INTRODUCTION TO MOTION CLASS 9

PHYSICS
Motion of Class 9
Motion is the action of changing location or position. If we study motion without
regards to the forces or energies that may be involved is called Kinematics.

The branch of mechanics that deals with both motion and forces together is called
dynamics and study of forces in absence of changes in motion or energy is called
statics 

Physics is often described as the study of matter and energy. To understand as the
study of matter and energy, we have to understand what the physics itself means.

Physics (in Greek Nature):

It is the branch of science which deals with the study of the natural laws and their
manifestation in the natural phenomenon.

Mechanics (oldest branch):

If deals with the conditions of rest or motion of the material objects around us.

Statics:
It deals with the study of object at rest or in equilibrium, even when they are under
the action of several forces (measurement of time is not essential).

Kinematics:

It deals with the study of motion of objects without considering the cause of motion
measurement of time is essential.

Kimematics(Greek Word) Kinema → motion

Dynamics:

It deal with the study of objects taking into consideration the cause of their motion.

Dynamics(Greek Word) Dynamics→ power

MOTION:

Any kind of movement in a body is known as motion. A body is said to be in motion

when its position or state changes continuously with respect to a stationary object
taken as a reference point. Motion is a relative term. 

REST:

A body is said to be at rest when its position or state does not change with respect to
a stationary object taken as a reference point. Rest is also a relative term.

MOTION OR REST : A RELATIVE TERM

Motion or rest is a relative term that means a body can be at rest or in motion at the
same time depending upon the point of reference. For example :

A, B and C are three persons. B and C are sitting in the car and A is standing outside
it. When car starts to move, B and C are changing their position with respect to A so
B and C are in motion with respect to A but B is not changing its position with time
with respect to C, so B is at rest with respect to C (same for C). Therefore motion
depends on the position of the observer , hence motion is relative.

Ex. We know that the earth is rotating about its axis and revolving around the sun.
The stationary objects like your classroom, a tree and the lamp posts etc., do not
change their position with respect to each other i.e. they are at rest. Although earth is
in motion. To an observer situated outside the earth, say in a space ship, our
classroom, trees etc. would appear to be in motion. Therefore, all motions are
relative. There is nothing like absolute motion.

Concept of a Point Object :

In mechanics while studying the motion of an object, sometimes it dimension are of

no importance and the object may be treated as point object without much error.
When the size of the object is much less in comparison to the distance covered by
the object then the object is considered as a point object.

Ex. If one travels by a car from one place to another faraway place, then length of
the car is ignored as compared to distance traveled.

Ex. Earth can be regarded as a point object for studying its motion around the sun.

Frame of Reference:

To locate the position of object we need a frame of reference. A convenient way to

set up a frame of reference is to choose three mutually perpendicular axis and name
them x-y-z axis. The coordinates (x, y, z) of the particle then specify the position of
object w.r.t. that frame. If any one o more coordinates change with time, then we say
that the object is moving w.r.t. this frame.NCERT solutions for class 9
Science  prepared by pw will help you to solve your NCERT text book exercise. 

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
Motion of Class 9
MOTIONS IN ONE, TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS
(TYPE OF MOTION)
As position of the object may change with time due to change in one or two or all the
three coordinates, so we have classified motion as follows:

MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION:

If only one of the three co-ordinates specifying the position of object changes w.r.t.
time. In such a case the object moves along a straight line and the motion therefore
is also known as rectilinear or linear motion.

Ex.

  Motion of train along straight railway track.

  An object falling freely under gravity.
  When a particle moves from P1 to P2 along a straight line path only the x-co-
ordinate changes.

MOTION IN TWO DIMENSION:

If two of the three co-ordinates specifying the position of object changes w.r.t. time,
then the motion of object is called two dimensional. In such a motion the object
moves in a plane.
Ex.

 Motion of queen on carom board.

 An insect crawling on the floor of the room.
 Motion of object in horizontal and vertical circles etc.
 Motion of planets around the sun.
 A car moving along a zigzag path on a level road.

