APA7

UOW APA 7 Content:
Introduction to APA 7:
This guide to the APA 7th edition is based on the APA 7th edition Publication Manual.
Further details, explanations and examples are available in the manual.
Please check your Subject Outline, assessment guides or with your subject lecturers
regarding the appropriateness of the various types of sources that can be used in your
assignments.
The APA referencing style is an author-date citation style with two main features:
• In-text citations, where you refer to another author's work. You must cite your source
by providing the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication.
• The reference list which appears at the end of your assignment. This list includes full
details of each source you have cited in-text, listing them in alphabetical order by the
first author's last name.
Further Information about APA 7:

This guide will provide you with detailed style notes and examples of how to cite different
sources using version seven of the APA Style.
For more information visit the APA Style website or see the APA 7th edition Publication
Manual of the American Psychological Association for comprehensive information.
• APA Style website: https://apastyle.apa.org

• Publication manual of the American Psychological Association:
Via APA Style website: https://apastyle.apa.org/products/publication-manual-7th-

edition
Via University of Wollongong Library:
https://uow.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/61UOW_INST/ihdge1/alma991
000121129706666
How to use this guide:
This guide provides general principles of citing with APA7 in the first two sections on in-text
citations and the referencing list. These will introduce you to the basic techniques of citing
and referencing in this style.
You should familiarise yourself with these sections as they will help you master APA7.
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The elements you include in an in-text citation or reference list entry and how you arrange
them can differ depending on the type of source you are using. To help you with this, specific
examples are organised throughout the guide according to source type, such as books,
journals, and websites. Consult these sections when you need guidance on how to cite and
reference a particular type of source.
Remember: learning is a process, and referencing is no different. If you require ongoing

support with referencing, make sure to reach out to your subject lecturer or tutor.
Referencing help can also be sought at UOW Learning Development and the Learning Co-
op. Links are provided below.
Learning Development: https://www.uow.edu.au/student/support-services/learning-

development/
Learning Co-op: https://www.uow.edu.au/student/learning-co-op/
Contents
UOW APA 7 Content: ................................................................................................................ 1
Introduction to APA 7: ......................................................................................................... 1
How to use this guide: ............................................................................................................ 1
In-text Citation Information......................................................................................................... 4
Paraphrases: ...................................................................................................................... 5
Quotations: ......................................................................................................................... 5
In-text citations can take one of two forms:........................................................................ 5
Multiple sources: ................................................................................................................. 7
Multiple works by the same author published in different years: ....................................... 7
Multiple works by the same author published in the same year: ....................................... 7
Multiple pages in the same source:....................................................................................8
Unknown or anonymous authors: ......................................................................................8
A company, organisation or government body as author: ................................................. 9
Legal cases or court decisions: .......................................................................................... 9
Audio-visual media: ............................................................................................................9
Reference List Information....................................................................................................... 10
Format:.............................................................................................................................. 10
Order of entries: .................................................................................................................11
Referencing Different Sources with APA 7 ............................................................................. 12
Secondary sources .............................................................................................................. 12
Journals ................................................................................................................................ 14
Single author..................................................................................................................... 14
Two authors ...................................................................................................................... 15
Three to twenty authors .................................................................................................... 16
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Twenty-one or more authors ............................................................................................ 17
Article published in a future online publication (in press) ................................................ 19
Article from Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews ...................................................20
No pagination.................................................................................................................... 21
Books....................................................................................................................................22
Single Author: ...................................................................................................................22
Two authors: .....................................................................................................................24
Three or More Authors ..................................................................................................... 25
Different edition................................................................................................................. 27
Chapter in an edited book ................................................................................................29
eBook ................................................................................................................................30
Multiple works published in different years by the same author ...................................... 32
Multiple works published in the same year by the same author ...................................... 33
Authored book with editor credited on the front cover ..................................................... 34
Encyclopaedia or dictionary ............................................................................................. 35
Theses ..............................................................................................................................39
Webpages and websites.......................................................................................................... 41
Social media.............................................................................................................................42
Article from a news company (online, print or no author) ................................................44
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) report .................................................................... 47
Parliamentary debates (Hansard) ....................................................................................48
Parliamentary Act or Bill ...................................................................................................49
Legislation ............................................................................................................................ 51
Case Law .......................................................................................................................... 51
Parliamentary Act or Bill ................................................................................................... 52
Film, Television and Video ................................................................................................... 59
Conference Papers and Presentations ................................................................................ 63
Music and Audio ...................................................................................................................64
Images and Artwork .............................................................................................................66
Image ...................................................................................................................................66
Artwork ................................................................................................................................ 67
Archival Sources ..................................................................................................................68
Other Sources ......................................................................................................................70
Course material or lecture notes ...................................................................................... 70
Personal communication .................................................................................................. 71
Software ............................................................................................................................ 72
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In-text Citation Information
NOTE: For full details about in-text citations refer to chapter 8 of the APA 7th edition.
In-text citations are required whenever you are using the work or ideas of someone else,
including when you are paraphrasing or quoting them.
Paraphrasing is the preferred method of using someone else’s work or ideas. However,
paraphrasing is much more than simply re-arranging another person’s words. Rather, it is
demonstrating that you understand the idea that you are citing and can express it in your
own words.
Quoting is where you use the exact words from another person’s work and cite it. Do this
when it is important to use the exact words from the original in order to make your point.
Generally speaking, it is better to paraphrase an idea, as this demonstrates that you
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understand the idea. As a rule of thumb, no more than 10% of your total citations should be
quotations.
Paraphrases:
The information required for an in-text citation to support a paraphrase is the author and the
year of publication. Page numbers are not required for a paraphrase, but can be included to
assist the reader to locate the specific instance of information within a long or complex work,
such as a book, or if you have been asked to do so. The citation can be presented in an
information prominent or author prominent format (see below).
Quotations:
The information required for an in-text citation to support a quotation is the author, the year
of publication and the page number/s from which the quotation has been taken. This
information can be presented in the information prominent or author prominent format (see
below).
Quotations should always be accompanied, where possible, with a direct reference to the
location of the quote inside the source. This is best achieved by listing a page number/s.
• Page number/s are always denoted by “p.” for one page, and “pp.” for multiple pages.
• When listing a range of page numbers, you should list the first page number and the
last page number separated by a hyphen. For example: “pp. 76-93”.
In-text citations can take one of two forms:
Information prominent citation:
Information prominent citations are where the focus is on the information from your source.
Template: (Author, Year, p. x) or (Author, Year, pp. x-x)
You give prominence to the information by placing the entire citation in brackets.
For one author, cite the author and the year, and the page number where necessary.
(Zepke, 2017, p. 55)
For two authors, cite both authors and the year, and the page number where necessary.
(Fredricks & McCloskey, 2012, p. 779)
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For three or more authors, use the first author’s name followed by et al. and the year, and
the page number where necessary.
(Carpenter et al., 2015, p. 290)
For more information that is across more than one page, cite the author and the year, and
the page numbers where necessary.
(Zepke, 2017, pp. 55-56)
Referencing with et al.

“Et al.” is short for the Latin term “et alia,” meaning “and others.” It is used in academic
citations when referring to a source with multiple authors (in APA7 it used when there are
three or more authors).
The “al” in “et al.” is always followed by a full stop. This is because the term is an
abbreviation of the Latin phrase, and the full stop indicates that it is an abbreviation.
“Et al.” may be directly followed by other punctuation where necessary, but the full stop is
always used before other punctuation symbols.
Different citation styles have different rules for when to use “et al.”
Author prominent citation: Author (year, p. x) or Author (Year, pp. x-x)
An author prominent citation is where the focus is on the author(s) of your source.
Template: Author (Year, p. x)
You give prominence to the author by using their name as an element of your sentence by
incorporating it into the sentence structure. After the name, the date is provided in brackets.
For one author, list the year (and where necessary the page number) in an author prominent
citation:
Zepke (2017, p. 55)
For two authors, list both authors within the sentence, and then list the year (and the page
number where necessary) within the citation.
Fredricks and McCloskey (2012, p. 764)
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When there are three or more authors, cite the first author followed by “et al.”
Carpenter et al. (2015, p. 290)
OR
(Carpenter et al., 2015, p. 290)
Multiple sources:
If you are citing multiple sources in the same reference, you should list them in alphabetical
order separated by a semi colon.
Example:
(Adam et al., 2018; Carpenter et al., 2015; Zepke, 2017)
If you want to give emphasis to some authors over other authors, separate the sources so
that the emphasised source/s appear first and the remainder follow the words ‘see also’.
Example:
(Giddens, 1991; see also Archer, 2003, 2007)
Multiple works by the same author published in different years:
If you are citing multiple works by the same author published in different years at the same
point in your text, you should list the author’s last name followed by the relevant years of
publication.
Example:
(Archer, 2003, 2007, 2012)
Multiple works by the same author published in the same year:
For multiple works by the same author published in the same year, use letters in the in-text
citations and in the reference list entries to indicate the different sources.
Example:
(Hammond, 2020a)
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(Hammond, 2020b)
(Hammond, 2020c)
Multiple pages in the same source:
When citing information from multiple pages within the same source, you should cite
consecutive pages (i.e. 2 or more pages in a row) with pp. followed by the page number
range.
Example:
Zepke (2017, pp. 55-56)
For information from non-consecutive pages list each page number separated by a comma.
Example:
Zepke (2017, pp. 14, 55, 102)
Unknown or anonymous authors:
Authors are sometimes not identified or they are given as 'Anonymous'.
• When the author is given as 'Anonymous', Anonymous takes the place of the
author's name in the in-text citation and in the reference list.
Example:
(Anonymous, 2020)
• When the author is not identified at all, include the title and the year of publication in
the in-text citation.
• If the title is long, shorten it for the in-text citation. If the title is italicised in the
reference list, italicise it in the in-text citation.
Example:
The book titled ‘Empireland: How imperialism has shaped modern Britain’ could be
shortened to simply ‘Empireland’.
(Empireland, 2021)
If the title is not italicised in the reference list, use quotation marks in the in-text citation.
Example:
("Interpersonal Skills," 2020)
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A company, organisation or government body as author:
Government bodies (such as the Australian Bureau of Statistics or the Department of

