Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)

Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

KSSM (CONTENT CHECK IGCSE CHECK

STANDARD / LEARNING LIST (SUBJECT CONTENT) LIST
STANDARD)

2.1 Linear Motion 1.2 Motion

2.1.1 Describe the type of linear Core
motion of an object in the 1. Define speed as distance travelled per unit
following states: time; recall and use the equation
(i) stationary 𝑣= 𝑠/𝑡
(ii) uniform velocity 2. Define velocity as speed in a given
(iii) non-uniform velocity direction.
2.1.2 Determine: (i) distance 3. Recall and use the equation
and displacement average speed = total distance travelled
(ii) speed and velocity total time taken
(iii) acceleration/ deceleration 4. Sketch, plot and interpret distance–time
2.1.3 Solve problems involving and speed–time graphs.
linear motion using the 5. Determine, qualitatively, from given data or
following equations: (i) v = u+at the shape of a distance–time graph or speed–
(ii) s = (u+v)t time graph when an object is:
(iii) s = ut+ 1/2at2 (a) at rest
(iv) v2 = u2 + 2as (b)moving with constant speed
(c) accelerating
2.2 Linear Motion Graphs (d) decelerating
2.2.1 Interpret types of motion 6. Calculate speed from the gradient of a
from the following: straight-line section of a distance–time graph.
(i) displacement-time graph 7. Calculate the area under a speed–time
(ii) velocity-time graph graph to determine the distance travelled for
(iii) acceleration-time graph motion with constant speed or constant
2.2.2 Analyse displacement- acceleration.
time graph to determine 8. State that the acceleration of free fall g for
distance, displacement and an object near to the surface of the Earth is
velocity. approximately constant and is approximately
2.2.3 Analyse velocity-time 9.8 m/s2
graph to determine distance, Supplement
displacement, velocity and 9. Define acceleration as change in velocity
acceleration. per unit time; recall and use the equation
2.2.4 Convert and sketch: a = ∆v / ∆t
(i) displacement-time graph to 10. Determine from given data or the shape
velocity-time graph and vice- of a speed–time graph when an object is
versa moving with:
(ii) velocity-time graph to (a) constant acceleration
acceleration-time graph and (b) changing acceleration
vice-versa. 11. Calculate acceleration from the gradient
2.2.5 Solve problems involving of a speed–time graph.
linear motion graphs. 12. Know that a deceleration is a negative
acceleration and use this in calculations.
2.3 Free Fall Motion 13. Describe the motion of objects falling in a
2.3.1 Explain with examples uniform gravitational field with and without air/
free fall motion and gravitational liquid resistance (including reference to
acceleration. terminal velocity).
2.3.2 Experiment to determine
the value of gravitational 1.3 Momentum
acceleration. Supplement
2.3.3 Solve problems involving 1. Define momentum as mass × velocity;
the Earth’s gravitational recall and use the equation
acceleration for objects in free p = mv
fall. 2. Define impulse as force × time for which
force acts; recall and use the equation
2.4 Inertia impulse = 𝐹Δ𝑡 = Δ(mv)
2.4.1 Explain with examples the 3. Apply the principle of the conservation of
concept of inertia. momentum to solve simple problems in one
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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

2.4.2 Experiment to find the dimension

relationship 4. Define resultant force as the change in
between inertia and mass. momentum per unit time; recall and use the
2.4.3 Justify the effects of equation
inertia in daily life. 𝐹= Δ𝑝 / Δ𝑡

2.5 Momentum 1.3 Mass and weight

2.5.1 Explain momentum, p as Core
the product of mass, m and 1. State that mass is a measure of the
velocity, v. quantity of matter in an object at rest relative
p = mv to the observer.
2.5.2 Apply the Principle of 2. State that weight is a gravitational force on
Conservation of Momentum in an object that has mass.
collision and explosion. 3. Define gravitational field strength as force
per unit mass; recall and use the equation
2.8 Weight g=W/m
2.8.1 Describe weight as the and know that this is equivalent to the
gravitational force that acts on acceleration of free fall.
an object, W = mg 4. Know that weights (and masses) may be
compared using a balance
Supplement
5. Describe, and use the concept of, weight
as the effect of a gravitational field on a mass.

1.4 Density
Core
1. Define density as mass per unit volume;
recall and use the equation.
𝜌=𝑚/V
2. Describe how to determine the density of a
liquid, of a regularly shaped solid and of an
irregularly shaped solid which sinks in a liquid
(volume by displacement), including
appropriate calculations.
3. Determine whether an object floats based
on density data
Supplement
4. Determine whether one liquid will float on
another liquid based on density data given
that the liquids do not mix.

1.1 Resultant force 1.5 Forces continued

1.1.1 Define resultant force 1.5.1 Effects of forces continued
1.1.2 Determine resultant force Core
1.1.3 Communicate to explain 3. Determine the resultant of two or more
about resultant force when: forces acting along the same straight line.
(i) Object at rest 4. Know that an object either remains at rest
(ii) Moves at constant velocity, or continues in a straight line at constant
F=0N speed
(iii) Moves with constant unless acted on by a resultant force.
acceleration, F ≠ 0N 5. State that a resultant force may change the
1.1.4 Solving problem involving velocity of an object by changing its direction
resultant force, mass, and of motion or its speed.
acceleration of an object. 6. Describe solid friction as the forc11e
between two surfaces that may impede
1.2 Resolution of forces motion and produce heating.
1.2.1 Describe resolution of 7. Know that friction (drag) acts on an object
forces. moving through a liquid.
1.2.2 Solving problem resultant 8. Know that friction (drag) acts on an object
force and resolution of forces. moving through a gas (e.g., air resistance)
12. Describe, qualitatively, motion in a circular
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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

path due to a force perpendicular to the

motion as: (a) speed increases if force
increases, with mass and radius constant
(b) radius decreases if force increases, with
mass and speed constant
(c) an increased mass requires an increased
force to keep speed and radius constant
(F = mv2/r is not required)

