Use of Lifting Accessories

1
Key factors Effecting
SAFETY of
Lifting Accessories
(Rigging Gears)

2
Key Factors Effecting
Safety of Lifting Accessories
• Suitability

• Quality

• Condition

• Way it is used

3
Selecting a LIFTING GEAR, consider:
1. What constitutes the load, is it in one piece or likely to fall apart?
2. Is it strong enough to support itself or does it need support to be
lifted?
3. Are there special problems? e.g. the load is delicate, very hot,
cold, corrosive, sharp etc there are similar environmental problems.
4. Are there lifting points and if not how can lifting gear be attached?
5. What does it weigh?
6. Where is the center of gravity (C of G), and what allowances must
be made for the lifting mode?

4
1. If the Load is NOT in One Piece consider:

• lifting the parts separately

• using the lifting gear to hold the part together, e.g. a bundle
of tubes held by a double wrap and choke hitch;

• holding them together by other means e.g. a load binder.

5
2. If the Load is NOT strong enough to support itself:

- a lifting beam

- a cradle

6
3. If there are SPECIAL Problems consider:

• Whether a particular type of lifting gear is more

suitable.

• Whether special packing or protection is required to

avoid the load being damaged by the lifting gear.

• Whether lifting gear may be damaged by the load or

the environment.

7
4. If there are LIFTING Points consider:

• Whether they are intended for the whole load or just a

component e.g. eyebolt in a motor.

• What sort of terminal fittings will mate with the lifting points.

• Whether the lifting points may be used at an angle or just

vertical.

8
4. If there are NO LIFTING Points consider:

- Whether removable lifting points can be used e.g. eyebolts in

existing taped holes.

- Whether other accessories suited to the load can be used e.g.

plate clamps, pallet forks, pipe hooks.

- Whether the sling can through or wrap around the load.

9
5. If the WEIGHT is NOT known consider:

- Whether the information might be available elsewhere e.g.

packing/delivery notes, product hand book, component drawing.

- Whether the load can be weighed e.g. take delivery vehicle to a

weigh bridge.

- Whether the load can be estimated - it usually can. A skilled

estimator can estimate within 10% plus / minus.

10
6. If the Position of the C of G is NOT known consider:
- Whether the information might be available elsewhere e.g.
packing/delivery notes, product handbook, component drawing.

- Whether the position of the C of G can be estimated – it usually

can. The estimate may not be exact but the trail lift will allow you
to check and adjust if required.

11
Load Estimation: Weight & Center of Gravity

It is important to know with reasonable accuracy the weight

of a load to be lifted and the position of its center of gravity.
There are various ways of obtaining this information.

12
Load Estimation: Weight
Weight of Material

Material Weight in kg/m3 Weight in lb/ft3

Aluminum 2700 170

Brass 8500 530
Brick 2100 130
Coal 1450 90
Copper 8800 550
Concrete 2400 150
Earth 1600 100
Iron-Steel 7700 480
Lead 11200 700
Magnesium 1750 110
Oil 800 50
Paper 1120 70
Water 1000 62
Wood 800 50

13
Load Estimation: Volume

14
Load Estimation: Volume

15
Load Estimation: Volume
Value of π
π = 3.14159 or 22/7 (if 3 is used add 5% to estimate to correct the
error.)

Imperial / Metric Conversion

1 ton = 2240 lb = 20 cwt

1 tonne = 1000 kg = 2204.6 lb
50 kg = 112 lbs = 1 cwt (hundred-weight)
10 kN = 1000 kg = 1 tonne

For estimation purposes:

1 ton = 1 tonne
1 lb/ft3 = 16.0185 kg/m3

16
Slinging Procedures
• Assessment of Load Weight.
• Checking Route / Path
• Selection of Lifting Gears
• Inspection of Lifting Gears
• Center of Gravity
• Controlling of Load

17
Lifting Operations

• Positioning the Hook on Crane.

• Lifting the Weight
• Safety Awareness
• Travelling the Load
• Placing of Load

18
Types Of Hitch

19
Simple Choke Hitch
The total load that may be
lifted is that marked on the
sling

20
Choke Hitch Double Wrapped

The total load that may be

lifted is that marked on the
sling

21
Double & Choke Hitch

The total load that

may be lifted is 2 x
that marked on the
sling

22
Basket Hitch

The total load that

may be lifted when
the included angle
does not exceed 90
is 1.4 x that marked
on the sling

23
Two Single-Leg Slings Used in Basket Hitch

The total load that my be

lifted provided that no
included angle exceeds
90° is 2.1 x that marked
on the single sling

24
25
Sling Stresses at
Various Sling Vertical
Angles

26
Lifting Accessories

27
Wire Rope Slings

28
Wire Rope

A Wire Rope is a machine of great versatility.

We use the wire rope to transmit force around corners
through any angle by use of sheaves.
Wire rope is used to lift, guide, control, hold back, launch,
counter balance, hold down, tie down etc.

29
Characteristics Of Wire Rope

The final characteristics of the made up rope depend on several

factors:

 The number and size of the wire in a strand.