MOTION IS THREE DIMENSION:

If all the three co-ordinates specifying the position of object changes w.r.t. time, then
the motion of object is called 3-D. In such a motion the object moves in a space.

Ex.

 A bird flying in the sky (also kite).

 Random motion of gas molecules.
 Motion of an aeroplane in space.

TYPES OF MOTION

 Linear motion (or translatory motion) : The motion of a moving car, a person
running, a stone being dropped.
 Rotational motion : The motion of an electric fan, motion of earth about its own axis.
 Oscillatory motion : The motion of a simple pendulum, a body suspended from a
spring (also called to and fro motion).

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

Those quantities which can be measured are known as physical quantities. For
example, mass, weight, speed, velocity, acceleration etc.

TYPES OF PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:

 Scalar Quantities
 Vector Quantities

Scalar Quantities: The physical quantities which are completely described by the

magnitude only are known as scalar quantities. Mass, length, time, work, energy,
power etc. are scalar quantities.

 Vector Quantities: The physical quantities which are completely described by the

magnitude as well as the direction are known as vector quantities. Velocity,
acceleration, weight, displacement etc, are vector quantities.

A vector is represented by a letter (symbol) having arrow over it. e.g.  .

Where F denotes the force.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES:

S.
Scalar quantities Vector quantities
No.
Scalar quantities are described by Vector quantities are described by magnitude as
1.
magnitude only. well as direction.
Vector quantities change with the change in
Scalar quantities change with change in
2. magnitude or with the change in direction or
magnitude only.
both.
Scalar quantities can be added or
Vector quantities cannot be added or subtracted
3. subtracted using ordinary rules of
using ordinary rules of algebra.
algebra.
Scalar quantities are represented by Vector quantities are represented by letters
ordinary letter.  having arrow over them.
4.
e.g. A e.g.   .

DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

Motion of Class 9
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT

S.
Distance Displacement
No.
Distance is the actual length of the path Displacement is the shortest distance between
1. travelled by the particle in a given the initial position and the final position of the
interval of time.  moving particle in a particular direction.
Displacement of the particle in a given
Distance travelled by the particle in a
2. interval of time may be positive, negative or
given interval of time is always positive.
zero.
Distance travelled by the particle The displacement of the particle between
depends upon the path followed by the initial position and final position of the
3.
particle in going from initial position to particle does not depend upon the path
the final position. followed by it.
4. Distance is scalar quantity Displacement is a vector quantity.
UNIFORM MOTION:

A body has a uniform motion if it travels equal distances in equal intervals of time, no matter
how small these time intervals may be. For example, a car running at a constant speed of say,
10 meters per second, will cover equal distances of 10 metres every second, so its motion will
be uniform. Please note that the distance-time graph for uniform motion is a straight line 

NON-UNIFORM MOTION:

Body has a non-uniform if it travels unequal distances in equal intervals of time. For
example, if we drop a ball from the roof of a building, we will find that it covers unequal
distances in equal intervals of time. It covers:

4.9 metres in the 1st second

14.7 metres in the 2nd second

24.5 metres in the 3rd second and so on.

Thus, a freely falling ball covers smaller distance in the initial ‘1 second’ interval and larger
distance in the later ‘1 second’ interval. From this discussion we conclude that the motion of
a freely falling body is an example of non-uniform motion. The motions of a train starting
from the railway station is also an example of non-uniform motion. This is because when the
train starts from a s station, if moves a very small distance in the ‘first’ second. The train
moves a little more distance in the ‘2nd’ second and so on. And when the train approaches
the next station, the distance traveled by it per second decreases.

  

SPEED:

Speed of a body is defined as the distance travelled by it per unit time irrespective of
direction. It is a scalar quantity.

or v = s/t

Where v is the speed, s is the distance covered and ‘t’ is the time taken. 

The S.I. unit of speed is ms-1(metre per second). It can also be represented as centimetre per
second and kilometre per hour.

