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Designation: A877/A877M – 10´1

Standard Specification for

Steel Wire, Chromium-Silicon Alloy, Chrome-Silicon-
Vanadium Alloy Valve Spring Quality1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A877/A877M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

´1 NOTE—Table 4 was editorially corrected in April 2012.

1. Scope* Oil-Hardened and Tempered Springsteel Wire of Unal-

1.1 This specification covers the highest quality of round loyed and Alloyed Steels.3
and shaped chromium-silicon alloy steel valve spring wire, 3. Ordering Information
uniform in quality and temper, intended for the manufacture of
valve springs and other springs requiring high-fatigue proper- 3.1 It shall be the responsibility of the purchaser to specify
ties when used at moderately elevated temperatures. It is all requirements that are necessary for material under this

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similar to the grade VD (referenced in EN 10270-2) intended specification. Such requirements are permitted to include, but
for high fatigue levels. This wire shall be either in the annealed are not limited to the following:
and cold-drawn or quenched and tempered condition as speci- 3.1.1 Quantity (mass),
fied by purchaser. 3.1.2 Name of material (chromium-silicon alloy steel valve
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units spring quality wire),
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in 3.1.3 Dimensions (Table 1 and Section 8),
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each 3.1.4 Condition (Section 6),
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining 3.1.5 Packaging (Section 14),
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance 3.1.6 Heat analysis report, if requested (5.2),
with the standard. 3.1.7 Certification or test report, or both, if specified (Sec-
tion 13), and
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.8 ASTM designation and year of issue.
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 NOTE 1—A typical ordering description is as follows: 20 000-kg
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing quenched and tempered chromium-silicon alloy steel valve spring quality
of Steel Products wire, size 6.00 mm in 150-kg coils to A877/A877M dated ___, or for
A700 Practices for Packaging, Marking, and Loading Meth- inch-pound units, 40 000-lb quenched and tempered chromium-silicon
ods for Steel Products for Shipment alloy steel valve spring quality wire, size 0.250 in. in 350-lb coils to
A877/A877M dated ___ .
A751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-
cal Analysis of Steel Products 4. Materials and Manufacture
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to 4.1 The steel may be made by any commercially accepted
Determine Conformance with Specifications steel making process. The steel shall be continuously cast.
E45 Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of 4.2 The finished wire shall be free from detrimental pipe
Steel and undue segregation.
2.2 European Standard:
EN 10270-2 Steel Wire for Mechanical Springs Part 2: 5. Chemical Composition
5.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements for chemical
composition specified in Table 2.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, 5.2 Heat Analysis—Each heat of steel shall be analyzed by
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee the manufacturer to determine the percentage of elements
A01.03 on Steel Rod and Wire. prescribed in Table 2. This analysis shall be made from a test
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originally
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as A877/A877M – 05. specimen preferably taken during the pouring of the heat.
DOI: 10.1520/A0877_A0877M-10.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from European Committee for Standardization, rue di Stassart 36,
the ASTM website. B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

