TPS211 :

PLANNING SURVEY
TECHNIQUES

- LECTURE 1 -
1 Definition 5 Types of Research

2 What is Research? 6 Research Design

Characteristics of
3 Research Goal 7 Research

4 Research Purposes 8 Research Process

 Research is the process of arriving at dependable
solutions to problems through the planned and
systematic collection, analysis and the interpretation of
data available (Monly’s 1970)

 Is on organized, systematic, critical, objective, scientific

inquiry or investigation into a specific problem.

 Inquiry carried out to secure information for solving

problems (C. William Emory)
 Research is a careful inquiry or examination to discover
new information or relationship and to expand and to
verify existing knowledge (Rummel and Ballaine)

 Research is the process of systematically obtaining

accurate answers to significant and pertinent questions
by the use of scientific method of gathering and
interpreting information
(Vernon T. Clover & Howard and Bolsley)
 Research and experimental development comprises
creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to
increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of
man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of
knowledge to diverse new applications.

 Research is an active, diligent, and systematic process of

inquiry in order do discover, interpret and/or revise facts.

 The intellectual investigation should produce a greater

understanding of events, behaviors, or theories or to make
practical applications with the help of such facts, law, or
theories.
 The term of research is also use to describe a collection of
information about a particular subject.

 Research is a systematic enquiry which is reported in a form which

allows the research method and the outcomes to be accessible to
others.

1. RESEARCH IS SYSTEMATIC PROCESS OF ENQUIRY

2. RESEARCH IS A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
3. RESEARCH IS AN EMPRICAL STUDY
4. RESEARCH AS AN ACEDIMIC DISCIPLINE
5. RESEARCH IS A PROFESSIONAL CAREER
01) TO EXPLORE A PHENOMENA
02) TO PRODUCE SOME NEW KNOWLEDGE
03) TO DISCOVER NEW INVENTION/ DESIGN
TO DISCOVER SOME SOLUTION TO SOLVE A
04) PARTICULAR PROBLEM

05) TO PRODUCE SOME KNEW POLICIES

06) TO TEST CERTAIN HYPOTHESIS

 To find out more
To enquire further
about something

To carry out through To investigate in

study detail

To exploration of a The description of

topic the phenomena

The explanation of behavior

of phenomena
 These will depend upon the aims of the researcher and the
orientation that has been adopted or the paradigm within
the research is being carried out.

 Principally, however, social research is concerned with three

things:
1. The exploration of a topic
2. The description of a phenomena
3. The explanation of behavior or phenomena
 A particular society, event or program is studied in depth for a
defined period of time.
 Eg. : A sociologist investigate how a society changes over time, as a
result of certain interventions.
Case : - Impacts of Dam Projects on a tribe in Sarawak
- An educator analyze the impact of unemployment among
university graduates
Steps:-
1. Collect data using observations, interviews, using documents, past
records, audio visual and materials.
2. Researcher spends an extended period of time on site, interact
regularly with people being studied.
3. Record details of the case, including information on physical
environment, historical, economics, social factors etc.
4. By identifying the context of the case, findings help others to draw
conclusions or generalize other cases.
 BASIC
RESEARCH APPLIED
or
PURE
01 02 RESEARCH
RESEARCH
 Also known as fundamental, pure or scientific research.
 As its primary objective the advancement of knowledge and the
theoretical understanding of the relations among variable.
 Can be exploratory, descriptive or explanatory often driven by the
researcher’s curiosity, interest.
 It is often theoretical in nature that have little direct impact on
action or policy decisions.
 To generate more knowledge and understanding of the
phenomena that occur and to build theories based on the
research results.
 Research done chiefly to improve our understanding on certain
problems and how to solve them.
 Eg : Environmental Impact Assessment Study (EIA)
 Focused on specific practical problem eg, social policy, working
practices of organizations or social phenomena.
 Also known as action or policy research.
 Research is done with the intention of applying the results of it’s
findings to solve the specific problems.
 It’s primary aim is to obtain usable information for decision making.
 Used research findings to improve understanding on issues and how
to solve them.
(Different research methodologies)