The speed of a running car is shown by an instrument called “SPEEDOMETRE”. The

distance travelled by the car is measured by another instrument called ODOMETRE.

Average Speed:

For an object moving with variable speed, it is the total distance traveled by the object
divided by the total time taken to cover that distance.

Average speed =  total distance travelled/total time taken

Uniform Speed (or Constant Speed):

When an object covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, it is said to move with
uniform speed.

For example :

Speed (A to B) = 30/1 Speed (B to C) = 30/1  Speed (C to D) =60/2

= 30 km/hr = 30 km/hr = 30 km/hr

Variable Speed (Non-Uniform Speed):

If a body covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time, its motion is said to be non-
uniform.

For example :

Speed (A to B) = 30/1  Speed (B to C) = 20/1 Speed (C to D) = 10/1

= 30 km/hr = 20 km/hr =10 km/hr

Instantaneous Speed:

The speed of an object at any particular instant of time or at particular point of its path is
called the instantaneous speed of the object. it is measure red by speedometer in an
automobile.

VELOCITY:

Velocity of a body is defined as the displacement travelled by it per unit time. In other words
velocity of a body is its speed in a given direction. It is a vector quantity. 

Velocity = Displacement/Time

or v = s/t

where v is the velocity 

s is the distance travelled 

't' is the time taken

The S.I. unit of velocity is ms-1

Therefore, 25 km/hr is SPEED and 25 km/hr towards North is VELOCITY.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPEED AND VELOCITY:

Speed Velocity
1. It is a scalar quantity. 1. It is a vector quanity.

2. Speed = distance travelled/time 2. Velocity = displacement/time

3. It is rate of change of position of  3. It is rate of change of position of 

 an object.  an object in  specific direction.

Uniform Velocity (Constant Velocity):
If a body covers equal distance in equal intervals of time in a given direction then it is said to
be moving with constant velocity.

Non-Uniform Velocity:

When a body does not cover not cover equal distances in equal intervals of time, in a given
direction (in this case speed is not constant), then it is known as non  uniform velocity. If
speed is constant then also body can have a non-uniform velocity.

Ex. A car moving on a circular road with constant speed.

Average velocity:

It is defined as total displacement covered by particle divided by total time taken to cover that
displacement.

e.g. (a) If a person is moving along a straight line AB with C as a mid-point of line AB.

Person moves from A to C with velocity v1 and C to B with velocity v2  So, average velocity
of a person for whole motion  = AC + CB/tAC + tCB

(b) If a person is moving along a straight line AB (Now C is not a mid-point of AB) person
takes same time for traveling AC as well as CB while traveling AC with velocity v1 and CB
with velocity v2. 

So, 

(c) If a body is having uniform acceleration or in other words if the velocity of a body is
changing at a uniform rate then the average velocity is given by the ‘arithmetic mean’ of the
initial velocity and final velocity for a given period of time.

i.e. 
or v = u + v/2

where, v  is the average velocity

u is the initial velocity

v  is the final velocity

Instantaneous Velocity:

The velocity of an object at any given instant of time at particular point of its path is called its
instantaneous velocity.

Example: When is the average speed of an object equal to the magnitude of its average
velocity ? Give reason also.

Sol. As average speed = total pathlength/time interval  also, average velocity =

Displacement/time interval. When an object moves along a straight line and in the same
direction its total path length is equal to the magnitude of its displacement. Hence average
speed is equal to the magnitude of its average velocity.

FEATURE OF UNIFORM MOTION:

 The velocity in uniform motion does not depend on the choice of origin.
 The velocity in uniform motion does not depend on the choice of the time interval (t2 – t1).
 For uniform motion along a straight line in the same direction, the magnitude of the
displacement is equal to the actual distance covered by the object.
 The velocity is positive if the object is moving towards the right of the origin and negative if
the object is moving towards the left of the origin.
 For an object is uniform motion no force is required to maintain its motion.
 In uniform motion, the instantaneous velocity is equal to the average velocity at all time
because velocity remains constant at each instant, at each point of the path.