Education and Training) are often the official ‘author’ of the works they publish. Similarly,
companies and organisations are usually the authors of their own web pages.
Provide the company's name in full for the first mention and provide an acronym immediately
following this in parentheses (see examples below for usage). This formally establishes the
acronym in your piece of work. All subsequent mentions must use the acronym.
For example, the first mention:
“The American Psychological Association (APA) (2012) noted that funding for mental
health services had declined in previous decades”.
“The consumer price index is collated by using around a million pricing structures
(Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 2018)”.
For example, subsequent mentions:
“As noted by the APA (2012), the yearly funding provided for psychiatric services has
been steadily declining”.
“New weights were used to maximise transaction data (ABS, 2018).”
• The reference list entry requires the organisation's or company's name in full, unless
the acronym is generally known or used as the organisation’s or company's name,
such as the CSIRO. If unsure, the safest option is to provide the organisation name
in full.
Legal cases or court decisions:
(Name v. Name, year)
OR
Name v. Name (year)
• The title or names are italicised in the in-text citation, but not in the reference list
Audio-visual media:
Audio-visual media often does not have an identifiable author in the same way that written
sources do. In these cases, the person you should list as the author often has a different
title. To identify which figure you should cite as the author, consult the list below.
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Media Type:
Film – list the Director as the author.
TV Series – list the Executive Producer(s) as the author(s).
TV Series episode – list the Writer and Director of the episode as the authors.
Podcast – list the Host or Executive Producer as the author.
Podcast episode – list the Host of episode as the author.
Webinar – list the Instructor as the author.
Classical music album or song – list the Composer as the author.
Modern music album or song – list the Recording artist as the author.
Artwork – list the Artist as the author.
Online streaming video – list the Person or Group who uploaded the video.
Photograph – list the Photographer as the author.
Reference List Information

NOTE: For full details about reference lists refer to chapter 9 of the APA 7th edition.
Format:
• Begin the reference list on a new page.

• Use the heading ‘References’ in bold at the top of the page and make sure it is
centred.
• Order the references alphabetically.
• Double space the reference list, within and between reference list entries. This can
be done with the line spacing setting in any word processing software.
• Use a hanging indent for each entry. You can see a guide on formatting a hanging
indent here. https://columbiacollege-ca.libguides.com/microsoft-word/indentation.
DOIs/URLs
A DOI, or Digital Object Identifier, is a string of numbers, letters and symbols used to
permanently identify an electronic source or book and link to it on the web. The DOI helps
readers locate a document even if the physical location of the document changes. The DOI
will never change.
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The DOI is typically displayed prominently in the bibliographic information for a publication.
Check the first page or first several pages of the document, near the copyright notice. The
DOI can also be found on the database landing page for the source.
If you still can't find the DOI, you can look it up on the website CrossRef.org (use the
"Search Metadata" option).
It's important to note that not all electronic materials will have a DOI. The DOI system is a
fairly recent concept, so books and articles published prior to 2000 are less likely to have
DOIs.
You may find DOIs formatted in various ways:
doi:10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12487
https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2018.1560449
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.11.014
Use either DOI's or URLs in an entry in the reference list. You do not need to include both
the DOI and a URL. Do not add a full stop at the end of a reference after a DOI or URL.
Often URLs can be very long and unwieldy, making referencing trickier. In these cases, you
can use an online tool to shorten URLs, such as https://bitly.com/.
Order of entries:
• Order entries alphabetically by the first listed author’s last name.

• Single author entries by the same author appear in order of publication date (earlier
before later).
• Works without a date (n.d.) precede those with a date.
• ‘Nothing’ precedes ‘something’ – that is, for example, ‘Smith’ precedes ‘Smithson’.
• Entries that are in the process of being published (in press) follow dated publications.
• Authors with the same last name and first names appear in birth order, with the older
appearing first and indicated with Sr. and the younger appearing next and indicated
by Jr.
For example:
Dearlove, J. (n.d.). Title of the article. Journal, vol(issue), Page number. http://doi.xxx
Dearlove, J. (2015). Title of the article. Journal, vol(issue), Page number.
http://doi.xxx
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Dearlove, J. (2019). Title of the article. Journal, vol(issue), Page number.
Dearlove, J. (in press). Title of the article. Journal, vol(issue), Page number.
Single author entries appear before multiple author entries.
For example:
A work by ‘Smith’ would be listed before a publication by ‘Smith & Brown’.
If a work as no identified author, use the work’s title in the author position (see example
provided under the section Books, No author).
Use ‘Anonymous’ in author position only if indicated on the work.
For sources with more than 20 authors, list only the first 19, followed by ‘...’, and then the
name of the final author.
For example:
Gibson, D. G., Glass, J. I., Lartigue, L., Noskov, V. N., Chuang, R., Algire, M. A.,
Benders, G. A., Montague, M. G., Ma, L., Moodie, M. M., Merryman, C.,
Vashee, S., Krishnakumar, R., Assad-Garcia, N., Andrews-Pfannkock, C.,
Denisova, E. A., Young, L., Qi, Z., Segall-Shapiro, T. H., … Venter, J. C.
(2010). Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized
genome. Science, 329(5987), 52-56. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.119071
Referencing Different Sources with APA 7
Secondary sources
A secondary source is where you wish to cite information from one author – the primary
source – that has been cited in another author’s work – the secondary source that you have
access to. Effectively, this is when you wish to cite information that you have found in
someone else’s citations.
It is best to try and track down the primary source yourself and cite it directly; however, this
is often not possible. In these cases you need to cite it as a secondary source.
• In the in-text citation, include both the original author and year and the author and
year of the work where the quote/idea was found.
• Add "as cited in" before the author in the in-text citation. For example: (Harris, 2009,
as cited in Lewis, 2019).
• In the reference list, provide the details of the work in which you found the quotation
or idea – this is the secondary source. This should be cited according to whatever
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format the secondary source is in – as a book, a journal article, and so on. You can
find specific guidance on formatting these citations in this guide.
Paraphrase
Template:
Secondary sources should be formatted as below, with page number used where necessary.
(Original author, Year, as cited in Current author, Year, p. x)
OR
Original author (Year, as cited in Current Author, Year, p. x)

Example:
While the ZPD is often positioned as central to Vygotskyian thought, Vygotsky’s own
writing devoted minimal attention to the concept (Smagorinsky, 2007, as cited in
Howard & Walton, 2015).
OR
Smagorinsky (2007, as cited in Howard & Walton, 2015) noted that Vygotsky devoted
minimal attention to the ZPD.
Direct Quote
Template:
(Original author, Year, as cited in Current author, Year, p. x)
OR
Original author (Year, as cited in Current Author, Year) – page number normally
follows quote
Example:
While the ZPD is often positioned as central to Vygotskyian thought, Vygotsky’s own
writing devoted just “a few sentences … on only a handful of pages” (Smagorinsky,
2007, as cited in Howard & Walton, 2015, p. 64) to the concept.
OR
Smagorinsky (2007, as cited in Howard & Walton, 2015) noted that Vygotsky devoted
minimal attention to the ZPD, being restricted to “a few sentences … on only a
handful of pages” (p. 64).
Reference list:
• In the Reference List you only need to record the book that you cited (see
resources on books or journals for template)
Example:
Howard, S., & Walton, R. (2015). Educational psychology: Foundations of learning

and development. David Barlow
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______________________________________________________
Journals
Single author
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author, Year)
OR
Author (Year)
For example:
Day (2006) summarised the key facts on illusory phenomena.
Scott (1986) established the most influential definition of gender in the field of history.
Direct quote (page number/s must be included)
Template:
(Author, Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
OR
Author (Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
For example:
"Apparent space and time vary in essentially the same manner when the spatial and
temporal stimulus conditions are equivalent" (Day, 2006, p. 123).
According to Scott (1986, p. 1053), people “who would codify the meanings of words
fight a losing battle”.
Reference list:
Template:
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Author, A. A. (year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, vol (issue), p.–p.
http://doi.org/xxxx
• Include the page range where the article appear in the journal (p.–p.).
For example:
Day, R. (2006). Two principles of perception revealed by geometrical illusions.

Australian Journal of Psychology, 58(3), 123–128.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530601087504
Scott, J. W. (1986). Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis. The American

