MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC -270001 – 2005 certified)

WINTER -2019 EXAMINATION

Subject code: 22504 Model Answer Total Pages: 13

Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by keywords and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess
the understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language error such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and communication skill).
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure.
The figure drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any
equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In the some cases, the assumed constant
values may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answer and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidates understanding.

7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.

Q. Question and Model Answers Marks

No.
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10M
1.(a) Define : (i) Forecasting of population 2M
(ii) Intake structure
Ans:
(i) Forecasting of population - 1M
The process of calculating or estimating future population or demand is called
population forecasting.
(ii) Intake structure-
An intake is a well type structure, which is constructed across the surface of water, 1M
so as to permit the withdrawal of water from source.

1.(b) State any four factors affecting rate of demand of water 2M

Ans:
Factors affecting rate of demand of water-
i) Climatic Conditions ½M
ii) Cost of Water each
(for
iii) Distribution Pressure
any
iv) Habits of Population four)

Model Answer PHE 22504 Winter-2019 Page 1/13

 v) Industries & it’s types
vi) Policy of Metering
vii) Quality of Water
viii) Sewerage System
ix) Size of City
x) System of Supply (Continuous or Intermittent)

1.(c) Enlist any four types of valves provided in water supply scheme. 2M
Ans:
Types of valves provided in water supply scheme-
i. Sluice valve ½M
ii. Air valve each
iii. Scour valve (for
iv. Reflux valve any
v. Pressure Relief valve four)
vi. Butterfly valve

1.(d) State any two advantages and disadvantages of dead end system. 2M
Ans:
Advantages of dead end system:
1) Relatively economical. ½M
2) Determination of discharges and pressure easier due to less number of each
valves. (any
3) Laying the water pipe is simple. two)
4) It is suitable for old towns and cities having no definite pattern of roads.
Disadvantages of dead end system:
1) Due to many dead ends, stagnation of water occurs in pipes. ½M
2) During repairs, a large portion of the distribution area is affected. each
(any
3) Due to limited discharge in the mains, the water available for firefighting
two)
will be limited in quantity.

1.(e) Define trap. Sketch P-trap and S-trap. 2M

Ans
Trap-
It is a bent tube, which provides a water seal between atmosphere and the
sewer gas. OR 1M
The devices, which are used to stop the escape of foul gases inside or outside
the houses, are known as traps.

½M
each

P-trap S-trap

Model Answer PHE 22504 Winter-2019 Page 2/13

1.(f) Define: (i) sewage (ii) garbage 2M
Ans:
i) Sewage - It is liquid waste from the community and it includes sullage, 1M
discharge from latrines, urinals, stables, industrial waste and storm water.

ii) Garbage - It consists of solid or semisolid waste food and product such as 1M
vegetables, waste meat, peelings of fruits etc.

1.(g) State any four objects of sewage treatment. 2M

Ans:
Objects of sewage treatment-
1. To remove organic solids. ½M
2. To remove inorganic matter (sand, etc.) each
3. To prevent nuisance & offensive odour. (for
4. To prevent water borne diseases. any
5. To safeguard the natural resources from pollution. four)
6. To remove toxic & hazardous matter.
7. To convert solids into stable products by biological decomposing.
8. To make environment pollution free.

Q.2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12M

2.(a) Draw flow diagram of water treatment plant. 4M
Ans:
Flow diagram of water treatment plant

2M
(for
units)

2M
(for
correct
sequen
ce)

OR OR

Model Answer PHE 22504 Winter-2019 Page 3/13

 2M
(for
units)

2M
(for
correct
sequen
ce)

2.(b) State the precautions to be taken for collection of sample of water. 4M

Ans:
Precautions to be taken for collection of sample of water-

1. If a sample is to be collected from tap/faucet, sufficient quantity of water

should be allowed to pass through the tap before collecting the sample, to 1M
eliminate the stagnant water. each
2. If water is to be collected from streams, water sample should be taken at (for
least 40-50cm below the surface, to avoid collection of surface impurities, any
oils, tree leaves, etc. four)
3. In case of sub-surface source sufficient water should be pumped out before
collecting the sample.
4. For bacteriological tests- The person who collects the water must be firstly
free from any disease. Container bottles must be cleaned with sulphuric
acid, potassium dichromate and then rinsed with distilled water & finally
sterilization is done.
5. After collecting the sample, stopper of the bottle should be well secured and
the bottles containing samples of water should be labelled stating the
source, date and time of collection.

