances
may present at trial, in which some reference to the DPA may become necessary. But the
Court will address admissibility in those instances, if and when such circumstances come
to pass. At this time, such a ruling is premature.
C. Defendant Householder’s Motions in limine
1. Motion to Exclude Co-Conspirator Hearsay
Defendant Householder moves to preclude the Government from introducing
recorded communications between an undercover FBI Agent (the “UCE”) and former co-
Defendant Neil Clark (“Clark”).3 (Doc. 141).4 Defendant Householder argues that
3
As previously noted, Defendant Clark was charged as a co-conspirator in this case, but he has
since died and, accordingly, the charge against him was dismissed. (Doc. 88).
4
Defendant Householder also moved to exclude communications held between FirstEnergy
executives and the former PUCO chair, regarding a $4.3 million payment. (Doc. 141).
However, the Government responded that it does not intend to introduce these communications.
(Doc. 144 at 1, n. 1). Accordingly, the Court deems this relief MOOT.
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Clark’s statements to the UCE were neither about nor made in furtherance of the charged
conspiracy. (Id. at 7-9). Defendant further argues that Clark’s statements were merely
idle chatter and boasting, made at an event that neither Defendant Householder nor any
other co-defendant attended, and that the statements, at best, described activities of a
conspiracy, but did nothing to further the conspiracy. (Id.) Accordingly, Defendant
argues that the statements constitute hearsay and should be excluded. (Id.)
The Government argues in its response that Clark’s statements are the statements
of a co-conspirator, made during and in furtherance of the conspiracy and, therefore, are
not hearsay, pursuant to Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(E). (Doc. 144). The Government
further notes that because Clark served as Defendant Householder’s Generation Now
proxy, “Clark[‘s] statements are also admissible as a statement ‘by a person whom the
party authorized to make a statement on the subject’ or by an authorized agent under Rule
801(d)(2)(C) and (D).” (Doc. 144 at 10, n.7).
a. Co-Conspirator’s Statements – Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(E)
Pursuant to Rule 801(d)(2)(E), a statement is not hearsay if “[t]he statement is
offered against an opposing party and … was made by the party’s coconspirator during
and in furtherance of the conspiracy.” Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(E). Alleged co-
conspirator statements may be admitted in evidence, “if [the Court] finds, by a
preponderance of the evidence: (1) that a conspiracy existed; (2) that the defendant was a
member of the conspiracy; and (3) that the coconspirator’s statements were made in the
course of and in furtherance of the conspiracy.” United States v. Pressley, 20 F. App’x
331, 334 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing United States v. Mack, 159 F.3d 208, 215 (6th Cir.
17
1998)). In making this determination, the Court should consider the statements sought to
be admitted, but those statements must also be corroborated by independent evidence.
Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(E); United States v. Payne, 437 F.3d 540, 544 (6th Cir. 2006)
(quoting Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171, 181 (1987)).
There are three methods by which the Court can determine whether to admit an
alleged co-conspirator’s statements: (1) the Court may hold an Enright hearing, outside
of the jury’s presence, to allow the Government to make its showing regarding the
conspiracy; (2) the Court may require the Government to first produce non-hearsay
evidence of the conspiracy during the trial; or (3) the Court may conditionally admit the
alleged co-conspirator statements over the defendant’s ongoing objection, subject to later
demonstration of the statements’ admissibility. United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149,
152-53 (6th Cir. 1979); United States v. Enright, 579 F.2d 980, 985-86 (6th Cir. 1978). If
the Court elects to admit the statements conditionally, the Court should rule on the
admissibility of the evidence at the close of the government’s case-in-chief. United
States v. Barrett, 933 F.2d 355, 358 (6th Cir. 1991).
Here, the Government asks that the Court conditionally admit the statements, and
the Government’s response serves as a substantial written proffer in support of
conditional admission. (Doc. 144). Indeed, the Government notes precisely how it
intends to meet its burden, by a preponderance of the evidence, to show that: (1) a