Historical Review, 91(5), 1053-1075. https://doi.org/10.2307/1864376
-------------------------------------------------
Two authors
• When citing two authors in a sentence separate their last names using the word
‘and’. However, when listing them inside brackets or in a reference (either as an in-
text citation or in the reference list) you should separate their last names using the
ampersand symbol – & – instead.
In text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author & Author, Year)
OR
Author and Author (Year)
For example:
Elliot and Mistry (2020) provide a brief overview of recent developments in achieving
greater reproductive rights in Europe.
Batzell and Coffman (2020) investigate the rates of infanticide in Cook Country
during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Direct quote
Template:
(Author & Author, Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
OR
Author and Author (Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
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For example:
“This special issue was conceptualised late in 2018 in the context of high-profile
developments in reproductive rights” (Elliot & Mistry, 2020, p. 509).
Batzell and Coffman (2020, p. 581) claim that “reconstruction of capitalism
transformed work within homes and firms, thereby mitigating the conditions that
made infanticide common in the nineteenth century”.
Reference list:
Template:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, vol(issue), p–p.
For example:
Elliot, R., & Mistry, Z. (2020). Introduction: Gender and Reproduction. Gender &
History, 32(3), 509-522. https://doi-org.ezproxy.uow.edu.au/10.1111/1468-
0424.12508
Batzell, R., & Coffman, S. (2020). Infanticide and Abandonment in the Industrial
Metropolis: Gender, Reproduction and Capitalism in Chicago, 1870–1911.
Gender & History, 32(3), 581–601. https://doi-
org.ezproxy.uow.edu.au/10.1111/1468-0424.12498
-------------------------------------------------------
Three to twenty authors
• When citing an article written by three to twenty authors you should list the first
author in the in-text reference followed by ‘et al.’
• For the reference list, list every author separated by a comma, and an ampersand
before the last author.
In text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author et al., Year)
OR
Author et al. (Year)
For example:
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Prescott et al. (2021) compare and contrast the creation of settler monuments in
South Africa and Utah.
The candidate’s site "stickiness" is not determined by popularity (Wattal et al. 2010).
Direct quote
Template:
(Author et al., Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
OR
Author et al. (Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
For example:
“This essay will argue that a close reading of these monuments reveals how each
white settler group employed gendered depictions that were inflected by class and
race” (Prescott et al. 2021, p. 1).
Wattal et al. (2010, p. 670) conclude that, "[p]olitics in the United States has come a
long way".
Reference list:
Template:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., & Author, D. D. (year). Title of the
article. Title of the Journal, vol(issue), p–p. http://doi.org/xxxx
For example:
Prescott, C., Rees, N., & Weaver-Hightower, R. (2021). Enshrining Gender in
Monuments to Settler Whiteness: South Africa’s Voortrekker Monument and
the United States’ This Is the Place Monument. Humanities, 10(41), 1-18.
https://doi.org/10.3390/h10010041
Wattal, S., Schuff, D., Mandviwalla, M., & Williams, C.B. (2010). Web 2.0 and politics:
the 2008 U.S. presidential election and an e-politics research agenda. MIS
Quarterly, 34(4), 669-688. https://doi.org/10.2307/25750700
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Twenty-one or more authors
• Use the first author’s name followed by et al. in the in-text citations.
17
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author et al., Year)
OR
Author et al. (Year)
For example:
Gibson et al. (2010) created a fully synthetic minimal bacterial genome.
Template:
(Author et al., Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
OR
Author et al. (Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
For example:
"No single cellular system has all of its genes understood in terms of their biological
roles” (Gibson et al., 2010, p. 52).
Reference list:
• For up to and including 20 authors, list all the authors in the reference list entry. For
21 or more authors, list the first 19 authors in the reference list entry, followed by an
ellipsis - “…” - then the name of the final author.
Template:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F.,
Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I. I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author,
L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q. Q.
Author, R. R., Author, S. S., … Author, T. T., (year). Title of the article. Title of
the Journal, vol(issue), p–p. http://doi.org/xxxx
For example:
Gibson, D. G., Glass, J. I., Lartigue, L., Noskov, V. N., Chuang, R., Algire, M. A.,
Benders, G. A., Montague, M. G., Ma, L., Moodie, M. M., Merryman, C.,
Vashee, S., Krishnakumar, R., Assad-Garcia, N., Andrews-Pfannkock, C.,
Denisova, E. A., Young, L., Qi, Z., Segall-Shapiro, T. H., … Venter, J. C.
18
(2010). Creation of a bacterial cell controlled by a chemically synthesized
genome. Science, 329(5987), 52–56. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1190719
-------------------------------------------------
Article published in a future online publication (in press)
• Some articles are released before they are formally published. These articles are
commonly referred to as being “in press”. When citing these articles, you need to
make this clear.
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author, Year)
OR
Author (Year)
For example:
Javed (2019) points to academic, social and linguistic areas of adaptation.
Template:
OR
For example:
As Javed (2019, p. 3) states, within “the Pakistani university context, some social
adaptation problems experienced by university entrants are of a different nature
compared with those in the Western countries.”
Reference list:
Template:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal. Advance
online publication. http://doi.org/xxxx OR https://xxx.
19
For example:
Javed, F. (2019). Adaptation challenges faced by Pakistani university

entrants. Student Success. Advance online publication.
https://doi.org/10.5204/ssj.vlli3.1164
-------------------------------------------------
Article from Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author/s, Year)
OR
Author/s (Year)
For example:
Glucocorticoids are an increasingly common treatment for anaphylaxis (Choo et al.,

2012).
Template:
(Author/s, Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
OR
Author/s (Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
For example:
“During an episode of anaphylaxis, some 80% to 90% of individuals experience

flushing, itching, hives, angioedema, or other skin or mucosal symptoms; up to 70%
have stridor, dysphonia, cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath, wheezing, or
other respiratory symptoms; and up to 45% have vomiting, diarrhoea, or cramplike
abdominal pain.” (Choo et al., 2012, p. 4).
Reference list:
Template:
20
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of the article. Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews. http://doi.org/xxxx
For example:
Choo, K. J. L., Simons, F. E. R., & Sheikh, A. (2012). Glucocorticoids for the
treatment of anaphylaxis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007596.pub3.
-------------------------------------------------
No pagination
In text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author, Year)
OR
Author (Year)
For example:
The importance of diet is central to patient care (Khan et al., 2022).
OR
Khan et al. (2022) positioned diet as being of critical importance to patient care.
Direct quote
Template:
(Author, Year) - no page number is used
OR
Author (Year) - no page number is used
For example:
Given the centrality of human error of issues of hospital diet, this aspect could be
"minimized by adapting organizational behavior skills" (Khan et al., 2022).
OR
Given that human error must be taken into account, Khan et al. (2022) recommended
that this aspect could be “minimized by adapting organizational behavior skills”..
21
Reference list:
If the journal article has an article number instead of a page range, include the word "Article"
and then the article number instead of the page range.
Template:
Author, A. A. (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, vol(issue), Article number.

For example:
Khan, A., Malik, A., Ahmad, F., & Sadiq, N. (2022). The importance of human factors
in therapeutic dietary errors of a hospital: A mixed-methods study. PLoS
One, 17(8), Article e0273728. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273728
________________________________________________________
Books
Single Author:
• Many books do not have a DOI as they have only been published in hard copy. In
these cases, you do not have to list a DOI, simply leave it blank.
• If the book is a digital source and you need to identify the DOI, you can do so by
searching for it at crossref.org.
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author, Year)
OR
Author (Year)
For example:
Benesch (2001) describes the function of the rhetorical-grammatical process chart.
22
The steam-boiler model assumes a speculative evolutionary history between men
and women, advocating a pre-rational sexual drive in men while positioning
sexuality outside of women, until called upon, for the purpose of childrearing and
motherhood (Angel 2021).
Template:
OR
For example:
Benesch (2001, p. 6)) stated that English for academic purposes (EAP) was "more
rhetorical in focus".
She also proposes a feminist reconstruction of sexual autonomy as “the

capability to co-determine sexual relationships” (Fischel, 2019, p. 22).
Reference list:
Templates:
With DOI:
Author, A. A. (year). Title of the book. Publisher Name. http://doi.org/xxxx OR

http://xxxx.
Without DOI:
Author, A. A. (year). Title of the book. Publisher Name.
For Example
With DOI:
Benesch, S. (2001). Critical English for academic purposes: Theory, politics,

and practice. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Without DOI:
Sanghera, S. (2021). Empireland: How imperialism has shaped modern

Britain. Penguin Random House.
23
-------------------------------------------------
Two authors:
• For two authors, cite both last names in in-text citations.

these cases, you do not have to list a DOI, simply leave it blank.
• When citing two authors in a sentence separate their last names using the word
‘and’. However, when listing them inside brackets or in a reference (either as an in-
text citation or in the reference list) you should separate their last names using the
ampersand symbol – & – instead.
In-text citation:
Template:

OR
Paraphrase
Template:
OR
For example:
Studies of the behaviour of finches on Daphne Major have found that in many cases
misimprinted birds mated and hybridised (Grant & Grant, 2008).
Curthoys and Docker (2010) argue that history has fundamentally fictive and literary
qualities.
Template:
(Author & Author, Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
OR
24
Author and Author (Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
For example:
Grant and Grant (2008, p. 78) found that "individuals can discriminate between
members of their own and a closely related sympatric species on the basis of song
and beak morphology.”.
“We also recognise that history’s doubleness, its divided character from its very
beginning, means that it is also frequently at war with itself” (Curthoys & Docker,
2010, p. 11).
Reference list:
Template:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of the book. Publisher Name.
OR
Author, A. A., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of the book. Publisher Name.
http://doi.org/xxx OR http://xxxx.
For example:
Two Authors without DOI:
Grant, P. R., & Grant, B. R. (2008). How and why species multiply: The radiation of
Darwin’s finches. Princeton University Press.
Two Authors with DOI:
Mahoney, L. M., & Tang T. (2017). Strategic social media: From marketing to social
change (1st ed.). John Wiley Sons. http://doi.org/10.1002/9781119370680
-------------------------------------------------
Three or More Authors

• For three or more authors, cite the first author’s name followed by et al. for all in-text
citations. Do not use ‘et al.’ in the reference list.
these cases, you do not have to list a DOI, simply leave it blank. If the book is a
digital source and you need to identify the DOI, you can do so by searching for it at
crossref.org.
In instances when there are multiple works published in the same year by the same first
author with several other authors:
25
• It might be necessary to include the names of two or more of these authors before ‘et
al.’, for example, if you are citing 2020 publications by: (1) Carpenter, Walton, and
Marland; and (2) Carpenter, Dearlove, and Walton.
• You need to provide enough names in the citation to distinguish the two publications,
e.g., (1) should be cited as (Carpenter, Marland et al. 2020), while (2) should be cited
as (Carpenter, Dearlove et al. 2020)
• Because the 2nd and subsequent authors are not the same or are listed in a different
order, the use of 2020a and 2020b is not appropriate in this instance (see entry for
‘Multiple works published in the same year by the same author’).
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(First Author et al., Year)

OR
First Author et al. (Year)
For example:
There are different ways of categorising different types of knowledge (Rolfe et al.,
2011).
Savage et al. (2005) note that the migrant experience is one that is experienced by
many.
Template:
(First Author et al., Year, p./pp. Page number/s)

OR
First Author et al. (Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
For example:
“A major problem for philosophers with the idea of empirical knowledge is how we
can be sure that any knowledge gained through the senses is true or accurate” (Rolfe
et al., 2010, p.23).
As Savage et al. (2005, p. 28) argue, “the experience of immigration can be difficult".
26
Reference list:
Template:
Author A. A., & Author B. B., & Author C. C. (Year). Title of Book. Publisher.
• Include DOI (if available) or URL for online books.

For example:
Three or More Authors without DOI:
Rolfe, G., Jasper, M., & Freshwater, D. (2010). Critical reflection in practice:
Generating knowledge for care (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
Three or More Authors with DOI:
Reeves, S., Alexanian, J., Kendall-Gallagher, D., Dorman, T., & Kitto, S.
(2018). Collaborative practice in critical care settings: A workbook.
Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315207308
-------------------------------------------------
Different edition
When citing a book with multiple editions, you need to state the edition number you are
using after the title.
• Remember that not all books have a DOI.