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A877/A877M – 10´1
TABLE 1 Permissible Variations in Wire DiameterA TABLE 3 Tensile and %RA RequirementsA
(Chrome Silicon)
SI Units
SI Units
Diameter, mm Permissible Varia- Permissible Out-of
tions, 6mm Round, mm Diameter, MPa, MPa, Min
mm min max % R.A.B
0.5 to 2.0, incl 0.02 0.02
Over 2.0 to 4.0, incl 0.03 0.03 0.5 2100 2280 b
Over 4.0 to 9.5, incl 0.04 0.04 1.0 2070 2240 b
1.5 2030 2210 b
Inch-Pound Units 2.0 2000 2140 45
Diameter, in. Permissible Varia- Permissible Out-of 3.0 1930 2070 45
tions, 6 in. Round, in. 3.75 1900 2030 40
4.5 1830 1970 40
0.020 to 0.075, incl 0.0008 0.0008 5.0 1810 1950 40
Over 0.075 to 0.148, incl 0.001 0.001 5.7 1800 1930 40
Over 0.148 to 0.375, incl 0.0015 0.0015 6.3 1760 1900 40
A
For purposes of determining conformance with this specification, all specified 7.9 1730 1860 40
limits are absolute as defined in Recommended Practice E29. 9.5 1690 1830 40
Inch-Pound Units
TABLE 2 Chemical Requirements Diameter, ksi, ksi, Min %
in. min max R.A.B
Analysis, %
0.020 305 330 b
Grade A Grade B
0.040 300 325 b
Chromium-Silicon Chromium-Silicon-
0.060 295 320 b
Vanadium
0.080 290 310 45
Carbon 0.51–0.59 0.55-0.70 0.120 280 300 45
Manganese 0.50–0.80 0.50-0.80 0.148 275 295 40
Phosphorus 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.177 265 285 40
Sulfur 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.200 263 283 40
Silicon 1.20–1.60 1.20-1.65 0.225 260 280 40
Chromium 0.60–0.80 0.50-0.80 0.250 255 275 40
A
Vanadium 0.08–0.25 0.312 250 270 40
A 0.375 245 265 40
Not required.
A
Tensile strength values for intermediate diameters may be interpolated.
B
b % R.A. is not applicable to wire diameters under 2.0 mm [.080 in.].
When requested, this shall be reported to the purchaser and
shall conform to the requirements of Table 2.
5.3 Product Analysis—An analysis may be made by the non-round wires converted to the round wire diameter.
purchaser from finished wire representing each heat of steel. 6.2.2 Tensile Strength Variation—In addition, the maximum
The average of all the separate determinations made shall be tensile variation in a coil shall be 70 MPa [10.15 ksi].
within the limits specified in the analysis column. Individual 6.2.3 Number of Tests—One test specimen shall be taken for
determinations may vary to the extent shown in the product each five coils, or fraction thereof, in a lot. Each heat in a given
analysis tolerance column, except that the several determina- lot shall be tested.
tions of a single element in any one heat shall not vary both
above and below the specified range. NOTE 3—Any specimen breaking in the tensile grips shall be discarded
and a new specimen tested if the specified mechanical properties are not
5.4 For referee purposes, Test Methods, Practices, and achieved. If breakage in the tensile grips prevents conformance to percent
Terminology A751 shall be used. reduction in area requirements, conformance to the wrap test (see 6.3)
shall suffice.
6. Mechanical Properties
6.2.4 Location of Tests—Test specimens shall be taken from
6.1 Annealed and Cold Drawn—When purchased in the
either end of the coil.
annealed and cold-drawn condition, the wire shall have been
6.2.5 Test Method—The tension test shall be made in
given a sufficient amount of cold working to meet the purchas-
accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A370.
er’s coiling requirements and shall be in a suitable condition to
6.3 Wrap Test:
respond properly to heat treatment. In special cases the
6.3.1 Round quenched and tempered or cold drawn wire
hardness, if desired, shall be stated in the purchase order.
4.00 mm [0.157 in.] or smaller in diameter shall wrap on itself
6.2 Quenched and Tempered—When purchased in the
as an arbor without breakage. Larger diameter wire up to and
quenched and tempered condition, the tensile strength and %
including 8.00 mm [0.315 in.] in diameter shall wrap without
R.A. shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table 3
breakage on a mandrel twice the wire diameter. The wrap test
and Table 4.
is not applicable to wire over 8.00 mm [0.315 in.] in diameter
6.2.1 Tensile Strength of Shaped and Flat Rolled Wire—
or to shaped and flat rolled wires.
Tensile strength of shaped and flat rolled wires shall conform to
6.3.2 The high tensile chrome silicon vanadium grade of
these tables based on the conversion to equivalent round
quenched and tempered wire 4.00 mm [0.1575 in.] or smaller
dimensions. Percent reduction of area is not applicable to
in diameter shall wrap on a mandrel twice the diameter without
