CH-7 Insulator

Insulator of Overhead Transmission line
Introduction
 The overhead line conductors should be supported on the poles or towers in
such a way that currents from conductors do not flow to earth through
supports. i.e., line conductors must be properly insulated from supports.
 This is achieved by securing line conductors to supports with the help of

insulators.
INSULATOR
Insulator are required to support the line conductor and provide clearance
from ground and structure.
 Insulator material-
 High grade Electrical Porcelain
 Toughened Glass
 Fiber Glass
 Choice of insulator material is govern by availability, price and ease of
maintenance.
3
Properties:-
 In general, the insulators should have the following desirable properties :
1. High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind

load etc.
2. High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage

currents to earth.
3. High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that dielectric

strength is high.
4. The insulator material should be non-porous, free from impurities and

cracks otherwise the permittivity will be lowered.
5. High ratio of puncture strength to flashover.
Types Insulator
1) Pin type
2) Suspension type :- For voltage greater than 33 KV
3) Strain type:- For dead ends, corner or sharp curve
4) Shackle type:- For low voltage distribution lines & can be used either in
a horizontal or vertical position
Pin type:
 The pin type insulator are normally used
up to 33KV,
 In any case it is not desirable to use them

beyond 50KV as the cost of such insulator
increases much faster than the voltage.
Pin type
Suspension type
 Most times we use suspension type insulator for voltages above 33KV,
because of the following advantage:-
 Each insulator is designed for 11 KV and for any operation voltage a string
of insulator can be used.
 In case of failure of on one of the units in string, only that particular unit
needs replacement rather than the whole string.
 The operating voltage of the existing transmission line can be increased by
adding suitable number of discs.
Strain type
 identical in shape with the suspension type insulator.
 These strings are placed in horizontal place rather than vertical place.
 These are used to take the tension of the conductor at line terminals, at
angle towers, at road crossings and at junction of overhead lines.
 These insulators are known as tension or strain insulator.
 According to their shape Insulator can be categorized
 Disc Type
 Strut Type
 Disc type Insulator
 It consist of central suitable shaped porcelain/ glass body like a disc with an
metal clamp on one side and metal ball pin on other side
 Cap is made of malleable cost iron and the ball pins is of forged
steel.
 Strut Type Insulator
 It consist of several insulator disc cemented altogether without any
link.
 It is rigid and can take both tension and compression load.
 These are used for holding the conductor out of way of structure.
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INSULATOR STRING
 Disc insulator are joint by their ball pins and
socket in their caps to form string.
 No of insulator disc is decided by system

voltage, switching and lighting over voltage
amplitude and pollution level.
Fig. single string
 Insulator string can be used either suspension
or tension.
 Two suspension string in parallel used at

railways, road and river crossing as statutory
requirement.
 Swing of suspension string due to wind has to

Fig. Double string
be taken into consider.
10
Potential distribution over a string of suspension insulators
 The thumb rule for finding the number of insulator discs for a particular
operating voltage is to have one disc for every 11KV; this doesn’t mean
that the voltage across the discs of the string is uniformly distributed.
 This is because of the capacitance formed between the metal part of the
insulator and the tower structure.
 The capacitance could be made negligible small by increasing the distance
between the insulator and the tower structure (but it requires larger length
of cross arm and bigger size of tower and hence it becomes uneconomical).
 The capacitance of each string unit is known as mutual capacitance,
𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝐶
m= =
𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝐶
To increase string efficiency
a) Selection of m
b) Grading of Units.
c) Static shielding
 Grading rings serve two purposes:
 Equalization of voltage drop across the units
 it protects the insulator string from flash over whenever an overvoltage

appears (under normal or abnormal conditions) between the tower
structure and the power conductor.
Insulator And Insulator String Mechanical Design Considerations
a. Everyday Loading Condition

Everyday load 20 to 25% of insulator rated strength.
b. Ultimate Loading Condition

Ultimate load on insulator to not exceed 70% of its rating.
This limit corresponds roughly to pseudo-elastic limit.
c. In addition, capacity of tension insulator strings at least 10 % more than

rated tensile strength of the line conductors.

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Insulator of Overhead Transmission line

 This is achieved by securing line conductors to supports with the help of

1. High mechanical strength in order to withstand conductor load, wind

2. High electrical resistance of insulator material in order to avoid leakage

3. High relative permittivity of insulator material in order that dielectric

4. The insulator material should be non-porous, free from impurities and

2) Suspension type :- For voltage greater than 33 KV

3) Strain type:- For dead ends, corner or sharp curve

 In any case it is not desirable to use them

 No of insulator disc is decided by system

 Two suspension string in parallel used at

 Swing of suspension string due to wind has to

 Grading rings serve two purposes:

 Equalization of voltage drop across the units

 it protects the insulator string from flash over whenever an overvoltage

a. Everyday Loading Condition

b. Ultimate Loading Condition

c. In addition, capacity of tension insulator strings at least 10 % more than

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