• DOIs can be searched for on crossref.org.
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author, Year)
OR
Author, (Year)
For example:
Rolfe et al. (2011) describe a number of supervisory frameworks that are goal-
oriented.
Hawking’s book, A Brief History of Time (1996), has endured to become one of the
most influential popular science books of all time.
27
Template:
OR
Author, (Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
For example:
According to Rolfe et al. (2011, p. 57) when “setting up clinical supervision, it is

essential that the boundaries of the supervisory relationship are established”.
“Most people would find the picture of our universe as an infinite tower of tortoises
rather ridiculous” (Hawking, 1996, p. 14).
Reference list:
Templates:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of book (2nd ed.). Publisher Name.
http://doi.org/xxxx OR http://xxxx
OR
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of
book (2nd ed., pp. x–xx). Publisher name.
For example:
Subsequent edition without a DOI:
Rolfe, G., Jasper, M., & Freshwater, D. (2011). Critical reflection in practice:
Generating knowledge for care (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
Subsequent edition with a DOI:
Smith, M. (2014). Principles of pharmaceutical marketing (3rd ed.). Routledge.

Referencing a chapter in a subsequent edition of an edited book:
Peräkylä, A. (2005). Analyzing talk and text. In N. K. Denzin, & Y. S. Lincoln

(Eds.), SAGE handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp. 869–886). SAGE.
-------------------------------------------------
28
Chapter in an edited book
In-text citation:
• The author of the chapter is cited in the in-text citation.
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author, Year)
OR
Author (Year)
For example:
Fredricks and McCloskey (2012) point out that studies into emotional engagement in
schools consider emotional engagement to be positive and negative reactions or
identification with the school, for example, belonging, feeling valued and appreciated.
Tosh (2011) considers whether or not the study of masculinity as a unit of historical
analysis is still academically relevant.
Template:
OR
For example:
“Most current methods do not adequately capture the dynamic and interactive nature
of engagement” (Fredricks & McCloskey, 2012, p. 779).
Despite this, Tosh (2011, p. 31) posits that “it is hard to identify in today’s scholarship
anything which might be called the history of masculinity”.
Reference list:
• In the Reference List you should arrange the chapter authors' names by last name
followed by first name initial, but the book editors' names should be arranged by first
name initial followed by last name.
• The name of the editor should be preceded by the word 'in'.
29
• Enclose the abbreviation (Ed.) for Editor and (Eds.) for Editors after the last editor's
name.
• For a book with no editor, include the word 'in' before the book title.
Template:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.) Title of
book (pp. x–xx). Publisher Name. http://doi.org/xxxx OR http://xxxx
For example:
Chapter in an edited book with DOI:
Fredricks, J., & McCloskey, W. (2012). The measurement of student engagement:

A comparative analysis of various methods and student self-report
instruments. In S. L. Christenson, A. L. Reschly, & C. Wylie (Eds.), Handbook
of research on student engagement (pp. 763 –782). Springer.
http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7
Chapter in an edited book without DOI:
Colley, H. (2010). Time in learning transitions through the lifecourse: a

feminist perspective. In K. Ecclestone, G. Biesta, & M. Hughes
(Eds.), Transitions and learning through the lifecourse (pp. 130 –
146). Routledge.
-------------------------------------------------
eBook
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author, Year)
OR
Author (Year)
For example:
30
Markets are the situations within which products are sold and they are influenced by
different types of factors (Oppenheim & Mulcahy, 2004).
Fredricks and McCloskey (2012) point out that studies into emotional engagement in
schools consider emotional engagement to be positive and negative reactions or
identification with the school, for example, belonging, feeling valued and appreciated.
Template:
OR
For example:
"The initial focus of any marketing project is the product that will attract customers,
be sold, generate profits and garner new business” (Oppenheim & Mulcahy, 2004, p.
42).
Benesch (2001, p. 6) stated that English for academic purposes (EAP) was "more
rhetorical in focus".
Reference list:
Template:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of book. Publisher Name.

For example:
eBook with DOI:
Doyle, C. (2016). A dictionary of marketing (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.

http://doi.org/10.1093/acref/9780198736424.001.0001
eBook without DOI:
Oppenheim, M. R., & Mulcahy, W. D. (2004). Marketing information: A strategic

guide for business and finance libraries.
Routledge. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uow/detail.action?docID=24
4222
-------------------------------------------------
31
Multiple works published in different years by the same
author
• DOIs can be identified using crossref.org. Not all books have a DOI.
In-text citation:
• If you list separate citations for each work, follow the appropriate citation style.
• However, if you include two or more works by the same author within the same
parentheses, you should arrange the citations by year of publication. Give the
author’s surname once and give only the dates e.g. (Smith, 2002, 2004).
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author, Year)
OR
Author (Year)
For example:
A detailed study (Eysenck, 2006, 2009) has indicated that cognition is a poorly
understood concept.
Template:
OR
For example:
Eysenck (2009, p. 23) has argued that “cognition is woefully misunderstood”.
Reference list:
Template:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of the book. Publisher Name.
32
NOTE: Arrange two or more works by the same author (or the same group of authors listed
in the same order) by year of publication (earliest first). If a work is undated (n.d.), place it
before works with dates, and place any works in-press after those with dates.
For example:
Eysenck, M. (2006). Fundamentals of cognition. Psychology Press.
Eysenck, M. (2009). Fundamentals of Psychology. Psychology Press,

-------------------------------------------------
Multiple works published in the same year by the same

author
• If you are citing two works by the same author in the same year, then the in text
citations will look identical. To distinguish them you need to add a letter after the year
– such as 2021a, 2021b. The alphabet order corresponds to their order in the
reference list, so the source that comes first is ‘a’, second is ‘b’, and so on.
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author, Yeara) OR (Author, Yearb)
OR
Author (Yeara) OR Author (Yearb)
For example:
Elkind (2007a) argues that children are often forced to grow up too quickly.
Children who are allowed to play spontaneously and without excessive structure
have been shown to be happier (Elkind, 2007b).
Template:
(Author, Yeara, p./pp. Page number/s) OR (Author, Yearb, p./pp. Page number/s)
OR
33
Author (Yeara, p./pp. Page number/s) OR Author (Yearb, p./pp. Page number/s)
For example:
“The average child today is forced through social pressure to grow up too fast”
(Elkind, 2007a, p. 34).
“Spontaneous play is the cornerstone of developing a happy childhood” (Elkind,

2007b, p. 65).
Reference list:
Template:
• Reference each book separately as usual and make clear whether this is a second
book by the same author or not by putting ‘a’ for the first book, ‘b’ for the second, ‘c’
for the third, and so on after the year.
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yeara). Title of the book. Publisher
Name. http://doi.org/xxxx OR http://xxxx
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (yearb). Title of the book. Publisher
Name. http://doi.org/xxxx OR http://xxxx
For example:
Elkind, D. (2007a). The hurried child: Growing up too fast too soon. Da Capo
Lifelong.
Elkind, D. (2007b). The power of play: How spontaneous, imaginative activities lead
to happier, healthier children. Da Capo Lifelong.
-------------------------------------------------
Authored book with editor credited on the front cover
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author/s, Year)
OR
Author/s, (Year)
34
For example:
McDonald et al. (1998) make a convincing case that visually impaired people can
enjoy gardening just as much as anyone else.
Template:
(Author/s, Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
OR
Author/s, (Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
For example:
“With the right support and modifications, gardening can be easily accessible to
people with disabilities” (McDonald et al., 1998).
Reference List
Template:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of book (E. Editor, Ed.). Publisher Name.
For example:
Funston, R., McDonald, L., Sheppard, I., Barbour, N., Laroux, S., & Gilbert, A.
(1998). A garden programme for everyone including blind, visually impaired
and disabled people (P. Rickards, Ed.). Association for the Blind.
-------------------------------------------------
Encyclopaedia or dictionary
• When an archived or fixed version of the work is available (as in the Beyer example
below) a retrieval date is not needed.
• When the work is continuously updated (as in the Merriam-Webster example below)
a retrieval date is required.
• Often there is no identifiable author, as in the Merriam-Webster example below. In
these cases list the name of the entry in place of the author.
• DOIs can be identified using crossref.org. Not all books have a DOI
35
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author, Year)
OR
Author (Year)
For example:
Edmund Husserl was a highly influential and successful philosopher working in the
20th century (Beyer, 2018).
Merriam-Webster (2018) defines referencing as establishing the source of your

information in your writing.
Template:
OR
For example:
“He has made important contributions to almost all areas of philosophy and
anticipated central ideas of its neighbouring disciplines” (Beyer, 2018).
According to Merriam-Webster (n.d.), referencing can be defined as “the act of

mentioning something in speech or in writing”.
Reference list:
Templates:
Author A.A., & Author, B. B. OR title of entry (year). Title of the work. Retrieved Day
Month Year. http://xxxx
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of chapter. In E. E. Editor (Ed.), Title of
book. Publisher Name. http://doi.org/xxxx OR http://xxxx
For example:
Reference, (n.d.). Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 29 November 2021.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reference
36
Beyer, C. (2018). Edmund Husserl, In E. N. Zalta (Ed.). The Stanford encyclopedia of
philosophy (Summer 2018 ed.). Stanford University.
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2018/entries/husserl/.
-------------------------------------------------
Book with anonymous or no author
• Authors are sometimes not identified, or they are given as 'Anonymous'.