1.5.2 Turning effect of forces

Core
1. Describe the moment of a force as a
measure of its turning effect and give
everyday examples.
2. Define the moment of a force as moment =
force × perpendicular distance from the pivot;
recall and use this equation.
3. Apply the principle of moments to
situations with one force each side of the
pivot, including balancing of a beam.
4. State that, when there is no resultant force
and no resultant moment, an object is in
equilibrium
Supplement
5. Apply the principle of moments to other
situations, including those with more than one
force each side of the pivot
6. Describe an experiment to demonstrate
that there is no resultant moment on an object
in equilibrium

1.5.3 Centre of gravity

Core
1. State what is meant by centre of gravity.
2. Describe an experiment to determine the
position of the centre of gravity of an
irregularly shaped plane lamina.
3. Describe, qualitatively, the effect of the
position of the centre of gravity on the stability
of simple objects.

1.4 Elasticity 1.5.1 Effects of forces

1.4.1 Describe elasticity Core
1.4.2 Carry out experiment to 2. Sketch, plot and interpret load–extension
find the relationship between graphs for an elastic solid and describe the
force, F and extension of a associated experimental procedures
spring, x. Supplement
1.4.3 Communicate to explain 9. Define the spring constant as force per unit
about the law relating force, F extension; recall and use the equation
and extension of a spring, x. 𝑘= 𝐹/𝑥
1.4.4 Solve problem involving 10. Define and use the term ‘limit of
force, F and extension of a proportionality’ for a load–extension graph
spring, x. and identify this point on the graph (an
understanding of the elastic limit is not
required).

1.7 Energy, work, and power

1.7.1 Energy
Core
1. State that energy may be stored as kinetic,
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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

gravitational potential, chemical, elastic

(strain), nuclear, electrostatic and internal
(thermal).
2. Describe how energy is transferred
between stores during events and processes,
including examples of transfer by forces
(mechanical work done), electrical currents
(electrical work done), heating, and by
electromagnetic, sound and other waves.
3. Know the principle of the conservation of
energy and apply this principle to simple
examples including the interpretation of
simple flow diagrams
Supplement
4. Recall and use the equation for kinetic
energy
𝐸𝑘= 1/2 (𝑚𝑣2)
5. Recall and use the equation for the change
in gravitational potential energy.
ΔEp = mgΔh
6. Know the principle of the conservation of
energy and apply this principle to complex
examples involving multiple stages, including
the interpretation of Sankey diagrams.

1.7.2 Work
Core
1. Understand that mechanical or electrical
work done is equal to the energy transferred
2. Recall and use the equation for mechanical
working
W = Fd = ΔE

1.7.3 Energy resources

Core
1. Describe how useful energy may be
obtained, or electrical power generated, from:
(a) chemical energy stored in fossil fuels
(b) chemical energy stored in biofuels
(c) water, including the energy stored in
waves, in tides, and in water behind
hydroelectric dams
(d) geothermal resources
(e) nuclear fuel
(f) light from the Sun to generate electrical
power (solar cells)
(g) infrared and other electromagnetic waves
from the Sun to heat water (solar panels) and
be the source of wind energy including
references to a boiler, turbine and generator
where they are used
2. Describe advantages and disadvantages of
each method in terms of renewability,
availability, reliability, scale and
environmental impact
3. Understand, qualitatively, the concept of
efficiency of energy transfer.
Supplement
4. Know that radiation from the Sun is the
main source of energy for all our energy
resources except geothermal, nuclear and
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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

tidal.
5. Know that energy is released by nuclear
fusion in the Sun.
6. Know that research is being carried out to
investigate how energy released by nuclear
fusion can be used to produce electrical
energy on a large scale.
7. Define efficiency as:

recall and use these equations

1.7.4 Power
Core
1. Define power as work done per unit time
and also as energy transferred per unit time;
recall and use the equations.

1.8 Pressure
2.1 Pressure in liquid
Core
2.1.1 Communicate about the
1. Define pressure as force per unit area;
concept of pressure in liquids.
recall and use the equation P =F/A
𝑃=ℎ𝜌g
2. Describe how pressure varies with force
2.1.2 Experiment to investigate
and area in the context of everyday
factors affecting pressure in
examples.
liquids.
3. Describe, qualitatively, how the pressure
2.1.3 Solve problems involving
beneath the surface of a liquid changes with
pressure in a liquid.
depth and density of the liquid
2.1.4 Communicate to explain
Supplement
about application pressure in
4. Recall and use the equation for the change
liquid in life.
in pressure beneath the surface of a liquid
Δp = ρgΔh

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

THEME: NEWTONIAN MECHANICS

LEARNING AREA: FORCE AND MOTION I & II

FORCE AND MOTION I

2.1 LINEAR MOTION (KSSM)

1.2 MOTION (IGCSE)

Distance and displacement

1. Types of physical quantity:
(i) Scalar quantity: ………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Vector quantity: …………………………………………………………………
2. Linear motion is ………………………………………………………………………….
2. The difference between distance and displacement:
(i) Distance: …………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Displacement: ……………………………………………………………………
3. Distance always longer than displacement.
4. Ali walks 5 metres east, 2 metres to the south and 5 metres to the west.
Determine the total distance and the displacement.

Solution:
Answer;

Total distance = 5m + 2m + 5m
= 12 m
5m
The displacement = 2 m to the south

2m

5m

Speed and velocity

1. Speed is ..…………………………………………………………………………………
2. Velocity is: ..……………………………………………………………………………...
3. Average of speed: ………………………………………………………………………

4. Average of velocity: ……………………………………………………………………...

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

5. Example:
An aeroplane flies from A to B, which is located 300 km east of A. Upon reaching B, the
aeroplane then flies to C, which is located 400 km north. The total time of flight is 4 hours.
Calculate
i. The speed of the aeroplane
ii. The velocity of the aeroplane

Solution:

Exercises 2.1.1:

1. A ball is thrown upward from the ground. It reaches a maximum height of 4m then falls and
reaches the ground after 2 seconds. Find the speed and velocity of the ball.

