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org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 11 November 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882

A CRITICAL STUDY OF COMPLEX

ANALYSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
MATHEMATICS AS A BRANCH
1
Shri S H Sankanagoudar,
1
Associate Professor,
1
Department of Mathematics,
SSBMACS College Badami, Dist: Bagalkot State: Karnataka

Abstract: The study of complex numbers, their derivatives, manipulation, and other properties is known as
complex analysis. Complex analysis is a very powerful tool that has a surprising number of practical
applications in solving physical problems. Complex analysis is a branch of mathematics that studies
functions of complex numbers. It is also known as the theory of functions of a complex variable. Many
branches of mathematics, such as algebraic geometry, number theory, analytic combinatorics, and applied
mathematics, as well as physics, such as hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, and especially quantum
mechanics, benefit from it. Complex analysis has applications in engineering fields such as nuclear,
aerospace, mechanical, and electrical engineering by extension.

Index Terms - Complex, Analysis, Numbers, Mathematics

1.1 Introduction:

The study of complex numbers, their derivatives, manipulation, and other properties is known as complex
analysis. Complex analysis is a very powerful tool that has a surprising number of practical applications in
solving physical problems. Complex analysis is a branch of mathematics that studies functions of complex
numbers. It is also known as the theory of functions of a complex variable. Many branches of mathematics,
such as algebraic geometry, number theory, analytic combinatorics, and applied mathematics, as well as
physics, such as hydrodynamics, thermodynamics, and especially quantum mechanics, benefit from it.
Complex analysis has applications in engineering fields such as nuclear, aerospace, mechanical, and
electrical engineering by extension.
The solution of certain algebraic equations by the Italian mathematicians Girolamo Cardano and Raphael
Bombelli in the 16th century provided the first indications that complex numbers might be useful. They
were fully established as sensible mathematical concepts by the 18th century, after a long and contentious
history. They remained on the mathematical periphery until it was discovered that analysis can be applied to
the complex domain as well. The result was such a powerful addition to the mathematical toolbox that

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www.ijcrt.org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 11 November 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882
philosophical questions about the meaning of complex numbers were lost in the rush to use them. Soon, the
mathematical community had grown so accustomed to complex numbers that it was difficult to remember
that there had ever been a philosophical issue.

Complex analysis is a branch of mathematics that investigates the analytical properties of complex variable
functions. It sits at the crossroads of several branches of mathematics, both pure and applied, and has ties to
asymptotic, harmonic, and numerical analysis. Complex variable techniques are extremely powerful, with a
wide range of applications in the solution of physical problems. Solution methods for free-boundary
problems such as Hele-Shaw and Stokes flow, conformal mappings, Fourier and other transform methods,
and Riemann-Hilbert problems are all covered by this discipline. Due to a number of special properties of
the complex domain, many problems that are difficult to solve in the real domain can be solved more easily
when transformed into complex variables.

Complex numbers are defined as the set of all numbers z = x + yi, where x and y are real numbers. We
denote the set of all complex numbers by C. (On the blackboard we will usually write C –this font is called
blackboard bold.) We call x the real part of z. This is denoted by x = Re(z). We call y the imaginary part of
z. This is denoted by y = Im(z).

1.2 The Evolution of Complex Analysis:

Complex analysis is a classical branch of mathematics that dates back to the 18th century and even earlier.
In the twentieth century, notable mathematicians associated with complex numbers include Euler, Gauss,
Riemann, Cauchy, Weierstrass, and many others. Complex analysis, specifically the theory of conformal
mappings, has a wide range of physical applications and is used extensively in analytic number theory.
Complex dynamics and the images of fractals produced by iterating holomorphic functions have given it a
new lease on life in recent years. String theory, which investigates conformal invariants in quantum field
theory, is another important application of complex analysis.

Complex analysis is an important subject for engineering and physical science students, as well as a central
subject in mathematics. Complex analysis provides powerful tools for solving problems that are either very
difficult or virtually impossible to solve in any other way, in addition to being mathematically elegant.
Importantly, there has been a flurry of activity in recent years in the advancement of complex analysis
methods, fueled by applications in engineering, biology, and medicine. The propagation of acoustic waves,
which is important for jet engine design, and the development of boundary-integral techniques, which are
useful for solving a variety of problems in solid and fluid mechanics, as well as conformal geometry in
imaging, shape analysis, and computer vision, are examples of real-world applications of these methods.