 The way the wires in a strand are twisted (laid up).
 The way the strands are laid up.
 The number of strands in the rope.
 The tensile strength of the wires.
 The material of the core around which the strands are laid up .

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Design Factor

Design Factor = Five to One

31
Wire Rope Composition

32
Wire Rope Construction

33
Strength of Wire Rope

• The Wires from which the rope is made are produced

from drawn wire (cold drawn)

• Good quality low carbon steel is used having an initial

tensile strength of 500 N/mm2

• As a result of the cold drawing an ultimate tensile

strength of between 1300 N/mm2 and 2000 N/mm2 is
achieved

34
Flexibility of Wire Rope

• Fiber core rope more flexible than an identical wire core

rope

• The more wires in the strands for a given diameter of

rope the more flexible the rope. For example a rope of 6
x 36 construction will be more flexible than a rope of
6 x 19 construction.

35
Elongation of Wire Rope

• As the wire and strands follows helical paths when a

load is applied they act somewhat like springs and
the rope elongates.

• This enables the rope to absorb a degree of shock

loading by stretching without breaking

36
Types of Wire Rope Lays: (individual wire)

There are two ways in which the individual wires may be twisted together;
cross lay, and
equal lay

37
Types of Wire Rope Lays

Cross Lay
If we take a number of wires having the same diameter and lay them up
to form a strand, each layer of wires will follow a slightly different helical
path to the layers either side of it. As a result each succeeding layer of
wires will cross over the wires onto which they are being laid
Disadvantages of Cross Lay
• High local pressures between the wire, causing cross nicking and this
will eventually lead to breakage.
•Due to all the wire being of the same diameter. To improve wear
resistance but maintain flexibility it is often desirable to increase the size
of the outer wires, but with cross lay construction this is not Possible.

38
Types of Wire Rope Lays

Equal Lay
This construction has all of the wires following the same helical path so that
the covering wires lie exactly along the valleys or crowns of the underlying
wires. This way there is continuous line contact between adjacent wires, and
the wire sizes can be adjusted as required, to vary the performance
characteristics of the rope.

39
Types of Wire Rope Lays: (individual strand)

There are two ways in which the individual wires may be twisted together;
ordinary lay, and
lang lay

40
Types of Wire Rope Lays
Ordinary Lay
Strands in the rope are laid in the opposite direction to the wires in the
strand
If the strand follows a right hand helix the wires follow a left hand helix and
vice versa.
Completely stable.
(A small amount of turn on the rope under load will come out and it will return to its normal
position of lay when the load is released.)

41
Types of Wire Rope Lays

Lang’s Lay
Strands in the rope are laid in the same direction to the wires in the strand.
If the strand follows a right hand helix the wires ALSO follow a right hand
helix and vice versa.

42
Types of Wire Rope Lays

Advantage of Lang’s Lay

• much better wearing surface than ordinary lay and will therefore have a
longer services life under arduous conditions
• also has more flexibility than a similar ordinary lay rope

Disadvantage of Lang’s Lay

• it can only be safely used in applications where both ends of the rope
are secured so as to prevent the rope from rotating
• If Lang’s Lay is used for a sling or a single fall hoist rope it will rotate
and unlay itself.

43
Wire Rope Construction

<---------------------------- Lay Length ------------------------>

44
Wire Rope Construction

45
Type of Wire Rope

46
Safe Use of Wire Rope Slings
• Check the sling before use and do not use a defective sling.
• Remember to allow for the mode of use when selecting the sling.
• Ensure the master link fits freely onto the lifting machine.
• Do not force or wedge slings or fittings into position; they must fit
freely.
• Position the hooks of multi-leg slings to face outward from the load.
• Do not lift on the tip of any hook.
• Back hook free legs to the master link to avoid lashing legs which
might accidentally become engaged or otherwise be a hazard.

47
Safe Use of Wire Rope Slings
• Ensure that the wire rope is not twisted or kinked.
• Ensure that the effective diameter of pins, hooks etc upon which soft
eyes fit is at least 2 x the wire rope diameter.
• Use packing to protect the wire rope from sharp edges and small
radii.
• Position the splices of endless slings in the standing part of the sling
away from hooks and fittings.
• Never join wire rope slings made from different lay directions of rope
together as this will cause them to unlay thus seriously affecting their
capacity.
• Never attempt to shorten, knot or tie wire rope slings.
• Do not use wire rope slings at temperatures above 100 °C or below
minus 40 °C or in contact with chemicals without consulting the
supplier.

48
Precautions for Wire Rope Slings
• Never overload a wire rope sling -allow for angles & mode of use

• Never lift on the tip of a hook

• Never force or hammer into position

• Never join wire ropes of opposite lay

• Never use ropes twisted or kinked

• Never attempt to shorten, knot or tie a wire rope sling

49
Inspection Procedure of Wire Rope Sling

50
Inspection Procedure of Wire Rope Sling

Incorrect
Correct Measurement
Measurement

51
Types of Defects

Extrusion of steel core (discard immediately)

52
Types of Defects

Severe kink & extrusion of fiber core (discard immediately)

53
Types of Defects

Basket (Bird cage) deformation (discard immediately)

54
Types of Defects

Outer strands take the place of the fiber core,

which has disintegrated (discard immediately)

55
Types of Defects

Severe bend (discard immediately)

56
Storing & Handling Wire Rope Slings

♦ Never return damaged or contaminated slings to store.