Solution: distance
speed =
time
8
= = 4 ms -1
2

displacement
velocity =
time
0
= = 0 ms -1
2

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

2. Figure below shows the path travelled by a cyclist. He started his journey from O, moved a
distance of 150 m to East towards A and then moved a distance 200 m to North towards B.
The cyclist took about 25s to complete his journey.
Determine a) the total distance travelled by the cyclist
b) the displacement from O
c) the average speed of the cyclist
d) the average velocity of the cyclist

solution:
B

O A

Acceleration and deceleration

1. Acceleration is, ……………………………………………………………………….

Then, a =

2. Example: A car starts from rest to a speed of 250ms-1 in 100s along a straight road. Find the
acceleration of the car

Solution:

3. Deceleration happens ...…………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Example of deceleration.
A lorry is moving at 30 m s-1, when suddenly the driver steps on the brakes and it stop 5
seconds later. Calculate the deceleration of lorry.
Solution:

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Analysing of motion
1. Linear motion can be studied in the laboratory using a ticker timer and a ticker tape.
A ticker timer - is a device to study motion
-will lodge dots on the ticker tape at rate of 50 dots per second (frequency
50Hz)
(i) Determination of time:
. . . . . . . .

(ii) Determination of displacement as the length of ticker tape over a period of time.

.x . . . . . . .y

(iii) Determine the type of motion;

. . . . . . . .
………………………………………………………………………………………..
. . . . . . . .
...……….……………………………………………………………………………..
. . . . . . . .
.……………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv) Determination of velocity
. . . . . . . . . . .
12.6cm

Velocity,v =

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

(v) Determine the acceleration

Length/cm
v
8
7
6
5
4
u
3
2
1
0 ticks

The equation of motion

1. The important symbols : s : ……………………………………
a : ……………………………………
v : …………………………………...
u : ……………………………………
t= : …………………………………..

2. The list of important formula;

3. Example 1 : A car traveling with a velocity of 10 m s-1 accelerates uniformly at a rate of 3 m

s-2 for 20 s. Calculate the displacement of the car while it is accelerating.
Solution:

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Example 2 : A van that is traveling with velocity 16 m s-1 decelerates until it comes to
rest. If the distance traveled is 8 m, calculate the deceleration of the van.
Solution:

Execise 2.1.2:
Length / cm
1. Figure shows a tape chart
consisting of 5-tick strip. Describe 16
the motion represented by AB and BC.
In each case, determine the ; 12
(a) displacement
(b) average velocity 8
(c) acceleration
4
Solutions:
0
AB: increasing velocity A B C Time/s
BC :constant velocity

(a) Displacement

(b) average velocity

(c) acceleration

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

2. The diagram above shows a ticker tape chart for a moving trolley.
The frequency of the ticker- timer used is 50 Hz. Each section has 11 dots.
a) What is the time between two dots.
b) What is the time for one strips.
c) What is the initial and final velocity,
d) What is the time interval to change from
initial velocity to final velocity?
e) What is the acceleration of the object

Answers
Solution::
a) 0.02 s
b) 0.2 s
c) 10 cm s-1 and 60 cm s-1
d) 2s
e) 25 cm s-2

2.2 LINEAR MOTION GRAPHS (KSSM)

The displacement-time Graph

a) displacement (m) Graph analysis:

………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………

time (s) ……………...………………………………………………

b) displacement (m) Graph analysis:

……..…………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………

time (s) ……….…………………………………………………………

c) displacement (m) Graph analysis:

…….……………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………

t time (s) .…………………………………………………………………

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

d) Displacement (m) Graph analysis:

…………………………….………………………………………

……………………………………………..………………………

time (s) ………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………

e) displacement (m) Graph analysis:

…………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………..
time (s)
…………………………………………………………..

f) displacement (m) Graph analysis:

A B …………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………..
time (s)
……………………………………………………………
O C time (s)

The velocity-time Graph

a) v/ m s-1 Graph analysis:
…………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………
t t /s ……………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

b) v/ m s-1 Graph analysis:

………………………………………..………………..
…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………
t t /s …………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………….

c) v (m s-1) Graph analysis:

…………………………………..………………….
………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
t1 t2 t (s) …………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………

d) v (m s-1) Graph analysis:

...…………………………………..………………..
……………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………
t (s) ………………………………………………………
.……………………………………………………...

e) v (m s-1) Graph analysis:

………..…………………………..………………..
……….……………………………………………..
………………………………………………………
t (s) ………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Examples
1.
v/m s-1
Calculate:-
(i) acceleration, a over OP, PQ and QR
(ii) Displacement
P Q (iii) Draw an acceleration-time graph from OPQR
10
Solution :
5
O R
0 2 4 6 8 10 t/s
(iii)

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Motion Graph

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

2.3 FREE FALL MOTION (KSSM)

Gravitational Force
1. Objects fall because they are pulled towards the Earth by the force of gravity.
2. This force is known as the pull of gravity or the earth’s gravitational force.
3. The earth’s gravitational force tends to pull everything towards its centre

Free fall
1. An object is falling freely when it is falling under the force of gravity only.
2. A piece of paper does not fall freely because its fall is affected by air resistance.
3. An object falls freely only in vacuum. The absence of air means there is no air resistance to
oppose the motion of the object.
4. In vacuum, both light and heavy objects fall freely. They fall with the same acceleration
ie. The acceleration due to gravity, g

Acceleration due to gravity.

1. An object will fall to the surface of the earth because………………………………...
2. The force of gravity also known ………………………………………………………...
3. When an object falls under the force of gravity only, ………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The acceleration of objects falling freely ………………………………………………
5. The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity depends ………………………...
6. The standard value of the gravitational acceleration, g is 9.81ms-2.
7. The value of g is often taken to be 10 ms-2 for simplicity.
8. The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity depends on the strength of the
gravitational field.

