Performance Evaluation Engine of Sensors in Automobile System

International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 6 Issue 6, September-October 2022 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
Performance Evaluation Engine of Sensors in Automobile System

Sylvester Emeka Abonyi1, Anthony A. Okafor2, Odeh Calistus Princewill2
1
Electrical Engineering Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
2
Mechanical Engineering Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Sylvester Emeka

The number of automobile sensors is increasing continuously Abonyi | Anthony A. Okafor | Odeh
because of their proved benefits represented in avoided accidents, Calistus Princewill "Performance
higher driving efficiencies, and ubiquitous sensing-based services. Evaluation Engine of Sensors in
Automobile System" Published in
These benefits are not limited to only the vehicle’s driver, but also to
International Journal
other vehicles and third parties. Sensors also control vehicle
of Trend in
emissions and make vehicles more comfortable and efficient. In this Scientific Research
article, we categorized different types of sensors and their function. and Development
We also developed a concept that shows how automobile equipped (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
with sensors can be considered as essential mobile resource of 6470, Volume-6 |
sensory data and sensor-related application. In addition, we Issue-6, October IJTSRD52158
categorize automobile sensors along the area that support ITS 2022, pp.2119-
application and communication technologies. The responses of these 2128, URL:
sensors in an automobile has resulted in high efficacy in the area of www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52158.pdf
safety, movement and environment. Each sensor is activated by the
Electronic Control Unit when it receives an electrical signal between Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and
International Journal of Trend in
2- 5V and send information to the actuators that performs work.
Scientific Research and Development
Results obtained have shown increased performance in the response Journal. This is an
time to activities of the driver while driving. Open Access article
distributed under the
KEYWORDS: Sensors, Microcontroller Unit, ECU, LIN, CAN, terms of the Creative Commons
MOST, FlexRay Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
1. INTRODUCTION
Sensors play an important role in the automobile processes the inputs obtained from various sensors in
manufacturing industry [1]. Sensors are essential real time [5]. The car's engine is the beating heart,
components of automotive electronic control systems. which drives the car according to the driver's will and
Sensors are defined as “devices that transform (or the driving conditions. The energy which operates the
transduce) physical quantities such as pressure or engine is received from air and fuel mixture, which is
acceleration (called measurands) into output signals compressed inside the cylinder and then ignited. In
(usually electrical) that serve as inputs for control order to enable the above mention performance, the
systems". It wasn’t that long ago that the primary fuel injection system is provided with an ECU and
automotive sensors were discrete devices used to various sensors & transducers, which provide the
measure oil pressure, fuel level, coolant temperature, ECU with necessary information about the status of
etc. [2]. These enable greater degrees of vehicle the engine systems and components at any time and
automation and futuristic designs. Sensors monitor operation conditions [6]. Hence to be able to calculate
vehicle engines, fuel consumption and emissions, the precise timing for the ignition and the fuel
along with aiding and protecting drivers and injection, the electric control unit (ECU) needs to
passengers. These allow car manufacturers to launch have two important data: The engine speed and a
cars that are safer, more fuel efficient and reference mark for the first cylinder T.D.C. (Top
comfortable to drive. All sensors inside the vehicle Dead Center) [7]. Those two pieces of information
are connected to the Electronic Control unit (ECU), are measured directly from the engine ring gear by
which contains the hardware and software (firmware) means of Inductive sensors (some engines use only
[3,4]. Hardware consists of electronic components on one sensor for both pieces of information).
a printed circuit board (PCB) with a microcontroller
unit (MCU) chip as the main component. The MCU
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD52158 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 6 | September-October 2022 Page 2119
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
2. Various Types of Sensors and their
performances
Micro controller chips embedded in ECU ensures
proper functioning of vehicle by reading the values
from sensor. Various sensors are embedded in
vehicles and they provide information that are needed
to control actuators in vehicle [8]. In modern
automobile there up to 30 sensors that regulate and
ensure efficient operation of automobiles. The
sensors, which are common in the engine controlling
systems are x-rayed below. [9]:
2.1. Coolant Temperature Sensor
Coolant temperature sensor allows the engine control
unit (ECU) to determine when the engine has reached
its proper operating temperature. The Coolant Fig.2 Air temperature sensor
Temperature Sensor (CTS) is a temperature 2.3. Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor
dependent variable resistor located on the cylinder Manifold absolute pressure sensor monitors the
head or intake manifold [9]. The CTS is an important pressure of the air in the intake manifold.
sensor and the operating strategy of the engine
depends on the signal it sends. So, it is called the The amount of air being drawn into the engine is a
“master” sensor. The CTS measures the internal good indication of how much power it is producing;
temperature of the engine coolant. It also senses the and the more air that goes into the engine, the lower
changes in temperature and sends a voltage signal to the manifold pressure, so this reading is used to gauge
the Power train Control Module (PCM) for how much power is being produced [11].
determining whether the engine is cold or warming The MAP is a key sensor as it senses the engine load.
up, is at normal operating temperature or is It is mounted on the intake manifold. It monitors the
overheating. difference between the air pressure in the intake
manifold and outside. This sensor responds to the
vacuum in the intake manifold and generates a
voltage signal accordingly. It then sends the signal to
the PCM. The input of the sensor is used for adjusting
the fuel mixture and ignition timing, according to the
changes.
Fig.1 coolant temperature sensor with the circuit