They should be dry, clean and protected from corrosion.

♦ Store wire rope slings on a rack and not laying on the

ground. The storage area should be dry and free of
contaminates which may harm the slings.

♦ Do not alter, modify or repair a wire rope sling but refer

such matters to a competent person.

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Horizontal Angles and Load Effect

58
 Safe W orking Loads of W ire Ropes Slings
Capacities are in Kiligrams (KG)

Single Double Leg Sling Triple and Quadruple Leg Sling

Rope Diameter
Leg Horizontal Angle Horizontal Angle
inch mm 60° 45° 30° 60° 45° 30°
1/4 6 510 883 721 510 1325 1082 765
5/16 8 790 1368 1117 790 2052 1676 1185
3/8 10 1100 1905 1556 1100 2858 2333 1650
7/16 11 1500 2598 2121 1500 3897 3182 2250
1/2 13 2000 3464 2828 2000 5196 4243 3000
9/16 14 2500 4330 3536 2500 6495 5303 3750
5/8 16 3100 5369 4384 3100 8054 6576 4650
3/4 19 4400 7621 6223 4400 11432 9334 6600
7/8 22 6000 10392 8485 6000 15588 12728 9000
1 25 7700 13337 10889 7700 20005 16334 11550
1 - 1/8 29 9500 16454 13435 9500 24682 20153 14250
1 - 1/4 32 12000 20785 16971 12000 31177 25456 18000
1 - 3/8 35 14000 24249 19799 14000 36373 29698 21000
1 - 1/2 38 17000 29445 24042 17000 44167 36062 25500
1 - 5/8 41 19000 32909 26870 19000 49363 40305 28500
1 - 3/4 44 22000 38105 31113 22000 57158 46669 33000
2 51 29000 50229 41012 29000 75344 61518 43500
Capacities are as per ASME B30.9 - 1996 Design Factor of Wire Rope Slings shall be minimum of 5

Rated Loads for Wire Rope Slings 6 x 19 or 6 x 37 Classification Improved

Plow Steel with Fiber Core 59
 End Fittings
Wire Rope Slings

60
Types of End Fittings or Attachment

Wire Rope Socket - Spelter or Resin Attachment

61
Types of End Fittings or Attachment

Wire Rope Socket - Swaged

62
Types of End Fittings or Attachment

Mechanical Spliced - Loop or Thimbled Attachment

63
Types of End Fittings or Attachment

Wedged Socket

64
Types of End Fittings or Attachment

Clips -Number of Clips Varies with Rope Size

65
Types of End Fittings or Attachment
Clips -Right and Wrong Ways of Clipping

66
Types of End Fittings or Attachment

Loop or Thimble Splice - Hand Tucked

67
Chain Slings

68
Chain Slings

Chains intended for SLINGS : Marked with single NUMBER

Chains intended as LOAD Chains : Marked with LETTERS

69
Chain Slings
• It is necessary to use alloy steel chains only and must be used
within their safe working load.
• Regular Inspection of the slings to be made. Destroy the
defective ones.
• Know the weight of load to avoid any possible accident because
of over loading.
• Impact loading must be avoid.
• Chain slings might be stored where they are not damaged or
corroded.
• Do not twist the chain sling and do not make knots.
• Never use chain slings on sharp edges.
• For straightening the lifting line never hammer the chain sling.

70
Chain Slings
• Crossing, twisting, kinking or knotting a chain should be avoided.
• Never use the tip of chain hook to lift a load.
• Re-welding alloy steel will damage the chain sling.
• All the links of chain slings should be inspected for wear nicks, bouges
stretch localize bending and sharing.
• It is necessary to make sure the chain is of correct size and grade for
the load.
• Make sure that all attachments and fittings are of the same type, grade
and size and suitable for the service with the chains being used.
• Alloy steel chains are damaged when they are heated up. Once they
are heated, chain gets destroyed and should not be used for lifting.

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Chain Slings

72
Safe Use of Chain Slings
• Check the sling before use and do not use a defective sling.
• Remember to allow for the mode of use when selecting the sling.
• Ensure the master link fits freely onto the lifting machine.
• Do not force or wedge slings or fittings into position; they must fit freely.
• Position the hooks of multi-leg slings to face outward from the load.
• Do not lift on the point of any hook.
• Back hook free legs to the master link to avoid lashing legs which might
accidentally become engaged or otherwise be a hazard.
• Ensure that the chain is not twisted or knotted.
• Never shorten a sling leg other than by means of an integral chain
clutch.
• Do not use chain slings at temperatures above 200CC or below minus
40°C or in contact with chemicals, particularly acids.