• When the author is given as 'Anonymous', Anonymous takes the place of the
author's name in the in-text citation and in the reference list.
• When the author is not given at all, include the title and the year of publication in the
in-text citation. If the title is long, shorten it for the in-text citation. If the title is
italicised in the reference list, italicise it in the in-text citation.
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Anonymous, Year)
OR
Anonymous (Year)
For example:
Instructions were provided to early American settlers (Anonymous, 2017).
Temperature has a major effect on insect control (The Life of Insects, 1979).
Template:
(Anonymous, Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
OR
Anonymous (Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
For example:
37
Anonymous (2017) reports “When it shall please God to send you on the coast of
Virginia, you shall do your best endeavour to find out a safe port in the entrance of
some navigable river” (para. 2).
The Life of Insects (1979) finds "ant behaviour patterns assist with changes" (p.
23).
Reference list:
Template:
Anonymous. (year). Title of the work. Publisher Names. http://doi.org/xxxx OR

http://xxxx
OR
Title of the book. (year). Publisher Name. http://doi.org/xxxx OR http://xxxx
For example:
Anonymous. (2017). Instructions for the Virginia colony. Great Neck Publishing.
The Life of insects. (1979). Silver Burdett Co.
-------------------------------------------------
Translated work
• Often works are translated multiple times over a long period of time, which can
substantially alter the meaning of the text. As a result it is important that you indicate
when a work has been translated.
In-text citation:
• For in-text citations, the date of the original work is given first, and the date of the
translation given second, for example: (Camus, 1942/2012).
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author, Year of Original/Year of Translation)
OR
Author (Year of Original/Year of Translation)
38
For example:
Camus begins his novel, The Outsider, by introducing the death of the protagonist’s
mother (1942/2012 p. 3).
The Trial opens with the sudden and inexplicable arrest of the protagonist, Josef K.
(Kafka, 1924/2010 p. 1).
Template:
(Author, Year of Original/Year of Translation, p./pp. Page number/s)
OR
Author (Year of Original/Year of Translation, p./pp. Page number/s)
For example:
The Outsider begins with the simple statement “my mother died today” (Camus,
1942/2012, p. 3).
“Somebody must have made a false accusation against Josef K., for he was arrested
one morning without having done anything wrong” (Kafka, 1924/2010, p. 1)
Reference list:
Template:
Author, A. A. (year). Title of the book (Translator first initial, last name, Trans.).
Publisher. (Original work published Year). DOI or Web address – if available.
For example:
Camus, A. (2012). The Outsider (S. Smith, Trans.). Penguin Books Ltd. (Original
work published 1942).
Kafka, F. (2010). The Trial (I. Parry, Trans.) Penguin Books Ltd. (Original work
published 1924).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Theses
• Theses, also known as dissertations, are significant works of assessment usually

completed by honours, masters, and doctoral students.
• When citing these you need to make it clear what level of thesis – i.e. honours,
masters, or doctoral – your source is.
39
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author, Year)
OR
Author (Year)
For example:
Student agency plays a significant role in a successful transition to university

(Dearlove, 2018).
Venn (2006) investigates alpine plant populations across south-eastern Australia.

Template:
OR
For example:
“The transition of students into their first year of their undergraduate university
studies is of great interest to higher education institutions” (Dearlove, 2018, p. i.).
Reference list:
Template:
Author, A. A. (year). Title of dissertation [Doctoral Thesis]. Name of Institution

awarding the degree. URL (if available).
For example:
Dearlove, J. (2018). Transition to university: An interplay driven by student agency

[Doctoral Thesis]. University of Wollongong. https://search-ebscohost-
com.ezproxy.uow.edu.au/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ir00653a&AN=wuro.thes
es1.1504&site=eds-live.
Venn, S. E. (2007). Plant recruitment across alpine summits in south-eastern

Australia [Doctoral Thesis]. La Trobe University.
________________________________________________________
40
Webpages and websites
Webpage on a website with a retrieval date
• Include the year, month, and date (or as much date information obtainable) in the
reference list.
• Often websites have no listed author. In these cases, list the name of the website in
place of the author. When the author and site name are the same, omit the site name
from the reference list
• Include a retrieval date for when you accessed the information.
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Author/s, Year)
OR
Author/s (Year)
For example:
During the latest census the Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021) was able to
prevent any cyber or digital attacks on their collected data.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights asserts that every person has equal
rights (United Nations, n.d.).
Direct quote
Template:
(Author/s, Year)
OR
Author/s (Year)
For example:
“The ABS successfully kept people’s information safe, secure, and protected from
cyber attacks” (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2021).
“All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights” (United Nations, n.d.).
Reference list:
41
Template:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year, month day [as provided]). Title of the page. Site
name [if different to the author]. Retrieved Month, day, year, from
https://xxxxx
For example:
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021). 2021 Census overview. Retrieved November

24, 2021, from https://www.abs.gov.au/census/planning-2021-
census/overview
United Nations. (n.d.). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Retrieved November

25, 2021, from https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-
human-rights
________________________________________________________
Social media
• Social media is often considered an unreliable or non-academic source. Before using
it as evidence, you should check with your tutor or lecturer to make sure this is an
appropriate source type to use for your assessment.
• Do not change or correct nonstandard spelling and capitalization. You can insert [sic]
after any incorrect or nonstandard spelling or grammar to make it clear to your
marker that you are quoting the source verbatim (i.e. without any changes).
For example:
“we arent [sic] okay with this.”
• Include any links or hashtags.

• If emojis are used, replicate them where possible or include the emoji name in
square brackets, e.g., [winking face].
• Make it clear what platform you are citing – examples include Twitter, Facebook or
Instagram.
• Briefly describe the type of post – whether it is a Tweet, Facebook post, etc.
• If the source includes an image, graph, poll, or other audio-visual source, provide a
brief description of it in square brackets – i.e. [image of a duck], [graph about xyz]
etc.
In text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
42
(Author/s, Year)
OR
Author/s (Year)
For example:
The University of Wollongong (2021) has announced that two of their rural campuses
will soon run entirely on renewable energy.
Bri Lee (2021) describes her latest article as an examination of the inequalities
inherent in current defamation laws.
Direct quote
Template:
(Author/s, Year)
OR
Author/s (Year)
For example:
“UOW's Shoalhaven and Bega campuses will use 100 per cent renewable energy
generated in Nowra from early 2022” (University of Wollongong 2021).
“My piece in today's @satpaper is about how expensive defamation litigation is -
either to launch or defend - and how that threatens our democracy” (Lee, 2021).
Reference list:
• Usernames and the type of post (e.g. Facebook post, tweet, etc) should be
enclosed in square brackets, as in the examples below.
Template:
Author, A. A. OR group name [username]. (Day Month Year). First Twenty Words of
the Post/Tweet/etc. [type of post]. [description of post if audiovisual]. Name of
platform. URL
For example:
University of Wollongong [@UOW]. (29 November 2021). UOW's Shoalhaven and
Bega campuses will use 100 per cent renewable energy generated in Nowra
from early 2022! 🌿🌿☀. [Facebook post]. Facebook. https://bit.ly/3HZb0I5
Bri Lee [@bri.e.lee]. (13 November 2021). My piece in today's @satpaper is about
how expensive defamation litigation is - either to launch or defend - and how
that [Instagram post]. Instagram.
https://www.instagram.com/p/CWMdvW_vGP8/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_li
nk
43
________________________________________________________
Newspaper and Periodical Articles
Article from a news company (online, print or no author)
• Provide the URL or DOI if available.

• If authors are not provided in the article, refer to the Books section ‘Anonymous or No
author’ and use the article title in place of the author.
• Many news articles are published by organisations with no regular print publications,
such as the ABC, the BBC and Al Jazeera. In these cases you should cite them as
an online article.
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template
(Author, Year)
OR
Author (Year)
For example:
There seem to be disagreements between the Boral’s board and its investors over
Boral’s recent business decisions (Knight, 2019).
New research shows that bees are especially vulnerable to modern pesticides
(Quaglia, 2021).
Direct quote
Template
(Author, Year)
OR
Author (Year)
• If you are citing a print article make sure to include page number/s after the year.
For example:
44
“Native animals such as echidnas, swamp wallabies, bandicoots, wrens and powerful
owls call these now protected areas home” (Ly, 2019, p. 5).
“Although studies have long shown the damaging effects of pesticides for the
biodiverse environment, little is known about how much they affect insects in the long
term” (Quaglia, 2021).
Reference list:
Template:
Online:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year, month day). Title of the article. Title of the
Periodical. https://doi.org/xxxx OR https://xxxx
Print:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Newspaper Title, Page.
No Author:
Article title. (Year, Month Day). Newspaper title, Page. https://xxxx
For example:
Knight, E. (2019, December 12). Clock ticking for Boral boss as investors seethe
over scandal. Sydney Morning Herald.
https://www.smh.com.au/business/companies/clock-ticking-for-boral-boss-as-
investors-seethe-over-scandal-20191211-p53j0m.html
Ly, P. (2019, December 4). New bush zones to save wildlife. Northern District Times.
Quaglia, S. (2021, November 23). Bees may take generations to recover from one
exposure to insecticides. The Guardian Australia.
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/22/bees-generations-
recover-exposure-insecticides
Thompson, A., & Massola, J. (2022, August 31). Reboot on the cards for complex
test. Sydney Morning Herald, p. 13.
-------------------------------------------------
________________________________________________________
Government Sources
45
Government report
• In cases where there is a corporate author – such as in the examples below where a
government department is the author – list the level of government that the
department comes under. In the example listed below, the author is the Department
of Foreign Affairs and Trade, which is a department of the Australian Federal
Government.
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Organisation OR Author, Year)
OR
Organisation OR Author (Year)
For example:
The Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2017) provides a clear outline of
Australian foreign policy in their most recent white paper.
The New South Wales government (2021) has created a strategy intended to
improve relationships between Aboriginal Australians and state government
customer service outlets.

Template:
(Organisation OR Author Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
OR
Organisation OR Author (Year, p./pp. Page number/s
• Remember, use “p.” for citations referring to a single page, and “pp.” for those citing
multiple pages.
For example:
“The Government is publishing this White Paper to chart a clear course for Australia
at a time of rapid change” (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2017, p. 1).
“The strategy lays the foundation for actions that will result in genuine and on-going
engagement with Aboriginal people and communities” (Department of Customer
Service, 2021, p.10).
Reference list:
46
Template:
Organisation. OR Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle. Publishing body.
https://xxxx
For example:
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2017). 2017 Foreign Policy White Paper.
Australian Federal Government.
https://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/minisite/2017-foreign-policy-white-
paper/fpwhitepaper/pdf/2017-foreign-policy-white-paper.pdf
Department of Customer Service. (2021). Aboriginal Customer Engagement

Strategy: 2021-2025. New South Wales Government.
https://www.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/2021-08/aboriginal-customer-
strategy.pdf
-------------------------------------------------
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) report
• Reports by the Australian Bureau of Statistics – ABS – are commonly used sources
of information for academic tasks. They differ slightly to regular government reports
in that the report number should be listed.
• When first introducing this source, always list the name in full – Australian Bureau of
Statistics – and then introduce an abbreviation (ABS) afterwards.
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Australian Bureau of Statistics, Year)
OR
Australian Bureau of Statistics (Year)
For example:
The Australian Bureau of Statistics’ (2018) annual report provides a vital source of
reliable information in an increasingly uncertain world.