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Gravitational field
1. The region around the earth is ………………………………………………………….
2. The object in gravitational field …………………………………………………………
3. The gravitational field strength is defined ……………………………………………..
4. The gravitational field strength, g can be calculate as;

5. At the surface of the earth,

…………….………………………………………………………………………………..
6. This means
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
7. Example 1. Can you estimate the gravitational force act to your body?

mass = 60 kg, g = 10 N kg-1, F=?

8. The distance from the equator to the centre of the Earth is further than the distance from the
poles to the centre of the Earth. As such, the value of g is smaller at the equator than at the
Earth’s poles.

9. Generally, the value of gravitational acceleration on the surface of the Earth, g used in
calculations is 9.81 m s–2

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Example 2,
A stone is released from rest and falls into a well. After 1.2 s, it hits the bottom of the well.
(a) What is the velocity of the stone when it hits the bottom?
(b) Calculate the depth of the well.

Exercise 2.3
1. Sketch the following graphs for an object that falling freely.
(a) Displacement-time graph,
(b) Velocity-time graph
(c) Acceleration-time graph

2. The following data was obtained from an experiment to measure the acceleration due to
gravity.
Mass of steel bob = 200 g, distance covered = 3.0 m, time of fall = 0.79 s.
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity of steel bob.
Give the explanation why your answer different with the constant of gravitational
acceleration, g = 9.8 m s-2.

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

2.4 INERTIA (KSSM)

Idea of inertia
1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Meaning of inertia :
…………..………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Mass and inertia
1. Refer to figure 2.14 of the text book, the child and an adult are given a push to swing.
(i) which one of them will be more difficult to be moved ……………………...
(ii) which one of them will be more difficult to stop? …………………………….
2. The relationship between mass and inertia :
……………………………….……………………………………………………………..

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion

Every object continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion

unless it is acted upon by an external force.

Effects of inertia
1. Positive effect : …………………………………………………………………………
(i) ………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Negative effect : ………………………………………………………………………….
(i) ……………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) ………………………………………………………………………………………
(iv) ………………………………………………………………………………………

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

2.5 MOMENTUM (KSSM)

1.3 MOMENTUM (IGCSE)

Idea of momentum
1. When an object is moving, …...…………………………………………………………
2. The amount of momentum ...……………………………………………………………
3. Momentum is defined…………………………………………………………………….

Momentum,p = m x v

Unit of momentum is kgms-1

The principle of conservation of momentum :

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. Elastic collision :…………………………………………………………………………..

u1

m1 u2 v2
m2 m1
m2

Before collision after collision

2. Inelastic collision :………………………………………………………………………...

u1
v
m u2 = 0
1 m2
m1 + m2

Before collision after collision

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

3. Explosion : …….....…………………………………………………………………...

(m1 + m2), u = 0 v1 v2
m2

Before explosion after explosion

Exercises 2.5 :

Car A Car B
1. Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at
20 m s-1 in front of it. Car A and B move separately after collision. If Car A is still moving
at 25 m s-1 after collision, determine the velocity of Car B after collision.

Solution :

2. Car A of mass 100 kg traveling at 30 m s-1 collides with Car B of mass 90 kg traveling at
20 m s-1 in front of it. Car A is pulled by Car B after collision. Determine the common
velocity of Car A and B after collision.

Solution :

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

3. A bullet of mass 2 g is shot from a gun of mass 1 kg with a velocity of 150 m s -1 .

Calculate the velocity of the recoil of the gun after firing.

Solution :

4. An arrow of mass 150 g is shot into a wooden block of mass 450 g lying at rest on a smooth
surface. At the moment of impact, the arrow is travelling horizontally at 15 ms-1.
Calculate the common velocity after the impact.

Solution:

5. A riffle of mass 5.0 kg fires a bullet of mass 50 g with a velocity of 80 m s -1 . Calculate the
recoil velocity. Explain why the recoil velocity of a riflle is much less than the velocity of
the bullet.

2.6 FORCE (KSSM)

1.5.1 EFFECTS OF FORCES (IGCSE)

1. Force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another
object.
2. What will happen when force act to an object?

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

3. Balanced Force: When the forces acting on an object are balanced, they cancel each other
out. The net force is .

4. Unbalanced Force/ Resultant Force : When the forces acting on an object are not
balanced, there must be a net force acting on it. The net force is known as the unbalanced
force or the resultant force.

Idea of balanced force

1. An object is said to be in balance when it is:
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Stationary object
explanation :

Stationary object ………………………………………………

………………………………………………
……….……………………………………..

3. An object moving with uniform velocity

…………………………….. explanation :
…..……………. …………… ……………………………………………..
……………………………………………..
……………………………………………..
……………………………… ………..…………………………………….
……………………………………………..
……………………………………………..
Idea of unbalanced forces
1. A body is said to be in unbalanced ……………………………………………………

2. ……………………….. Explanation;
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
………………………………………………
……… …….. ………………………………………………
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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Relationship between forces, mass and acceleration (F = ma)

Experiment 2.2 page 29.
Aim :To investigate the relationship between acceleration and force applied on a constant mass.

Experiment 2.3 page 31

Aim: To investigate the relationship between mass and acceleration of an object under constant
force.
1. Refer to the result of experiment 2.2 and 2.3,
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. 1 newton (F = 1 N) is defined as the force required to produce an acceleration of 1 m s-2

(a=1 m s-2) when its acting on an object of mass 1 kg (m = 1 kg) So, F=ma

Newton 2nd Law of Motion

The acceleration produced by a force on an object is directly

proportional to the magnitude of the net force applied and is
inversely proportional to the mass of the object. The direction
of the acceleration is the same as that of the net force.

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

• When a net force, F, acts on a

mass, m it causes an acceleration, a.