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Precautions While Using Chain Slings
• Never overload a chain sling -allow for angles and mode of
use
• Never lift on the point of a hook
• Never force or hammer into position
• Never use chains twisted or knotted
• Never attempt, to shorten, except with an integral chain
clutch

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Inspection Procedure of Chain Slings

Marking
Illegible Material Link
distorted

Adjusting Coupling
clutches components
distorted or distorted or
cracked cracked or pins
Chain link bent, insecure
notched
corrected,
stretched or lack
of articulation
Safety catches
missing/damaged

Hooks distorted

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Inspection Procedure of Chain Slings
Chemical attack. Care must be taken in case of grade 80, 8 and T or the
new higher grades that are now becoming available. Contact with
chemicals may not be visually apparent but can have disastrous results;
acids are known to cause hydrogen embrittlement in the materials
causing hairline cracks with early and unexpected failure.
Distorted hooks. There should be no twisting or distortion of the hook.
Maximum increase in opening 10%.
Damaged hooks. Cracks, nicks and scored, if the amount of metal
removed is more than 1.5% the depth of section, the hook should be
scraped.
Wear (hook). A maximum of 8% wear in the eye or depth of section.
Building up of worn section should not be permitted.

76
Synthetic Rope Slings

77
Using Synthetic Rope Slings
• Check the sling before use and do not use a defective sling.
• Remember to allow for the mode of use when selecting the sling.
• Check that the sling engages correctly with fittings and the lifting machine and
ensure smooth radii are formed.
• Do not twist or cross slings and do not overcrowd fittings.
• Do not force or wedge slings and do fittings into position, they must fall freely.
• The diameter of the component placed in a soft eye must be at least the
diameter of the rope but not so large that two parts of the rope at the splice
from an included angle greater than 30º.
• Position the bight of the choke lift at the natural (120º) angle to avoid heat from
friction.

78
Using Synthetic Rope Slings
• Position the splice of an endless sling in the standing part of the rope
away from the load, hook or point of choke.

• Use packing to protect the sling from sharp edges.

• Position hooks of multi-leg slings facing outward from the load.

• Do not lift on the point of any hook.

• Never attempt to shorten, knot or tie synthetic rope slings.

• Never expose synthetic rope slings to direct heat or flame.

• Do not use synthetic rope slings at temperature above 80ºC or below

0ºC without consulting the supplier.

79
Precautions for Synthetic Rope Slings
• Never overload synthetic rope sling-allow for angles & mode of use

• Never lift on the point of a hook

• Never force or hammer into position

• Never attempt to shorten, knot or tie a synthetic rope sling

• Never use around sharp edges without protection

• Never expose to direct heat

80
Inspection Procedure of Synthetic Rope Sling

81
Inspection Procedure of Synthetic Rope Sling
Fiber breakage or melted fiber (manifested by hard masses) inside the rope
that appears along the length at the same relative position and involves
damage estimated at 10% of the fiber in the strand at that point. Pry or twist
the rope open to inspect .
Heat damage, Solar degradation.
Rot or mildew in natural synthetic rope slings.
Missing or illegible sling identification as follows:
 Name, symbol or trademark of sling manufacturer.
 Material used and size, Number of legs.
 Rated load and angle upon which it is based.
 Reach.

82
Maintenance of Synthetic Rope Sling
• Maintenance requirements are minimal.

• Synthetic rope sling may be cleaned with clean water and allow to dry
naturally.

• Remember weak chemical solutions will become increasingly stronger

by evaporation.

83
Storing and Handling Synthetic Rope Slings
• Never return damaged or contaminated slings to storage. They should
be cleaned with clear water and dried naturally. Never force dry
synthetic rope sling.

• Store synthetic rope slings hung on non-rusting pegs which allow the
free circulation of air.

• The storage area should be dry, clean, free of any contaminates and
shaded from direct sunlight.

• Do not alter, modify or repair a synthetic rope sling but refer such
matters to a competent person.

84
Synthetic Webbing Slings

85
Synthetic Round Slings

86
Using Synthetic Webbing/Round Slings
• Nylon and polyester slings shall not be used at
temperatures in excess of 180 ºF.

• The use of synthetic slings should be avoided in radiation

areas.

• Hard or brittle spots in the fabric of synthetic slings may

indicate a substantial reduction in strength as a result of
damage from chemicals or excessive heat.

• Position the bight for a choke lift at the natural (120°) angle
to avoid heat from friction.

87
Using Synthetic Webbing/Round Slings
• Twisting the leg shall be avoided.

• Load applied to the hook should be centered in the base (bowl) of hook
to prevent point loading on the hook.

• During lifting, with or without load, personnel shall be alert for possible
snagging.

• In a basket hitch, the load should be balanced to prevent slippage.

• Slings should be long enough so that the rated load is adequate when
the angle of the legs is taken into consideration.

• Slings should not be dragged on the floor or over an abrasive surface.

88
Using Synthetic Webbing/Round Slings
• Sling shall not be shortened or lengthened by knotting or other methods
not approved by the sling manufacturer.
• Slings that appear to be damaged shall not be used unless they are
inspected and accepted as usable in accordance with periodic inspection
requirements.
• Sharp corners in contact with the sling should be padded to minimize
damage to the sling.
• Portions of the human body should be kept away from between the sling
and the load, and from between the sling and the crane hook or hoist
hook.
• Personnel should stand clear of the suspended load.
• Shock loading is prohibited.
• Sling should not be pulled from under a load when the load is resting on
the sling.