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1.3 Functions of Complex Analysis:

1. Complex Functions: A complex function is a function that goes from one complex number to
another. To put it another way, it's a function with a subset of complex numbers as a domain and the
complex numbers as a co domain. A nonempty open subset of the complex plane is supposed to be
present in the domain of complex functions.
2. Holomorphic Functions: Complex functions are said to be Holomorphic on Omega if they can be
differentiated at every point of an open subset Omega of the complex plane. This definition appears
to be formally equivalent to that of a real function's derivative. Complex derivatives and
differentiable functions, on the other hand, behave very differently than their real-world
counterparts.

1.4 The Fundamental Theorem of Complex Analysis:

The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra, which is not very aptly named, is one of the most famous theorems
in complex analysis. This seems like a good place to begin our exploration of the theory.

Theorem 1 (The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra) Every non constant polynomial p(z) over the complex
numbers has a root.
Theorem 2 (Liouville’s theorem) A bounded entire function is constant. Assuming this result, if p(z) is a
polynomial with no root, then 1/p(z) is an entire function. Moreover, it is bounded, since as we noted before
lim|z|→∞ |p(z)||z|n = |an|, so lim|z|→∞ 1/p(z) = 0. It follows that 1/p(z) is a constant, which then has to be 0,
which is a contradiction.

1.5 The Cauchy-Riemann Equations:

In addition to the geometric picture associated with the definition of the complex derivative, there is yet
another quite different but also extremely useful way to think about analyticity, that provides a bridge
between complex analysis and ordinary multivariate calculus. Remembering that complex numbers are
vectors that have real and imaginary components, we can denote z = x+iy, where x and y will denote the
real and imaginary parts of the complex number z, and f = u + iv, where u and v are real-valued functions
of z (or equivalently of x and y) that return the real and imaginary parts, respectively, of f.

1.6 Cauchy's Theorem and line Integrals:

The basic idea is that complex line integrals will resemble multivariable calculus line integrals in many
ways. However, complex line integrals are easier to work with than their multivariable analogues, just as
working with e I is easier than working with sine and cosine. At the same time, they will provide a deep
understanding of how these integrals work. We'll need the following ingredients to define complex line
integrals:

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1. The complex plane is defined as z = x + iy.

2. The dz = dx + idy complex differential

3. A complex plane curve defined for a t b as (t) = x(t) + iy(t).

4. f(z) = u(x, y) + iv is a complex function (x, y)

1.7 Conclusion:

Complex analysis is an important part of the mathematical landscape because it connects many topics from
the undergraduate curriculum. It can be used as a capstone course for mathematics majors as well as a
stepping stone to independent research or graduate school study of higher mathematics. The Complex
Method is a general optimization technique that can be used to solve a wide range of nonlinear problems
with inequality constraints directly. Inequality constraints are a problem with this method.

1.8 Bibliography:

1. Arfken, G. "Functions of a Complex Variable I: Analytic Properties, Mapping" and "Functions of a

Complex Variable II: Calculus of Residues." Chs. 6-7 in Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 3rd
ed. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, pp. 352-395 and 396-436, 1985.

2. Boas, R. P. Invitation to Complex Analysis. New York: Random House, 1987.

3. Churchill, R. V. and Brown, J. W. Complex Variables and Applications, 6th ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1995.

4. Conway, J. B. Functions of One Complex Variable, 2nd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995.

5. Forsyth, A. R. Theory of Functions of a Complex Variable, 3rd ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge
University Press, 1918.

6. Knopp, K. Theory of Functions Parts I and II, Two Volumes Bound as One, Part I. New York:
Dover, 1996.

7. Krantz, S. G. Handbook of Complex Variables. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser, 1999.

8. Lang, S. Complex Analysis, 3rd ed. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1993.

9. Mathews, J. H. and Howell, R. W. Complex Analysis for Mathematics and Engineering, 5th
ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2006.

10. Variables." Ch. 4 in Methods of Theoretical Physics, Part I. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 348-491
and 480-485, 1953.

11. Weisstein, E. W. "Books about Complex Analysis.

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