Action
Research

Descriptive Exploratory
Research Research

5
Historical Experimental
RESEARCH
Research Research
DESIGN
 The historical method is done by studying some aspects of the past,
either by perusing documents of the past.
 To reconstruct the past systematically by collecting, evaluating,
verifying and synthesizing evidence to reach defensible conclusions
 Eg : A study of the origination of the Islam religion in Malaysia

Characteristics
• Its depends upon data observed by others (2nd Sources)
• It must rigorous, systematic and exhaustive
• Its depends upon another kind of data, called primary
sources where the author is a direct observer of the
recorded event. Primary sources take priority over
secondary sources in data collection.
 Focuses on certain case of interest. The object under study would
be described on any aspects that the researcher is interested in.
 The information may be acquired through interviews,
questionnaires, observation or a combination of all three.
 To describe systematically and accurately of a given population or
area of interest.
 Eg : A study and definition of all personal positions in the JPA
 : A study of farmers in Malaysia
Characteristics
• Literal sense of describing situations or events
• Accumulation of data base that is solely descriptive
 To develop new approaches and to solve problems with direct
application to the working world setting

Characteristics
• Directly relevant to actual situations and organization
change
• Provides an orderly frameworks for problem solving
• Flexible and adaptive
• Structural reorganization in insurance
 To study a problem, phenomena or new area of interest in order to
know, analysis or appreciate the problem, phenomenon or the
area being studied. It is carried out the enable a more detailed
study to be carried or implemented later
Characteristics
• Exploratory research attempts to answer the following
questions;
1. Whether the problem actually exists?
2. What is the type of the problem?
3. How serious is the problem?
4. Should we invest the related subject or issues?
5. It depends on coverage of the study
6. Involved multi-discipline
7. It depends on objective of the study
8. Feasibilities studies
 To prove or confirm a particular result through testing which is
carried out according to certain set procedure and methods
before any conclusion can been drawn.

Characteristics
• It is depends on technique of the experiment
• It is depends on experimental units have been used
• It is depends on internal and external validity of data
• The statement of the problems
• Literature review
• Methodology and data collection
• Results and findings
• Drawing legitimate conclusions
• Writing the research report
1. Its begins with a questions in the mind of a
researchers.
2. It requires a plan.
3. Its demands a clear statement of the problem.
4. It deals with main problem through sub problem.
5. It seeks direction through appropriate hypothesis.
6. It deals with facts and their meaning.
7. It is circular.
Knowledge in research helps to take calculated risks in decision making,
knowing full well the probabilities attached to different and possible
outcomes
1. Broad area of research 2. Preliminary Data
interest identified Gathering (Interview,
(Observation) Literature Survey)

3. Problem Definition

4. Theoretical Framework
Deduction (hypothesis
(variables clearly
No Substantiated?
identified, labeled &
Research questions
Relationship explained)
answered?

5. Generation of Hypothesis
Yes
6.Choosing the appropriate
research design
Report Writing
7. Data Collection analysis
& Interpretation
Report Presentation
1. Defining the problem

2. Choosing the suitable

research design

3. Choosing the suitable

sampling design

4. Gathering data
5. Processing and analyzing
the data

6. Report Writing
 STAGE A
Setting out general statement of research
problems/topic or question of interest

STAGE B
Scrutinizing the literature, consulting, discussing
with colleagues, clarifying key concepts

STAGE C
• Formulation of the research questions
• Identifying the key elements of the research (variable) and intended outcomes
• Indentifying the general research strategy for data collection
• Selecting or constructing the appropriate techniques/tools/instruments etc. for data
gathering
• Undertaking pilot survey/work
• Time and scheduling the research

STAGE D
Collecting and Analyzing data

STAGE E
Interpreting and Reporting the results