89
Precautions for Synthetic Webbing/Round Slings
• Never overload a webbing sling - allow for angles & mode of use
• Never lift on the point of a hook
• Never force or hammer into position
• Never attempt to shorten, knot or tie a webbing sling
• Never expose flat woven webbing slings to direct heat or flames
• Do not use flat woven webbing slings at temperatures above 80°C or
below 0°C without consulting the supplier
• Never use flat woven webbing slings which are cut or which have
loose or damaged stitching
• Never use around sharp edges without protection

90
Precautions for Synthetic Webbing/Round Slings
The material from which the webbing sling is manufactured may be identified by the
colour of the label or printing on the label;

Polyester = Blue
Polyamide (Nylon) = Green
Polypropylene = Brown

and the sling may also be dyed with a colour code to indicate the SWL in straight
pull

91
Inspection Procedure of Synthetic Webbing Slings

92
Inspection Procedure of Synthetic Round Slings

93
Maintenance of Synthetic Webbing/Round Sling

• Maintenance requirements are minimal.

• Webbing slings may be cleaned with clean water and allowed to

dry naturally.

• Remember weak chemical solutions will become increasingly

stronger by evaporation.

94
Storing and Handling Synthetic Webbing/Round Slings
• Never return damaged or contaminated slings to storage. They should
be cleaned with clear water and dried naturally. Never force dry
synthetic rope sling.

• Store synthetic webbing slings hung from non-rusting pegs which allow
the free circulation of air.

• The storage area should be dry, clean, free of any contaminates and
shaded from direct sunlight.

• Do not alter, modify or repair a wire rope sling but refer such matters to a
competent person.

95
Shackles

96
Design of Shackles
• The shackle is carefully designed so that the strength of the
body and pin are approximately equal. This means that the pin
is larger in diameter than the body.

• The pin is a beam, which may either have a point load, or if the
jaw is filled up, a uniformly distributed load.

97
Choice of Shackles (Body Shape)

The selection of shape of the shackle body will depend on the intended
use. It is desirable to use a shackle with as small a jaw opening as
consistent with adequate articulation of the connection.

• Dee shackles are, in general, used to join two pieces of lifting equipment.

• Bow shackles are in general, used where more than one attachment is
to be made to the body or to allow freedom of movement in the plane of
the bow.

98
Safe Use of Shackles
When connecting several sling legs, position them in the
bow of the shackle to avoid forces that tend to spread the
shackle jaw.

99
Safe Use of Shackles
• Check the shackle before use. Do not
use defective shackles. In particular
ensure the pin is the correct one in terms
of type, fit and grade of material.
• Select the type of shackle and pin most
suitable to the application.
• Shackles should be fitted so that the
body takes the load along its center line
and is not subjected to bending.
• Ensure the load on the pin is in center.
Use spacers if necessary.

100
 Safe Use of Shackles
• Avoid applications where
movement can unscrew
the pin, e.g. when used
with a sling in choke hitch.
Position the pin away from
the moving part or use a
nut and bolt pin type
which can rotate without
unscrewing.

101
Inspection Procedure of Shackles
Body distorted or has
visible nicks, cracks or
gouges

Marking illegible

Wrong pin fitted, pin bent or of Screw threads damaged or

incorrect fit incomplete

102
EYE BOLTS

103
Eye Bolts
The shank must be symmetrically placed about the axis; this is to say it must be on
the same line

Not Correct Correct

104
 Eye Bolts
• When an eyebolt is tightened, stresses are set up in the shank. It was
found that these were excessive in shanks of less than 12mm, even when
only tightened by hand.

• Therefore, no eyebolt of less than 12mm or ½” diameter should be used for

lifting purpose.

• Further no eyebolt should be tightened more than finger tight.

105
Types of Eye Bolts
• Eye Bolts with Links: Suitable for all general purpose
applications

106
Types of Eye Bolts
• Collar Eye Bolts: suitable for most general duties

107
Types of Eye Bolts
• Dynamo Eye Bolts: suitable only where a truly axial load is guaranteed

108
Safe Use of Eye Bolts
• Check the thread of both the eyebolt and hole, ensure they are
compatible, fully formed, of sufficient length, undamaged and clear of
any debris which may prevent proper engagement.

• Ensure the contact surface around the hole is flat, clean, perpendicular
to the thread axis and big enough to support all the eyebolt collar.

• Tighten the eyebolt down firmly by hand. The collar must sit evenly on
the contact surface. Do not use tommy bars, grips or wrenches to tighten
eyebolts.

109
Safe Use of Eye Bolts
• With collar eyebolts used in pairs, the eyes must be in the correct
plane. Use shims but do not machine the collar or over tighten.

110
Safe Use of Eye Bolts
• A hook of similar capacity may be
engaged directly into the eye of a
dynamo eyebolt or the link of an eyebolt
with link. Collar eyebolts must be fitted
with a shackle or link to accept hooks.
The hooks must fit freely so do not
wedge or force them into position.
• Never reeve a sling through the eyes,
links or shackles fitted to eyebolts used
in pairs as this will impose a severe
resultant force onto the eyebolts.