Question: A car is moving along x-axis. As shown in figure it moves from O to P in 18 s and
returns from P to Q in 6 second. What is the average velocity and average speed of the car in
going from (i) O to P and (ii) from O to P and back to Q.

Solution:  (i) Average velocity = 

Average speed = 

(ii) From O to P and back to Q

Question. A car covers the 1st half of the distance between two places at a speed of 40 km h-
1
 and the 2nd half at 60 km h-1. What is the average speed of the car?

Solution:  Suppose the total distance covered is 2S.

Then time taken to cover first distance with speed 40 km/h,

t1 = s/40h

Time taken to cover second S distance with speed 60 km/h,

t2 = s/60h

⇒ Vav = 48km/h

Question. A non-stop bus goes from one station to another station with a speed of 54 km/h,
the same bus returns from the second station to the first station with a speed of 36 km/h. Find
the average speed of the bus for the entire journey.

Solution: Suppose the distance between the stations is S. Time taken in reaching from one
station to another station.

t1 = S/54h

Time taken in returning back,

t2 = S/36h

Total t = t1 + t2
ACCELERATION:

The rate of change of velocity with time is known as acceleration. In other words, the
acceleration is defined as the change in velocity per unit time.

i.e.   Acceleration = change in velocity /time

or Acceleration = Final velocity - Initial velocity/time

or a = v-u/t

Where a = Acceleration of the body

v = Final velocity of the body

u= Initial velocity of the body

t = Time taken for this change in velocity

 A body is said to be accelerating if its velocity is changing

 S.I. unit of acceleration is ms-2 (metre per second square).
  Acceleration is a vector quantity.
  When a body is moving with uniform velocity, its acceleration is zero (or no acceleration).

This is because there is no change in velocity as Initial velocity = Final velocity.

A body moving with non-uniform velocity is said to be in accelerated motion.

TYPES OF ACCELERATION:

 Positive acceleration : If the velocity of an object increases in the same direction, the object
has a positive acceleration.
 Negative acceleration (retardation): If the velocity of a body decreases in the same
direction, the body has negative acceleration or it is said to be retarding.

e.g. A train slows down.

Uniform Acceleration (Uniformly Accelerated Motion):

If a body travels in a straight line and its velocity increases in equal amounts in equal
intervals of time. Its motion is known as uniformly accelerated motion.

e.g. 1 Motion of a freely falling body is an example of uniformly accelerated motion (or
motion of a body under the gravitational pull of the earth).

e.g. 2 Motion of a bicycle going down the slope of a road when the rider is not pedaling and
wind resistance is negligible.

Non-uniform acceleration:

A body is said to have non-uniform acceleration if its velocity increases or decreases by

unequal amount in equal intervals of time.

OR

When the velocity of a body changes at unequal rate or non-uniform rate.

e.g. most of the motion in daily life are having non uniform acceleration.

The velocity-time graph for a body having non uniform acceleration is curved line.

Question:  A car attains a speed of 10 ms−1 in 10 s, starting from rest. Calculate the
acceleration of the car.

Solution: Given, 

Initial velocity, u=0

Final velocity, v = 10 ms−1

Time t = 10 s

We know that, acceleration, a = v-u/t

∴ a = 10-0/10 = 1 ms−2

∴ Acceleration of the car = 1 ms−2

Question. The velocity of an object is decreasing with passage of time. What conclusion do
you draw about acceleration of the object?

Solution: The acceleration is negative (i.e. retardation).

Question. A car starts from rest and attains a velocity of 10 ms−1 in 40 s. The driver applies
brakes and slows down the car to 5 ms−1 in 10 s. Find the acceleration of the car in both the
cases.