diagram
2.2. Air temperature sensor; the intake-air density
depends upon its temperature. In order to
compensate it, an air temperature sensor that is
located in the intake passage of the central
injection unit, reports about the intake air Fig. 3 Manifold absolute pressure sensor
temperature to the ECU [10]. Both temperature 2.4. Mass Airflow Sensor
sensors are NTC type resistors, (Negative This type of sensor is designed to sense air flow and
Temperature Coefficient which means that as air mass and measure even the smallest differences in
much as the temperature increases, so will the the flow rate. The mass airflow sensor (MAF) sensor
resistance decrease.). (electric sensor) is an integral part of the engine
system [11]. It is controlled by a computer. It is
located in a plastic covering between the engine and
the air filter. The purpose of MAF is to calculate the
amount of air intake by the engine, in terms of
volume and density. For measuring the volume and 2.6. Throttle Position Sensor
density of air, the sensor uses either a hot wire or a Throttle position sensor monitors the throttle valve
heated filament. After the measurement, it sends a position (which determines how much air goes into
voltage signal to the computer. With this, the the engine) so the engine control unit (ECU) can
computer can calculate the right amount of fuel respond quickly to changes, increasing or decreasing
needed to maintain the correct fuel mixture for every the fuel rate as necessary.
operating condition. If there is any fault in the MAF The Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) is a variable
sensor, it may result in rough idle, stalling and poor resistor attached or mounted on the throttle body and
fuel economy. The modern ones are also used as is operated by moving along with the throttle shaft or
MAT (Manifold Air Temperature) sensors. spindle. The TPS changes the resistances as the
throttle opens and closes, and sends a voltage signal
to the computer showing the angle or position of the
throttle. Thus, the TPS causes the Electronic Control
Unit (ECU) to use the data to measure the engine
load, fuel delivery adjust timing, acceleration,
deceleration when the engine is idle or in wide open
throttle, and then makes the changes according to the
operating conditions [4]. Fuel rate is either increased
or decreased to achieve this.
Fig. 4 Mass Airflow

2.5. Crank Shaft Sensor A crank sensor is an
electronic device used in an internal
combustion engine, both petrol and diesel, to
monitor the position or rotational speed of the
crankshaft [12]. This information is used by
engine management systems to control the fuel
injection or the ignition system timing and
other engine parameters.
Fig. 6 Throttle Position Sensor