2.(c) The following is the population data for a town. Water supply scheme is to be 4M
designed for this town with a design period of 30 years. Find the population at
the end of the year 2040 by incremental increase method.
Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Population 35000 37500 43500 52000 57500
Ans:
Population forecasting-

Year Population Increase in population Incremental increase

1970 35000 -- --
1980 37500 2500 --
1990 43500 6000 3500
2000 52000 8500 2500
2010 57500 5500 -3000
Total 22500 3000 1M

X = Mean increase in population = 22500/4 = 5625

Y = Mean of Incremental increase in population = 3000/3 = 1000 1M
P = Last known population = 57500
Model Answer PHE 22504 Winter-2019 Page 4/13
 n = (Future year – last known year ) = (2040 – 2010 ) = 3
10 10

By Incremental Increase Method –

௡(௡ାଵ)
Probable population Pi = P + nX + Y 1M
ଶ

ଷ(ଷାଵ)
P2040 = 57500 + ( 3x5625 ) + 1000
ଶ
= 57500 + 16875 + 6000 1M
P2040 = 80375 souls

2.(d) Define Aeration. State objectives of aeration. 4M

Ans:
Aeration – The process of bringing the water in intimate contact with air, to 1M
increase the dissolved oxygen content in water is called Aeration.

Objectives of aeration –
i) To remove the dissolved gases (H2S, CO2, NO2) from raw water. 3M (for
ii) To increase the dissolved oxygen content in water. any
iii) To remove colour & odour considerably. three)
iv) To remove Iron & Manganese precipitate.

3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12M

3.(a) Describe the principle behind sedimentation with coagulation. 4M
Ans:
Principle of coagulation can be explained by following two considerations.

(a) Floc formation:

When a coagulant is added to water and mixed thoroughly and thick gelatinous
precipitate 'Floc' is formed. Floc attracts and arrests the colloidal particles and 2M
makes them settle down.
(b) Electrical charges:
Ions from floc possess positive electric charge. Colloidal particles possess
negatively charged ions. The floc thus attracts colloidal particles and makes them 2M
settle down.

3.(b) Describe the theory of filteration. 4M

Ans:

Theory of Filteration-

The filtration process is carried out in following four actions- 1M

1) Mechanical Straining: each
Sand consists of small pores, therefore suspended particles which are larger (for
in size, can not pass through sand bed. Small particles of suspended four
impurities adhere causing further reduction in pore size. This increase the steps)
straining action.
2) Sedimentation:

Model Answer PHE 22504 Winter-2019 Page 5/13

 The voids act as small settling basins. The particles are arrested due to
gelatinous film formation and attraction between particles.
3) Biological Action:
Suspended impurities contain some portion of organic impurities like algae,
etc. and form a layer. This food consumed by micro organisms with
chemical and biological action.
4) Electrolytic action:
Sand particles of filter media carry electrical charges of opposite nature.
They therefore attract each other and are neutralized. The characteristics of
water are thus changed. Washing of filter media renews the electrical
charges.

3.(c) Differentiate between gravity distribution system and pumping distribution 4M

system.
Ans:

Sr. Gravity distribution system Pumping distribution system

No.
1) Suitable when source of supply is at Suitable for any type of
sufficient height than the city. topography. 4M
(for
2) Water flows under gravity, Water flows under pressure and any
therefore pumping is not required. pumping is required. four
3) This system cannot provide high Sufficient water is available with points
of
pressure for fire demand. pressure for fire fighting.
differe
4) Less leakages and wastages. There are more losses and nces)
wastages.
5) This method is simple, reliable and This system is not economical due
economical. to pumping cost.
6) Less maintenance cost. More maintenance cost.
7) Sufficient pressure is not available Sufficient pressure is available in
for farther sections. distribution system due to pumps.
8) Power supply is not necessary, This system is not reliable in case
hence more reliable. of power failure as pumps will stop
working.

3.(d) Describe the backwashing of rapid sand filter with neat labeled sketch. 4M
Ans:
Back washing of rapid sand filter-

A separate overhead tank is constructed near the filter house to store the water
required for back washing of filter.
A pump is installed to lift the sufficient quantity of filtered water to be stored in
wash water tank.

Model Answer PHE 22504 Winter-2019 Page 6/13

 Operation -

1. Initially, the valves (1) and (4) are closed and valves (5) and (6) are opened
out.
2. The wash water and compressed air are thus forced upwards from the
under- drainage through the gravel and sand beds.
3. Valve (5) is closed after supplying the required amount of air. 2M
4. The dirty water, resulting from washings, overflows into the wash water
troughs and is removed by openingthe valve (3) through the inlet chamber
into the wash water drain.
5. Now open valve (1) and (4) for some time then close valve (4) and put filter
in normal working condition by opening valve (2).

2M
(for
sketch)

Fig. - Backwashing of Filter

4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12M

4.(a) State different forms of chlorination. Describe break point chlorination. 4M
Ans:

Forms of Chlorination-

1) Plain Chlorination 1M
2) Pre Chlorination
3) Post Chlorination
4) Re chlorination
5) Super Chlorination
6) De chlorination
7) Break point chlorination

Model Answer PHE 22504 Winter-2019 Page 7/13

 Break point chlorination- (Ref. fig.)