Solution:  First case:

Initial velocity, u = 0

Final velocity, v = 10 ms−1

Time, t = 40  s

Using a = v-u/t we get

 a = (10-0)/40s ms−1

  = 0.25 ms−2

Second case:

Initial velocity, u = 10 ms−1

  Final velocity, v = 5 ms−1

Time, t = 10 s

Using a = v-u/twe get

 a = (5-10)/10s ms-1

  =-5/10 ms−2

  = − 0.5 ms−2

In first case, car is accelerated and in the second case, the car is retarded.
  Introduction to Motion class 9 physics
 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
 DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
 MOTIONS IN ONE, TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS (TYPE OF MOTION)
 TYPES OF MOTION
 MATHEMATICAL DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION
 Solved questions
 Exercise 1
 Exercise 2
 Exercise 3
 Exercise 4
 Exercise 5 (Fill in the blanks)
 Exercise 6 (True and False)
 Exercise 7 (Subjective)

MOTIONS IN ONE, TWO AND THREE

DIMENSIONS (TYPE OF MOTION)
Motion of Class 9
As position of the object may change with time due to change in one or two or all the
three coordinates, so we have classified motion as follows:

MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION:

If only one of the three co-ordinates specifying the position of object changes w.r.t.
time. In such a case the object moves along a straight line and the motion therefore
is also known as rectilinear or linear motion.

Ex.  

 Motion of train along straight railway track.

 An object falling freely under gravity.
 When a particle moves from P1 to P2 along a straight line path only the x-co-
ordinate changes.
MOTION IN TWO DIMENSION:

If two of the three co-ordinates specifying the position of object changes w.r.t. time,
then the motion of object is called two dimensional. In such a motion the object
moves in a plane.

Ex.   

 Motion of queen on carom board.

  An insect crawling on the floor of the room.
 Motion of object in horizontal and vertical circles etc.
 Motion of planets around the sun.
 A car moving along a zigzag path on a level road.

MOTION IS THREE DIMENSION:

If all the three co-ordinates specifying the position of object changes w.r.t. time, then
the motion of object is called 3-D. In such a motion the object moves in a space.

Ex.   

 A bird flying in the sky (also kite).

 Random motion of gas molecules.
 Motion of an aeroplane in space.

TYPES OF MOTION
Motion of Class 9
We may have noticed that different objects move differently. Some objects move in a
curved path, some in a straight path, and a few others in a different way. According
to the nature of the movement, the movement is divided into three types as follows:

 Linear Motion
 Rotary Motion
 Oscillatory Motion

Linear motion (or translatory motion)

The motion of a moving car, a person running, a stone being dropped. The motion is
further is divided into

1. Rectilinear Motion – In rectilinear motion, the path of the motion is a straight

line.
2. Curvilinear Motion – In curvilinear motion, the path of the motion is curved.

Rotational motion

The motion of an electric fan, motion of earth about its own axis.
Example:

1. The motion of the Earth on its axis around the Sun is an example of rotational
motion.
2. An example of rotational motion when driving a car is the movement of the
wheels and the steering wheel around its axis.

Oscillatory motion

The motion of a simple pendulum, a body suspended from a spring (also called to
and fro motion).

Example:

1. When a child is pushed on the swing, the swing moves back and forth around
its center position.
2. A clock pendulum oscillates as it moves back and forth around its middle
position.
3. The guitar string moves back and forth about the middle position when
strummed, resulting in an oscillating motion.

MATHEMATICAL DERIVATION OF
EQUATIONS OF MOTION
Motion of Class 9
When the body is moving along a straight line with uniform acceleration, a relation
can be established between velocity of the body, acceleration of the body and the
distance travelled by the body in a specific time by a set of equations. These
equations are called equations of motion.

The Three equations are:

1. First Equation of motion : v = u + at

2. Second Equation of motion : s = ut + 1/2at2
3. Third Equation of motion : v2 - u2 = 2as

Where u = initial velocity of the body

v = final velocity of the body

a = uniform acceleration of the body

t = time taken

s = distance travelled

FIRST EQUATION OF MOTION

v = u + at

Consider a body having initial velocity ‘u’. Suppose it is subjected to a uniform

acceleration ‘a’ so that after time ‘t’ its final velocity becomes ‘v’. Now we now,

Acceleration = change in velocity/time

a= v-u/t

or v = u + at or v = at + u …..(i)

This equation is known as the first equation of motion.