shaped and flat rolled wires.
breakage. Larger diameter wire up to and including 8.00 mm
NOTE 2—Equivalent round definition: The cross sectional area of [0.315 in.] shall wrap without breakage on a mandrel three
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A877/A877M – 10´1
TABLE 4 Tensile and %RA RequirementsA 7.1.1 The surface of the wire as received shall be free of
(Chrome Silicon Vanadium) imperfections such as pits, die marks, scratches, seams, and
SI Units other defects tending to impair the fatigue value of the springs.
Diameter, mm MPa, MPa, Min 7.1.2 Number of Tests—One test specimen shall be taken
min max % R.A.B from each end of every coil.
0.5 2200 2380 b 7.1.3 Test Method—The surface shall be examined after
1.0 2170 2340 b
etching in a solution of equal parts of hydrochloric acid and
1.5 2140 2300 b
2.0 2100 2240 40 water that has been heated to approximately 80°C for up to 2
3.0 2070 2200 40 min in order to remove the oxide scale layer from the wire
3.75 2030 2170 35
4.5 2000 2140 35
surface. Test ends shall be examined using 103 magnification.
5.0 1970 2100 35 7.2 Decarburization:
5.7 1930 2070 35 7.2.1 Transverse sections of the wire properly mounted,
6.3 1900 2030 35
7.9 1860 2000 35 polished, and etched shall show no completely decarburized
9.5 1830 1970 35 (carbon-free) areas when examined at a magnification of 100
Inch-Pound Units diameters. Partial decarburization shall not exceed a depth of
Diameter, mm ksi, ksi, Min 0.025 mm [0.0010 in.] on wire 5.00 mm [0.197 in.] and
min max % R.A.B smaller, or 0.038 mm [0.0015 in.] on larger than 5.00 mm
0.020 320 345 b [0.197 in.].
0.040 315 340 b 7.2.2 To reveal the decarburization more accurately in
0.060 310 335 b
0.080 305 325 40 untempered wire, the specimen shall be hardened and tempered
0.120 300 320 40 before microscopic examination. Prior to hardening, the speci-
0.148 295 315 35 men shall be filed flat on one side enough to reduce the
0.177 290 310 35
0.200 285 305 35 diameter at least 20 %. The subsequent mounted specimen
0.225 280 300 35 shall show the flattened section, as well as the original wire
0.250 275 295 35 edge. Any decarburization on this flattened section shall
0.312 270 290 35
0.375 265 285 35 necessitate a new specimen for examination.
A
Tensile strength values for intermediate diameters may be interpolated. 7.2.3 Number of Tests—One test specimen shall be taken for
B
b % R.A. is not applicable to wire diameters under 2.5 mm [.098 in.]. each five coils, or fraction thereof, in a lot.
7.2.4 Location of Tests—Test specimens may be taken from
times the wire diameter. The wrap test is not applicable to wire either end of the coil.
over 8.00 mm [0.315 in.] in diameter or to shaped and flat 7.3 Inclusion Content:
rolled wires. 7.3.1 The inclusion content of the wire or wire rod in the
6.3.3 Number of Tests—One test specimen shall be taken for worst case shall not exceed the limits shown in Table 5 as
each five coils, or fraction thereof, in a lot. Each heat in a given described in Test Methods E45, Plate I-r, Method D, except that
lot shall be tested. alternate methodologies are acceptable upon agreement be-
6.3.4 Location of Tests—Test specimens shall be taken from tween purchaser and supplier provided minimum requirements
either end of the coil. are not lower than those of Test Methods E45, Method D.
6.3.5 Test Method—The wrap test shall be made in accor-
7.3.1.1 If any coil exceeds the limits listed in Table 5, all
dance with Test Methods and Definitions A370.
coils in the lot will be inspected. Each coil that fails to meet the
6.4 Special Surface Inspection—When specified, the entire
requirements will be rejected.
length of every coil shall be inspected for surface imperfections
with a magnetic or eddy current defect analyzer, or both, or 7.3.2 Number of Tests—One test specimen shall be taken for
equivalent. The defect depth of this surface inspection shall be each 10 coils, or fraction thereof, in the lot.
agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser. All 7.3.3 Location of Tests—Test specimens may be taken from
detected defects shall be properly marked so the purchaser has either end of the coil.
the ability to identify and discard that length of wire. 7.3.4 Test Method—A longitudinal section approximately
12.7 mm [0.5 in.] long shall be ground to the centerline and
7. Metallurgical Requirements properly mounted and polished. Examination shall be made in
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7.1 Surface Condition: accordance with Test Methods E45.