111
Safe Use of Eye Bolts
• Dynamo eyebolts are only suitable for axial loading. Never use
dynamo eyebolts for angular loading.

• When using eyebolts with multi-leg slings use eyebolts with links
or collar eyebolts taking care to derate them for angular loading.

• Where a single eyebolt is used, use a swivel or swivel hook to

prevent the eyebolt unscrewing if the load rotates..

112
Inspection Procedure of Eye Bolts
Eyebolt Inspection Points - Eyebolt with Link

Marking illegible Weld cracked

Link distorted or Eye distorted

cracked

Underside of collar not

Screw threads worn, flat
damaged or
incomplete
Shank bent

113
Inspection Procedure of Eye Bolts
Eyebolt Inspection Points - Collar Eyebolts

Marking illegible Eye distorted

Underside of collar
Screw threads worn, damaged not flat
or incomplete

Shank bent

114
Inspection Procedure of Eye Bolts
Eyebolt Inspection Points - Dynamo Eyebolts

Marking illegible Eye distorted

Screw threads worn, damaged or Shank bent

incomplete

115
Hand Operated Chain Hoist

116
Safe Use of Hand Operated Chain Hoist
• Check the block before use - do not use a defective block.

• For hook suspension, ensure the support fits freely into the seat of the
hook. If the hook is not fitted with a safety catch, mouse the hook to
prevent displacement.

• For trolley suspension, ensure the trolley is correctly set for the beam
width.

• Check that the chains are not twisted, particularly with a multi-fall block.

• Check that the bottom hook will reach the lowest point required without
running the chain fully out.

117
Precautions (Hand Operated Chain Hoist)

• Never overload the block.

• Never use the load chain as a sling.

• Never lubricate the brake.

• Never use undue effort to force the block to operate.

118
Inspection Procedure of Hand Operated Chain Hoist

119
Chain Lever Hoist

120
Types of Hand Operated Lever Hoist

Hand Operated Lever

Hoist – Chain Type

121
Types of Hand Operated Lever Hoist

Hand Operated Lever Hoist – Wire Rope Type

122
Types of Hand Operated Lever Hoist

Hand Operated Lever Hoist – Web Type

123
Parts of Hand Operated Lever Hoist

124
Safe Use of Hand Operated Chain Lever Hoist
• Check the hoist before use and do not use a defective hoist.

• Ensure the support fits freely into the seat of the top hook. If the hook is
not fitted with the safety latch/catch, mouse the hook to prevent
displacement.

• Check that the chain is not twisted particularly with a multi-fall hoist.

• Check that the bottom hook will reach the lowest point required without
running the chain fully out.

125
Precautions (Hand Operated Chain Lever Hoist)
• Never overload the hoist.

• Never extend the lever or use undue effort to force the lever
hoist to operate

• Never use the load chain as a sling

• Never modify unless authorised

• Never replace the load chain with a longer one without

consulting the supplier

• Never lubricate the brake

126
Inspection Procedure of Chain Lever Hoist

127
Hand Chain Lever Hoist/Hand Chain Hoist Safety

128
Hand Chain Lever Hoist/Hand Chain Hoist Safety

129
Hand Chain Lever Hoist/Hand Chain Hoist Safety

130
Hand Chain Lever Hoist/Hand Chain Hoist Safety

131
Jacks: (Hydraulic /Mechanical)

132
Types of Jacks

133
Types of Jacks

134
Types of Jacks

135
Types of Jacks

136
Types of Jacks

137
Safe Use of Jacks
• Most jacking operations require the use of several jacks. Care is needed as
it is not possible to raise or lower jacks in perfect unison. This results in
uneven loading with the load being transferred from one jack to another. It
can be more hazardous when lowering as the jack being lowered transfers it
share to the other jacks. The capacity of the jack should be adequate to
account for this.
• Check the jack and packing before use – do not use a defective jack or
inadequate packing.
• Ensure the surface on which the jack is placed is level, even and capable of
taking the imposed loads. Where necessary use floor plates to spread the
load over a wide area. Avoid hidden dangers such as buried cables, pipes
and ducts which may affect the load bearing capability of the floor.

138
Safe Use of Jacks
• Ensure the load is capable of withstanding the force imposed by the
jacking operation.

• Use packing capable of withstanding the load without crushing.

• Ensure the jack is positioned so that the load is applied to the jack in the
correct plane. Never load a jack off centre.

• The head of the jack should be in full, firm contact with the jacking point
of the load. Use packers if necessary to prevent the head of the jack
from slipping.

• Lift and lower in small stages following up with support packing to

minimize the risk of a load falling or all the load coming onto a single
jack. Do not raise the load higher than necessary.

139
Safe Use of Jacks
• Ensure the load is kept level within the limits of operation.

• Never over extend the jack.

• Never leave a load supported on jacks unless they are specifically

designed for that purpose. Use packing, screwed collars, trestle, etc.,
which are capable of withstanding the imposed load without crushing.