SECOND EQUATION OF MOTION

s = ut + 1/2at2

Suppose a body has an initial velocity ‘u’ and uniform acceleration ‘a’ for time ‘t’ so
that its final velocity becomes ‘v’. The distance traveled by moving body in time ‘t’ is
‘S’ then the average velocity = (v + u)/2. Distance traveled = Average velocity × time

S = ut + 1/2at2

This is the second equation of motion.

THIRD EQUATION OF MOTION

v2 - u2 = 2as

From the second equation of motion we have,

s = ut + 1/2at2…(i)

From first equation of motion, we have

v = u + at

⇒ at = v - u

⇒ t = v - u/a

Putting this value of ‘t’ in equation …(i)

We have
or v2 = u2 + 2as

or v2 - u2 = 2as

This is the third equation of motion

Where v = final velocity

u = initial velocity

a = acceleration

s = distance traveled

Distance covered in nth second :

S = ut + 1/2 at 2 is the distance covered by a body in t s.

........(v)

[distance covered by a body along a straight line in n second.

.......(vi)

[distance covered by a body along a straight line in (n-1) sec.]

The distance covered by the body in nth second will be -

Snth = Sn – Sn-1

To Solve Numerical problems:

 If a body is dropped from a height then its initial velocity u = 0 but has
acceleration (acting). If a body starts from rest its initial velocity u = 0.
 If a body comes to rest, its final velocity v = 0 or, if a body reached the highest
point after being thrown upwards its final velocity v = 0 but has acceleration
(acting).
 If a body moves with uniform velocity, its acceleration is zero i.e. a = 0.
 Motion of body is called free fall if only force acting on it is gravity (i.e. earth’s
attraction).

MOTION UNDER GRAVITY

 Motion under gravity means an object is in motion in space under the force of
gravity alone.
 Motion under gravity is a uniformly accelerated motion. So equations of
motion for uniformly accelerated motion can be used which are

 Here acceleration will be acceleration due to gravity.

In SI-unit g = 9.8 m/s2

In c.g.s. unit g = 980 cm/s2

 When an object is thrown upward or downward, in both cases same

acceleration ‘g’ will be experienced by the object, which acts in downward
direction.
 Here air resistance is neglected. In a real experiment air resistance cannot be
neglected. It is an ideal case. Such motion is referred to as free fall.

Case 1:

When an object is thrown in upward direction (taking positive) in space with initial
velocity v0.

Acceleration = –g (in downward direction)

So, equation of motion will be

v = v0 –gt

h = v0t – 1/2 gt2

v2 – 2gh

Case 2:

When an object is thrown in a downward direction (taking positive) in space with

initial velocity v0.

Acceleration = +g (in downward direction)

So, equation of motion will be

v = v0 +gt

s = v0t + 1/2 gt2

v2 = v02 + 2gh

Case 3:

When an object is thrown in space in such a way that at first it goes up and then comes
down.

To solve such types of problem, the following sign convention is used:-

Sign Convention

Motional quantities in upward-direction are taken as positive.

Motional quantities, which are in downward-direction, are taken as negative.

Let initial velocity is v0 which is in vertically upward direction and finally comes down
to the ground as shown in figure.

Initial velocity = +v0 (in upward directions)

Displacement = –h (in downward direction)

Acceleration = –g (in downward direction)

So using equation of motion, s = we have

– h = v2

Q1. A car is moving at a speed of 50 km/h. Two seconds thereafter it is moving at 60

km/h. Calculate the acceleration of the car.

Ans. Here u = 50 km/h = 50 × 5/18 m/s = 250/18 m/s

and v = 60 km/h = 60 × 5/18 = 300/18 m/s

Since a

Q2. A car attains 54 km/h in 20 s after it starts. Find the acceleration of the car.