Exercise 2.6 (Section A)

1. Find the acceleration of the objects. 2. Find the value of F.

Ans : 2 ms-2 Ans : 45 N

3. What force is required to move a 2 kg object 4. A car of mass 1200 kg traveling at 20 m/s is
with an acceleration of 3 m s-2, if brought to rest over a distance of 30 m . Find
a) the object is on a smooth surface?
a) the average deceleration,
b) the object is on a surface where the
average force of friction acting on the object b) the average braking force
is 2 N?

Ans : a) 6 N b) 8 N Ans : a) 6.67 ms-2 b) 8000 N

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Exercise 2.6 ( Section B)

1. A trolley of mass 30 kg is pulled along the ground by horizontal force of 50 N. The

opposing frictional force is 20 N. Calculate the acceleration of the trolley.

2. A 1000 kg car is travelling at 72 km h-1 when the brakes are applied. It comes to a stop in a
distance of 40 m. What is the average braking force of the car?

2.7 IMPULSE AND IMPULSIVE FORCE (KSSM)

Impulse and impulsive force

1. Impulse is ……………………………………………………………………………….
2. Impulsive force is ………………………………………………………………………
3. Formula of impulse and impulsive force:
Refer, F = ma

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

4. The relationship between time of collision and impulsive force.

Impulsive force , F  1 / t
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Therefore, F decreases when the time of collision increases

Situations for Reducing Impulsive Force in Sports

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Situation of Increasing Impulsive Force

Exercise 2.7

1. A force of 20 N is applied for 0.8 s when a football player throws a ball from the sideline.
What is the impulse given to the ball?

2. A stuntman in a movie jumps from a tall building an falls toward the ground. A large canvas
bag filled with air used to break his fall. How is the impulsive force reduced?

3 A rocket of 50 kg mass is launched vertically. Its fuel is being burnt at a rate of 2 kg ms-1 and
its exhaust gas is being forced out with a speed of 1000ms-1. What is the initial acceleration of
the rocket?

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Being Aware Of The Need For Safety Features In Vehicles

Safety features in vehicles Reinforced passenger compartment

Crash resistant door Head rest

pillars
Windscreen
Crumple zones
Anti-lock brake
system (ABS)

Traction control
Air bags bumpers

Importance of safety features in vehicles

Safety features Importance

Padded dashboard

Rubber bumper

Shatter-proof windscreen

Air bag

Safety seat belt

Side bar in doors

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Exercise 2.7 (Safety features in vehicles)

1. By using physics concepts, explain the modifications to the bus that help to improve that
safety of passengers and will be more comfortable.

Safety aspect Function

Absorber

Bumper

The passenger’s space

Air bag

Shatter-proof windscreen

2.8 WEIGHT (KSSM)

1.3 MASS AND WEIGHT (IGCSE)

1. The weight of an object is defined ……………………………………………………..

2. For an object of mass m, the weight can be calculate as :

3. Example :

The mass of a helicopter is 600 kg. What is the weight of the helicopter when it land
on the peak of a mountain where the gravitational field is 10.0 N kg-1?

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Comparison mass and weight

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

1.7 ENERGY, WORK AND POWER (IGCSE)

Work
1. Work is done, ……………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. WORK is the product.…………………………………………………………………….
3. The formulae of work;

4. Example 1; Determine work

5. Example 2 : Calculate work.

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Example 3

Example 4;

F = 600 N

S = 0.8 m

Energy
1. Energy is .................................................................................................................
2. Energy cannot be ....................................................................................................
3. Exist in various forms such as …………………...……………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Example of the energy transformation;
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
Example :
………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Work done and the change in kinetic energy

Force, F

1. Kinetic energy is …………………………………………………………………………

2. Refer to the figure above,
Through, v2 = u2 +2as
u=0
and, as = ½ v2

3. Example 1; A small car of mass 100 kg is moving along a flat road. The
resultant force on the car is 200 N.
a) What is its kinetic energy of the car after moving through 10 m?
b) What is its velocity after moving through 10 m?

Work done and gravitational potential energy

h = 1.5 m

1. Gravitational potential energy is………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Refer to the figure above;

3. Example; If m = 10 kg

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Principle of conservation of energy

Carry out hands-on activity 2.10 on page 38 of the practical book.
To show the principle of conservation of energy.
1. Energy cannot be ………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Example : a thrown ball upwards will achieve a maximum height before changing its
direction and falls

3. Example in calculation : A coconut falls from a tree from a height of 20 m. What is the
velocity of coconut just before hitting the earth?

Power
1. Power is …………………………………………………………………………………

2. A weightlifter lifts 180 kg of weights from the floor to a height of 2 m above his head in a
time of 0.8 s. What is the power generated by the weightlifter during this time?
g = 9.8 ms-2)

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Efficiency
1. Defined……..…………………………………………………………………………….
2. Formulae of efficiency :

3. Analogy of efficiency;

Device/
mechine

Energy transformation
4. Example; An electric motor in a toy crane can lift a 0.12 kg weight through a height of 0.4
m in 5 s. During this time, the batteries supply 0.8 J of energy to the motor. Calculate
(a) The useful of output of the motor.
(b) The efficiency of the motor

Exercise 2.10
1. What is the work done by a man when he pushes a box with a force of 90 N through a
distance of 10 m? State the amount of energy transferred from the man to the force.

2. A sales assistant at a shop transfers 50 tins of milk powder from the floor to the top shelf.
Each tin has a mass of 3.0 kg and the height of thee top shelf is 1.5 m.

(a) Calculate the total work done by the sales assistant.

(b) What is his power if he completes this work in 250 s?

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Appreciating The Importance Of Maximising The Efficiency Of Devices

1. During the process of transformation the input energy to the useful output
energy,……………………………………………………………………………………..
2. .……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
Example of wasting the energy;
………..…………………
Input enegy output
from the petrol energy

…………………… ……………. ……………… …………………….