Template:
(Australian Bureau of Statistics Year, p./pp. page number/s)
47
OR
Australian Bureau of Statistics (Year, p./pp. page number/s)
• Remember, use “p.” for citations referring to a single page, and “pp.” for those citing
multiple pages.
For example:
“The Australian Bureau of Statistics’ (ABS) data is more important than ever in a
world of contested facts” (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2018, p. 2).
Reference list:
Template:
Organisation. OR Author, A. A. (Year). Title of document: Subtitle. (Report number).
Publishing body. https://xxxx
For example:
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2018). Annual Report: 2017-18. (1001.0). Australian
Bureau of Statistics.
https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/1001.02017-
18?OpenDocument
-------------------------------------------------
Parliamentary debates (Hansard)
Australian Parliamentary debates and proceedings are recorded in an official document

called the Hansard. Referencing these discussions requires you to list the jurisdiction (i.e.
specific state government, federal government, etc) and the chamber (Senate, Legislative
Council or House of Representatives).
Jurisdictions have abbreviations to shorten their names. The following list contains the
abbreviations for each Australia parliamentary jurisdiction.
• The Commonwealth government – i.e. the Federal government – is abbreviated as

‘Cth’.
• Australian Capital Territory – abbreviation = ‘ACT’
• New South Wales – abbreviation = ‘NSW’
• Northern Territory – abbreviation = ‘NT’
• Queensland – abbreviation = ‘Qld’
• South Australia – abbreviation = ‘SA’
• Tasmania – abbreviation = ‘Tas’
• Victoria – abbreviation = ‘Vic’
• Western Australia – abbreviation = ‘WA’
In text citation:
48
Paraphrase
Template:
(Jurisdiction, Year)
OR
Jurisdiction (Year)
For example:
The member for Adelaide raised concerns that pharmacists were not being
adequately supported in the delivery of vaccinations (Commonwealth, 2021).
Template:
(Jurisdiction, Year, p./pp. page number/s)
OR
Jurisdiction (Year, p./pp. page number/s)
For example:
“If we’re serious about rolling out the booster vaccinations, we should look at
remunerating pharmacists accordingly” (Commonwealth, 2021, p. 6).
Reference list:
Template
Jurisdiction. Parliamentary Debates. Chamber. Day Month Year. Web address
Examples
Commonwealth. Parliamentary Debates. House of Representatives. 23 November

2021.
https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/chamber/hansardr/25171/toc_pd
f/House%20of%20Representatives_2021_11_23.pdf;fileType=application%2
Fpdf
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parliamentary Act or Bill
• Bills and Acts are two common documents produced by parliamentary procedures. A
Bill is a proposed new law or change to an existing law. Once the Bill has been
passed by the Parliament it becomes an Act and is legally binding.
49
• Page numbers are often not available. In these cases, list the section number you
are referring to within the act instead. For an example see the direct quote below.
• When first mentioning an Act you should state the full title in Italics in the sentence.
• The title of a Bill is not written in italics.
• The in-text citation should include the abbreviation for the Jurisdiction that created
the Act or Bill. A full list of abbreviations can be found in the above section on
Parliamentary debates.
Paraphrase
Template:
(Name of Act, Jurisdiction abbreviation) or (Name of bill, Jurisdiction abbreviation)
OR
Name of act, (Jurisdiction abbreviation) or Name of bill, (Jurisdiction abbreviation)
The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Act 2005 (Cth) created a new Torres Strait
Regional Authority.
The Aged Care Legislation Amendment (Emergency Leave) Bill 2020 (Cth) is Bill for
an Act to change the law around leave in relation to residential care services.
Direct quote (section number/s must be included)
Template:
(Name of Act, Jurisdiction Abbreviation, Section number/s) or (Name of Bill,
Jurisdiction Abbreviation, Section number/s)
OR
Name of Act, (Jurisdiction Abbreviation, Section number/s) or Name of Bill
(Jurisdiction Abbreviation, Section number/s)
For example:
“A Torres Straight Regional Authority is established” (Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander Act 2005 (Cth), section 142).
Reference list:
Template:
Short title of the Act or Bill (Jurisdiction abbreviation) Act number – if applicable. URL
For example:
50
Aboriginal and Torres Straight Island Act 2005 (Cth) no. 150.
https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2019C00083
___________________________________________________________
Legislation
Case Law
In text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Case name, Year)
OR
Case name, (Year)
For example:
In the case of Mabo v. Queensland (no. 2) (1992) 175 CLR1, there are a number of
statements read.
The case, Jones v. Sherlock (2009) NSWSC 246 showed that several inconsistences
were present.
Template:
(Case name, Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
OR
Case name, (Year, p./pp. Page number/s)
For example:
The judge in R v Ramage (2004) VSC508 stated that “the Court cannot allow
unannounced evidence.”
“the land in the Murray Islands is not Crown land withing the meaning of that term”
(Mabo v. Queensland, 1992).
Reference list:
Template:
51
Title of Case (year). Volume Law report series Starting page number, URL (if
applicable)
For example:
Mabo v. Queensland (no. 2) (1992). 175 CLR1.
R v Ramage (2004). VSC 508.
Parliamentary Act or Bill

See Government Sources – Parliamentary Act or Bill
________________________________________________________
Patents and Standards
Patents
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Patent owner, 2016)

OR
Patent owner (2016)

For example:
The particle trap design is engineered for speed and reliability (Cookson, 1985).
Graboski’s (2016) patent is for a system that streamlines solar powered hot water
generation.
Direct quote (page number/s must be included if applicable)

Template:
(Patent owner, 2016)

OR
Patent owner (2016)

For example:
Graboski (2016) invented a “solar hot water and recovery system”.
52
“A particle trap is provided for gas insulated transmission lines having a central high
voltage conductor” (Cookson, 1985).
• Note: often patents are housed online and not displayed with any page numbers. In
these cases, you do not have to list any page numbers.
Reference list:
Template:
Patent inventor last name, initials. (Year patent issued). Patent title - italicised
(Country Patent No.). Name of official source of patent information - usually
patent office. Web address - if available
For example:
Graboski, T. M. (2016). Solar hot water and recovery system (Australian application
no. 2016253585). IP Australia.
http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationN
o=2016253585
Cookson, A. H. (1985). Particle trap for compressed gas insulated transmission

systems (United States of America 4554399). Office of Scientific and
Technical Information. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5904014-particle-trap-
compressed-gas-insulated-transmission-systems
-------------------------------------------------
Standards
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template
(Standards organisation, Year)
OR
Standards organisation (Year)
Examples
Glass in buildings must pass a rigorous set of engineering standards (Standards

Australia Online, 2006).
Fifth wheel coupling systems allow for power to be supplied between a towing vehicle
and a trailer (SAI Global, 2021).
53
Template
(Standards organisation, Year, p. Page number)
OR
Standards organisation (Year, p. Page number)
Examples
“This document also supports the step-by-step introduction of fully automated fifth
wheel coupling systems in the market” (SAI Global, 2021, p. 34).
AS 1288:2021 “sets out procedures for the selection and installation of glass in
buildings” (SAI Global, 2021, p. 13).
Reference list:
Template
Name of standards organisation. (Year). Title of standard - italicised (Standard
number). Publisher (print) or Web address - if available
Examples:
SAI Global. (2021). Glass in buildings – Selection and installation (AS 1288:2021).
https://www-saiglobal-
com.ezproxy.uow.edu.au/online/Product/Index/EPCO8877810994
SAI Global. (2021). Road vehicles - Fully automatic coupling systems 24 V (FACS)
for heavy commercial vehicle combinations - Part 2: Electrical and pneumatic
interface for 50 mm fifth wheel couplings (ISO 13044-2:2021). https://www-
saiglobal-com.ezproxy.uow.edu.au/online/Product/Index/ISOA00022_221
________________________________________________________
Statistics and Data

Statistical data is frequently published inside common source formats like books and
journals. In these cases you should cite this information according to the referencing formats
for those sources.
• Sometimes, statistical data may not have a proper title. In that case describe the
dataset inside square brackets.
• Omit the publisher if they are the same as the author.
• Year is the publication year or the most recent revision.
• For statistics, if a catalogue number is given, include it in parentheses after the title,
for example: (Catalogue No. 1304.2)
54
-------------------------------------------------
Dataset - Published
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template
(Author, Year published)
Or
Author (Year published)
Examples
(Pimchi, 2001)
Or
Soaishi (2006)
Reference list:
Template
Author’s last name, Author’s initials. (Year published). Dataset title [format].
Publisher. URL or DOI
• Format is “dataset”.
• Dataset title is italicised because it is published.
Examples
Soashi, J. J. (2006). Lake duck populations across the globe [dataset]. Argentinian
Wildlife Board. www.wildlifeboard.go.ag/lakeduck/population
Pimchi, L. P. (2001). Black Cockatoo populations in regional NSW [dataset]. NSW

Avian Society. www.nswaviansociety.com.au/blackcockatoo/nsw
-------------------------------------------------
Dataset - Unpublished or Raw
55
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template
(Author, Year published)
Or
Author (Year published)
Examples
(Jerome, 1995)
Or
Roamli (2006)
Reference list:
Template
Author’s last name, Author’s initials. (Year published). Dataset title [format].
Publisher. URL or DOI
• Format is “dataset”.
• Dataset title is not italicised as it is not published.
Examples
Roamli, L. I. (2006). Wood duck population in Australia [dataset]. NSW Avian

Society. www.nswaviansociety.com.au/woodduck/nsw
Jerome, O. J. (1995). Sample population of macroscopic insects in Northern

Victorian farmlands [dataset]. Victorian Entomologist Society.
www.vicentomologistsociety.vic.gov
________________________________________________________
Industry and NGO reports
Corporate or Non-Government Organisation (NGO) Report
56
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template
(Name of Organisation, Year)
OR
Name of Organisation (Year)
Examples
It is claimed that, as of 2020, the vast majority of Nestle’s commodities are now no
longer contributing to deforestation (Nestle, 2020).
The Red Cross (2020) reports that, even before the pandemic, health systems in
Yemen were performing at less than half their usual capacity.