Ans. u = 0 (as car starts from rest)

v = 54 km/h = 54 × 5/18 = 15 m/s

As,
Q3. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 20 m/s. How high did the
ball go? (take g = 9.8 m/s2.

Ans. u = 20 m/s, a = - g = - 9.8 m/s2 (moving against gravity)

s = ? v = 0 (at highest point)

v2 – u2 = 2as

(o)2 – (20)2 = 2(-g) s

–400 = 2 (–9.8) s

–400 = –19.6 s

= s ⇒ s = 20.4 m.

DISTANCE (DISPLACEMENT) FROM SPEED (VELOCITY) TIME GRAPH:

A distance (displacement = speed (velocity) x time, so the distance (displacement)

can be calculated (computed) with speed (velocity) - time graph.

Case (i): When speed (velocity) is uniform (constant):

Figure shows the speed - time graph of a car moving with a uniform speed of 50 km
h-1. It is a straight line parallel to X - axis (time axis). Distance covered by this taxi
from time t1 = 4h at P to time t2 = 8 h at S, is given by distance = 50 × (t 2 - t1)

= 50 (8 - 4)

= 50 × 4 = 200 km

In figure, PQ = 50, SP = (t1 - t1)

Hence distance = PQ × SP = Area of rectangle PSRQ

Case (ii) : When speed (velocity) as well as acceleration is non-uniform (variable)

Figure shows the speed- time graph of a body moving with variable speed and
acceleration. Over a small interval of time, the speed can be taken as constant. For
this small time interval, distance ΔS = vΔt = Area of the blackened strip.

For whole time-interval between t1 and t2

Distance = sum of area of all the strips between t 1 and t2 = Area of shaded figure
PQRS.

GRAPHICAL DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS OF MOTION

TO DERIVE v = u + at BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

Let us consider a body moving with uniform acceleration ‘a’ having initial velocity ‘u’
attains the final velocity v in time ‘t’ covering a distance ‘s’ as shown in the graph.

In the given velocity time graph,

Initial velocity, u = OA …(i)

Final velocity, v =BC …(ii)

From the graph, BC = BD + DC

⇒ v = BD + OA(DC = OA)

⇒ v = BD + u …(iii)

To find the value of BD,

Acceleration, a = slope of line AB

or a = BD/AD

⇒ a = BD/t (AD = OC = t)

⇒ BD = at …(iv)

Putting BD = at in equation (iii)

We get v = at + u

or v = u + at

TO DERIVE S = ut + 1/2at2BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

Let us consider a body moving with uniform acceleration ‘a’ having initial velocity ‘u’
attains the final velocity ‘v’ in time ‘t’ covering a distance s as shown in the graph 8.1
(a).

Then from the graph:

Distance travelled by the body = Area under the velocity time graph

Distance travelled = Area of figure OABC = area of rectangle OADC + Area of

triangle ABD

⇒ S = (OA x OC) + (1/2 AD x BD)

⇒ S = u x t + 1/2t x BD …(i)

To find the value of BD,

Acceleration, a= slope of line AB

or a = BD/AD

⇒ a = BD/t (AD = OC = t)

⇒ BD = at

Putting BD = at in equation (i) we get

S = ut + 1/2at2

TO DERIVE v2 - u2 = 2as BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

Let us consider a body moving with uniform acceleration ‘a’ having initial velocity ‘u’
attains the final velocity ‘v’. In time ‘t’ covering a distance s as shown in the graph 8.1
(a).
Then from the graph:

Distance travelled, 's' = area under the velocity time graph

i.e. Distance travelled, s= area of trapezium OABC

sum of parallel sides x height/2

= (OA + CD) x OC/2

s = (u + v) x t/2….(i)

To eliminate ‘t’ from the above equation

We know, v = u + at

⇒ v - u = at

⇒ t = (v - u/a)…(ii)

By putting this value in equation (i),

We get, s = (u + v)(v-u)/2a

⇒ v2 = u2 + 2as

⇒ v2 - u2 = 2as

 Slope of distance-time/displacement-time graph gives speed/velocity.