• The chlorine, when added to the water, forms the function of killing
bacteria first and then starts accumulating up to point A, as shown in graph.
• Further addition of chlorine shows sudden decrease in residual chorine up to
point B. This is because of oxidation of organic matter in water.
3M
• The point B on graph Q is called Breakpoint.
• As any chlorine that is added beyond this point breaks through the water
and appears as residual chlorine. This type is called as break point
chlorination.

4.(b) List any eight types of pipes used for conveyance of water. 4M
Ans:
Types of pipes used for conveyance of water -
1. Cast Iron (C.I.) Pipe
2. Ductile Iron (D.I.) Pipe ½M
3. Wrought Iron or Galvanised Iron (or G.I.) Pipe each
4. Steel / Mild Steel (M.S.) Pipe (for
5. Concrete Pipe (R.C.C.) Pipe any
6. Asbestos Cement (A.C.) Pipe eight)
7. P.V.C. / Polyethylene Pipe
8. Prestressed Concrete Pipe
9. Glass Reinforced (G.R.P.) Pipe
10. Bar Wrapped Steel Cylinder (B.W.S.C.) Pipe
11. Copper Pipe
12. Lead pipe

4.(c) Describe expansion joint with sketch. 4M

Ans:
Expansion joint-
It is used when pipes are subjected to severe changes in temperature leading to the
expansion and contraction of pipes. A rubber gasket is inserted between the spigot 2M
and bell ends and it adjusts in every position to keep the joint watertight. The
flanged ring is bolted to bell and it expands or contracts along with the bell end.

Model Answer PHE 22504 Winter-2019 Page 8/13

 2M
(for
sketch)

Fig. - Expansion joint

4.(d) Draw neat sketch of drop manhole. 4M

Ans:

2M
(for
sketch)

2M
(for
labellin
g)

Fig. - Drop Manhole

4.(e) Draw layout of sewage treatment plant. 4M

Ans:

2M
(for
units)

2M
(for
correct
sequen
ce)

Fig. - Layout of Sewage Treatment Plant

Model Answer PHE 22504 Winter-2019 Page 9/13

 5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12M
5.(a) Describe the process of coagulation. Explain the procedure of Jar test with 6M
neat labeled sketch.
Ans:
Coagulation-
The process of adding certain chemicals in water, in order to form insoluble, and
gelatinous precipitation (or floc) which becomes heavier and finally settles down is 1M
known as Coagulation.
Jar Test-
This test is performed to determine optimum chemical dose in the laboratory.
Procedure-
1) Fill the 6 jars with 1000 ml water sample.
2) Add the coagulant dose in increasing order and stir the sample with 60-80
RPM for one minute.
3) After one minute reduce the speed of stirrer to 30 RPM for 15 minutes. 3M
4) Then turn off the mixer and allow water to settle for 30 minutes.
5) Observe and measure the turbidity of each jar sample.
6) The coagulant quantity, with good floc formation, will be the optimum dose
of coagulant.

2M

Fig. - Jar test apparatus

5.(b) Describe in detail, the procedure of laying sewers. 6M
Ans:
Procedure of laying sewers- For laying sewers as per the alignment, first trial
holes are dug to know the strata and positions of manholes is finalized. Rest of the
procedure is as follows-
1) Marking centre lines of sewers: The centre lines of sewers are marked on the
streets and roads by driving the pegs at 7.5 to 15 m c/c & locating sewer 1M
Each
appurtenances by offset line method. (for six
2) Excavation of trenches: After marking the layout of sewers lines on the ground steps)
the first step is the removal of pavement and then excavation of trenches is done
manually or by means of machinery
3) Sheeting, bracing and dewatering of trenches: In case of soft soils the trench
side required shoring and strutting to prevent their collapse till the sewers are laid
and tested. When sewers lines are to be lead below the ground water table, the

Model Answer PHE 22504 Winter-2019 Page 10/13

 ground water enters the trench, dewatering of tranches is compulsory.
4) Laying of pipe sewers and their jointing: The sewers pipes are not laid
directly on the soil in the tranches. Before actual laying, the concreting is done.
Smaller size pipes can be laid by the pipe layers by hand only but larger size pipes
are lowered in the trenches by passing rope around them and supporting through a
hook. Then jointing of sewers is done by usual method.

5) Testing of sewers lines: The hydraulic testing of the sewers is done with the
help of water test or air test by usual method.

6) Back filling of trenches: After testing and removing defects of pipe line the
tranches are back-filled with earth. Generally the excavated soil of trench is used
for back filling. Back filling is done step by step.