Template
(Name of Organisation, Year, p. Page number)
OR
Name of Organisation (Year, p. Page number)
Examples
Nestle (2020) claims that their actions have resulted in “127550 children protected
against the risk of child labor” (p. 5).
“The COVID-19 pandemic acted as a crisis accelerator, adding a new layer of

despair in many societies” (ICRC, 2020, p. 6).
Reference list:
Template
Author(s) - last name, initial(s) or company name - use & for multiple authors. (Year).
Title of report - italicised (Report number - if available). Publisher - include if
different to author. Web address - if available
Examples:
Nestle. (2020). Creating Shared value and Sustainability Report 2020.

https://www.nestle.com/sites/default/files/2021-03/creating-shared-value-
report-2020-en.pdf
57
International Committee of the Red Cross. (2020). Annual Report 2020: Volume I.
https://library.icrc.org/library/docs/DOC/icrc-annual-report-2020-1.pdf
_____________________________________________________
Press Release
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template
(Author, Year)
OR
Author (Year)
Examples
The Prime Minister expressed concern about online safety in a recent press
conference (Morrison, 2021).
Manchester United (2021) declared an overall commercial revenue of 64.4 million

pounds for their last fiscal period.

Template
(Author, Year, p. Page number)
OR
Author (Year, p. Page number)
Examples
“The rules that exist in real life, must apply in the online world too. We will hold big
tech and social media giants to account” (Morrison, 2021, p. 1).
“Commercial revenue for the quarter was £64.4 million, an increase of £4.7 million, or
7.9%, over the prior year quarter” (Manchester United, 2021, p. 4).
Reference list:
Template
58
Author, A. A. OR corporate name. (Year, Month Day). Title - in italics [Press release].
URL
Examples
Morrison, S. (2021, December 15). A voice for young people on online safety [Press
release]. https://www.pm.gov.au/media/press-conference-7
Manchester United. (2021, November 17). Manchester United PLC Reports

First Quarter Fiscal 2022 Results [Press release].
https://ir.manutd.com/press-releases.aspx
________________________________________________________
Film, Television and Video

sources do. In these cases, the figure you should list as the author often has a different title.
To identify which figure you should cite as the author, consult the list of roles below. The
templates below use ‘Author’ in the place where you should include the name or names of
people in those roles.
• Film – list the Director as the author.

• TV Series – list the Executive Producer(s) as the author(s).
• TV Series episode – list the Writer and Director of the episode as the authors.
• Webinar – list the Instructor as the author.
• Online streaming video – list the Person or Group who uploaded the video.
Film or Movie
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template
(Author, Year)
OR
Author (Year)
Examples
Peter Jackson’s (2001) adaption of Tolkein’s The Fellowship of the Ring follows the
start of a great journey.
The scene, towards the end of the film, depicts numerous significant discoveries
(Alien Underworld 2002).
59
Direct quote
Template
(Author, Year)
OR
Author (Year)
Examples
“If I take one more step, it’ll be the farthest away from home I’ve ever been.”
(Jackson, 2001).
“I may not do everything great in my life, but I’m good at this” (Favreau, 2014).
Reference List:
Template
Author/s name/s. (Role). (Year). Title of film or movie - italicised [Film]. Production
Company. Web address - if available
Examples
Jackson, P. (Director). (2001). The Fellowship of the Ring [Film]. New Line Cinema.
Favreau, J. (Director). (2014). Chef [Film]. Fairview Entertainment.
-------------------------------------------------
Television episode
In text citation:
Paraphrase
Template
(Writer’s last name & Director’s last name, Year)
OR
Writer’s last name & Director’s last name, (Year)
Example
The character of Omar in The Wire represents a complex example of the community
protector character archetype. (Simon & Muzio, 2002)
60
Direct quote
Template
(Writer’s last name & Director’s last name, Year)
OR
Writer’s last name & Director’s last name, (Year)
Example
“Bey: You come at the king, you best not miss” (Simon & Muzio, 2002).
Reference list:
Template
Writer’s Name, A. A. (Writer), & Director’s name, B. B. (Director). (Year, Month Day).
Title of television episode (Season number, Episode number) [Television
Episode]. In Executive producer’s name, C. C. Television series name.
Production Companies.
• Note: use a semicolon – ‘;’ – to separate multiple production company names.

Examples
Simon, D. (Writer), & Muzio, G. (Director). (2002, July 21). Lessons (Season 1,
Episode 8) [Television Episode]. In Simon, D, Colesberry, R, & Noble, N’s
The Wire. Blown Deadline Productions; HBO Entertainment.
-------------------------------------------------
Online Video
• The person or group who uploaded the video is credited as the author for
retrievability, even if they did not create the work.
• Refer to section 10.15 of the APA 7th edition Publication Manual for further
details.
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template
(Author, Year)
OR
61
Author (Year)
Examples
Harvard University (2019) describes a device developed in order to more

effectively study jellyfish.
Asian Boss (2020) considers and critiques COVID-19 vaccine conspiracies.

Template
(Author, Year, timestamp)
OR
Author (Year, timestamp)
Examples
“Jellyfish are about 95% water” (Harvard University, 2019, 0:05).
“You might be thinking that the worst of the COVID-19 pandemic is behind us” (Asian
Boss, 2020, 0:08).
Reference List:
Template
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the video: Subtitle [Format]. Platform name.
OR
Uploader, A. A. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of the video: Subtitle
[Format]. Platform name. https://xxxx
Examples
Popsugar Fitness. (2019, April 21). 30-minute feel-good strength and cardio workout
[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnTLIViVzT
Asian Boss. (2020, June 5). World’s leading vaccine expert fact-checks COVID-19
vaccine conspiracy: Stay curious #22 [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WQdLDMLrYIA
Harvard University. (2019, August 28). Soft robotic gripper for jellyfish [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guRoWTYfxMs
________________________________________________________
62
Conference Papers and Presentations
• Use the [types of contributions] to describe the conference presentation such as

paper presentations, poster presentations, keynote address, symposium.
• If necessary, add (Conference cancelled) in URL field after web address.
• For further information about different types of conference participation, refer to
section 10.5 of the APA 7th Edition Publication Manual.
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template:
(Presenter/s, Year)
OR
Presenter/s (Year)
For example:
Rossetto and Rogerson (2019) presented a paper that examined the powerful role
teamwork can have in multicultural classrooms.
Norton et al. (2018) argued that social threats can be countered with social cohesion
rather than stigmatisation.
Direct quote
Template:
(Presenter/s, Year)
OR
Presenter/s (Year)
For example:
“We found that teamwork was crucial to overcoming cultural barriers within the
classroom” (Rosetto & Rogerson, 2019, p. 3).
“Stigmatisation was greatly reduced when social threats were countered with group
solidarity” (Norton et al. 2018, p. 37).
Reference list:
Template:
63
Presenter, A. A., & Presenter, B. B. (year, month day-day). Title of contribution [Type
of contribution]. Conference Name, Location. https://doi.org/xxx OR
https://xxx
Examples:
Rossetto, L. C., & Rogerson, A. M. (2019, November 27-29). “I learnt that 2 + 2 = 5:

teamwork will lead to synergy”: Student reflections in a cross-cultural
classroom [Paper presentation]. Academic Language and Learning Biennial
Conference, Fremantle, Western Australia.
Norton, M., Moloney, G., Burke, S., Sanson, A., & Louis, W. (2018, September 27
30). Psychological responses to social threats: From stigma to solidarity
[Paper presentation]. 2018 APS Congress Psychology advancing into a new
age, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
________________________________________________________
Music and Audio

sources do. In these cases, the figure you should list as the author often has a different title.
To identify which figure you should cite as the author, consult this list.
• Podcast – list the Host or Executive Producer as the author.

• Podcast episode – list the Host of episode as the author.
• Classical music album or song – list the Composer as the author.
• Modern music album or song – list the Recording artist as the author.
Podcast or vodcast
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template
(Author, Year)
OR
Author, (Year)
Examples
In the podcast, Code Switch, Meraji and Demby (2016 – present) explore the effects
of racism on different aspects of human life.
64
In the podcast episode, How the Bad Blood Started, Hannah-Jones (2019) explores
the historical effect of racism on the American health care system.

Template
(Author, Year)
OR
Author, (Year)
Examples
Meraji and Demby (2016 – present) state “we are all part of the story”.
“Black Americans were denied access to doctors and hospitals for decades”
(Hannah-Jones, 2019).
Reference List:
Template
For Podcast:
Author, A. A. (Role/Contribution). (Year, Month Day). Title of work: Subtitle [Format].

For Podcast Episode:
Author, A. A. (Role/Contribution). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (Episode number)

[Format]. In Podcast series title. https://xxxx
Examples
Meraji, S. M., & Demby, G. (Hosts). (2016–present). Code switch [Audio podcast].
National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch
Hannah-Jones, N. (Host). (2019, September 13). How the bad blood started (No. 4)
[Audio podcast episode]. In 1619. The New York Times.
https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/episode-4-how-the-bad-blood-
started/id1476928106?i=1000449718223
-------------------------------------------------
Music Scores
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template
65
(Artist’s last name, Year published)
Or
Artist’s last name (Year published)
Example
Picker and McClatchy’s (1995) Emmaline is a modern American opera.
The Mikado is an English comical opera (Gilbert & Sullivan, 1885/2012).
Reference List:
Template
Composer Last Name, A. A. (Year). Title of work [Format]. Publisher.
OR
Author, A. A. (Composer), & Author, B. B. (Lyricist). (Year). Title of work [Format].
Publisher. https://xxxx (Original work published Year)
Examples
Picker, T., & McClatchy, J. D. (1995). Emmeline: An opera in two acts [Study score].
Schott Music.
Gilbert, W. S., & Sullivan, A. (2012). The Mikado in full score (C. Simpson & E. H.
Jones, Eds.) [Musical score]. Dover Publications. (Original work published
1885)
________________________________________________________
Images and Artwork
• Use this format to cite (but not reproduce). To reproduce a photograph permission or
copyright attribution may be necessary – in these cases you should check with your
tutor or lecturer.
• When using images that state “no attribution required” there is no need to provide a
reference list entry, in-text citation or copyright attribution statement. Works from MS
Clip Art or sites like Unsplash and Pixabay can be used in this way.
• When citing an idea or concept from an image/diagram/map/chart/plot/photo, use an
in-text citation, for example: (Center for Disease Control, 2016).
• For an untitled photograph include a description in square brackets in place of a title.
Image
66
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template
(Author, Year)
OR
Author, (Year)
Examples
Dog sledding is a popular attraction (Denali National Park and Preserve, 2013).
Venngage’s (n.d.). The Mystery of Yawning infographic describes theories about
yawning.
Reference List:
Template
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of image [Format eg. Infographic, photograph, clip art or
stock image]. Name of site image was retrieved. https://xxxx
Examples
Denali National Park and Preserve. (2013). Lava [Photograph]. Flickr.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/denalinps/8639280606/
Venngage. (n.d.) The Mystery of Yawning [Infographic]. Venngage.