 Slope of speed-time/velocity-time graph gives acceleration.
 Area under speed-time/velocity-time graph gives distance/displacement.
 Area under acceleration-time graph gives change in velocity.

CIRCULAR MOTION:

Definition:

Motion of a particle (small body) along a circle (circular path), is called a circular
motion. If the body covers equal distances along the circumference of the circle in
equal intervals of time, the motion is said to be a uniform circular motion.

A uniform circular motion is a motion in which speed remains constant but direction
of velocity changes.

Explanation:

Consider a boy running along a regular hexagonal track (path) as shown in figure. As
the boy runs along the side of the hexagon at a uniform speed, he has to take turn at
each corner changing direction but keeping the sped same. In one round he has to
take six turns at regular intervals.
If the same boy runs along the side of a regular octagonal track with same uniform
speed, he will have to take eight turns in one round at regular intervals but the
interval will become smaller.

By increasing the number of sides of the regular polygon, we find the number of
turns per round becomes more and the interval between two turns become still
shorter. A circle is a limiting case of polygon with an infinite number of sides. On the
circular track, the turning becomes a continuous process without any gap in
between.

The boy running along the sides of such a track will be performing a circular motion.
Hence, circular motion is the motion of a body along the sides of polygon of infinite
number of sides with uniform speed, the direction changing continuously.

Example of uniform circular motion are:

 Motion of moon around the earth.

 Motion of satellite around its planet.

Nature of Circular of Motion:

Circular motion is an acceleration motion. Since, in a circular motion, velocity

changes though in direction only, the motion is said to be accelerated.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNIFORM LINEAR MOTION AND A UNIFOR

CIRCULAR MOTION:

Uniform linear motion Uniform circular motion

1. The direction of motion does not changes 1. The direction of motion changes continuously.
2. The motion is non-accelerated. 2. The motion is accelerated.
RADIAN - (A UNIT FOR PLANE ANGLE):

Definition:

An angle in radian is equal to the length of the arc subtending the angle divided by
the radius of the circle.

i.e.

i.e. θ (in radians) = l/r

Where θ = angle in radians

l = length of the arc

r = radius of the circle

if l = r

∴ θ = l/l = 1 radian

i.e. θ = 1 radian

Therefore, one radian is that angle that is subtended at the center of a circle by an
arc having a length equal to the radius of the circle.

(1 radian = 57°2616)

LINEAR SPEED AND ANGULAR VELOCITY:

Let a body is moving in a circular path of radius ‘r’ with a uniform linear speed ‘v’ when the body
moves from point A to point B covering a distance ‘s’ in time ‘t’.

Then the linear speed v is given by:

Linear speed = Distance traveled/TIme taken

i.e. v = s/t

When the body moves on the circular path from A to B in time t. It also moves
through an angle θ, which is known as the angular displacement of the body.

ANGULAR VELOCITY:

It is defined as the angular displacement per unit time

i.e. Angular velocity = Angular displacement / time taken

or (Omega)
where ω = angular velocity

θ = Angle in radian, through which the body moves.

S.I. unit of angular velocity is rad s1.

RELATION BETWEEN LINEAR SPEED AND ANGULAR VELOCITY:

When a body is moving with uniform linear speed ‘v’ covering a distance ‘s’ in time ‘t’
on a circular path of radius ‘r’, subtending an angle θ at the center.

Then we have

Angle in radian, θ = s/r …(i)

And Linear speed v = s/t

s=vxt

Putting this in equation (i)

We have

θ = v x t/r

θ/t = v/r…(ii)

We know, Angular velocity,

Putting this in equation (ii)

We get (ω) = v/r

v = ωr

i.e. Linear speed = Angular velocity × Radius of the circular path

Also Check

 Distance and Displacement

 Types of Motion