5.(c) Differentiate between one pipe plumbing and two pipe plumbing system with 6M
neat labeled sketch.
Ans:
Sr. One Pipe System Two Pipe System
No.
1) Only one main waste pipe is used to Two separate main waste pipes, one
collect both foul & un foul waste. for foul & other for un foul waste,
3M
are used. (for
2) Cheap & economical. Costly, than one pipe system. any
3) Less accessories required. More accessories required. three
4) Popular in multi storied building. Popular in single storey building. points
of
5) Volume of waste water is more. Volume of waste water in a pipe is
differe
less due to bifurcation of waste. nces)
6) Waste water from wash basin, bath Waste water from wash basin, bath
and kitchen gets unnecessarily and kitchen can be used directly for
polluted. gardening.
7)

3M
(for
both
sketche
s)

Model Answer PHE 22504 Winter-2019 Page 11/13

 6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12M
6.(a) State the systems of sewerage. Describe separate system with merits and 6M
demerits.
Ans:
Systems of Sewerage are- ½M
1) Combined System each
2) Separate System (for
3) Partially Separate System three)

Separate system-

When two different sewers are laid to carry sanitary sewage & storm water,
it is called separate system. The storm water collected can be directly
discharged into the water body since, the run-off is not as foul as sewage 1½M
and no treatment is generally provided. Whereas, the sewage collected from
the city is treated adequately before it is discharged into the water body or
used for irrigation to meet desired standards.

Merits -1) Quantity of treatment is small, hence economical design of 1½M

treatment works, 2) Cheaper than combined system, 3) No fear of stream (any
pollution, 4) Storm water can be discharged in to natural streams, 5) three)
Suitable in heavy rainfall areas.

Demerits- 1) Self cleansing velocity is not available, 2) Risk of entry of 1½M

storm water during rains, 3) Inconvenience to traffic in busy lanes, while (any
repairs 4) Initial cost is more. three)

6.(b) Differentiate between 6M

(i) Aerobic and anaerobic process (ii) BOD and COD
Ans:
(i) Aerobic Process Anaerobic process
1) When the decomposition of organic When the decomposition of organic
matter takes place in the presence of matter takes place in the absence of
oxygen, it is called aerobic process. oxygen, it is called aerobic process. 3M
2) Aerobic bacteria involved. Anaerobic bacteria involved. (for
any
3) Process in presence of oxygen and Process in absence of oxygen and three
light. light. points
of
4) Not offensive. Offensive. differe
5) End products- CO2, H2O, NO3, SO4 End products- CH4, H2S, CO2 nce)

6) Applied for moderate waste. Applied for strong waste.

7) End product requires another Well stabilized end product.
treatment.
8) No methane gas produced. Methane gas produced.
9) e.g. aerated lagoon. e.g. bio gas plant.

Model Answer PHE 22504 Winter-2019 Page 12/13

 (ii) BOD COD
1) The amount of oxygen required for The amount of oxygen required for
decomposition of biological decomposition of biological
3M
degradable matter under aerobic degradable and inorganic matter
(for
condition is called Biochemical under acidic condition is called any
Oxygen Demand or B.O.D. Chemical Oxygen Demand or three
C.O.D. points
2) This test is conducted at standard No standard temperature is required. of
temperature of 20oC. differe
nce)
3) This test requires 5 days. This test requires 3 to 5 hours.
4) No oxidizing agent is required. Strong oxidizing agent is required.
5) B.O.D. is generally less than C.O.D. C.O.D. is always higher than B.O.D.
6) Higher B.O.D. means higher organic Higher C.O.D. means higher
matter. pollution.
7) It is affected by temperature. It is not affected by temperature.
8) Apparatus required for test – 8) Apparatus required for test –
Incubator, B.O.D. Bottle, titration Reflux apparatus, B.O.D. Bottle,
unit hot plate, titration unit

6.(c) Describe working of trickling filter with neat sketch. 6M

Ans:
Working of trickling filter- Trickling filter consists of RCC rectangular or circular
tank provided with filter media (stones or broken bricks material) and under
1M
drainage system to collect the effluent. Revolving distributor having four arms.

Sewage is distributed or sprays by distribution arms through which it

trickles to the under drains. As sewage trickles through the filter media, a biological 2M
slime layer consisting of aerobic bacteria build up around the media surfaces in two
weeks makes the filter ready for use. Organic matter in sewage is absorbed by
bacteria in slime layer. It removes 80% colloidal matter, reduces B.O.D. up to 75%.
It gives highly nitrified and stabilized effluent and flexibility in operation
2M
(for
sketch)

1M
(for
labelin
g)

Fig. - Trickling filter

Model Answer PHE 22504 Winter-2019 Page 13/13