• Never reach under work or climb on a load supported by jacks.

Always keep hands and toes clear.

140
Precautions (Jacks)

• Never overload a jack – beware with multiple jacks – lowering

one can overload another
• Never use on an uneven surface. Never leave a load supported
on jacks – use support packing
• Never reach under or climb on a load supported on jacks
• Never over extend a jack

141
Inspection Procedure of Jacks
Hydraulic jacks
- Oil leaks
- Ram scored, nicked or distorted
- Release valve inoperative

142
Inspection Procedure of Jacks
Mechanical jacks
- Rack teeth or screws chipped, worn or corroded
- Swivel head sized

143
Inspection Procedure of Jacks

Operation of jacks

- Jack fails to lift or lower

- Load slips or creeps down

144
 Maintenance of Jacks
Lubrication
All moving parts of the jack requiring lubrication should be regularly
lubricated. Lubricating system should be checked for proper delivery
of lubricant. Care should be taken to follow manufacturer’s
recommendations as to points and frequency of lubrication, maintenance
of lubricant level and types of lubricant to be used.

Hydraulic Fluid
Only hydraulic jack fluid which is compatible with the jack manufacturer’s
specifications shall be used .

145
 Maintenance of Jacks
Cleaning
• Exposed screw threads should be cleaned and lubricated as
necessary

• Jacks exposed to rain, sand or grit laden air should be cleaned prior
to use

• Jack operating lever and load bearing surfaces should be free of

slippery material or fluids

146
Wire Rope Grip/Pull Lifting Machine

147
Safe Use of Wire Rope Grip/ Pull Lifting Machine
• Check the machine and any pulley blocks before and do not use
a defective machine or block.

• Use only the correct rope for the machine.

• Coil and uncoil the rope carefully to ensure it does not kink.

148
Safe Use of Wire Rope Grip/ Pull Lifting Machine
• Ensure the machine is free to align with the rope and the rope is free
of ant obstruction.

• Ensure that the sheaves of any pulley blocks match the rope.

• Ensure the anchorage points are adequate for the loads taking
account of the effect of any pulley blocks.

• Use only the operating lever provided with the machine and do not
extend this with tubes etc. Undue force will damage the machine or
cause safety pin to shear.

Operating Levers

149
Precautions for Wire Rope Grip/ Pull Lifting Machine
• Never use kinked or damaged ropes or ropes with broken
wires.

• Never operate the raising and lowering levers at the same

time.

• Never use grip/pull machines if the rope is twisted or

trapped.

• Never overload the machine.

• Never use the rope as a sling.

150
Inspection Procedure of Wire Rope Grip /
Pull Lifting Machine

151
Inspection Procedure of Wire Rope Grip /
Pull Lifting Machine

152
Inspection Procedure of Wire Rope Grip /
Pull Lifting Machine

153
Beam Clamps

154
Types of Beam Clamps (Adjustable Type)

Self-adjusting beam clamp

155
Types of Beam Clamps (Adjustable Type)

Manual Adjusting beam clamp

156
Types of Beam Clamps (Adjustable Type)

Fixed beam clamp

157
Types of Beam Clamps (Non-Adjustable Type)

Non-adjustable beam clamp

158
Safe Use of Beam Clamp

• Check the clamp before use and do not use a defective clamp.

• Ensure the beam is adequate for the load, in good condition and
suitable for the application.

• Check the beam is of correct profile and size or correctly adjusted, for
the beam width and that it seats correctly on the beam flange.

• Never force or wedge hooks of lifting machines into the attachment

eye or fitting.

159
Safe Use of Beam Clamp

• Ensure the lifting appliance is compatible with the clamp and that
hooks or other attachments fit freely into the eye, shackle etc of the
clamp.

• The clamp must be positioned directly over the center of gravity of the
load and the load must not be allowed to swing or impose an oblique
loading.

• If two clamps are to be used in tandem the use of ancillary equipment

may also be necessary, e.g. spreader beam. Care must be taken to
ensure no one clamp takes more than its SWL.

160
Precautions for Beam Clamps
• Never overload a clamp.
• Never use if incorrectly adjusted.
• Never use uncertified clamps.
• Never throw or drop clamps.
• Never force or wedge hooks in clamp attachment.
• Never replace parts (bolts, shackles, etc.) without authority.
• Never side load without authority of the supplier.

161
Inspection Procedure of Beam Clamp

162
Inspection Procedure of Beam Clamp

163
Plate Clamps

164
Types of Plate Clamps (Vertical & Universal Type)

165
Types of Plate Clamps (Horizontal Type)

166
Safe Use of Plate Clamp
(General)

• Check the clamp before use - do not use a defective plate clamp.

• Ensure that the clamps are suitable for the thickness of the plate to be
lifted. Never exceed the maximum or minimum thickness for which
the clamps are designed.

• Put the clamp on to the plate as for as it will go.

• Do not use clamps at an angle to the edge of the plate or for lowering
from vertical to horizontal, or vice – versa, unless they are designed
for the purpose.