..………………….. …………….. ………………….. …………………….
..………………….. ……………. …………………. …………………….
4. The world we are living in face acute shortage of energy.
5. It is very important that a device makes
…………………………………………………………………

Ways of increasing the efficiency of devices

1. Heat engines ……………………..………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Electrical devices. ...……………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Operation of electrical devices
1. The electrical devices increase the efficiency………………………………….……
2. Proper management ….....………………………………………………………………
3. …………..………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

Renewable energy
1. Energy plays a very important role in economic development but the reserves of fossil fuels
such as oil and gas are very limited.
2. Hence, there is modern trend of the nations that is to harness the renewable energy.
3. Renewable energy sources are continually replenished naturally means they are sustainable.
4. Give the example of renewable energy:
i. ……………………………
ii. ……………………………
iii. ……………………………
iv. ……………………………
v. ……………………………
vi. ……………………………
vii. ……………………………
5. Give the example of non-renewable energy:
i. ……………………..
a) …………………..
b) ………………….
c) …………………..

6. Give the benefits of using the renewable energy to our nation:

i. ………………………………………………………………………
ii. ………………………………………………………………………
iii. ………………………………………………………………………
iv. ………………………………………………………………………

**For more details, kindly refer to the IGCSE TEXTBOOK.

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

FORCE AND MOTION II

1.1 RESULTANT FORCE (KSSM)

Addition of Force (Resultant Force)
1. Addition of force is defined as ...……………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Examples : the forces are acting in one direction
F1 = 10 N
F2 = 5 N

Resultant force, F

Example : the forces are acting in opposite directions

F1 = 10 N
F2 = 5 N

Resultant force, F

Example : the forces are acting in different directions

F2 = 5 N
500 F

F1 = 10 N

Parallelogram method:
1. Draw to scale.
2. Draw the line parallel with F1 to the edge of F2, and the line parallel with F2 to the
edge of F1
3. Connect the diagonal of the parallelogram starting from the initial point.
4. Measure the length of the diagonal from the initial point as the value of the resultant
force.
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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

F2
F

F1

Triangle method:
1. Draw to scale.
2. Displace one of the forces to the edge of another force.
3. Complete the triangle and measure the resultant force from the initial
point.

Example 1: During Sport Day two teams in tug of war competition pull with forces of
6000 N and 5300 N respectively. What is the value of the resultant force?
Are the two team in equilibrium?

Example 2: A boat in a river is pulled horizontally by two workmen. Workmen A

pulls with a force of 200 N while workmen while workmen B pulls with a
force of 300 N. The ropes used make an angle 250 with each other. Draw a
parallelogram and label the resultant force using scale of 1 cm : 50 N.
Determine the magnitude of resultant force.

250
10.5 cm

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Accelerate → +a Decelerate → - a

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

1.2 RESOLUTION OF A FORCE (KSSM)

1. Resolution of a force is …………………………………………………………………

Refer to trigonometric formula:

Example : The figure below shows Ali mopping the floor with a force 50 N
at an angle of 600 to the floor. Determine the force at x-axis and y-axis.

F = 50 N

600

Example of resolution and combination of forces. Determine F.

F=?

200 N

400
400

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Problem solving
1. When a system is in equilibrium, ……………………………………………………….
2. If all forces acting at one point are resolved into horizontal and vertical
components, ……………………………………………………………………………
3. Example 1; Show on a figure;
a) the direction of tension force, T of string
b) the resultant force act to lamp
700 700 c) calculate the magnitude of tension force, T
a) T b) T’ T

mlamp = 1.5 kg
Wlamp = 14.7 N

Exercise 2.9
1. Two force with magnitude 18 N and 6 N act along a straight line. With the aid of diagrams,
determine the maximun possible value and the minimum possible value of the resultant
force.

2. A football is kicked simultaneously by two players with force 220 N and 200 N
respectively, as shown below. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force.

220 N
900

200 N

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

1.3 FORCES IN EQUILIBRIUM (KSSM)

An object is in equilibrium when:
1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………
2.

An object moving with uniform velocity

Newton 3rd Law of Motion

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

1.5.2 TURNING EFFECT OF FORCES (IGCSE)

Moments

1. Forces that act on objects that have a fixed point - such as the hinge of a door, or the axle of
a wheel - may make that object rotate. We call the turning effect of a force the moment.

The fixed point is often called the pivot or fulcrum. How strong the turning effect is
depends on:
• the size of the force
• its distance from the pivot

2. In the image below, the mass provides a force some distance away from the pivot:

We define the turning effect with the equation:

Moment = Force × Perpendicular distance from the pivot

Since force is measured in newtons (N) and distances in metres (m) the unit for a moment is
the newton-metre (Nm).
Moments can act in two ways: clockwise or anticlockwise.

3. For each situation below, determine the moment of the force, and state the direction in
which it acts.

a)

moment = force × distance

=
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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

b)

moment = force × distance

c)

moment = force × distance:

Balancing Moments
One force on its own isn't much use to us. We normally look at situations where turning
effects are balanced (or not!).

Let's look at the example below and find the missing force F:

If the system is balanced, the anticlockwise turning effect of force F must equal the
clockwise turning effect:
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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment

Clockwise moment = 5 N × 0·50 m = 2·50 Nm.

Anticlockwise moment = F × 0·25 m = 2·50 Nm

Force F = 2·50 Nm ÷ 0·25 m = 10 N

In order to balance the 5 N force acting at 0·5 m from the pivot, we require 10 N acting in
the opposite direction but at 0·25 m.

Unbalanced Moments

Sometimes moments can easily become unbalanced - even when we don't want them to!

In these unfortuante examples, it would seem that in loading the cart, some of the boxes
must have slipped to the back - further away from the pivot - greatly increasing their turning
effect. In the case of the lorry, its weight wasn't enough to balance the heavy bricks.

The result was the lifting of the donkey - who must have been very surprised! For the lorry,
it was lucky nobody was hurt.

Many Moments

Sometimes more than one force acts on the same side of the pivot. Their overall turning effect is
easy to work out.

