Lec 05 (Atomic Structure V)

Lecture no: 05
Atomic Structure-(v)
Topics: [Electronic Configuration of atoms, Auf-bau Principle /(n+l) rule, Pauli’s Exclusion
Principle, Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity.]
……………………………………………………………………………………
Electronic Configuration of atoms:
At normal state , generally atoms are nutral in state because of having equal no.
of positive(+) proton and negative(─) electrons.
According to quantum Mechanics, electrons are revolving around the nucleus in

specific orbitals. The specific arrangement of e- in specific orbitals is called
electronic configuration.
3 major rules for the electronic configurations of atoms are-
(1). Auf-bau Principle,
(2). Pauli’s Exclusion Principle,
(3). Hund’s Rule.
Ques(). What is (n + l) rule? Illustrate your answer by writing the

electronic configuration/distribution of potassium atom.
Ques(). Whythe19th electron of K atomenter in 4s instead of 3d ?
(1). Auf-bau Principle /(n+l) rule: (Auf-bau = Building up)

(i). The relative order of energy of different orbitals (or, the sequence in which
various orbitals are filled up with electrons) can also be determined with the
help of (n+l) value for a given orbital (n=principle quantum number , l=
azimuthal quantum number).
This rule is called (n + l) rule. According to this rule, the orbital having the
lowest value of (n+l) has the lowest energy and hence is filled up first with
electrons.
1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s<3d<4p<5s<4d<5p<6s<4f<5d<6p<7s<5f<6d<7p<8s.
(ii). When two/more orbitals have the same value of (n+l) ,the orbital with
lower value of “n” is lower in energy and hence is filled up first with electrons.
Thus the order of energies of,for example, 3d, 4pand 5s orbitals for all of which
(n + l) = 5is as-
3d (n =3) < 4p (n=4) < 5s (n=5)
Since, “n” for these orbitals are 3,4 and 5 respectively. Thus, orbitals will be
flled up with electrons in the following sequence:
3d → 4p → 5s (Orbitals being filled)
Similarly, 4f → 5d → 6p →7s
Ques(). For the 1st and last electron of Na-atom , explain the Pauli’s
exclusion principle.
Ques(). For the 1st two electrons or last two electrons of K-atom , explain
the Pauli’s exclusion principle.
(2). Pauli’s Exclusion Principle:

“It is impossible for any two electrons in the same atom two have their four
quantum numbers identical”
In the same orbital of an atom two electron can have 3 quantum identical at the
most, but the fourth quantum numbers identical at the most .
Explanation/Illustration:
Let us consider helium(He) atom which has 2 electrons (atomic number = 2) is
“1s” orbital for which –
n=1 , l=0 and m=0. The fourth quantum number for the two electrons in
1st orbital are as follows:
Electron number Quantum numbers Set of values of

n l m s quantum numbers
(n , l , m , s )
1st electron (↑) 1 0 0 +1/2 (1 , 0 , 0 , +1/2 )
2nd electron (↓) 1 0 0 ─1/2 (1 , 0 , 0 , ─1/2)

(3). Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity :
The distribution of electrons in a set of degenerate orbitals like Px , Py , Pz set;
dxy , dyz , dzx , dx2 ─ y2 , dz2 set etc., of a given sub-shell takes place in such a way
as to give the maximum numbers of unpaired electrons and these electros must
have the same direction of their spins.
As for example , electronic configuration of “N” is
N(7) → 1s2 .2s2.2p3
Actually, 2p orbital have 3 equal energetic orbitals, which are denoted as Px, Py,
Pz.
So, in case of “N” above 3 electrons are occupied separately and their spins
will be in equidirections.
Such as , N→ 1s2.2s2. 2Px1.2Py1. 2Pz1
This configuration may be displayed as follows:
Here, the arrow (↑) indicates the spins of electrons.
Ques(). Why it become 4s1 instead of 4s2 in case of the electronic

configuration of Cu-atom ?
Ques(). According to Hund’s rule, write the electronic configuration of Fe2+

and Cr.
Ques(). For the 1st two electrons or last two electrons or 1st and last
electrons or 1st and 5th electrons or 10th and 15th electrons of Na-atom /K-
atom /Ca-atom , explain the Pauli’s Exclusion principle.

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Lecture no: 05

Electronic Configuration of atoms:

According to quantum Mechanics, electrons are revolving around the nucleus in

3 major rules for the electronic configurations of atoms are-

(1). Auf-bau Principle,

(2). Pauli’s Exclusion Principle,

(3). Hund’s Rule.

Ques(). What is (n + l) rule? Illustrate your answer by writing the

Ques(). Whythe19th electron of K atomenter in 4s instead of 3d ?

(1). Auf-bau Principle /(n+l) rule: (Auf-bau = Building up)

3d → 4p → 5s (Orbitals being filled)

(2). Pauli’s Exclusion Principle:

Electron number Quantum numbers Set of values of

1st electron (↑) 1 0 0 +1/2 (1 , 0 , 0 , +1/2 )

2nd electron (↓) 1 0 0 ─1/2 (1 , 0 , 0 , ─1/2)

As for example , electronic configuration of “N” is

N(7) → 1s2 .2s2.2p3

Such as , N→ 1s2.2s2. 2Px1.2Py1. 2Pz1

This configuration may be displayed as follows:

Here, the arrow (↑) indicates the spins of electrons.

Ques(). Why it become 4s1 instead of 4s2 in case of the electronic

Ques(). According to Hund’s rule, write the electronic configuration of Fe2+

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