The sensor shaft is connected directly to the throttle
shaft. When the throttle shaft rotates, it rotates with it
the sensor shaft. The TPS sensor acts as a
potentiometer. It is connected to 5V source and its
TPS output changes between 0V to 5V according to
the throttle angel. The sensor also includes two more
outputs: the WOT (Wide Open Throttle) and the
IDLE. These are digital outputs. When the throttle is
closed, the engine is at IDLE position and the IDLE
output is 12V. When the throttle is wide open, the
Fig. 5 Crank Shaft Sensor WOT output is 12V. These signals are important for
the communication between the engine ECU and the
transmission ECU to respond to the driver's
requirements.
2.7. Camshaft Position Sensor or Cylinder
Identification Sensor
Camshaft position sensor is used to measure the
position of cam related to crankshaft for the
sequential injection. For better performance of the
engine, it is very necessary to open and close the inlet
and exhaust valve and at the same time produce spark
Fig. 7 Oxygen sensor
in the cylinder according to the position of piston in
the cylinder. The distributor distributes the high 2.9. Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) Sensor
voltage to the spark according to the position of cam Air fuel ratio sensor is used to measure the individual
in the various cylinders. For all above operation it is proportion of air and fuel in the air-fuel mixture that
necessary to know the position of camshaft during the is supplied to the engine. To increases the fuel
engine working. economy and to reduce the harmful exhaust gases in
the exhaust it is necessary to supply the ideal or
Camshaft position sensor gives the position of cam Stoichiometric air fuel ratio to the engine [15]. For
related to the engine crankshaft which is useful for this purpose, it is very important to know the
the fuel supply; ignition, injection, valve opening and proportion of air and fuel that is supplied to the
closing system. Magnetic type sensor is used on the engine during working condition of engine. This work
timing cover over the camshaft gear. Camshaft is done with the help of AFR sensor.
position sensor is same as that of crank shaft speed
sensor in terms of construction and working [13]. Air fuel ratio sensor measure the amount of air and
fuel in the mixture. There are two types of air fuel
ratio sensor depending upon the design. The Narrow
band sensors are used for the low or normal
performance operation and Wide band sensor are
used in the high performance engine. Maximized
power output, decreasing loss of fuel and less
pollution can be obtained using AFR sensor.
Fig. 9 Camshaft position sensor