The 2 N force has a moment of 2 × 0·2 m = 0·4 Nm clockwise.

The 5 N force has a moment of 5 × 0·5 m = 2·5 Nm clockwise.

Their combined moment = 0·4 Nm + 2·5 Nm = 2·9 Nm clockwise.

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Moments can just be added, but they must act in the same direction.

We have seen that more than one moment can act in one direction. We may sometimes wish to
work out how these could be balanced.

At what distance must the 6 N force act to balance the other forces?

When balanced: sum of clockwise moments = sum of anticlockwise moments

It is easily shown that the clockwise moment = 3.0 Nm. To balance this, the anticlockwise moment
must also be 3·0 Nm. So:

6 × d = 3·0
d = 3·0 ÷ 6 = 0·5 m

Moments Summary
➢ The turning effect (or moment) of a force is given by:
moment = force × perpendicular distance from pivot
➢ The normal units used for force and distance are newtons and metres respectively, so the
usual unit for moment is the newton-metre (Nm)
➢ Another name for a pivot is fulcrum.
➢ Moments can either be clockwise or anticlockwise.
➢ When more than one force acts in the same direction, their overall turning effect is just the
sum of their moments.
➢ When forces act in a different direction, yet still balance, the total turning effect in each
direction will be the same:
sum of clockwise moments = sum of anticlockwise moments

1.4 ELASTICITY
Carry out Hands-on activity 2.12 page 40 of the practical book.
1. Elasticity is ……………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. The property of elasticity …………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

3. Forces between atoms in equilibrium condition

Force of attraction

Force of repulsion Force of repulsion

Explanation:
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Forces between atoms in compression
compressive force
compressive force

Force of repulsion Force of repulsion

Explanation:
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Forces between atoms in tension
force of attraction

stretching force stretching force

Explanation ;
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

**Carry out Experiment 2.4 on page 41 of the practical book

To investigate the relationship between force and extension of a spring

Hooke’s Law
1. Hooke’s Law states ………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Elastic limit of a spring is defined……………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

3. The spring is said to have a permanent extension,...…………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. The elastic limit is not exceeded,…………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Graf F against x
F/ N
Q P
F = kx E
Spring obeying
Hooke’s Law Spring not obeying Hooke’s law
(exceeded the elastic limit)

Force constant, k = F with unit N m-1, N cm-1 or N mm-1

x
0
R x (cm)

6. Spring Constant, k k is the gradient of the F - x graph

F/N
F
0.8 k=
x
= 0.8
8
= 0.01 N cm-1

0 8 x/cm

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Example 1; A spring has an original length of 15 cm. With a load of mass 200 g
attached, the length of the spring is extend to 20 cm.
a. Calculate the spring constant.
b. What is the length of the spring when the load is in increased
by 150 g? [assume that g = 10 N kg-1]

Example 2;
The graph shows the relationship between the
Graph F against x of stretching force, F and the spring extension, x.
F (N) spring P and spring Q (a) Calculate the spring constant of P and Q.
(b) Using the graph, determine the
8 P stretching force acts to spring P and
7
spring Q, when their extension are 0.5 cm
6
5 Q

4
3
2
1

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 x (cm)

Elastic potential energy

1. Elastic potential energy ………………………………………………………………..

spring with the original length
F compression
x spring compressed x
F x = compression x
x F spring extended
x = extension F, extension
Other situation where the spring extended and
compressed

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Relationship between work and elastic potential energy

F/N
Graph F against x

x x / cm

Example ;
5 kg

15 cm
8 cm

Summarise the four factors that affect elasticity

Factor Change in factor Effect on elasticity

Length

Diameter of spring

Diameter of spring wire

Type of material

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Exercise 2.10
1. A 6 N force on a spring produces an extension of 2 cm. What is the extension when the force
is increased to 18 N? State any assumption you made in calculating your answer.

2. If a 20 N force extends a spring from 5 cm to 9 cm,

(a) what is the force constant of the spring?

(b) Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in the spring.

3. Figure below shows the arrangement of 6 identical springs. The original length of each
spring is 10cm. When a 10N load is applied, the length of each spring become 11cm. What
is the length, l of the spring system?

Answer: 41cm

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

1.8 PRESSURE (IGCSE)

1. The pressure acting on a surface is defined as …….. per unit ………. on the surface.

2. Pressure, P =

3. Unit for pressure is ……. or ………………

4. Example 1 : A wooden block is placed at different position on the surface of a piece of
plasticine. At what position is the pressure higher?

Wooden block

A B Plasticine

Answer: ……….

5. Example 2 : Which shoe will exert a greater pressure on the when it is worn by the same
women?

Answer: ………

6. Example 3 : The diagram below shows a wooden block of dimensions 8 cm × 10 cm × 12

cm. Its weight is 12 N. On which side should the wooden block be placed to produce a
maximum pressure exerted on the table. What is value of this pressure ?

Weight (F)
P =
Minimum Area (A)

= 12 / (0.08)(0.10)
= …………….

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

Application of Pressure
1. Tools like knives, chisels, axes and saws have sharp cutting edges. The surface area of
contact is …….. When a force is applied on the tool, the small area of contact will produce
a …….. pressure to cut the material.
2. The flat base of each metal pole of a tent has a …… surface area to …………………..the
pressure exerted on the ground. The poles will not sink into the ground because of the flat
bases.