https://venngage.com/blog/what-is-an-infographic/
-------------------------------------------------
Artwork
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template
(Artist, Year)
OR
Artist (Year)
Examples
67
Van Gogh’s (1889) The Starry Night evokes feelings of melancholy and wonder.
Da Vinci’s (ca. 1503-1519) Mona Lisa was subject to a process of slight alterations
by da Vinci.
Reference List:
Template
Creator. (Year). Title in italics [Description]. Site or Institution Name, Location.

https://xxxxx
Examples
van Gogh, V. (1889). The Starry Night [Painting]. The Museum of Modern Art, New
York, NY, United States.
https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/vincent-van-gogh-the-starry-
night-1889/
da Vinci, L. (c. 1503-1519). Mona Lisa [Painting]. The Louvre, Paris, France.
https://focus.louvre.fr/en/mona-lisa
• NOTE: in the second example, the exact date of creation is unknown. This is often a
feature of older sources. In these cases, use the abbreviation ‘c.’ – short for ‘circa’ –
to indicate the best known date range for the source’s creation.
________________________________________________________
Archival Sources
• Archived sources include letters, unpublished manuscripts, in-house institutional or

corporate documents and other documents.
• This general format maybe modified for collections requiring more or less specific
information to locate materials.
• Use square brackets to indicate information that does not appear on the document.
• For interviews and oral histories, list the interviewers as the authors, include the
interviewer's name in the description.
• Use “c.” (circa) to indicate an estimated date.
Archival Material
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template
68
(Author, Year)
OR
Author, (Year)
Examples
The Sunday Times (1915) suggests that Christmas time at Callan Park was a
positive experience.
Hume (1980) considers inconsistencies in the Department of Education’s handling of
disability issues.

Template
(Author, Year, p. Page number)
OR
Author, (Year, p. Page number)
Examples
The Sunday Times (1915, p.32) states “No pains had been spared by the staff of the
institution”.
“Several factors had no doubt influenced their decision” (Hume, 1980, p. 13).
Reference List:
Template
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of material [Description of material]. Name of

Collection (Call number, Box number, File name or number, etc.). Name of
Repository, Location.
Examples
Frank , T. (1997, February 14). Letter to Bordie M. Kubota [Letter]. Rockefeller

Archive Center (GEB series 1.3, Box 371, Folder 1287). Tarry town, NY.
Hume, J. (1980 April 7). The disabled teacher. Education: Journal of the N.S.W.
Public School Teachers Federation (Nef 331.8809944 EDU). National Library
of Australia, Canberra.
________________________________________________________
69
Other Sources
Course material or lecture notes
• Refer to your subject lecturer or provided assignment guidelines to determine the

appropriateness of citing lecture material in your assignments.
• If the material comes from a website, learning management system or company

intranet and the reader will have access to this site, provide the name of the site and
the URL.
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template
(Author, Year)
OR
Author (Year)
Examples
The average duck at the University of Wollongong is considerably more aggressive

than other members of their species (Drake, 2021).
Mallard (2021) argues that ducks at the University of Wollongong should be fed more
as they have formed such an iconic part of the campus identity.

Template
(Author, Year, p. Page numbers)
OR
Author (Year, p. Page numbers)
Examples
“Beware of the ducks – they can sense your fear” (Drake, 2021, p. 3).
“Please feed me some bread as I am a duck and rather hungry” (Mallard, 2021, p. 6).
Reference List:
Template
70
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year, month day). Title [Format]. Department Name,
University Name. https://xxxx
Examples
Drake, A. (2021, December 1). The UOW Duck – friend or foe? [Powerpoint Slides].
Faculty of Avian Studies, University of Wollongong. https://ducks.com
Mallard, A. (2021, December 1). Justice for Ducks – the Fight for More Bread
[Powerpoint Slides]. University Duck Union, University of Wollongong.
https://morebreadforducks.com
-------------------------------------------------
Personal communication
• Personal communications can include letters, emails, message, telephone
conversations, and interviews. Because personal communications are unrecoverable
by your marker, you should only use them if your tutor or lecturer approves. Make
sure to check with them before you cite this kind of evidence in your assessment.
• Because the information is not recoverable, personal communications should not be

included in the reference list. Cite them in the text only.
• Provide the initials of the communicator, and as exact a date as possible for the
communication.
In-text citations:
Paraphrase
Template
(Author, Personal communication, Month Day, Year)
OR
Author (Personal communication, Month Day, Year)
Examples
S. Alexander (personal communication, August 21, 2020) suggests that this

perspective has three key weaknesses.
There are gaps in the evidence of this phenomenon (O. Baston, personal
communication, October 11, 2017).
71
Direct quote
• Page numbers are not applicable for personal communication

Template
(Author, Personal communication, Month Day, Year)
OR
Author (Personal communication, Month Day, Year)
Examples
S. Alexander (personal communication, August 21, 2020) states that “lack of
consideration of intersectional differences, lack of openness to critique and limited
practical application” are key issues of this perspective.
Evidence of this phenomenon relies too much on “easily manipulated photographs
and ambiguous documentation” (O. Baston, personal communication, October 11,
2017).
Reference List:
NOTE: Because personal communications are irretrievable, they are not included in the
reference list.
-------------------------------------------------
Software
• In-text give the proper name of the software and the version number.
• If you have quoted or paraphrased from software or an app, you need to use an
in-text reference and include a reference list entry.
• If you used a website to create something like a survey, include the website
name and address in-text. For example - We used Checkbox (https:
www/checkpoint.com) to create our survey. An in-text reference and including a
reference list entry isn't required.
• For further details refer to section 10.10 of the APA 7th Edition Publication
Manual.
In-text citation:
Paraphrase
Template
72
(Software name, Year published)
Or
Software name (Year published)
Examples
Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (2014) advocates the effectiveness of the
Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 3.3.070) software.
Schlining and Jinks (2019) outline the updates and changes to the Mbari-media-
management/vars-annotation: Vars-annotation 0.3.0 (Version 0.3.0) software.
Direct quote
Template
(Software name, Year published)
Or
Software name (Year published)
Examples
Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (2014) suggests Comprehensive Meta-Analysis

(Version 3.3.070) “is a powerful computer program for meta-analysis".
Schlining and Jinks (2019) state “this release is built for Java 11”.
Reference list:
• Reference entries are not required for standard software or programming

languages (e.g., Microsoft Word or Excel, Java, Adobe Photoshop, or SPSS).
Template
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of entry. Publisher Name or App Store.
OR
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year). Title of entry. In Title of work (Version x.x)
[Description]. Publisher Name or App Store. https://xxxx
Examples
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2014). Comprehensive
meta-analysis (Version 3.3.070) [Computer software]. Biostat.
https://www.metaanalysis.com/
73
Schlining, B., & Jinks, E. (2019). Mbari-media-management/vars-annotation: Vars-
annotation 0.3.0 (Version 0.3.0) [Computer software]. Zenodo.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3361742
74

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UOW APA 7 Content:

Further Information about APA 7:

• APA Style website: https://apastyle.apa.org

Via APA Style website: https://apastyle.apa.org/products/publication-manual-7th-

Via University of Wollongong Library:

How to use this guide:

Remember: learning is a process, and referencing is no different. If you require ongoing

Learning Development: https://www.uow.edu.au/student/support-services/learning-

Learning Co-op: https://www.uow.edu.au/student/learning-co-op/

In-text citations can take one of two forms:

Information prominent citation:

(Zepke, 2017, p. 55)

(Fredricks & McCloskey, 2012, p. 779)

(Carpenter et al., 2015, p. 290)

(Zepke, 2017, pp. 55-56)

Referencing with et al.

Author prominent citation: Author (year, p. x) or Author (Year, pp. x-x)

Template: Author (Year, p. x)

Zepke (2017, p. 55)

Fredricks and McCloskey (2012, p. 764)

Carpenter et al. (2015, p. 290)

(Carpenter et al., 2015, p. 290)

(Adam et al., 2018; Carpenter et al., 2015; Zepke, 2017)

(Giddens, 1991; see also Archer, 2003, 2007)

Multiple works by the same author published in different years:

Multiple works by the same author published in the same year:

Multiple pages in the same source:

Zepke (2017, pp. 14, 55, 102)

Unknown or anonymous authors:

Authors are sometimes not identified or they are given as 'Anonymous'.

("Interpersonal Skills," 2020)

Government bodies (such as the Australian Bureau of Statistics or the Department of

For example, the first mention:

For example, subsequent mentions:

“New weights were used to maximise transaction data (ABS, 2018).”

Legal cases or court decisions:

(Name v. Name, year)

Name v. Name (year)

Film – list the Director as the author.

TV Series – list the Executive Producer(s) as the author(s).

Podcast – list the Host or Executive Producer as the author.

Podcast episode – list the Host of episode as the author.

Webinar – list the Instructor as the author.

Classical music album or song – list the Composer as the author.

Artwork – list the Artist as the author.

Photograph – list the Photographer as the author.

Reference List Information

• Begin the reference list on a new page.

You may find DOIs formatted in various ways:

• Order entries alphabetically by the first listed author’s last name.

Dearlove, J. (2015). Title of the article. Journal, vol(issue), Page number.

Single author entries appear before multiple author entries.

A work by ‘Smith’ would be listed before a publication by ‘Smith & Brown’.

Use ‘Anonymous’ in author position only if indicated on the work.

Referencing Different Sources with APA 7

Original author (Year, as cited in Current Author, Year, p. x)

Howard, S., & Walton, R. (2015). Educational psychology: Foundations of learning

Day (2006) summarised the key facts on illusory phenomena.

Direct quote (page number/s must be included)

Day, R. (2006). Two principles of perception revealed by geometrical illusions.