conspiracy existed; (2) Clark was a member of the conspiracy; and (3) that the statements
were indeed in furtherance of the conspiracy.
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In response to Defendant’s arguments that Clark’s statements were unrelated to
the charged conspiracy, the Court notes that, “[w]hen determining whether a conspiracy
existed under Rule 801(d)(2)(E), ‘[t]he key is coordinated action[,]’ [and] [f]or this
reason, … the alleged conspiracy need not be the same as the one charged.” United
States v. Musaibli, 42 F.4th 603, 615 (6th Cir. 2022) (collecting cases). “In fact, there
need not even be a conspiracy charge in the case for Rule 801(d)(2)(E) to apply.” Id.
Additionally, “[a] statement is considered to be in furtherance of the conspiracy ‘if
it is intended to promote the objectives of the conspiracy.’” United States v. Darwich,
337 F.3d 645, 657 (6th Cir. 2003) (quoting United States v. Monus, 128 F.3d 376, 392
(6th Cir. 1997)). It is true that “mere ‘idle chatter or casual conversation about past
events’” and “mere narrative declarations” are not considered to be “in furtherance of the
conspiracy.” However, it is only mere chatter if it is “made without the intent to induce
assistance for the conspiracy.” Darwich, 337 F.3d at 657 (citing United States v.
Foster, 711 F.2d 871, 880 (9th Cir. 1983)). In other words, if the Government proves
that the conversation, casual as it may have been, is intended to “induce assistance for the
conspiracy,” then it is, indeed, in furtherance of the conspiracy.
Accordingly, the Court rules that it will conditionally admit the statements of Neil
Clark and other alleged co-conspirators, pursuant to Rule 801(d)(2)(E), over Defendants’
continuing objection (which is now of record), subject to the Government meeting its
burden of proof. At the close of the Government’s case, the Court will issue a final
ruling as to admissibility.
19
b. Authorized Proxy’s Statements – Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(C), (D)
Pursuant to Rule 801(d)(2)(C) and (D), statements offered against an opposing
party do not constitute hearsay if they were made by either “a person whom the party
authorized to make a statement on the subject” or “the party’s agent or employee on a
matter within the scope of that relationship and while [the relationship] existed.” Fed. R.
Evid. 801(d)(2)(C), (D).5
The Government notes that Defendant Householder appointed Clark to serve as
Defendant Householder’s “proxy” with regard to Generation Now. (Doc. 144 at 7, 11).
The Government further summarizes the evidence it intends to present at trial, which
evidence would support the conclusion that Clark, as Defendant Householder’s proxy,
was authorized to speak on behalf of Defendant Householder regarding the subject at
hand (e.g., soliciting contributions) and/or that Clark’s statements were within the scope
of his employment and were made during the existence of the relationship. Accordingly,
the Government argues that the statements at issue are admissible, in the alternative,
under Rule 801(d)(2)(C) and (D).
The Court finds that Rule 801(d)(2)(C) and (D) serve as an alternative basis upon
which to admit Clark’s statements. The statements are therefore conditionally admitted,
in the alternative, subject to the Government meeting its burden at trial.
5
Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2)(C) and (D) differ in that, “under [Rule 801(d)(2)(D),] the declarant
need not have personal knowledge of the operative events. … Additionally, the agent ‘need not
have authority to make the statement at issue, but rather the subject of the statement must relate
to the employee’s area of authority.’” United States v. Lawson, No. 3:08-cr-21-KSF, 2009 WL
4720325, at *3 (E.D. Ky. Dec. 9, 2009) (collecting cases).
20
In sum, the Court rules that the statements of Neil Clark and other alleged co-
conspirators are admissible pursuant to Rule 801(d)(2)(C), (D), and (E). The Court
further CONDITIONALLY ADMITS said statements, subject to the Government
meeting its burden of proof at trial. The Court notes Defendants’ continuing objection
and, accordingly, Defendants’ need not raise the objection during trial. At the close of
the Government’s case, the Court will issue a final ruling as to admissibility.
2. Motion to Exclude Prejudicial Evidence
Defendant Householder moves to exclude two categories of evidence and
argument: (1) evidence regarding alleged bribe payments made to Public Official B; and
(2) references to “Householder’s Enterprise.” (Doc. 142).
With regard to the alleged bribe payments to Public Official B, the Government