167
Safe Use of Plate Clamp
(General)

• Keep oil, grease and similar contaminates away from jaws which use
a friction grip material to hold the plate.

• Never use plate clamps on hard or polished plate unless they have
been specifically designed for that purpose.

• Take great care to ensure the plate is fully supported before

attempting to relies the clamp.

• Keep all persons clear of the danger zone and remember that a falling
plate can glide sideways. A large thin plate is likely to glide further.
Also the higher it falls from, the bigger the danger zone.

168
Safe Use of Plate Clamp
(Vertical & Universal Type)

• For some designed, the inclusion of a pendant chain to provide

articulation between the clamp and lifting hook is essential. However
the use of pendant chains should always be considered to prevent
the hook weight being imposed on the clamp as this might cause the
clamp to be released.

• Position the clamp correctly. Place the clamp over the center of
gravity of the plate. If the plate is long and has a tendency to bend,
use two clamps equally disposed about the center of gravity in
conjunction with a spreader beam.

• Take care to ensure no one clamp takes more than its SWL.

169
Safe Use of Plate Clamp
(Vertical & Universal Type)

• Ensure the clamp is fully locked or tightened onto the plate before
lifting.

• Under no circumstances, should packing be placed between the plate

and the jaws nor any attempt made to lift more than one plate in the
clamp.

• When using the universal type, check the manufacturers instructions

for the limitations on the angles they may be used at.

170
Safe Use of Plate Clamp
(Horizontal Type)

• Always use horizontal plate clamps in pairs with the correct type, size
and length sling and reeved in the manner for which they are
designed. Some of these clamps are designed to be used with an
endless loop of chain whilst others are for use with a two leg sling or
vice versa as this will alter the geometry and therefore the gripping
forces on which the clamps rely for their safe operation.

• If the plates are likely to sag transversely, clamps which grip the plate
by a cam must be used.

171
Safe Use of Plate Clamp
(Horizontal Type)

• Position the clamps correctly. Place the clamps over the centre of gravity
of the plate. If the plate is long and has a tendency to bend use two or
more pairs of clamps in conjunction with a spreader beam, equally
disposed about the centre of gravity, to minimise the sag. Ensure the
clamps face each other to balance the horizontal clamping forces.

• Put the clamps onto the plate as far as they will go.

• If the sling is adjustable to accommodate various widths of plate ensure it

is adjusted to give the correct geometry.

• Never attempt to rotate from the horizontal to the vertical or vice versa
with this type of clamps.

172
Precautions for Plate Clamps
(Vertical & Universal Type)
• Never overload a clamp.
• Never exceed the permitted maximum or minimum
thickness
• Never use beyond the permitted angles
• Never use on hard or polished plates unless design for the
purpose
• Never try to lift more than one plate.
• Never place packing between plate and the jaws

173
Precautions for Plate Clamps
(Horizontal Type)
• Never overload a clamp.
• Never use a single clamp – always in pairs
• Never exceed the permitted maximum or minimum thickness
• Never substitute an endless loop for a two leg sling or vice versa
• Never exceed the permitted range of sling leg angles
• Never use the camless type if the plate can sag
• Never attempt to rotate from the horizontal to the vertical with this type
of clamp

174
Inspection Procedure of Plate Clamp

175
Inspection Procedure of Plate Clamp

176
SLINGING HAZARDS

177
Slinging Hazards
Stay on a safe distance from slings when they are being pulling out from
under load

178
Slinging Hazards
Sling should be protected at sharp edges using wood or any
suitable packing

179
Safe Working Procedure for Riggers
• All efforts are to be made for safety of crane & personnel.

• Make sure that crane operator & riggers understand the hand-signals.

• Keep your self aware of obstruction within crane reach and work area.

• Make your-self familiar about S.W.L. of wire ropes slings and other lifting
gears.

• Be careful while lifting personnel and to know the use of safety factor
“10”.

• Slings to be checked for proper hooking with load.

180
Safe Working Procedure for Riggers
• When lifting, always stop when load is just hanged and check for
balance and security of load.

• Warn the others working in lifting area to be careful.

• Barricade the area of load lifting, if possible.

• Wear yellow color jacket.

• Know the weight of load being lifted.

• Always give a clear signal to operator

• Make sure that load is free to be lifted, must not be holded / stacked or
over lapped by some other load

181
Safe Working Procedure for Riggers
• Make it clear to crane operator, when load is to be moved and placed.

• Do not stand / allow any body to stand between lifted load & any
obstruction.

• Never stand / allow any body to stand underneath the suspended load.

• Take care of other activities going on in the area and arrange to avoid
any possible unforeseen hazards.

• If any thing occurs wrong. “Stop and Check”.

182
Safe Working Procedure for Riggers
• If crane is stopped and your instructions are not being followed. It may
be that the crane operator has been given signal to stop by some one
else who has seen the situation developing, which you have missed.

• Crane operator must not leave the crane unattended with a load
hanged.

• When preparing a load for lifting, keep the hook well clear for proper
centering.

• Do not ride / allow any body to ride on hook or load.

183
 By:
Muhammad Farooq
Inspection Engineer
DAS Certification

184
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