2.8. Oxygen Sensor
Oxygen sensor monitors the amount of oxygen in the
exhaust so the engine control unit (ECU) can
determine how rich or lean the fuel mixture is and
makes adjustments accordingly [14]. Fig. 8 Air fuel ratio sensor
The oxygen sensor is located on the exhaust This sensor displays five different colors according to
manifold. This sensor monitors the amount of the physical and chemical quantity of mixture. Sensor
unburned oxygen present in the exhaust. When the directly connects to the ECU. Sensor senses the
fuel mixture is rich, most of the oxygen is exhausted quantity of mixture and sends signal to the ECU.
during the combustion. So, only a little unburned Blue light indicates very higher fuel percentage in
oxygen will be left out in the exhaust. Difference in the mixture.
the oxygen levels creates an electrical potential, Green light indicates the higher fuel percentage in
which causes the sensor to generate a voltage signal. the mixture.
This helps the ECU to check the quality of fuel Yellow light indicates that the mixture is nearly
mixture to make the changes accordingly. The sensor Stoichiometric.
output will be high if the fuel mixture is rich, and the Red light indicates very higher percentage of air
sensor output will be low if the fuel mixture is lean. in the mixture.
Orange light indicates the higher percentage of air
in the mixture
2.10. Exhaust gas recirculation temperature
sensor (EGR)
EGR temperature sensor is used to measure the
temperature of exhaust gas which is passed through
the EGR valve and supplied to engine intake
manifold. It is essentially required for EGR valve as
the valve opens according to the exhaust air
temperature. If more air of high temperature will be
allowed to flow in the engine, it will produce negative
effect. When EGR valve opens it increases
temperature and when it closes it decreases
temperature. This rate of temperature is sent to the
ECU which monitors the signal and gives the output
to the EGR valve that how much flow of exhaust
2.11. Knock sensors
gases is flowing in the exhaust. Exhaust-gas
Knock sensors, which are designed to detect knocks
recirculation is a method of reducing emissions of
and other unusual noises in the engine. The knock
nitrogen oxides. From its essential components,
sensor identifies the high-frequency engine vibrations
engine exhaust is an inert gas, i.e. a non-combustible
characteristic of knocking and transmits a signal to
gas. Part of the exhaust gas that is recirculated back to
the ECU [17]. The aim is to obtain the maximum
the combustion chamber serves to reduce the peak
energy yield by starting ignition as early as possible.
combustion temperature [16]. Since formation of
Engines with a knock sensor can reduce fuel
nitrogen oxides increases proportionally with the
consumption and increase torque
combustion temperature (in very high temperatures),
EGR as a temperature-reducing measure is a very
effective method of reducing nitrogen oxides by
reducing the temperature in the combustion chamber.
Exhaust-gas recirculation is achieved by external
exhaust-gas recirculation system through an ECU
controlled EGR valve. In this process, a set portion of
the engine exhaust is returned to the fresh mixture.
Depending on the amount of exhaust gas recirculated,
NOx (Nitrogen Oxides) emissions are reduced by up
to 60%, although this involves an increase in the HC
(Hydrocarbon) emissions. If the exhaust-gas
recirculation rate is limited to 10 - 15%, there is no
increase in the fuel consumption. To be sure, a
prerequisite for this is the simultaneous optimization
of the ignition timing, which is basically true for all
the measures which intervene in the combustion Fig. 10 Knock sensors
process. The maximum EGR limit is determined by 2.12. Fuel Level Sensor
the increase in the HC emissions and the fuel Fuel level sensor is used to measure the level or
consumption and by increasing engine roughness. quantity of fuel in the fuel tank. The level of fuel can
Consequently, EGR is switched OFF during idling, be checked with the help of fuel level sensor. Fuel
when there are practically no NOx emissions in any level sensor measures the quantity of fuel in the tank
case. which is useful for the driver to know the amount of
Likewise, during full-load operation when the rich fuel left in the fuel tank. This sensor works on the
mixture precludes emissions of more than slight principle of electrical capacitance, which states that,
concentrations of NOx, no exhaust is recirculated for when air surrounded electrode is immersed in the
reasons of power output. The exhaust-gas liquid it changes its capacitance. The capacitance
recirculation valve is controlled by the engine control signal is applied to ECU, which monitors the signal
unit (ECU) and operated via electrical or pneumatic and displays the fuel level on the dashboard.
systems, which meter the amount of exhaust to be re-
circulated depending on throttle-valve position,
intake-manifold pressure, or exhaust backpressure.
monitor the number of related sensor within the
vehicle. The various signals like impact angle, crash
force are fed into the air bag control unit. Each device
is activated with electrical match which is consists of
an electrical conductor wrapped in a combustible
metal. This metal ignites when the temperature of
conductor increases which initiates the gas mixture.
The generated inert gas then quickly inflates the air
bag.
2.15. Torque Sensor Torque sensor is used to
measure the torque which is applied to the
steering wheel in power steering system Torque
sensor decides the amount of force and
direction required to actuate the motor with the
help of torque applied to the steering wheel.
The torque sensor detects the twist of torsion bar and
converts this twist in to electric signal which is sent to
the ECU. ECU monitors this signal and gives output
in terms of amount of power required by the DC
motor to operate steering wheel.
Fig. 11 Fuel level sensor and the electrical circuit
2.16. Wheel Speed Sensor Wheel heel speed sensor
2.13. Voltage Sensor is used to measure the rotation of wheel or the
Voltage sensor monitors the system voltage in the car speed of vehicle. ABS sensor is required on all
so the engine control unit (ECU) can raise the idle the four wheels so that the signals generated by
speed if voltage is dropping (which would indicate a them can be used by the ECU to adjust the