responds that it “does not intend to introduce any evidence about payments made to
Public Official B or a scheme to bribe Public Official B,” but the Government notes that
it will revisit the issue should “such evidence becomes relevant because of the
defendants’ cross-examination, case, or argument.” (Doc. 145 at 2). As the Government
does not intend to introduce this evidence, Defendant’s motion in the first part is MOOT.
(Doc. 142).
As to using “Householder’s Enterprise,” the Government states that it does not
intend to use the phrase as a formal name, but notes that the evidence will make
Defendant’s Householder’s control of the enterprise clear. (Doc. 145 at 3). Thus, the
Government argues that it “should not be precluded from introducing evidence and
potentially using the term at trial to argue that Householder controlled and directed the
21
Enterprise, consistent with a reasonable interpretation of the evidence submitted at trial.”
(Id.)
“[T]he fact that a term has a negative connotation does not mean that it violates
Rule 403[.]” United States v. Guzman, 571 F. App’x 356, 361 (6th Cir. 2014) (citations
omitted). In Guzman, the Sixth Circuit held that the term “pill mill” was not unduly
prejudicial, as it was not a legal conclusion, and because the term was commonly used by
courts, law enforcement, and the media. (Id. at 360-61).
Here, the Court cannot say that “Householder’s Enterprise” is overwhelmingly
prejudicial—indeed, it does not even carry the same level of visceral negativity as does a
phrase like “pill mill.” And “Householder’s Enterprise” is, after all, effectively what the
Government is alleging. Additionally, the Government intends to use “Householder’s
Enterprise” as a descriptive phrase, rather than a formal title. Saying “Householder’s
Enterprise” describes the Government’s allegation and does not carry the same
prejudicial effect as calling it “The Householder Enterprise” as a formal title.
Nevertheless, the phrase “Householder’s Enterprise” is not a common term, but
rather the Government’s constructed label, which label encompasses factual conclusion
(i.e., that an enterprise existed and that Defendant Householder was running it), which
conclusions the Government believes the jurors will reach for themselves after hearing
the evidence. Indeed, it is the Government’s burden is to persuade the jurors of these
conclusions, using the evidence at trial. Thus, the Court finds that curtailing the
Government’s use of a conclusory label (which is not evidence), causes the Government
little to no detriment. The Government is still free to argue Defendant Householder’s
22
control over the enterprise, as well as to introduce evidence in support of this argument.
But the ultimate inferences (i.e., that Householder controlled and benefitted from the
enterprise) should be drawn by the jury; and jurors should draw these inferences from the
evidence, rather than the Government’s choice of language.
To be clear, it is not the mere use of the word “enterprise” after Defendant
Householder’s name that is the issue, nor is it the conclusion that the enterprise was
controlled by and run for the benefit of Defendant Householder (if supported by or
presented as evidence). Thus, the Government may, for instance, choose to say during its
opening statement that the evidence will show this was Householder’s enterprise, as such
usage does not involve the Government imposing its own label on the jury.
In truth, the practical effect of the Court’s ruling is minimal. Indeed, unlike words
such as “scheme” or “conspiracy,” the word “enterprise,” as defined under the RICO
statute, is not part of the common vernacular. Thus, the only occasions in which the
phrase “Householder’s Enterprise” is likely to come up are during opening or closing
statements. Nevertheless, and for what it is worth, during the examination of witnesses,
the Government should simply refer to the “enterprise,” as opposed to “Householder’s
Enterprise.” Moreover, during opening or closing statements, the Government should not
use “Householder’s Enterprise” as a proper noun.6
6
Frankly, given the fine line the Court is drawing, it may be wise for the Government to simply
tweak its language modestly, so as to avoid semantical objections during opening and closing
(which objections, whether or not sustained, would result in needless disruption).
23
Accordingly, Defendant Householder’s motion is GRANTED IN PART as to the
Government’s use of “Householder’s Enterprise.” (Doc. 142).
IV. CONCLUSION
Based upon the foregoing, the Court finds as follows:
1. The Government’s motion in limine to preclude references to the discovery