Exercise
1. A table of mass 50kg has 4 legs is placed on a floor. Each legs has a cross sectional area of
25cm2. Find the pressure exerting on the floor (g=10ms-2) :
Solution:
Pressure, P = F/A
=
=
=
2. The diagram below shows a concrete block of dimension 1.5m x 2.0m x 3.0m. Its weight is
60N. Calculate (a)maximum pressure, (b)minimum pressure:

1.5m

2.0m
3.0m

a) maximum pressure
Solution:
P = F/A
= Weight / Minimum Area
=
=
b) minimum pressure
P = F/A
= Weight / Maximum Area
=
=

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

2.1 PRESSURE IN LIQUIDS (KSSM)

Density
1. Density (  ) is defined as …….. per unit ………. The SI unit for density is ………..

mass m
Density (ρ) = ρ=
volume V
Example 1: Calculate the density of a stone of mass 250 g if its volume is 100 cm3.
m
ρ = = 0.25/ 0.0001 = …….
V

2. Example 2: Abu’s weight is 60 kg, when he is totally immersed in a tank of water, the water
level raise by 55 liter.
m
Density, ρ = = 60/55 000 = ……….. kg m-3
V

The Pressure Formula

1. Pressure in liquids acts in …….. directions.

2. The pressure in a liquid is the product of depth, density and gravitational acceleration.
P= x x

3. The above formula can be derived from the following steps:

ρAh
Mass of a cylinder of water, m = ρV = ………………
Weight of the cylinder of water, W = ……..
mg = ρAhg

A cylinder of water

Volume h
V = Ah

The pressure of water at the base of the cylinder of water is,

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

F W m g  Ah g
Water pressure, P = = = = =  gh
A A A A

Exercise
1. Given that the density of mercury is 13600kgm-3. Calculate the pressure of mercury at a
point 25cm from the mercury surface (g=10ms-2)
Solution:
P = ρgh

=
=

2. The figure shows a glass tube filled with 50cm height of liquid M and 30cm height of liquid
N. The densities of liquid M and N are 1000kgm-3and 2500kgm-3 respectively. By giving
g=10ms-2, what is the pressure of
a) liquid M at point x
b) liquid M and N at point y
Liquid M
50cm
Solution:
x
a) P = ρgh
Liquid N
= y 30cm
=

b) P = (ρgh)M + (ρgh)N
=
=
=

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

END CHAPTER EXERCISES : Structure Questions

1.

(i) Car A (ii) Car B

Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.1(i) and (ii) show two methods used by the mechanic to move a breakdown car.
A constant force, F = 500 N is used to push and pull the car in method A and B.
(a) (i) Which method is easier to move the car?
………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) State a reason for your answer in (a)(i).
………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………
(b) The frictional force acting between the car and track surface in both methods is 200
N. Calculate, the
(i) horizontal resultant force in method A.

(ii) horizontal resultant force in method B.

(iii) acceleration of the car in method B.

(c) Suggest a method to move Car B so that the acceleration produced is equal to that of
method A.
……………………………………………………………………………..………..
………………………………………………………………………………………

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

2. ceiling

Tin
P Q
water M N
 R
hand

(i) Diagram 2.1 (ii)

a) Diagram 2.1(i) shows tin P that is empty and tin Q that is filled with water. A
student find difficult to pushed tin Q. Write the inference about the observation.

………………………………………………………………………………………
b) Diagram 2.1(ii) shows a tin being released from the different positions M and N.
The hand of a student at position R needs greater force to stop the motion of the tin
falling from position M. Explain this observation.

………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Based on the observation (i) and (ii), state two factors that affect the magnitude of
the momentum of the object.

………………………………………………………………………………………
d) If water flows out from a hole at the bottom of the tin Q, how would the inertia of
Tin Q depends on time ?

……………………………………………………………………………………

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

3. 2 ms-1

P iron ball ( 2 kg )
S T
3.0 m smooth surface
1.0 m 2.0 m

Q R
Diagram 3 Rough surface
The figure shows a iron ball that is rolled through PQRST. The rough surface of QR has
frictional force of 4 N.
a) Calculate
(i) the kinetic energy of the iron ball at P.

(ii) the potential energy of the iron ball at P.

(iii) the total of energy of the iron ball at P.

b) (i) Calculate the total of energy of the iron ball when it reaches at Q ?

(ii) Calculate the work done against friction along QR.

c) Calculate the total kinetic energy of the iron ball at S.

d) Calculate the speed of the ball at position T.

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

EXERCISES : Essay Questions

1.

(i) (ii)
Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.1(i) shows the condition of a car moving at high velocity when it suddenly
crashes into a wall.
Diagram 1.1(ii) shows a tennis ball hit with racquet by a player.
a) (i) What is the meaning of momentum?
(ii) Based on the observations of Diagram (i) and (ii), compare the
characteristics of car when it crashes into the wall and the tennis ball when it
is hit with a racquet. Hence, relate these characteristics to clarify a physics
concept, and name this concept.
b) Explain why a tennis player uses a taut racquet when playing.

c) In launching a rocket, a few technical problems have to be overcome before the

rocket can move upright to the sky. By using appropriate physics concepts, describe
the design of a rocket and the launch techniques that can launch the rocket upright.

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 Physics Module (IGCSE & KSSM)
Student’s Notes Chapter 2 : Forces and motion

2.
Properties Engine thrust Resistance force
Brand Reaction time / s Mass / kg
force / N /N
A 0.3 1.5 10.0 4.0
B 0.5 1.8 12.5 2.4
C 0.2 0.9 6.5 2.2
D 0.6 2.5 16.0 6.5
In a radio-controlled car racing competition, 4 mini-cars branded A, B, C and D took part.
The information of the 4 cars is given in the table above. Details of the above information
are given as below;
Reaction time - Duration between the moment the radio-controlled is switched on and
the moment the car starts moving.
Resistance - Average value of opposing forces includes the friction between
wheels and track, and air resistance.
(a) What is the meaning of acceleration?
(b) Draw a graph of velocity against time that shows a car moving initially with constant
acceleration, then moving with constant velocity and followed by constant
deceleration until it stops.
(c) Explain the suitability of the properties in the above table in constructing a radio-
controlled car racing purpose. Hence, determine which brand of car will win the 50-
metre race.
(c) If Car B in the above table is moved up the plane at the angle of 30o to the horizon,
(i) Show that the car is able to move up the plane.
(ii) Determine the acceleration of the car.

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