high electrical load). The voltage sensor monitors the braking force on the wheels. ABS sensor is
system voltage of the vehicle and reports it to PCM so located along with the wheel hub and senses
that it can rise the idle speed of the vehicle, if the constantly the speed of the wheel. The signal
voltage is dropping. Engine sensors are an important generated by the sensor is used for adjusting the
technological innovation. They lead to better brake pressure on the wheel by ECU so that
performance, better quality and more years of driving speed of all the wheels remains constant and
experience. The advantage of sequential fuel injection doesn’t lock up. Yaw rate sensor is used to
is that if the driver makes a sudden change, the measure the angular velocity of vehicle around
system can respond more quickly because from the its vertical axis (horizontal roll). To monitor the
time the change is made, it only has to wait only until yaw rate of a vehicle to minimize the
the next intake valve opens, instead of for the next possibility of rollover.
complete revolution of the engine.
2.17. Yaw Rate Sensor Yaw sensor is used in the
The Engine Speed Sensor (ESS) is a sensor attached electronic stability control system. During the
to the crankshaft of the car's engine. It is different turning of a fast moving vehicle, it is necessary
from vehicle speed sensor. The ESS is used for to keep in mind the possibility of vehicle
monitoring the engine speed. In other words, it is rollover. This sensor works on the principal of
meant for assessing the speed at which the crankshaft “piezoelectricity”. The sensor is made in a yoke
spins. shape which has two downward sensors and
2.14. Air bag sensor two upward sensors. When vehicle is going
Air bag sensor is used to inflate the air bag during the straight, there is no force acting on the yoke but
collision of automobiles and prevents the passenger, when the vehicle turns, the rotating force acts
inside the compartment, from sudden striking with the on the yoke and it generates electricity. This
automobile interior. It is required to initiate the air electricity in terms of signal is fed to the ECU
bag as soon as any object collides with the vehicle. which monitors the signal and gives output to
the steering.
Location of the airbag sensor depends upon the
vehicle manufacturer. It might be located in front and 2.18. Steering Pressure Sensor Steering pressure
rear side of the vehicle and also sometimes at both the sensor is used to provide information on the
sides of the vehicle. Airbag Control Unit is used to steering pump pressure for idle speed control.
When you turn the steering wheel, the power the Internet or automobile-to-any communications.
steering pump puts hydraulic pressure into the The third parties can be servers for data centers that
system to make the steering easier. This makes can provide these information for public services. In
the engine work slightly harder and hampers addition, use of factory-installed automobile sensors
the performance and efficiency of the engine. has an extra advantage on their street/highway
Hence, a sensor is required so that it can sense counterparts which is supported by the mobility of
when and how much pressure has to be applied automobile that can cover greater areas of interest
to the steering so that it doesn’t affect the compared to fixed sensors.
power of the engine. Potential applications of which automobile can be
An electrical switch is fitted to the high pressure part used as a resource of sensing applications includes,
of the system. When this switch detects the high traffic conditions, road blocks either by security
pressure, it sends a signal to the ECU. The ECU agents or armed robbers and even bad roads. These
increases engine power in order to stop the engine conditions and more can be detected by the use of
from stalling if you are going slowly. Hence, by this automobile sensors and the data can be relayed to
sensor, the performance of the engine is not affected third parties. These sensed data can be processed
and the steering can also gain its required power locally by each automobile or at the collecting center,
then, published by means of radio broadcasts,
3. AUTOMOBILE SENSOR - CONCEPT,
internet-based applications, street/highway displays,
APPLICATIONS, AND PLATFORMS
or micro-blogging.
Automobile sensing is currently gaining momentum
with the benefits it provides globally. For many years, Automobile sensing can also monitor their
the focus in automobile sensing was on making use of surroundings by recognizing objects, comparing the
sensors available in mobile phones and handheld data with information on data base to detect fraud.
devices for sensing the surroundings and making use Thereafter publish/share the information to other
of the communication interfaces in these devices for vehicles to prevent crime. An example could be
sharing data of interest with others, which has opened having vehicles recognize others’ license plate
doors to many new application domains. numbers, storing them, and broadcasting representing
meta-data. Other mobile agents (e.g., police patrol
With the increasing number of sensors in a
cars) can harvest the sensed data by sending queries
automobiles and the introduction of communication
to retrieve the recognized numbers for the sake of, for
interfaces that supported automobile to automobile
example, finding stolen vehicles.
and automobile-to-infrastructure communication,
automobiles have become data resource equipment, We can also have automobilTel [19] which will be
not only for the use of the vehicles’ occupants, but Internet-based. In automobileTel, vehicles collect
used as a resource of sensory data have more sensor data, process it locally, and send it to database
advantages than the other mobile devices that have servers through the Internet for further analysis and
been utilized for the sake of sensing things around the publishing. This automobileTel which deliver data
automobile. through the Internet depends on connectivity, can
detect potholes. It consists of three-axis acceleration
These merits includes: 1) automobiles have no
sensors and a GPS device to assess vibrations caused
restraints with their power source which has been
by potholes and report the specific locations of these
considered a major obstacle for the wide use of
potholes. This is one of the earliest systems targeting
mobile devices, 2) automobiles can be easily
road condition monitoring.