process (Doc. 137) is GRANTED;
2. The Government’s motion in limine to preclude evidence and argument in

support of jury nullification (Doc. 138) is GRANTED;
3. The Government’s motion in limine to preclude references to the

Government’s attorney’s pretrial statements (Doc. 139) is GRANTED;
4. Defendants’ joint motion in limine to exclude FirstEnergy’s Deferred

Prosecution Agreement (Doc. 140) is MOOT, and exclusion of references
necessitated by circumstance is PREMATURE;
5. Defendant Householder’s motion in limine to exclude co-conspirator hearsay

(Doc. 141) is DENIED and the statements of co-conspirators are
CONDITIONALLY ADMITTED; and
6. Defendant Householder’s motion in limine to preclude prejudicial evidence

and statements (Doc. 142) is MOOT IN PART, and GRANTED IN PART.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
Date: 12/12/2022
Timothy S. Black
United States District Judge
24

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Case: 1:20-cr-00077-TSB Doc #: 161 Filed: 12/13/22 Page: 1 of 24 PAGEID #: 3914

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, : Case No. 1:20-cr-77

ORDER RESOLVING MOTIONS IN LIMINE

responsive memoranda (Docs. 144, 145).

On July 30, 2020, a federal Grand Jury returned a single-count Indictment,

charging Defendants Larry Householder, Jeffrey Longstreth, Neil Clark, Matthew

and Corrupt Organizations (“RICO”) conspiracy, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c), (d).

Following the Indictment, Defendants Longstreth, Cespedes, and Generation Now

Borges (collectively, “Defendants”) are the only remaining defendants.

in limine currently before the Court. (Docs. 137-142).

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

“A ruling on a motion in limine is no more than a preliminary, or advisory,

generally used to ensure evenhanded and expeditious management of trials by

which exclude broad categories of evidence should rarely be employed.” Sperberg v.

limine are “generally confined to very specific evidentiary issues of an extremely

prejudicial nature.” Brown v. Oakland Cnty., No. 14-CV-13159, 2015 WL 5317194, at

*2 (E.D. Mich. Sept. 10, 2015).

“evidentiary rulings should be deferred until trial so that questions of foundation,

A. The Government’s Motions in Limine

1. Preclude References to and Comments Regarding Discovery

The Government moves to preclude the defense from referencing or making

that Defendants were otherwise entitled to receive. (Id. at 1-2).

gathered, and how evidence collection was accomplished. (Id.)

As the parties agree in substance, the Government’s motion to exclude references

impropriety in the Government’s evidence collection.1 Accordingly, Defendants will not

unlawfully or improperly in obtaining the evidence in this case.

2. Preclude Argument & Evidence Supporting Jury Nullification

lure jurors towards nullification, by presenting arguments and/or evidence, including,

good acts.” (Id. at 2).

(“Householder is not presenting a selective prosecution, mistake of law, or First

Amendment defense”); (Doc. 152 at 2) (“Borges has no intent to argue or present

lines of questioning and argument. (Id.)

abuse its discretion by precluding defendants “from arguing or presenting evidence on

topics that would lead to jury nullification”).

Government’s five identified categories, in turn.

prosecutors acted with unlawful or improper motivations in deciding to charge

of law enforcement witnesses. (Id.)

As an initial matter, and as Defendants acknowledge, “[a] selective-

to be asserted or suggested at trial.

But Defendants’ proposed arguments, in general, do not amount to selective

prosecution. Specifically, Defendants’ intent to challenge the reliability of the

divisions as a method of persuasion.

b. “This is How Fundraising Works”

overview of how fundraising work, generally, is relevant.

c. Ignorance of the Law

The Government argues that Defendants should be precluded from presenting

and any testimony or argument to that end is precluded.

d. First Amendment Protections

FirstEnergy[‘s] … contributions to Generation Now were permissible and protected by

resolve that problem by stopping counsel, mid-argument, and providing a curative

instruction to the jury.

e. Evidence of “Good Acts”

arguments or evidence of “good acts” on unrelated occasions, e.g., instances in which

at 10-13). Defendant Householder argues that, because the Government charged

“ceaseless criminal conduct,” he should be permitted to present limited “good acts” to

evidence of any pertinent traits that Defendants put into evidence.

However, individual instances of non-criminal conduct have no relevance to the

charges at issue. Despite Defendant Householder’s assertion that he is charged with

demonstrably above-board contributions has no bearing on his guilt or innocence to the