TABLE 5 Maximum Inclusion Content

NOTE 1—The surface zone is from the wire surface to 1⁄3 radius deep. The core is the balance.

Zone Inclusion Type

A B C D
Thin Heavy Thin Heavy Thin Heavy Thin Heavy

Surface 1 1 1 ½ 1 1 1 ½
Core 2 1½ 2 1 2 1½ 2 1

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A877/A877M – 10´1
7.3.5 Upon agreement by the purchaser and supplier, the specification when such inspections and tests are deemed
inclusion requirements may be waived. necessary to ensure that the material conforms to prescribed
requirements.
8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations
12. Rejection and Rehearing
8.1 The permissible variations in the diameter of the wire
shall be as specified in Table 1. Any definition of shape wire 12.1 Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on tests
tolerances shall be agreed upon by the manufacturer and the made in accordance with these specifications shall be reported
purchaser. to the manufacturer as soon as possible so that an investigation
8.2 Number of Tests—One test specimen shall be taken from may be initiated.
each end of every coil. 12.2 The material must be adequately protected and cor-
rectly identified in order that the manufacturer may make a
9. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance proper investigation.
9.1 Annealed and Cold Drawn—The wire shall not be 13. Certification
kinked or improperly cast. To test for cast, a few convolutions
13.1 When specified in the purchase order or contract, a
of wire shall be cut loose from the coil and placed on a flat
manufacturer’s or supplier’s certification shall be furnished to
surface. The wire shall lie substantially flat on itself and not
the purchaser that the material was manufactured, sampled,
spring up nor show a wavy condition.
tested, and inspected in accordance with this specification and
9.2 Quenched and Tempered—The wire shall be uniform in
has been found to meet the requirements. When specified in the
quality and temper and shall not be wavy or crooked.
purchase order or contract, a report of the test results shall be
9.3 Each coil shall be one continuous length of wire
furnished.
properly coiled and firmly tied.
13.2 The certification shall include the specification num-
9.4 No welds are permitted in the finished product and any
ber, year date of issue, and revision letter, if any.
welds made during processing must be removed.
14. Packaging, Marking, and Loading for Shipment
10. Retests
14.1 The coil mass, dimensions, and the method of packag-
10.1 If any test specimen exhibits obvious defects it may be ing shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and
discarded and another specimen substituted. purchaser.
14.2 The size of the wire, purchaser’s order number, ASTM
11. Inspection
specification number, heat number, and name or mark of the
11.1 Unless otherwise specified in the contract or purchase manufacturer shall be marked on a tag securely attached to
order, the manufacturer is responsible for the performance of each coil of wire.
all inspection and test requirements specified in this specifica- 14.3 Unless otherwise specified in the purchaser’s order,
tion. Except as otherwise specified in the contract or purchase packaging, marking, and loading for shipments shall be in
order, the manufacturer may use his own or any other suitable accordance with those procedures recommended by Practices
facilities for the performance of the inspection and test A700.
requirements unless disapproved by the purchaser at the time
the order is placed. The purchaser shall have the right to 15. Keywords
perform any of the inspections and tests set forth in this 15.1 alloy; chromium-silicon; valve spring; wire

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee A01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue,
A877/A877M – 99, that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Oct. 1, 2010.)

(1) Changed name of specification – Added Chromium- (5) Deleted 14.4 and 14.5.
Silicon-Vanadium alloy. (6) Added grade A & B to Table 2 Chemical Requirements.
(2) Scope: Added Chromium-Silicon-Vanadium alloy. Added (7) Added Table 4 for the new steel grade of Chromium-
reference to EN 10270-2 specification. Silicon-Vanadium alloy.
(3) Deleted 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 referenced standards. (8) Changed “oil quench” to “quenched and tempered”
(4) Added 6.2.1, 6.2.2, 6.3.2, and notes 2 and 3. throughout body of text.

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A877/A877M – 10´1
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