equipped with powerful processing capabilities which
widen the scope of supported applications, 3) 4. Technologies Supporting Communication in
adequate data storage units can be installed on Automobile
automobiles, in comparison to the limited data storage 4.1. Electronic Control Unit (ECU). Each ECU
in mobile devices [18]. consists of a processor, memory, and
communication interfaces. An ECU is
A lot of applications and platforms can make use of
considered a closed-loop system that manages
the advantages of using automobile as data
data retrieved by sensors, processes and
equipment. In these applications, automobiles were
analyzes this data, outputs signals based on
used to monitor the surrounding environment,
decisions to be taken, and activates actuators to
generate data, and store them for further relaying-
adjust the operation of the corresponding
either without processing or after processing to get
automotive system.
data of interest. Further Sensed data, or processed
sensed data, can be reported to third parties through
In automobile we have four automotive for applications inside or outside the car. The serial
communication protocols; the Local Interconnect MOST bus uses a daisy-chain topology or ring
Network (LIN), Controller Area Network (CAN), topology and synchronous data communication to
Media Oriented Systems Transport (MOST), and the transport audio, video, voice and data signals via
most recent FlexRay. plastic optical fiber (POF) (MOST25, MOST150) or
electrical conductor (MOST50, MOST150) physical
4.1.1. Local Interconnect Network (LIN)
layers. MOST technology was used in almost every
is a serial network protocol used for communication
car brand worldwide, including Audi, BMW, General
between components in vehicles. It is a single wire,
Motors, Honda, Hyundai, Jaguar, Lancia, Land
serial network protocol that supports communications
Rover, Mercedes-Benz, Porsche, Toyota,
up to 19.2Kbit/s at a bus length of 40 meters [20].
Volkswagen, SAAB, SKODA, SEAT and Volvo.
4.1.2. Controller Area Network (CAN),
CAN is one of the well-known vehicle bus standards 4.1.5. FlexRay Protocol
FlexRay is a reliable, time-triggered protocol that
for automobile networks. It is popular in automotive
provides a higher bandwidth of up to 10 Mbps,
and industrial applications due to its low cost and
compared to CAN networks, which provide data rates
flexible design, thereby reducing the wiring harness.
of up to 1 Mbps. All the ECUs connected by this
In 1983, Bosch started working on the development
protocol are synchronized to global time, and the data
of the CAN standard that was officially released in
frames are transmitted and received within pre-
1986 [21]. The goal for developing CAN was having
defined time slots. This protocol has high fault-
a robust serial bus for connecting devices in real-time
tolerance, compared to CAN (24). The properties of
control systems. Later, CAN was widely deployed to
the FlexRay protocol regarding transmission
support the implementation of the in-vehicle
capabilities include large payloads, flexibility in
automotive systems. For example, the number of
terms of network topologies, and the transmission of
wires was reduced by 40% in the Peugeot, which
deterministic, as well as dynamic, data in one cycle.
embeds two CAN buses [22].
However, they have the drawbacks of having high
CAN is a message-based protocol; the packets do not cost and increased complexity in in-vehicle networks.
have information about the sender and receiver of the
The FlexRay frame consists of a header segment, a
messages, and every node can read the messages
payload, and trailer segments. The header consists of
transmitted over the bus. Functions supported by the
the slot ID, payload length, cycle counter, etc. The
protocol in the automotive domain include auto
payload segment contains the data. The trailer
start/stop, electric parking brakes, parking assistance,
provides a CRC for the frame. This protocol is
automatic lane detection, collision avoidance, etc.
particularly used in drivetrain and chassis applications
4.1.3. Controller area network bus node with time-critical and event-triggered messages. The
The CAN standard frame format consists of an 11-bit vulnerabilities in this protocol are that it lacks
identifier. The identifier of the CAN frame represents confidentiality, authentication, and data freshness
the message priority. If a message has a lower mechanisms.
identifier value, it will have a high priority on the bus.
The protocol is not designed to guarantee security
This field is used in the arbitration process to avoid
from external attack. According to Shrestha and Kim
conflict when two nodes or more than two nodes are
[25], it is vulnerable to various attacks, such as
transmitting the messages simultaneously on the bus.
eavesdropping, masquerading, injection, and replay
CAN has four different frame types [23]. They are the attacks. Nilsson and Larson [26] mentioned that the
data frame, the remote frame, the error frame, and the application layer is missing, making it insecure. The
overload frame. The data frame is used for actual data CRC section of the FlexRay frame can protect the
transmission from a transmitter to other nodes integrity of the data against transmission errors. These
(receivers). The remote frame is used by a node to features help in providing safety to the network, but
request a certain message with a particular identifier. do not guarantee protection against security attacks.
If any of the nodes on the bus detect an error, that
node will transmit an error frame. The overload frame 4.2. Automobile Ethernet Protocol
is used to inject a delay between the data and remote Communication Technologies
The high-bandwidth requirements of modern
frames.
automobile applications motivated the introduction of
4.1.4. Media Oriented Systems Transport automotive Ethernet (AE) as an essential component
(MOST) of in-vehicle networks [27]. Automotive ethernet is a
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Performance Evaluation Engine of Sensors in Automobile System

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Performance Evaluation Engine of Sensors in Automobile System

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Sylvester Emeka

Fig.1 coolant temperature sensor with the circuit

Fig. 4 Mass Airflow

Fig. 6 Throttle Position Sensor

Fig. 9 Camshaft position sensor

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